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Marozin S, Simon-Nobbe B, Huth A, Beyerer E, Weber L, Nüssler A, Lepperdinger G. Aggregation of human osteoblasts unlocks self-reliant differentiation and constitutes a microenvironment for 3D-co-cultivation with other bone marrow cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10345. [PMID: 38710795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60986-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Skeletal bone function relies on both cells and cellular niches, which, when combined, provide guiding cues for the control of differentiation and remodeling processes. Here, we propose an in vitro 3D model based on human fetal osteoblasts, which eases the study of osteocyte commitment in vitro and thus provides a means to examine the influences of biomaterials, substances or cells on the regulation of these processes. Aggregates were formed from human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB1.19) and cultivated under proliferative, adipo- and osteoinductive conditions. When cultivated under osteoinductive conditions, the vitality of the aggregates was compromised, the expression levels of the mineralization-related gene DMP1 and the amount of calcification and matrix deposition were lower, and the growth of the spheroids stalled. However, within spheres under growth conditions without specific supplements, self-organization processes occur, which promote extracellular calcium deposition, and osteocyte-like cells develop. Long-term cultivated hFOB aggregates were free of necrotic areas. Moreover, hFOB aggregates cultivated under standard proliferative conditions supported the co-cultivation of human monocytes, microvascular endothelial cells and stromal cells. Overall, the model presented here comprises a self-organizing and easily accessible 3D osteoblast model for studying bone marrow formation and in vitro remodeling and thus provides a means to test druggable molecular pathways with the potential to promote life-long bone formation and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Marozin
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Birgit Simon-Nobbe
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Astrid Huth
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Evelyn Beyerer
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laurenz Weber
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andreas Nüssler
- Siegfried Weller Institut (SWI) | BG Klinik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Günter Lepperdinger
- Department of Biosciences and Medical Biology, University Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
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2
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Wei X, Zhang Z, Wang L, Yan L, Yan Y, Wang C, Peng H, Fan X. Enhancing osteoblast proliferation and bone regeneration by poly (amino acid)/selenium-doped hydroxyapatite. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:035025. [PMID: 38537374 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad38ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Among various biomaterials employed for bone repair, composites with good biocompatibility and osteogenic ability had received increasing attention from biomedical applications. In this study, we doped selenium (Se) into hydroxyapatite (Se-HA) by the precipitation method, and prepared different amounts of Se-HA-loaded poly (amino acid)/Se-HA (PAA/Se-HA) composites (0, 10 wt%, 20 wt%, 30 wt%) byin-situmelting polycondensation. The physical and chemical properties of PAA/Se-HA composites were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and their mechanical properties. XRD and FT-IR results showed that PAA/Se-HA composites contained characteristic peaks of PAA and Se-HA with amide linkage and HA structures. DSC and TGA results specified the PAA/Se-HA30 composite crystallization, melting, and maximum weight loss temperatures at 203.33 °C, 162.54 °C, and 468.92 °C, respectively, which implied good thermal stability. SEM results showed that Se-HA was uniformly dispersed in PAA. The mechanical properties of PAA/Se-HA30 composites included bending, compressive, and yield strengths at 83.07 ± 0.57, 106.56 ± 0.46, and 99.17 ± 1.11 MPa, respectively. The cellular responses of PAA/Se-HA compositesin vitrowere studied using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) by cell counting kit-8 assay, and results showed that PAA/Se-HA30 composites significantly promoted the proliferation of BMSCs at the concentration of 2 mg ml-1. The alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and alizarin red staining results showed that the introduction of Se-HA into PAA enhanced ALP activity and formation of calcium nodule. Western blotting and Real-time polymerase chain reaction results showed that the introduction of Se-HA into PAA could promoted the expression of osteogenic-related proteins and mRNA (integrin-binding sialoprotein, osteopontin, runt-related transcription factor 2 and Osterix) in BMSCs. A muscle defect at the back and a bone defect at the femoral condyle of New Zealand white rabbits were introduced for evaluating the enhancement of bone regeneration of PAA and PAA/Se-HA30 composites. The implantation of muscle tissue revealed good biocompatibility of PAA and PAA/Se-HA30 composites. The implantation of bone defect showed that PAA/Se-HA30 composites enhanced bone formation at the defect site (8 weeks), exhibiting good bone conductivity. Therefore, the PAA-based composite was a promising candidate material for bone tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wei
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyue Zhang
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yan
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonggang Yan
- College of Physical Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Peng
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Fan
- Medical College, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, People's Republic of China
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Walewska A, Janucik A, Tynecka M, Moniuszko M, Eljaszewicz A. Mesenchymal stem cells under epigenetic control - the role of epigenetic machinery in fate decision and functional properties. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:720. [PMID: 37932257 PMCID: PMC10628230 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06239-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (mesenchymal stromal cells, MSC) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into cells of at least three mesodermal lineages, namely adipocytes, osteoblasts, and chondrocytes, and have potent immunomodulatory properties. Epigenetic modifications are critical regulators of gene expression and cellular differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Epigenetic machinery controls MSC differentiation through direct modifications to DNA and histones. Understanding the role of epigenetic machinery in MSC is crucial for the development of effective cell-based therapies for degenerative and inflammatory diseases. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of epigenetic control of MSC differentiation and immunomodulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Walewska
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15B, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Janucik
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15B, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marlena Tynecka
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15B, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15B, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Centre of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 15B, 15-269, Bialystok, Poland.
- Tissue and Cell Bank, Medical University of Bialystok Clinical Hospital, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-069, Bialystok, Poland.
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Arambula-Maldonado R, Liu Y, Xing M, Mequanint K. Bioactive and electrically conductive GelMA-BG-MWCNT nanocomposite hydrogel bone biomaterials. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213616. [PMID: 37708668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Natural bone is a complex organic-inorganic composite tissue that possesses endogenous electrically conductive properties in response to mechanical forces. Mimicking these unique properties collectively in a single synthetic biomaterial has so far remained a formidable task. In this study, we report a synthesis strategy that comprised gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), sol-gel derived tertiary bioactive glass (BG), and uniformly dispersed multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to create nanocomposite hydrogels that mimic the organic-inorganic composition of bone. Using this strategy, biomaterials that are electrically conductive and possess electro-mechanical properties similar to endogenous bone were prepared without affecting their biocompatibility. Nanocomposite hydrogel biomaterials were biodegradable and promoted biomineralization, and supported multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cell (10T1/2) cell interactions and differentiation into an osteogenic lineage. To the best of our knowledge, this work presents the first study to functionally characterize suitable electro-mechanical responses in nanocomposite hydrogels, a key process that occurs in the natural bone to drive its repair and regeneration. Overall, the results demonstrated GelMA-BG-MWCNT nanocomposite hydrogels have the potential to become promising bioactive biomaterials for use in bone repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Arambula-Maldonado
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Yuqing Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Malcolm Xing
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kibret Mequanint
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 5B9, Canada; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London N6A 5B9, Canada.
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Kim MJ, Piao M, Li Y, Lee SH, Lee KY. Deubiquitinase USP17 Regulates Osteoblast Differentiation by Increasing Osterix Protein Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15257. [PMID: 37894935 PMCID: PMC10607737 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are essential for bone remodeling by regulating the differentiation of osteoblast and osteoclast. USP17 encodes for a deubiquitinating enzyme, specifically known as ubiquitin-specific protease 17, which plays a critical role in regulating protein stability and cellular signaling pathways. However, the role of USP17 during osteoblast differentiation has not been elusive. In this study, we initially investigated whether USP17 could regulate the differentiation of osteoblasts. Moreover, USP17 overexpression experiments were conducted to assess the impact on osteoblast differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). The positive effect was confirmed through alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression and activity studies since ALP is a representative marker of osteoblast differentiation. To confirm this effect, Usp17 knockdown was performed, and its impact on BMP4-induced osteoblast differentiation was examined. As expected, knockdown of Usp17 led to the suppression of both ALP expression and activity. Mechanistically, it was observed that USP17 interacted with Osterix (Osx), which is a key transcription factor involved in osteoblast differentiation. Furthermore, overexpression of USP17 led to an increase in Osx protein levels. Thus, to investigate whether this effect was due to the intrinsic function of USP17 in deubiquitination, protein stabilization experiments and ubiquitination analysis were conducted. An increase in Osx protein levels was attributed to an enhancement in protein stabilization via USP17-mediated deubiquitination. In conclusion, USP17 participates in the deubiquitination of Osx, contributing to its protein stabilization, and ultimately promoting the differentiation of osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sung Ho Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (M.J.K.); (M.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea; (M.J.K.); (M.P.); (Y.L.)
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Thamm JR, Jounaidi Y, Mueller ML, Rosen V, Troulis MJ, Guastaldi FPS. Temporomandibular Joint Fibrocartilage Contains CD105 Positive Mouse Mesenchymal Stem/Progenitor Cells with Increased Chondrogenic Potential. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2023; 22:559-570. [PMID: 37534349 PMCID: PMC10390456 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-022-01721-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A specific type of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSPCs), CD105+ is reported to aid in cartilage regeneration through TGF-β/Smad2-signalling. The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize CD105+ MSPCs in temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cartilage. Materials and Methods MSPCs were isolated from mouse TMJ condyle explants and evaluated for their clonogenicity and pluripotential abilities. MSPC were examined for CD105 antigen using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Results Immunohistochemistry revealed presence of CD105+ MSPCs in the proliferative zone of condyle's cartilage. Only 0.2% of isolated MSPCs exhibited CD105, along with the stem cell surface markers CD44 and Sca-1. In CD105+ MSPCs, intracellular immunostaining revealed significantly higher (p < 0.05) protein levels of collagen type 1, 2, proteoglycan 4. Ability for chondrogenic differentiation was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) after 4 weeks compared to CD105- cells, using alcian blue staining. CD105+ cells were found to resemble an early MSPC subgroup with significantly higher gene expression of biglycan, proteoglycan 4, collagen type 2, Gli2, Sox5 (p < 0.001) and Sox9 (p < 0.05). In contrast, significantly lower levels of Runx2 (p < 0.05), Osterix, Trps1, Col10a1 (p < 0.01), Ihh (p < 0.001) related to chondrocyte senescence and commitment to osteogenic lineage, were observed compared to CD105- cells. Conclusion The study showed the existence of a CD105+ MSPC subgroup within TMJ fibrocartilage that may be activated to aid in fibrocartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis R. Thamm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Youssef Jounaidi
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Max-Laurin Mueller
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Maria J. Troulis
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA USA
- Walter C. Guralnick Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Fernando Pozzi Semeghini Guastaldi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA USA
- Skeletal Biology Research Center, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 50 Blossom St, Thier 513A, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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Fujii S, Takebe H, Mizoguchi T, Nakamura H, Shimo T, Hosoya A. Bone formation ability of Gli1 + cells in the periodontal ligament after tooth extraction. Bone 2023; 173:116786. [PMID: 37164217 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During the process of socket healing after tooth extraction, osteoblasts appear in the tooth socket and form alveolar bone; however, the source of these osteoblasts is still uncertain. Recently, it has been demonstrated that cells expressing Gli1, a downstream factor of sonic hedgehog signaling, exhibit stem cell properties in the periodontal ligament (PDL). Therefore, in the present study, the differentiation ability of Gli1+-PDL cells after tooth extraction was analyzed using Gli1-CreERT2/ROSA26-loxP-stop-loxP-tdTomato (iGli1/Tomato) mice. After the final administration of tamoxifen to iGli1/Tomato mice, Gli1/Tomato+ cells were rarely detected in the PDL. One day after the tooth extraction, although inflammatory cells appeared in the tooth socket, Periostin+ PDL-like tissues having a few Gli1/Tomato+ cells remained near the alveolar bone. Three days after the extraction, the number of Gli1/Tomato+ cells increased as evidenced by numerous PCNA+ cells in the socket. Some of these Gli1/Tomato+ cells expressed BMP4 and Phosphorylated (P)-Smad1/5/8. After seven days, the Osteopontin+ bone matrix was formed in the tooth socket apart from the alveolar bone. Many Gli1/Tomato+ osteoblasts that were positive for Runx2+ were arranged on the surface of the newly formed bone matrix. In the absence of Gli1+-PDL cells in Gli1-CreERT2/Rosa26-loxP-stop-loxP-tdDTA (iGli1/DTA) mice, the amount of newly formed bone matrix was significantly reduced in the tooth socket. Therefore, these results collectively suggest that Gli1+-PDL cells differentiate into osteoblasts to form the bone matrix in the tooth socket; thus, this differentiation might be regulated, at least in part, by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Fujii
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan; Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Takebe
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Matsumoto Dental University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Division of Reconstructive Surgery for Oral and Maxillofacial Region, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Akihiro Hosoya
- Division of Histology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Ying M, Zhang B. Daidzein promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cell. Oral Dis 2023; 29:1226-1233. [PMID: 34942044 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Daidzein is a kind of isoflavone compound with many biological functions. However, the specific mechanism regarding the treatment of periodontitis with daidzein is still unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of daidzein on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) and its mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human periodontal ligament stem cells from clinical samples were isolated in vitro and identified by flow cytometry. hPDLSCs were treated with different concentrations of daidzein. Cell proliferation ability and viability were measured by MTT assay and cell colony formation assay. Osteogenic differentiation and calcification of hPDLSCs were observed by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining. Western blot was used to detect the expression of c-myc, CyclinD1, osteogenic differentiation-related proteins, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins in hPDLSCs. RESULTS human periodontal ligament stem cells were positive for surface antigens CD146, STRO-1, and CD90 expression, but negative for CD45 expression, indicating the successful isolation of hPDLSCs. In addition, daidzein could significantly promote the proliferation, cell viability, ALP activity, and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSC. At the same time, daidzein could notably increase the expression levels of c-myc, CyclinD1, osteogenic differentiation-related proteins, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway proteins, while an inhibitor of Wnt/ β-catenin pathway, XAV-939, could reverse the effect caused by daidzein. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Daidzein promotes the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hPDLSCs by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ying
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Nagashima D, Ishibashi Y, Kawaguchi S, Furukawa M, Toho M, Ohno M, Nitto T, Izumo N. Human Recombinant Lactoferrin Promotes Differentiation and Calcification on MC3T3-E1 Cells. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010060. [PMID: 36678689 PMCID: PMC9861834 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin (LF), known to be present in mammalian milk, has been reported to promote the proliferation of osteoblasts and suppress bone resorption by affecting osteoclasts. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of human sources LF on osteoblast differentiation have not yet been elucidated, and almost studies have used LF from bovine sources. The presented study aimed to characterize the molecular mechanisms of bovine lactoferrin (IF-I) and human recombinant lactoferrin (LF-II) on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with LF, ascorbic acid, and β-glycerophosphate (β-GP). Cell proliferation was analyzed using the MTT assay. Alkaline phosphatase activation and osteopontin expression levels were evaluated via cell staining and immunocytochemistry. The differentiation markers were examined using quantitative real-time PCR. The cell viability assay showed the treatment of 100 μg/mL LF significantly increased; however, it was suppressed by the simultaneous treatment of ascorbic acid and β-GP. Alizarin red staining showed that the 100 μg/mL treatment of LF enhanced calcification. Quantitative real-time PCR showed a significant increase in osterix expression. The results suggest that treatment with both LFs enhanced MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation and promoted calcification. The mechanisms of calcification suggest that LFs are affected by an increase in osterix and osteocalcin mRNA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Nagashima
- General Health Medical Research Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
- Pharmaceutical Education Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Yukiko Ishibashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Megumi Furukawa
- Pharmaceutical Education Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toho
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | | | - Takeaki Nitto
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
| | - Nobuo Izumo
- General Health Medical Research Center, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
- Laboratory of Pharmacotherapy, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama 245-0066, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-859-1300
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E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Skeletal Pathology and Degeneration. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:6948367. [PMID: 36203882 PMCID: PMC9532118 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6948367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitination-proteasome system (UPS) is crucial in regulating a variety of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Ubiquitin protein ligase E3 is the most critical molecule in the UPS system. Dysregulation of the UPS system is associated with many conditions. Over the past few decades, there have been an increasing number of studies focusing on the UPS system and how it affects bone metabolism. Multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases have been found to mediate osteogenesis or osteolysis through a variety of pathways. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of UPS, especially E3 ubiquitin ligases on bone metabolism. To date, many E3 ubiquitin ligases have been found to regulate osteogenesis or osteoclast differentiation. We review the classification of these E3 enzymes and the mechanisms that influence upstream and downstream molecules and transduction pathways. Finally, this paper reviews the discovery of the relevant UPS inhibitors, drug molecules, and noncoding RNAs so far and prospects the future research and treatment.
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Kim EJ, Jung JI, Jeon YE, Lee HS. Aqueous extract of Petasites japonicus leaves promotes osteoblast differentiation via up-regulation of Runx2 and Osterix in MC3T3-E1 cells. Nutr Res Pract 2021; 15:579-590. [PMID: 34603606 PMCID: PMC8446688 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.5.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Petasites japonicus Maxim (P. japonicus) has been used as an edible and medicinal plant and contains many bioactive compounds. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of P. japonicus on osteogenesis. MATERIALS/METHODS The leaves and stems of P. japonicus were separated and extracted with hot water or ethanol, respectively. The total phenolic compound and total polyphenol contents of each extract were measured, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of each extract was evaluated to determine their effect on bone metabolism. To investigate the effect on osteoblast differentiation of the aqueous extract of P. japonicus leaves (AL), which produced the highest ALP activity among the tested extracts, collagen content was measured using the Sirius Red staining method, mineralization using the Alizarin Red S staining method, and osteocalcin production through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. Also, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed to investigate the mRNA expression levels of Runt-related transcriptional factor 2 (Runx2) and Osterix. RESULTS Among the 4 P. japonicus extracts, AL had the highest values in all of the following measures: total phenolic compounds, total polyphenols, and ALP activity, which is a major biomarker of osteoblast differentiation. The AL-treated MC3T3-E1 cells showed significant increases in induced osteoblast differentiation, collagen synthesis, mineralization, and osteocalcin production. In addition, mRNA expressions of Runx2 and Osterix, transcription factors that regulate osteoblast differentiation, were significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AL can regulate osteoblasts differentiation, at least in part through Runx2 and Osterix. Therefore, it is highly likely that P. japonicus will be useful as an alternate therapeutic for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Ji Kim
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Jae In Jung
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Young Eun Jeon
- Regional Strategic Industry Innovation Center, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Lee
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dongseo University, Busan 47011, Korea
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12
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Cheng BF, Feng X, Gao YX, Jian SQ, Liu SR, Wang M, Xie YF, Wang L, Feng ZW, Yang HJ. Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Regulates Osteoblastic Differentiation Through Wnt/β-Catenin and PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathways in MC3T3-E1 Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:657953. [PMID: 34054729 PMCID: PMC8150200 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.657953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) is involved in cell multi-directional differentiation, but its role in osteoblast differentiation is still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated whether and how NCAM regulates osteoblastic differentiation. We found that NCAM silencing inhibited osteoblast differentiation in pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. The function of NCAM was further confirmed in NCAM-deficient mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which also had a phenotype with reduced osteoblastic potential. Moreover, NCAM silencing induced decrease of Wnt/β-catenin and Akt activation. The Wnt inhibitor blocked osteoblast differentiation, and the Wnt activator recovered osteoblast differentiation in NCAM-silenced MC3T3-E1 cells. We lastly demonstrated that osteoblast differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells was inhibited by the PI3K-Akt inhibitor. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that NCAM silencing inhibited osteoblastic differentiation through inactivation of Wnt/β-catenin and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Feng Cheng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Bin-Feng Cheng, ; Hai-Jie Yang,
| | - Xiao Feng
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yao-Xin Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shao-Qin Jian
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shi-Rao Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Mian Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yun-Fei Xie
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Feng
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hai-Jie Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bin-Feng Cheng, ; Hai-Jie Yang,
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13
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Liu Q, Li M, Wang S, Xiao Z, Xiong Y, Wang G. Recent Advances of Osterix Transcription Factor in Osteoblast Differentiation and Bone Formation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:601224. [PMID: 33384998 PMCID: PMC7769847 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.601224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing life expectations, more and more patients suffer from fractures either induced by intensive sports or other bone-related diseases. The balance between osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption is the basis for maintaining bone health. Osterix (Osx) has long been known to be an essential transcription factor for the osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization. Emerging evidence suggests that Osx not only plays an important role in intramembranous bone formation, but also affects endochondral ossification by participating in the terminal cartilage differentiation. Given its essentiality in skeletal development and bone formation, Osx has become a new research hotspot in recent years. In this review, we focus on the progress of Osx's function and its regulation in osteoblast differentiation and bone mass. And the potential role of Osx in developing new therapeutic strategies for osteolytic diseases was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Neuroendocrine Diseases, College of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- Biomedical Research Center, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Mao Li
- Biomedical Research Center, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- XiangYa School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhousheng Xiao
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Yuanyuan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Neuroendocrine Diseases, College of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guangwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Neuroendocrine Diseases, College of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- Biomedical Research Center, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
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14
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Bacterial Cellulose-Modified Polyhydroxyalkanoates Scaffolds Promotes Bone Formation in Critical Size Calvarial Defects in Mice. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061433. [PMID: 32245214 PMCID: PMC7142421 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone regeneration is a claim challenge in addressing bone defects with large tissue deficits, that involves bone grafts to support the activity. In vitro biocompatibility of the bacterial cellulose-modified polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHB/BC) scaffolds and its osteogenic potential in critical-size mouse calvaria defects had been investigated. Bone promotion and mineralization were analyzed by biochemistry, histology/histomorphometry, X-ray analysis and immunofluorescence for highlighting osteogenesis markers. In summary, our results showed that PHB/BC scaffolds are able to support 3T3-L1 preadipocytes proliferation and had a positive effect on in vivo osteoblast differentiation, consequently inducing new bone formation after 20 weeks post-implantation. Thus, the newly developed PHB/BC scaffolds could turn out to be suitable biomaterials for the bone tissue engineering purpose.
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15
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Liang Y, Zhang H, Song X, Yang Q. Metastatic heterogeneity of breast cancer: Molecular mechanism and potential therapeutic targets. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 60:14-27. [PMID: 31421262 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 414] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among women throughout the world and is the major cause of most cancer-related deaths. Several explanations account for the high rate of mortality of breast cancer, and metastasis to vital organs is identified as the principal cause. Over the past few years, intensive efforts have demonstrated that breast cancer exhibits metastatic heterogeneity with distinct metastatic precedence to various organs, giving rise to differences in prognoses and responses to therapy in breast cancer patients. Bone, lung, liver, and brain are generally accepted as the primary target sites of breast cancer metastasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism of metastatic heterogeneity of breast cancer remains to be further elucidated. Recently, the advent of novel genomic and pathologic approaches as well as technological breakthroughs in imaging analysis and animal modelling have yielded an unprecedented change in our understanding of the heterogeneity of breast cancer metastasis and provided novel insight for establishing more effective therapeutics. This review summarizes recent molecular mechanisms and emerging concepts on the metastatic heterogeneity of breast cancer and discusses the potential of identifying specific molecules against tumor cells or tumor microenvironments to thwart the development of metastatic disease and improve the prognosis of breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Liang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaojin Song
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Qifeng Yang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China; Pathology Tissue Bank, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
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16
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Zheng DH, Wang XX, Ma D, Zhang LN, Qiao QF, Zhang J. Erythropoietin enhances osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2019; 13:2543-2552. [PMID: 31440036 PMCID: PMC6666380 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s214116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of this study is to examine the roles of erythropoietin (EPO) in regulating proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and analyze the underlying signaling of these processes. Materials and methods PDLSCs were isolated and characterized. The PDLSCs were transfected with β-catenin shRNA. qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to examine the osteogenic effects of EPO on the expression of osteogenic-related genes and protein (Runx2, OCN and Osterix) in PDLSCs. Alizarin Red-S staining was used to detect mineralized nodule formation. In addition, the relationship between the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the effect of EPO on the osteogenesis of PDLSCs was investigated. Results The results suggested that EPO exerts positive osteogenic effects on PDLSCs. The results showed that EPO decreased the growth of PDLSCs slightly and increased alkaline phosphatase activity and calcium deposition in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of Runx2, Osterix and OCN was increased after EPO administration. EPO increases β-catenin and Cyclin D1 in PDLSCs. After transfected with β-catenin shRNA, the osteogenic effect of EPO on PDLSCs was attenuated. Conclusion EPO promotes osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. The underlying mechanism may be activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Hua Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu-Xia Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Ma
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Fang Qiao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
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17
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Yao B, Wang J, Qu S, Liu Y, Jin Y, Lu J, Bao Q, Li L, Yuan H, Ma C. Upregulated osterix promotes invasion and bone metastasis and predicts for a poor prognosis in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:28. [PMID: 30631043 PMCID: PMC6328543 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 70% of patients with advanced breast cancer develop bone metastases, accompanied by complications, such as bone pain, fracture, and hypercalcemia. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that govern this process remains fragmentary. Osterix (Osx) is a zinc finger-containing transcription factor essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Here, we identified the functional roles of Osx in facilitating breast cancer invasion and bone metastasis. Osx upregulation was associated with lymph node metastasis and was negatively prognostic for overall survival. Knockdown of Osx inhibited invasion of breast cancer and osteolytic metastasis by downregulating MMP9, MMP13, VEGF, IL-8, and PTHrP, which are involved in invasion, angiogenesis, and osteolysis; overexpression of Osx had the opposite effect. Moreover, MMP9 was a direct target of Osx and mediated the Osx-driven invasion of breast cancer cells. Together, our data showed that Osx facilitates bone metastasis of breast cancer by upregulating the expression of a cohort of genes that contribute to steps in the metastatic cascade. These findings suggest that Osx is an attractive target for the control of bone metastasis of breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Division of Breast Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Qu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, 210029, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuci Jin
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianlei Lu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qianyi Bao
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongyan Yuan
- Department of Oncology and Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Changyan Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Xenotransplantation, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, Longmian Road 101, 211166, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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18
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Eyvazi M, Farahzadi R, Karimian Fathi N, Karimipour M, Soleimani Rad J, Montaseri A. Mummy Material Can Promote Differentiation of Adipose Derived Stem Cells into Osteoblast through Enhancement of Bone Specific Transcription Factors Expression. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:457-464. [PMID: 30276142 PMCID: PMC6156472 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Application of Mummy material for treatment of different diseases such as bone fracture, cutaneous wounds and joint inflammation has been advised since hundred years ago in Persian traditional medicine. Due to the claims of indigenous people and advice of traditional medicine for application of this material in healing of bone fractures, this study has been designed to evaluate whether Mummy material can promote the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts and enhance the expression of bone specific genes and proteins. Methods: Adipose derived stem cells (ASCs) at fourth cell passage were divided into control, osteogenesis group (received osteogenic medium), Mummy group (received Mummy at concentration of 500 µg/ml). ASCs in the fourth group were treated with both osteogenic medium and Mummy (500µg/ml). Cells in all groups were harvested on days 7, 14 and 21 days for further evaluation through Real time RT-PCR, Von kossa staining, Immunocytochemistry and flowcytometery. Results: Treatment of ASCs with Mummy at concentration of 500µg/ml promotes the expression level of Osteocalcin, RUNX-2 and β1-integrin genes in different time points but that of the Osterix did not changed. Furthermore the expression of Osteocalcin protein enhanced significantly in ASCs treated with Mummy detected by Immunocytochemistry and flowcytometery technique compared to the control groups. The results of this study also showed that treatment of ASCs with Mummy resulted in formation of mineral deposits which was evaluated by Von Kossa staining method. Conclusion: Obtained data from this study reveals that Mummy is a potent enhancer for differentiation of ASCs into osteoblasts in in vitro system, probably through increasing the level of bone specific genes and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Eyvazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nahid Karimian Fathi
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Anatomical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Soleimani Rad
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Azadeh Montaseri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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19
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Hasturk O, Ermis M, Demirci U, Hasirci N, Hasirci V. Square prism micropillars improve osteogenicity of poly(methyl methacrylate) surfaces. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:53. [PMID: 29721618 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6059-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenicity and osteointegration of materials is one of the key elements of the success of bone implants. Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is the basic compound of bone cement and has been widely investigated for other orthopedic applications, but its poor osteointegration and the subsequent loosening of implant material limits its widespread use as bone implants. Micropillar features on substrate surfaces were recently reported to modulate cell behavior through alteration of cell morphology and promotion of osteogenesis. Utilization of this pillar-decorated topography may be an effective approach to enhance osteogenicity of polymeric surfaces. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cell morphology on the micropillar features on attachment, proliferation, and osteogenic activity of human osteoblast-like cells. A series of solvent cast PMMA films decorated with 8 µm high square prism micropillars with pillar width and interpillar distances of 4, 8 and 16 µm were prepared from photolithographic templates, and primary human osteoblast-like cells (hOB) isolated from bone fragments were cultured on them. Micropillars increased cell attachment and early proliferation rate compared to unpatterned surfaces, and triggered distinct morphological changes in cell body and nucleus. Surfaces with pillar dimensions and gap width of 4 µm presented the best osteogenic activity. Expression of osteogenic marker genes was upregulated by micropillars, and cells formed bone nodule-like aggregates rich in bone matrix proteins and calcium phosphate. These results indicated that micropillar features enhance osteogenic activity on PMMA films, possibly by triggering morphological changes that promote the osteogenic phenotype of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hasturk
- Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- BIOMATEN, METU Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - M Ermis
- BIOMATEN, METU Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Graduate Department of Biomedical Engineering, METU, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - U Demirci
- Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Laboratory, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Department of Radiology, Stanford School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, 942304, USA
- Electrical Engineering Department (by courtesy), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - N Hasirci
- Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- BIOMATEN, METU Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Graduate Department of Biomedical Engineering, METU, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
- Department of Chemistry, METU, Ankara, 06800, Turkey
| | - V Hasirci
- Graduate Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University (METU), Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
- BIOMATEN, METU Center of Excellence in Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
- Graduate Department of Biomedical Engineering, METU, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
- Department of Biological Sciences, METU, Ankara, 06800, Turkey.
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20
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Choi YH, Han Y, Jin SW, Lee GH, Kim GS, Lee DY, Chung YC, Lee KY, Jeong HG. Pseudoshikonin I enhances osteoblast differentiation by stimulating Runx2 and Osterix. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:748-757. [PMID: 28657691 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pseudoshikonin I (PSI), a novel biomaterial isolated from Lithospermi radix, has been recognized as an herbal medicine for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Bone remodeling maintains a balance through bone resorption (osteoclastogenesis) and bone formation (osteoblastogenesis). Bone formation is generally attributed to osteoblasts. However, the effects of PSI on the bone are not well known. In this study, we found that the ethanol extracts of PSI induced osteoblast differentiation by increasing the expression of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP 4). PSI positively regulates the transcriptional expression and osteogenic activity of osteoblast-specific transcription factors such as Runx2 and Osterix. To identify the signaling pathways that mediate PSI-induced osteoblastogenesis, we examined the effects of serine-threonine kinase inhibitors that are known regulators of Osterix and Runx2. PSI-induced upregulation of Osterix and Runx2 was suppressed by treatment with AKT and PKA inhibitors. These results suggest that PSI enhances osteoblast differentiation by stimulating Osterix and Runx2 via the AKT and PKA signaling pathways. Thus, the activation of Runx2 and Osterix is modulated by PSI, thereby demonstrating its potential as a treatment target for bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Younho Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Oral Pharmacology, College of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Chung
- Department of Food Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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21
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Mucuk G, Sepet E, Erguven M, Ekmekcı O, Bılır A. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3 stimulates odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp-stem cells in vitro. Connect Tissue Res 2017; 58:531-541. [PMID: 27905856 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2016.1264395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25-OH D3) plays an important role in mineralized tissue metabolism, including teeth. However, few studies have addressed its role in odontoblastic differentiation of human dental pulp-stem cells (hDPSCs). AIM This study aimed to understand the influence of various concentrations of 1,25-OH D3 on the proliferation capacity and early dentinogenesis responses of hDPSCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS hDPSCs were obtained from the impacted third molar teeth. Monolayer cultured cells were incubated with a differentiation medium containing different concentrations of 1,25-OH D3 (0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 µM). All groups were evaluated by S-phase rate [immunohistochemical (IHC) bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) staining], STRO-1 and dentin sialoprotein (DSP)+ levels (IHC), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) levels. RESULTS The number of cells that entered the S-phase was determined to be the highest and lowest in the control and 0.001 µM 1,25-OH D3 groups, respectively. The 0.1 µM vitamin D3 group had the highest increase in DSP+ levels. The highest Stro-1 levels were detected in the control and 0.1 µM 1,25-OH D3 groups, respectively. The 0.1 µM 1,25-OH D3 induced a mild increase in ALP activity. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that 1,25-OH D3 stimulated odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The high DSP + cell number and a mild increase in ALP activity suggest that DPSCs treated with 0.1 μM 1,25-OH D3 are in the later stage of odontoblastic differentiation. The results confirm that 1,25-OH D3-added cocktail medium provides a sufficient microenvironment for the odontoblastic differentiation of hDPSCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goksen Mucuk
- a Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Elif Sepet
- a Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Mine Erguven
- b Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul Aydın University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ekmekcı
- c Biochemistry Department, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul University , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Ayhan Bılır
- d Histology and Embryology Department, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine , Istanbul Aydın University , Istanbul , Turkey
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22
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Ning S, Chen Z, Fan D, Sun C, Zhang C, Zeng Y, Li W, Hou X, Qu X, Ma Y, Yu H. Genetic differences in osteogenic differentiation potency in the thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum under cyclic mechanical stress. Int J Mol Med 2016; 39:135-143. [PMID: 28004120 PMCID: PMC5179181 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress and genetic factors play important roles in the occurrence of thoracic ossification of ligament flavum (TOLF), which can occur at one, two, or multiple levels of the spine. It is unclear whether single- and multiple-level TOLF differ in terms of osteogenic differentiation potency and osteogenesis-related gene expression under cyclic mechanical stress. This was addressed in the present study using patients with non‑TOLF and single‑ and multiple‑level TOLF (n=8 per group). Primary ligament cells were cultured and osteogenesis was induced by application of cyclic mechanical stress. Osteogenic differentiation was assessed by evaluating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the mRNA and protein expression of osteogenesis‑related genes, including ALP, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), Runt‑related transcription factor‑2 (Runx‑2), osterix, osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin. The application of cyclic mechanical stress resulted in higher ALP activity in the multiple‑level than in the single‑level TOLF group, whereas no changes were observed in the non‑TOLF group. The ALP, BMP2, OPN and osterix mRNA levels were higher in the multiple‑level as compared to the single‑level TOLF group, and the levels of all osteogenesis-related genes, apart from Runx2, were higher in the multiple‑level as compared to the non‑TOLF group. The osterix and ALP protein levels were higher in the multiple‑level TOLF group than in the other 2 groups, and were increased with the longer duration of stress. These results highlight the differences in osteogenic differentiation potency between single‑ and multiple‑level TOLF that may be related to the different pathogenesis and genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanglong Ning
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Chuiguo Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Bone Research Laboratory, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Weishi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Hou
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochen Qu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Yunlong Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Huilei Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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23
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Yamamoto K, Sato Y, Honjo K, Ichioka H, Oseko F, Sowa Y, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Kishida T, Mazda O. Generation of Directly Converted Human Osteoblasts That Are Free of Exogenous Gene and Xenogenic Protein. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2538-45. [PMID: 26990860 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Generation of osteoblasts from human somatic cells may be applicable in an effective transplantation therapy against bone diseases. Recently we established a procedure to directly convert human fibroblasts into osteoblasts by transducing some transcription factor genes via retroviral vectors. However, retroviral vector-mediated transduction may potentially cause tumor formation from the infected cells, thus a non-viral gene transfection method may be more preferable for preparation of osteoblasts to be used for transplantation therapy. Here, we constructed a plasmid vector encoding Oct4, Osterix, and L-Myc that were an appropriate combination of transcription factors for this purpose. Osteoblast-like phenotypes including high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, bone matrix production and osteoblast-specific gene expression were induced in normal human fibroblasts that were transfected with the plasmid followed by culturing in osteogenic medium. The plasmid-driven directly converted osteoblasts (p-dOBs) were obtained even in the absence of a xenogenic protein. The plasmid vector sequence had fallen out of the p-dOBs. The cells formed deposition of calcified bodies in situ after transplantation into mice. These results strongly suggest that p-dOBs can be put into practical use for a novel cell-based therapy against bone diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2538-2545, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Yamamoto
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sato
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenichi Honjo
- Department of Dental Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ichioka
- Department of Dental Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumishige Oseko
- Department of Dental Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sowa
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsunao Kishida
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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24
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Yang X, Huo H, Xiu C, Song M, Han Y, Li Y, Zhu Y. Inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by aluminum trichloride exposure is associated with inhibition of BMP-2/Smad pathway component expression. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 97:120-126. [PMID: 27600293 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2)/Smad signaling pathway plays an important role in regulating osteoblast (OB) differentiation. OB differentiation is a key process of bone formation. Aluminum (Al) exposure inhibits bone formation and causes Al-induced bone disease. However, the mechanism is not fully understood. To investigate whether BMP-2/Smad signaling pathway is associated with OB differentiation in aluminum trichloride (AlCl3)-treated OBs, the primary rat OBs were cultured and exposed to 0 (control group, CG), 1/40 IC50 (low-dose group, LG), 1/20 IC50 (mid-dose group, MG), and 1/10 IC50 (high-dose group, HG) of AlCl3 for 24 h, respectively. We found that the expressions of OB differentiation markers (Runx-2, Osterix and ALP) and BMP-2/Smad signaling pathway components (BMP-2, BMPR-IA, p-BMPR-IA, BMPR-II, p-Smad1/5/8 and p-Smad1/5/8/4) were all decreased in AlCl3-treated OBs compared with the CG. These results indicated that inhibition of OB differentiation by AlCl3 was associated with inhibition of BMP-2/Smad pathway component expression. Our findings provide a novel insight into the mechanism of AlCl3-induced bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hui Huo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Chunyu Xiu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Miao Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yanzhu Zhu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130112, China.
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25
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Wang C, Liao H, Cao Z. Role of Osterix and MicroRNAs in Bone Formation and Tooth Development. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:2934-42. [PMID: 27543160 PMCID: PMC4994932 DOI: 10.12659/msm.896742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Osterix (Osx) is an osteoblast-specific transcription factor that is essential for bone formation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are ~22-nucleotide-long noncoding RNAs that play important regulatory roles in animals and plants by targeting mRNAs for cleavage or translational repression. They can also control osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-related bone remodeling. The vital roles of Osx and miRNAs during bone formation have been well studied, but very few studies have discussed their co-functions and the relationships between them. In this review, we outline the significant functions of Osx and miRNAs on certain cell types during osteogenesis and illustrate their roles during tooth development. More importantly, we discuss the relationship between Osx and miRNAs, which we believe could lead to a new treatment for skeletal and periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Haiqing Liao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhengguo Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) and Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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26
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Choi YH, Kim GS, Choi JH, Jin SW, Kim HG, Han Y, Lee DY, Choi SI, Kim SY, Ahn YS, Lee KY, Jeong HG. Ethanol extract of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. promotes osteoblastogenesis through the regulation of Runx2 and Osterix. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:610-8. [PMID: 27353217 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling and homeostasis are largely the result of the coordinated action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts are responsible for bone formation. The differentiation of osteoblasts is regulated by the transcription factors, Runx2 and Osterix. Natural products of plant origin are still a major part of traditional medicinal systems in Korea. The root of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc. (LR), the purple gromwell, is an herbal medicine used for inflammatory and infectious diseases. LR is an anti-inflammatory and exerts anticancer effects by inducing the apoptosis of cancer cells. However, the precise molecular signaling mechanisms of osteoblastogenesis as regards LR and osteoblast transcription are not yet known. In this study, we investigated the effects of ethanol (EtOH) extract of LR (LES) on the osteoblast differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and the potential involvement of Runx2 and Osterix in these effects. We found that the LES exhibited an ability to induce osteoblast differentiation. LES increased the expression of the osteoblast marker, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as its activity, as shown by ALP staining and ALP activity assay. LES also increased mineralization, as shown by Alizarin Red S staining. Treatment with LES increased the protein levels (as shown by immunoblotting), as well as the transcriptional activity of Runx2 and Osterix and enhanced osteogenic activity. These results suggest that LES modulates osteoblast differentiation at least in part through Runx2 and Osterix.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Gyun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Younho Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Lee
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Im Choi
- YD Global Life Science Co., Ltd., Seongnam 462-807, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yu Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sup Ahn
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA, Eumseong 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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27
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Guo C, Yang XG, Wang F, Ma XY. IL-1α induces apoptosis and inhibits the osteoblast differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells through the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:319-27. [PMID: 27220839 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine that plays important roles in inflammation and host responses to infection. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of IL-1α on the apoptosis and differentiation of osteoblasts, and to elucidate the mechanism responsible for these effects in the osteoblast‑like cell line MC3T3-E1. The MC3T3-E1 cells were non-treated or treated with IL-1α. Following treatment, cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and caspase-3 activity were evaluated. The expression of osteoblast-specific genes as well as Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The protein levels of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs, also known as MAP kinases) were evaluated using western blot analysis. The MAPK signaling pathway was blocked by pre-treatment with MAPK inhibitors SB203580, PD98059 and SP600125. IL-1α treatment induced a significant decrease in cell viability and ALP activity in the MC3T3-E1 cells. IL-1α also significantly decreased the mRNA expression and protein levels of osteoblast-related genes in the MC3T3-E1 cells. On the other hand, IL-1α significantly upregulated the mRNA expression and protein levels of Bax and caspase-3 as well as caspase-3 activity, whereas Bcl-2 expression was decreased in the MC3T3-E1 cells. Furthermore, IL-1α activated the apoptotic signaling pathway by increasing the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38-MAPK, whereas it inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Moreover, pre-treatment with MAPK inhibitors attenuated the phosphorylation of JNK, p38 and Bax expression enhanced by IL-1α. However, MAPK inhibitors markedly increased the protein expression of osteoblast-related genes and Bcl-xL in the MC3T3-E1 cells downregulated by IL-1α. Taken together, these findings suggest that IL-1α induces the apoptosis of osteoblasts and inhibits osteoblast differentiation by activating the JNK and the p38 MAPK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Guo
- Department of Medicine, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan 462002, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Guang Yang
- Department of Medicine, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan 462002, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan 462002, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Yuan Ma
- Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475000, P.R. China
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28
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Choi YH, Han Y, Lee SH, Jin YH, Bahn M, Hur KC, Yeo CY, Lee KY. Cbl-b and c-Cbl negatively regulate osteoblast differentiation by enhancing ubiquitination and degradation of Osterix. Bone 2015; 75:201-9. [PMID: 25744063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b and c-Cbl play important roles in bone formation and maintenance. Cbl-b and c-Cbl regulate the activity of various receptor tyrosine kinases and intracellular protein tyrosine kinases mainly by regulating the degradation of target proteins. However, the precise mechanisms of how Cbl-b and c-Cbl regulate osteoblast differentiation are not well known. In this study, we investigated potential targets of Cbl-b and c-Cbl. We found that Cbl-b and c-Cbl inhibit BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation in mesenchymal cells. Among various osteogenic transcription factors, we identified that Cbl-b and c-Cbl suppress the protein stability and transcriptional activity of Osterix. Our results suggest that Cbl-b and c-Cbl inhibit the function of Osterix by enhancing the ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation of Osterix. Taken together, we propose novel regulatory roles of Cbl-b and c-Cbl during osteoblast differentiation in which Cbl-b and c-Cbl regulate the degradation of Osterix through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Younho Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hye Jin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjin Bahn
- Department of Life Science and Global Top5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Chung Hur
- Department of Life Science and Global Top5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Yeol Yeo
- Department of Life Science and Global Top5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Choi YH, Han Y, Lee SH, Cheong H, Chun KH, Yeo CY, Lee KY. Src enhances osteogenic differentiation through phosphorylation of Osterix. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 407:85-97. [PMID: 25802190 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osterix, a zinc-finger transcription factor, is required for osteoblast differentiation and new bone formation during embryonic development. The c-Src of tyrosine kinase is involved in a variety of cellular signaling pathways, leading to the induction of DNA synthesis, cell proliferation, and cytoskeletal reorganization. Src activity is tightly regulated and its dysregulation leads to constitutive activation and cellular transformation. The function of Osterix can be also modulated by post-translational modification. But the precise molecular signaling mechanisms between Osterix and c-Src are not known. In this study we investigated the potential regulation of Osterix function by c-Src in osteoblast differentiation. We found that c-Src activation increases protein stability, osteogenic activity and transcriptional activity of Osterix. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of c-Src decreased the protein levels and transcriptional activity of Osterix. Conversely, Src specific inhibitor, SU6656, decreased the protein levels and transcriptional activity of Osterix. The c-Src interacts with and phosphorylates Osterix. These results suggest that c-Src signaling modulates osteoblast differentiation at least in part through Osterix.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - YounHo Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Sung Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - Heesun Cheong
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Chun
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, South Korea
| | - Chang-Yeol Yeo
- Department of Life Science and Division of Life & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea.
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30
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Continuous infusion of angiotensin II modulates hypertrophic differentiation and apoptosis of chondrocytes in cartilage formation in a fracture model mouse. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:382-93. [PMID: 25693858 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are reported to be expressed in cultured chondrocytes and cartilage, little is known about the precise function of Angiotensin II (Ang II) in chondrocytes. In this study, we employed a rib fracture model mouse to investigate the effect of Ang II on chondrocytes. Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R) was expressed in chondrocytes in the growth plate of mouse tibia. Continuous infusion of Ang II to rib-fractured mice resulted in a significant increase in the volume of cartilage, suggesting Ang II-induced hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes. It was also confirmed by a significant increase in the mRNA expression of Sox9 and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), which are genes related to chondrocyte differentiation, and type X collagen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 and Indian hedgehog (Ihh), which are hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific molecular markers. Chondrocyte hypertrophy with upregulation of these genes was attenuated by administration of olmesartan, an AT1R blocker, but not by hydralazine. Moreover, Ang II infusion significantly suppressed apoptosis of chondrocytes, accompanied by significant induction of mRNA expression of bcl-2 and bcl-xL. Olmesartan, but not hydralazine, significantly attenuated the reduction of apoptotic cells and the increase in anti-apoptotic genes induced by Ang II infusion. Overall, the present study demonstrated that Ang II promoted hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes and reduced apoptosis of hypertrophic chondrocytes independently of high blood pressure. The present data indicate the role of Ang II in cartilage, and might provide a new concept for treatment of cartilage diseases.
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31
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Cao Z, Liu R, Zhang H, Liao H, Zhang Y, Hinton RJ, Feng JQ. Osterix controls cementoblast differentiation through downregulation of Wnt-signaling via enhancing DKK1 expression. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:335-44. [PMID: 25678852 PMCID: PMC4323373 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osterix (Osx), a transcriptional factor essential for osteogenesis, is also critical for in vivo cellular cementum formation. However, the molecular mechanism by which Osx regulates cementoblasts is largely unknown. In this study, we initially demonstrated that overexpression of Osx in a cementoblast cell line upregulated the expression of markers vital to cementogenesis such as osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OCN), and bone sialoprotein (BSP) at both mRNA and protein levels, and enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Unexpectedly, we demonstrated a sharp increase in the expression of DKK1 (a potent canonical Wnt antagonist), and a great reduction in protein levels of β-catenin and its nuclear translocation by overexpression of Osx. Further, transient transfection of Osx reduced protein levels of TCF1 (a target transcription factor of β-catenin), which were partially reversed by an addition of DKK1. We also demonstrated that activation of canonical Wnt signaling by LiCl or Wnt3a significantly enhanced levels of TCF1 and suppressed the expression of OPN, OCN, and BSP, as well as ALP activity and formation of extracellular mineralized nodules. Importantly, we confirmed that there were a sharp reduction in DKK1 and a concurrent increase in β-catenin in Osx cKO mice (crossing between the Osx loxP and 2.3 Col 1-Cre lines), in agreement with the in vitro data. Thus, we conclude that the key role of Osx in control of cementoblast proliferation and differentiation is to maintain a low level of Wnt-β-catenin via direct up-regulation of DKK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengguo Cao
- 1. The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education(KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China ; 2. Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rubing Liu
- 1. The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education(KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- 3. Texas A&M University, Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Haiqing Liao
- 1. The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education(KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- 1. The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education(KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Robert J Hinton
- 3. Texas A&M University, Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jian Q Feng
- 3. Texas A&M University, Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX, USA
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Lee SH, Jeong HM, Han Y, Cheong H, Kang BY, Lee KY. Prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates the osteogenic activity of Osterix. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 400:32-40. [PMID: 25463757 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osterix is an essential transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. The mechanism of regulation of Osterix by post-translational modification remains unknown. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase 1 (Pin1) catalyzes the isomerization of pSer/Thr-Pro bonds and induces a conformational change in its substrates, subsequently regulating diverse cellular processes. In this study, we demonstrated that Pin1 interacts with Osterix and influences its protein stability and transcriptional activity. This regulation is likely due to the suppression of poly-ubiquitination-mediated proteasomal degradation of Osterix. Collectively, our data demonstrate that Pin1 is a novel regulator of Osterix and may play an essential role in the regulation of osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Min Jeong
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Younho Han
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesun Cheong
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Bok Yun Kang
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy & Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea.
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Tsiligkrou IA, Tosios KI, Madianos PN, Vrotsos IA, Panis VG. Oxytalan-positive peripheral ossifying fibromas express runt-related transcription factor 2, bone morphogenetic protein-2, and cementum attachment protein. An immunohistochemical study. J Oral Pathol Med 2014; 44:628-33. [PMID: 25359431 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peripheral ossifying fibroma (POF) represents one of the most common lesions of the periodontal tissues that may originate from the gingival soft tissues, the periosteum, or the periodontal ligament. AIM To investigate the immunohistochemical expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx-2), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), and cementum attachment protein (CAP) in oxytalan-positive POF, to establish the use of POF as an in vivo model for the study of the periodontal ligament. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty tumors that presented clinical and histologic features of POF, as well as oxytalan fibers, were included in the study. Immunohistochemical expression of Runx-2, BMP-2, and CAP was evaluated by light microscopy. RESULTS Runx-2, BMP-2, and CAP were abundantly expressed by POFs; 22 of 30 tumors expressed positive staining for Runx-2, twenty-six tumors for BMP-2, and twenty-five tumors for CAP. The expression of Runx-2 was abundant in POFs where bone was histologically present (P = 0.04) and of BMP-2 in POFs where dystrophic calcifications were present (P = 0.03). CONCLUSION It is suggested that oxytalan-positive POFs, purportedly originating from the periodontal ligament, express molecules that are specific to bone and cementum (Runx-2, BMP-2), or cementum only (CAP). Thus, the cell populations present in the lesion belong to the mineralized-tissue-forming cell lineages, the cementoblastic or osteoblastic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna A Tsiligkrou
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos I Tosios
- Department of Oral Pathology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Phoebus N Madianos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis A Vrotsos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios G Panis
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Wang XC, Zhao NJ, Guo C, Chen JT, Song JL, Gao L. Quercetin reversed lipopolysaccharide-induced inhibition of osteoblast differentiation through the mitogen‑activated protein kinase pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:3320-6. [PMID: 25323558 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Quercetin, a flavonoid found in onions and other vegetables, has potential inhibitory effects on bone resorption in vivo and in vitro. In our previous study it was identified that quercetin triggered the apoptosis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑induced osteoclasts and inhibited bone resorption. Currently, little information is available detailing the effect of quercetin on osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in bacteria‑induced inflammatory diseases. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of quercetin on osteoblast differentiation in MC3T3‑E1 osteoblasts stimulated with LPS. LPS significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of osteoblast‑related genes in the MC3T3‑E1 cells. By contrast, quercetin significantly restored the LPS‑suppressed mRNA expression of osteoblast‑related genes in a dose‑dependent manner. Quercetin also restored the protein expression of Osterix in MC3T3‑E1 cells suppressed by LPS. Furthermore, quercetin selectively triggered the activation of the mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway by enhancing the expression of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and reducing the expression of c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase. These data suggest that quercetin reversed the inhibition of osteoblast differentiation induced by LPS through MAPK signaling. These findings suggest that quercetin may be of potential use as a therapeutic agent to restore osteoblast function in bacteria‑induced bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Chun Wang
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 47500, P.R. China
| | - Nzhi-Jun Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 47500, P.R. China
| | - Chun Guo
- Department of Medicine, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan 462002, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Tao Chen
- Pharmaceutical Department, First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 47500, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Ling Song
- Department of Medicine, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan 462002, P.R. China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Medicine, Luohe Medical College, Luohe, Henan 462002, P.R. China
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He S, Choi YH, Choi JK, Yeo CY, Chun C, Lee KY. Protein kinase A regulates the osteogenic activity of Osterix. J Cell Biochem 2014; 115:1808-15. [PMID: 24905700 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Osterix belongs to the SP gene family and is a core transcription factor responsible for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Activation of protein kinase A (PKA), a serine/threonine kinase, is essential for controlling bone formation and BMP-induced osteoblast differentiation. However, the relationship between Osterix and PKA is still unclear. In this report, we investigated the precise role of the PKA pathway in regulating Osterix during osteoblast differentiation. We found that PKA increased the protein level of Osterix; PKA phosphorylated Osterix, increased protein stability, and enhanced the transcriptional activity of Osterix. These results suggest that Osterix is a novel target of PKA, and PKA modulates osteoblast differentiation partially through the regulation of Osterix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan He
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Osterix is required for Sonic hedgehog-induced osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell differentiation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2013; 64:169-76. [PMID: 22648388 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-012-9369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays an important role during bone development. However, the mechanism(s) by which Hh stimulates osteoblast differentiation are not fully elucidated. This study was performed to examine if Sonic hedgehog (Shh) affects osteoblast differentiation in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells and determine the exact role of osterix (Osx) involved in Hh-induced osteoblast differentiation. Our real-time RT-PCR result shows that Shh significantly induced osteoblast differentiation by up-regulation of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, Type I collagen, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and Osx RNA expression in MC3T3-E1 cells. ALP protein activity, Osx protein expression, as well as Osx promoter activity was also enhanced by Shh treatment in cell culture. Interestingly, Shh-induced Osx up-regulation was only slightly affected by knocking down Runx2 using siRNA in cells within 3 days of culture, however, knocking down Osx expression in cells totally blocked Shh-induced osteoblast differentiation. These findings demonstrate for the first time that Shh stimulates early osteoblast differentiation mainly through up-regulation of the expression of Osx in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells in both Runx2-dependent and Runx2-independent manner.
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Shi K, Lu J, Zhao Y, Wang L, Li J, Qi B, Li H, Ma C. MicroRNA-214 suppresses osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblast cells by targeting Osterix. Bone 2013; 55:487-94. [PMID: 23579289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Osterix (Osx) is an osteoblast-specific transcription factor that is essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Osx-null mice, which exhibit a complete absence of bone formation and arrested osteoblast differentiation, die immediately after birth. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of Osx expression remains poor. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that play pivotal roles in diverse biological processes, including the development, differentiation, proliferation, survival, and oncogenesis of cells and organisms. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of miRNAs on Osx expression. Bioinformatic analyses predicted that miR-214 would be a potential regulator of Osx. The direct binding of miR-214 to the Osx 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) was demonstrated by a luciferase reporter assay using a construct containing the Osx 3' UTR. Deletion mutant construction revealed that the Osx 3' UTR contained two miR-214 binding sites. MiR-214 expression was inversely correlated with Osx expression in Saos-2 and U2OS cells. The forced expression of miR-214 in Saos-2 cells led to a reduction in the level of Osx protein. Moreover, the role of miR-214 in the osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells was investigated. We found that the osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells was enhanced by the downregulation of miR-214 expression, as measured by increased alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization. Taken together, these results indicate that miR-214 is a novel regulator of Osx, and that it plays an important role in the osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells as a suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaikai Shi
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, P.R. China
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Gadi J, Jung SH, Lee MJ, Jami A, Ruthala K, Kim KM, Cho NH, Jung HS, Kim CH, Lim SK. The transcription factor protein Sox11 enhances early osteoblast differentiation by facilitating proliferation and the survival of mesenchymal and osteoblast progenitors. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25400-25413. [PMID: 23888050 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.413377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox11 deletion mice are known to exhibit developmental defects of craniofacial skeletal malformations, asplenia, and hypoplasia of the lung, stomach, and pancreas. Despite the importance of Sox11 in the developing skeleton, the role of Sox11 in osteogenesis has not been studied yet. In this study, we identified that Sox11 is an important transcription factor for regulating the proliferation and survival of osteoblast precursor cells as well as the self-renewal potency of mesenchymal progenitor cells via up-regulation of Tead2. Furthermore, Sox11 also plays an important role in the segregation of functional osteoblast lineage progenitors from osteochondrogenic progenitors. Facilitation of osteoblast differentiation from mesenchymal cells was achieved by enhanced expression of the osteoblast lineage specific transcription factors Runx2 and Osterix. Morpholino-targeted disruption of Sox11 in zebrafish impaired organogenesis, including the bones, which were under mineralized. These results indicated that Sox11 plays a crucial role in the proliferation and survival of mesenchymal and osteoblast precursors by Tead2, and osteogenic differentiation by regulating Runx2 and Osterix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jogeswar Gadi
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Endocrine Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Seung-Hyun Jung
- the Diabetic Complications Research Center, Division of Traditional Korean Medicine (TKM), Integrated Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Daejeon, Korea 305-811; the Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea 305-764
| | - Min-Jung Lee
- the Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences,; the Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea 120-752, and
| | - Ajita Jami
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Endocrine Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine,; the Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences
| | - Kalyani Ruthala
- the Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences,; the Department of Anatomy, Embryology Lab, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea 120-752
| | - Kyoung-Min Kim
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Endocrine Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine,; the Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences
| | | | - Han-Sung Jung
- the Division of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Research Center for Orofacial Hard Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea 120-752, and
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- the Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea 305-764
| | - Sung-Kil Lim
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Endocrine Research Institute, Department of Internal Medicine,; the Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences,.
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Fleuren WWM, Toonen EJM, Verhoeven S, Frijters R, Hulsen T, Rullmann T, van Schaik R, de Vlieg J, Alkema W. Identification of new biomarker candidates for glucocorticoid induced insulin resistance using literature mining. BioData Min 2013; 6:2. [PMID: 23379763 PMCID: PMC3577498 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0381-6-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory agents used for the treatment of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis. Unfortunately, usage is limited because of metabolic side-effects, e.g. insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and diabetes. To gain more insight into the mechanisms behind glucocorticoid induced insulin resistance, it is important to understand which genes play a role in the development of insulin resistance and which genes are affected by glucocorticoids.Medline abstracts contain many studies about insulin resistance and the molecular effects of glucocorticoids and thus are a good resource to study these effects. RESULTS We developed CoPubGene a method to automatically identify gene-disease associations in Medline abstracts. We used this method to create a literature network of genes related to insulin resistance and to evaluate the importance of the genes in this network for glucocorticoid induced metabolic side effects and anti-inflammatory processes.With this approach we found several genes that already are considered markers of GC induced IR, such as phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase, catalytic subunit (G6PC). In addition, we found genes involved in steroid synthesis that have not yet been recognized as mediators of GC induced IR. CONCLUSIONS With this approach we are able to construct a robust informative literature network of insulin resistance related genes that gave new insights to better understand the mechanisms behind GC induced IR. The method has been set up in a generic way so it can be applied to a wide variety of disease networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilco WM Fleuren
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), CMBI, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Bioinformatics Centre (NBIC), P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik JM Toonen
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Raoul Frijters
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), CMBI, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Rijk Zwaan Nederland BV, Fijnaart, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Hulsen
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), CMBI, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Philips Research Europe, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jacob de Vlieg
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), CMBI, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands eScience Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wynand Alkema
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), CMBI, NCMLS, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Present address: NIZO Food Research BV, Ede, The Netherlands
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40
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Abstract
Osterix (Osx, Sp7) is a zinc-finger transcription factor belonging to the specificity protein (Sp) family expressed in cells of the osteoblast lineage in the developing skeleton where it regulates expression of a number of osteoblastic genes. We previously reported inhibition of osterix mRNA and protein by parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulation of cAMP in osteoblasts. We here show that Osx expression in osteoblasts is regulated by Sp proteins as demonstrated by mithramycin A inhibition of Osx mRNA and OSX protein levels. Mutation of putative transcription factor binding sites within the Osx promoter demonstrated a tandem repeat sequence that selectively binds OSX but not other Sp factors expressed in osteoblasts (Sp1, Sp3, or Tieg (Klf10)). Mutation of either or both the repeat sequences inhibited 90% of the promoter activity and also abrogated some of the PTH-mediated inhibition of the promoter. Previous studies have shown growth factor regulation of Osx expression by MAPK proteins, particularly p38 phosphorylation of OSX that increases its transcriptional activity. PTH stimulation of osteoblasts inhibits MAPK components (ERK, JNK, and p38) but inhibition of Osx mRNA and protein expression by PTH was selectively mimicked by p38 inhibition and expression of constitutively active MKK6, which stimulates p38, blocked PTH inhibition of OSX. Together, our studies suggest that OSX autoregulation is a major mechanism in osteoblasts and that PTH stimulation inhibits osterix by inhibition of p38 MAPK regulation of OSX.
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41
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Mikami Y, Suzuki S, Ishii Y, Watanabe N, Takahashi T, Isokawa K, Honda MJ. The p75 neurotrophin receptor regulates MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic differentiation. Differentiation 2012; 84:392-9. [PMID: 22906707 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While the role of p75(NTR) signaling in the regulation of nerve-related cell growth and survival has been well documented, its actions in osteoblasts are poorly understood. In this study, we examined the effects of p75(NTR) on osteoblast proliferation and differentiation using the MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cell line. Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were significantly enhanced in p75(NTR)-overexpressing MC3T3-E1 cells (p75GFP-E1). In addition, expression of osteoblast-specific osteocalcin (OCN), bone sialoprotein (BSP), and osterix mRNA, ALP activity, and mineralization capacity were dramatically enhanced in p75GFP-E1 cells, compared to wild MC3T3-E1 cells (GFP-E1). To determine the binding partner of p75(NTR) in p75GFP-E1 cells during osteogenic differentiation, we examined the expression of trkA, trkB, and trkC that are known binding partners of p75(NTR), as well as NgR. Pharmacological inhibition of trk tyrosine kinase with the K252a inhibitor resulted in marked reduction in the level of ALPase under osteogenic conditions. The deletion of the GDI binding domain in the p75(NTR)-GFP construct had no effect on mineralization. Taken together, our studies demonstrated that p75(NTR) signaling through the trk tyrosine kinase pathway affects osteoblast functions by targeting osteoblast proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Mikami
- Department of Anatomy, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
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42
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Yoshida CA, Komori H, Maruyama Z, Miyazaki T, Kawasaki K, Furuichi T, Fukuyama R, Mori M, Yamana K, Nakamura K, Liu W, Toyosawa S, Moriishi T, Kawaguchi H, Takada K, Komori T. SP7 inhibits osteoblast differentiation at a late stage in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32364. [PMID: 22396760 PMCID: PMC3292551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RUNX2 and SP7 are essential transcription factors for osteoblast differentiation at an early stage. Although RUNX2 inhibits osteoblast differentiation at a late stage, the function of SP7 at the late stage of osteoblast differentiation is not fully elucidated. Thus, we pursued the function of SP7 in osteoblast differentiation. RUNX2 induced Sp7 expression in Runx2−/− calvarial cells. Adenoviral transfer of sh-Sp7 into primary osteoblasts reduced the expression of Alpl, Col1a1, and Bglap2 and mineralization, whereas that of Sp7 reduced Bglap2 expression and mineralization at a late stage of osteoblast differentiation. Sp7 transgenic mice under the control of 2.3 kb Col1a1 promoter showed osteopenia and woven-bone like structure in the cortical bone, which was thin and less mineralized, in a dose-dependent manner. Further, the number of processes in the osteoblasts and osteocytes was reduced. Although the osteoblast density was increased, the bone formation was reduced. The frequency of BrdU incorporation was increased in the osteoblastic cells, while the expression of Col1a1, Spp1, Ibsp, and Bglap2 was reduced. Further, the osteopenia in Sp7 or Runx2 transgenic mice was worsened in Sp7/Runx2 double transgenic mice and the expression of Col1a1 and Bglap2 was reduced. The expression of Sp7 and Runx2 was not increased in Runx2 and Sp7 transgenic mice, respectively. The expression of endogenous Sp7 was increased in Sp7 transgenic mice and Sp7-transduced cells; the introduction of Sp7 activated and sh-Sp7 inhibited Sp7 promoter; and ChIP assay showed the binding of endogenous SP7 in the proximal region of Sp7 promoter. These findings suggest that SP7 and RUNX2 inhibit osteoblast differentiation at a late stage in a manner independent of RUNX2 and SP7, respectively, and SP7 positively regulates its own promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Yoshida
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hisato Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Zenjiro Maruyama
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Miyazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Keishi Kawasaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Furuichi
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ryo Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Kure, Japan
| | - Masako Mori
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kei Yamana
- Teijin Institute for Biomedical Research, Teijin, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- Department of Periodontology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Wenguang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Satoru Toyosawa
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Moriishi
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Takada
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Choi YH, Gu YM, Oh JW, Lee KY. Osterix is regulated by Erk1/2 during osteoblast differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 415:472-8. [PMID: 22056560 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Osterix (Osx) is a novel zinc finger-containing transcription factor that is essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone formation in bone homeostasis. The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are a group of evolutionarily conserved proline-directed protein serine/threonine kinases that are activated in response to a variety of extracellular stimuli and mediate signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Erk1/2 plays essential roles in osteoblast differentiation and in supporting osteoclastogenesis, but the precise molecular signaling mechanisms between Osterix and Erk1/2 are not known. We therefore focused on the relationship between Osterix and Erk1/2 during osteoblast differentiation because BMP signaling induces Erk activation in osteoblasts. We investigated the role of the MAPK pathway in regulating protein levels and transcriptional functions of Osterix. We found that Erk activation by overexpression of constitutively active MEK increased the mRNA and protein levels of Osterix and enhanced the transcriptional activity of Osterix, whereas U0126, an inhibitor of MEK, suppressed the protein levels of Osterix and the transcriptional activity. Also, overexpression of constitutively active MEK stabilized Osterix protein. These results suggest that Erk1/2 regulates a major transcription factor, Osterix, during osteoblast differentiation by increasing its protein stability and transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Bone Physiology, Biomaterial and the Effect of Mechanical/Physical Microenvironment on MSC Osteogenesis: A Tribute to Shu Chien's 80th Birthday. Cell Mol Bioeng 2011; 4:579-590. [PMID: 25580165 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-011-0204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Professor Shu Chien is a world-renowned leader and founder of Bioengineering. In particular, he has made seminal contributions to advancing our systematic and insightful understanding of how cells perceive their physical/mechanical environment and coordinate cellular functions. In this review, as part of a tribute to Prof. Shu Chien's scientific achievement, we summarize the research progress in understanding the physiology of bone cells interacting with different mechanical/physical environments during bone tissue regeneration/repair. We first introduce the cellular composition of the bone tissue and the mechanism of the physiological bone regeneration/repair process. We then describe the properties and development of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering, followed by the highlighting of research progresses on the cellular response to mechanical environmental cues. Finally, several latest advancements in bone tissue regeneration and remaining challenges in the field are discussed for future research directions.
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Takahata Y, Takarada T, Hinoi E, Nakamura Y, Fujita H, Yoneda Y. Osteoblastic γ-aminobutyric acid, type B receptors negatively regulate osteoblastogenesis toward disturbance of osteoclastogenesis mediated by receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand in mouse bone. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:32906-17. [PMID: 21828041 PMCID: PMC3190880 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevailing view is that signaling machineries for the neurotransmitter GABA are also expressed by cells outside the CNS. In cultured murine calvarial osteoblasts, mRNA was constitutively expressed for both subunits 1 and 2 of metabotropic GABA(B) receptor (GABA(B)R), along with inhibition by the GABA(B)R agonist baclofen of cAMP formation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and Ca(2+) accumulation. Moreover, baclofen significantly inhibited the transactivation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) gene in a manner sensitive to a GABA(B)R antagonist, in addition to decreasing mRNA expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), osteocalcin, and osterix. In osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells stably transfected with GABA(B)R1 subunit, significant reductions were seen in ALP activity and Ca(2+) accumulation, as well as mRNA expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin, and osterix. In cultured calvarial osteoblasts from GABA(B)R1-null mice exhibiting low bone mineral density in tibia and femur, by contrast, both ALP activity and Ca(2+) accumulation were significantly increased together with promoted expression of both mRNA and proteins for BMP2 and osterix. No significant change was seen in the number of multinucleated cells stained for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase during the culture of osteoclasts prepared from GABA(B)R1-null mice, whereas a significant increase was seen in the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinucleated cells in co-culture of osteoclasts with osteoblasts isolated from GABA(B)R1-null mice. These results suggest that GABA(B)R is predominantly expressed by osteoblasts to negatively regulate osteoblastogenesis through down-regulation of BMP2 expression toward disturbance of osteoclastogenesis after down-regulation of RANKL expression in mouse bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Takahata
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Eiichi Hinoi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukari Nakamura
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujita
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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Choi YH, Jeong HM, Jin YH, Li H, Yeo CY, Lee KY. Akt phosphorylates and regulates the osteogenic activity of Osterix. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 411:637-41. [PMID: 21777568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osterix (Osx), a zinc-finger transcription factor is required for osteoblast differentiation and new bone formation during embryonic development. Akt is a member of the serine/threonine-specific protein kinase and plays important roles in osteoblast differentiation. The function of Osterix can be also modulated by post-translational modification. But, the precise molecular signaling mechanisms between Osterix and Akt are not known. In this study, we investigated the potential regulation of Osterix function by Akt in osteoblast differentiation. We found that Akt phosphorylates Osterix and that Akt activation increases protein stability, osteogenic activity and transcriptional activity of Osterix. We also found that BMP-2 increases the protein level of Osterix in an Akt activity-dependent manner. These results suggest that Akt activity enhances the osteogenic function of Osterix, at least in part, through protein stabilization and that BMP-2 regulates the osteogenic function of Osterix, at least in part, through Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
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Kudo H, Furukawa KI, Yokoyama T, Ono A, Numasawa T, Wada K, Tanaka S, Asari T, Ueyama K, Motomura S, Toh S. Genetic differences in the osteogenic differentiation potency according to the classification of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011; 36:951-7. [PMID: 21224767 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3181e9a8a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN We categorized the four types of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the cervical spine into two groups. We biochemically investigated the genetic differences in the osteogenic differentiation potency between the two groups. OBJECTIVE To investigate the genetic differences in the osteogenic differentiation potency according to the OPLL classification. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Clinical studies on OPLL have revealed that the risk of progression of the ossification area is greatest for continuous and mixed type OPLL. However, until now, these four types of OPLL have been studied as a single condition. METHODS We categorized the four types of OPLL into the OPLL continuous (continuous or mixed type) and OPLL segmental groups (segmental or circumscribed type). Paraspinal ligaments were aseptically obtained from OPLL patients during surgery. The fibroblast-like cells that migrated from the explants were used for experiments. The cells were placed in a 60-mm culture dishes for total ribonucleic acid preparation and 12 well microplates for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity staining. After cultures reached confluence, the cells were cultured in osteogenic medium. The messenger ribonucleic acid expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), osterix, tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated gene-6, and ALP was analyzed by quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction. Osteogenic differentiation of fibroblast-like cells was determined by histochemically detecting ALP production. RESULTS After osteogenic induction, BMP-2 expression increased in the OPLL continuous and segmental groups. Osterix expression increased in the OPLL continuous group only. Tumor necrosis factor-α-stimulated gene-6 expression was suppressed in the OPLL continuous and segmental groups. ALP expression as well as ALP activity staining was higher in the OPLL continuous group than in the OPLL segmental group. CONCLUSION.: The study revealed genetic differences in the osteogenic differentiation potency between the OPLL continuous and segmental groups. We propose to distinguish OPLL continuous group from segmental group in biochemical studies on OPLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Kudo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Japan
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Abstract
RUNX2 is an essential transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation. SP7, another transcription factor, is required for osteoblast differentiation. Major signaling pathways, including FGF, Wnt, and IHH, also play important roles in skeletal development. RUNX2 regulates Sp7 expression at an early stage of osteoblast differentiation. FGF2 upregulates Runx2 expression and activates RUNX2, and gain-of-function mutations of FGFRs cause craniosynostosis and limb defect with upregulation of Runx2 expression. Wnt signaling upregulates Runx2 expression and activates RUNX2, and RUNX2 induces Tcf7 expression. IHH is required for Runx2 expression in osteoprogenitor cells during endochondral bone development, and RUNX2 directly regulates Ihh expression in chondrocytes. Thus, RUNX2 regulates osteoblast differentiation and chondrocyte maturation through the network with SP7 and with FGF, Wnt, and IHH signaling pathways during skeletal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihisa Komori
- Department of Cell Biology, Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan.
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Jayasuriya AC, Bhat A. Mesenchymal stem cell function on hybrid organic/inorganic microparticles in vitro. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 4:340-8. [PMID: 20033925 DOI: 10.1002/term.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) function on novel type hybrid organic/inorganic microparticles (MPs) for application to bone regeneration. The MPs were based on chitosan (CS) and consisted of inorganic components, such as dibasic calcium phosphate (CaHPO(4)) or calcium carbonate (CaCO(3)). The MPs were crosslinked using tripolyphosphate. Four types of hybrid MPs were fabricated: CS; CS-10% CaHPO(4); CS-20% CaHPO(4); and CS-10% CaCO(3). The MSCs were attached to all the types of MPs at day 1 and started to spread and proliferate further by days 2 and 7, as analysed by fluorescence microcopy. Cell proliferation was measured at days 7, 14, 21 and 28 by counting the cells attached on the MPs. The number of proliferated cells increased significantly for all types of MPs as time increased. MSC differentiation was analysed using osteoblast (OB) phenotype markers, including alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), collagen I (COLLI) and osteocalcin (OCN) at days 7, 14, 21 and 28, using quantitative real-time PCR. The normalized mRNA expression of ALP for all MPs was observed only at day 7. The normalized mRNA expression of COLLI and OCN was significantly increased for all types of hybrid MPs at each time point compared to the control samples. Collectively, our results proved that hybrid organic/inorganic MPs were non-cytotoxic and supported MSC attachment, spreading, proliferation and differentiation into the OB phenotype. These hybrid MPs have great potential for application as bone-void fillers or bone tissue engineering scaffolds in bone regeneration.
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The effects of Sp7/Osterix gene silencing in the chondroprogenitor cell line, ATDC5. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 403:242-6. [PMID: 21075078 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chondrocytes are known to express Sp7/Osterix (Osx) to varying degrees, but the role of Osx in chondrocytes is still unknown. In the current study, we investigated the role of the Osx gene using the clonal mouse embryonic cell line ATDC5, which retains the properties of the chondroprogenitor. ATDC5 cells express Osx; therefore, the effects of Osx gene silencing with shRNA lentiviral particles on chondrocyte marker gene expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity were investigated. At confluency, gene silencing down-regulated expression of the Sox trio (Sox5, 6, 9), Dlx5 and Alp mRNA, as well as ALP enzyme activity. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) is known to induce Osx gene expression in chondrocytes, and stimulation with BMP2 rescued Osx expression accompanied by up-regulation of Alp expression and ALP enzyme activity in a dose-dependent manner. To clarify the role of Osx in chondrocyte differentiation, cells induced to differentiate by 10μg/ml insulin for 21days were examined. Gene silencing inhibited the expression of the hypertrophic chondrocyte marker gene, type X collagen (Col X), and attenuated up-regulation of Dlx5 and Alp mRNA, as well as ALP enzyme activity. Taken together, these results suggest that Osx is involved in chondrogenic gene activation and is a positive regulator of the chondrocyte differentiation.
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