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Kumah EA, Fopa RD, Harati S, Boadu P, Zohoori FV, Pak T. Human and environmental impacts of nanoparticles: a scoping review of the current literature. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1059. [PMID: 37268899 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Use of nanoparticles have established benefits in a wide range of applications, however, the effects of exposure to nanoparticles on health and the environmental risks associated with the production and use of nanoparticles are less well-established. The present study addresses this gap in knowledge by examining, through a scoping review of the current literature, the effects of nanoparticles on human health and the environment. We searched relevant databases including Medline, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus, CINAHL, Embase, and SAGE journals, as well as Google, Google Scholar, and grey literature from June 2021 to July 2021. After removing duplicate articles, the title and abstracts of 1495 articles were first screened followed by the full-texts of 249 studies, and this resulted in the inclusion of 117 studies in the presented review.In this contribution we conclude that while nanoparticles offer distinct benefits in a range of applications, they pose significant threats to humans and the environment. Using several biological models and biomarkers, the included studies revealed the toxic effects of nanoparticles (mainly zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, silver, and carbon nanotubes) to include cell death, production of oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, and induction of inflammatory responses. Most of the included studies (65.81%) investigated inorganic-based nanoparticles. In terms of biomarkers, most studies (76.9%) used immortalised cell lines, whiles 18.8% used primary cells as the biomarker for assessing human health effect of nanoparticles. Biomarkers that were used for assessing environmental impact of nanoparticles included soil samples and soybean seeds, zebrafish larvae, fish, and Daphnia magna neonates.From the studies included in this work the United States recorded the highest number of publications (n = 30, 25.64%), followed by China, India, and Saudi Arabia recording the same number of publications (n = 8 each), with 95.75% of the studies published from the year 2009. The majority of the included studies (93.16%) assessed impact of nanoparticles on human health, and 95.7% used experimental study design. This shows a clear gap exists in examining the impact of nanoparticles on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Adjoa Kumah
- Depeartment of International Public Health, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Raoul Djou Fopa
- School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Saeed Harati
- School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK
| | - Paul Boadu
- Department of Health Services Research and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Tannaz Pak
- School of Computing, Engineering & Digital Technologies, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, TS1 3BX, UK.
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Carrillo-Cocom LM, Juárez-Méndez L, Rincón S, Rivera-Villanueva JM, Nic-Can GI, Zepeda A. Induction of cytotoxic effects and changes in DNA methylation-related gene expression in a human fibroblast cell line by the metal-organic framework [H 2NMe 2] 3 [Tb(III)(2,6 pyridinedicarboxylate) 3] (Tb-MOF). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:46685-46696. [PMID: 36723839 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanide metal-organic frameworks (lanthanide MOFs) may be utilized for a variety of environmental and human health applications due to their luminescent properties and high thermal and water stability. However, the cytotoxic and epigenetic effects produced in human cells are not known. Therefore, we evaluated the cytotoxic effects, internalization, and changes in the mRNA abundance of DNA methylation and demethylation enzymes by exposing human fibroblast cells to a metal-organic framework [H2NMe2]3 [Tb(III)(2,6 pyridinedicarboxylate)3] (Tb-MOF). For this purpose, the cells were exposed to six concentrations (0.05 to 1.6 mg/mL) of Tb-MOF for 48 h. Field emission electron microscopy coupled to linear energy dispersive spectroscopy (FESEM‒EDS) and confocal microscopy analysis were performed. The cytotoxicity was determined with crystal violet and MTT assays. The results demonstrated the internalization of Tb-MOF at concentrations as low as 0.05 mg/mL, as well as concentration-dependent toxicity. Additionally, we detected significant changes in the gene expression levels of DNA methyltransferases and demethylases due to the presence of Tb-MOF, suggesting that Tb-MOF could generate epigenetic changes even at low concentrations. The results of our study may establish a foundation for future research attempting to develop and apply secure nanomaterials (e.g., MOFs) to minimize damage to the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leydi Maribel Carrillo-Cocom
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Campus de Ingenierías y Ciencias Exactas, periférico norte km 33.5, C.P. 97203, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Lucia Juárez-Méndez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Campus de Ingenierías y Ciencias Exactas, periférico norte km 33.5, C.P. 97203, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Susana Rincón
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/I.T. Mérida, Av. Tecnológico S/N, C.P. 97118, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - José María Rivera-Villanueva
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Veracruzana, prolongación oriente 6 No. 1009. Colonia Rafael Alvarado, C.P. 94340, Orizaba, Veracruz, México
| | - Geovanny Iran Nic-Can
- CONACYT-Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Campus de Ingenierías y Ciencias Exactas, periférico norte km 33.5, C.P. 97203, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Alejandro Zepeda
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Campus de Ingenierías y Ciencias Exactas, periférico norte km 33.5, C.P. 97203, Mérida, Yucatán, México.
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3
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A weight of evidence review of the genotoxicity of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 136:105263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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4
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A review on the epigenetics modifications to nanomaterials in humans and animals: novel epigenetic regulator. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the nanotechnology era, nanotechnology applications have been intensifying their prospects to embrace all the vigorous sectors persuading human health and animal. The safety and concerns regarding the widespread use of engineered nanomaterials (NMA) and their potential effect on human health still require further clarification. Literature elucidated that NMA exhibited significant adverse effects on various molecular and cellular alterations. Epigenetics is a complex process resulting in the interactions between an organism’s environment and genome. The epigenetic modifications, including histone modification and DNA methylation, chromatin structure and DNA accessibility alteration, regulate gene expression patterns. Disturbances of epigenetic markers induced by NMA might promote the sensitivity of humans and animals to several diseases. Also, this paper focus on the epigenetic regulators of some dietary nutrients that have been confirmed to stimulate the epigenome and, more exactly, DNA histone modifications and non-histone proteins modulation by acetylation, and phosphorylation inhibition, which counteracts oxidative stress generations. The present review epitomizes the recent evidence of the potential effects of NMA on histone modifications, in addition to in vivo and in vitro cytosine DNA methylation and its toxicity. Furthermore, the part of epigenetic fluctuations as possible translational biomarkers for uncovering untoward properties of NMA is deliberated.
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Mansoor A, Khurshid Z, Khan MT, Mansoor E, Butt FA, Jamal A, Palma PJ. Medical and Dental Applications of Titania Nanoparticles: An Overview. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12203670. [PMID: 36296859 PMCID: PMC9611494 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Currently, titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are successfully employed in human food, drugs, cosmetics, advanced medicine, and dentistry because of their non-cytotoxic, non-allergic, and bio-compatible nature when used in direct close contact with the human body. These NPs are the most versatile oxides as a result of their acceptable chemical stability, lower cost, strong oxidation properties, high refractive index, and enhanced aesthetics. These NPs are fabricated by conventional (physical and chemical) methods and the latest biological methods (biological, green, and biological derivatives), with their advantages and disadvantages in this epoch. The significance of TiO2 NPs as a medical material includes drug delivery release, cancer therapy, orthopedic implants, biosensors, instruments, and devices, whereas their significance as a dental biomaterial involves dentifrices, oral antibacterial disinfectants, whitening agents, and adhesives. In addition, TiO2 NPs play an important role in orthodontics (wires and brackets), endodontics (sealers and obturating materials), maxillofacial surgeries (implants and bone plates), prosthodontics (veneers, crowns, bridges, and acrylic resin dentures), and restorative dentistry (GIC and composites).
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsheen Mansoor
- Department of Dental Material Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44080, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Muhammad Talal Khan
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Bakhtawar Amin Medical and Dental College, Multan 60650, Pakistan;
| | - Emaan Mansoor
- Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Faaz Ahmad Butt
- Department of Materials Engineering, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi 74200, Pakistan;
| | - Asif Jamal
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Paulo J. Palma
- Center for Innovation and Research in Oral Sciences (CIROS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
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Khan HM, Liao X, Sheikh BA, Wang Y, Su Z, Guo C, Li Z, Zhou C, Cen Y, Kong Q. Smart biomaterials and their potential applications in tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:6859-6895. [PMID: 36069198 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb01106a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Smart biomaterials have been rapidly advancing ever since the concept of tissue engineering was proposed. Interacting with human cells, smart biomaterials can play a key role in novel tissue morphogenesis. Various aspects of biomaterials utilized in or being sought for the goal of encouraging bone regeneration, skin graft engineering, and nerve conduits are discussed in this review. Beginning with bone, this study summarizes all the available bioceramics and materials along with their properties used singly or in conjunction with each other to create scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. A quick overview of the skin-based nanocomposite biomaterials possessing antibacterial properties for wound healing is outlined along with skin regeneration therapies using infrared radiation, electrospinning, and piezoelectricity, which aid in wound healing. Furthermore, a brief overview of bioengineered artificial skin grafts made of various natural and synthetic polymers has been presented. Finally, by examining the interactions between natural and synthetic-based biomaterials and the biological environment, their strengths and drawbacks for constructing peripheral nerve conduits are highlighted. The description of the preclinical outcome of nerve regeneration in injury healed with various natural-based conduits receives special attention. The organic and synthetic worlds collide at the interface of nanomaterials and biological systems, producing a new scientific field including nanomaterial design for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haider Mohammed Khan
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Liao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Bilal Ahmed Sheikh
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Yixi Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhixuan Su
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.,National Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Chuan Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Zhengyong Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Changchun Zhou
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.,National Engineering Research Centre for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Ying Cen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qingquan Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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7
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Larsson L, Kavanagh NM, Nguyen TVN, Castilho RM, Berglundh T, Giannobile WV. Influence of epigenetics on periodontitis and peri-implantitis pathogenesis. Periodontol 2000 2022; 90:125-137. [PMID: 35913702 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a disease characterized by tooth-associated microbial biofilms that drive chronic inflammation and destruction of periodontal-supporting tissues. In some individuals, disease progression can lead to tooth loss. A similar condition can occur around dental implants in the form of peri-implantitis. The immune response to bacterial challenges is not only influenced by genetic factors, but also by environmental factors. Epigenetics involves the study of gene function independent of changes to the DNA sequence and its associated proteins, and represents a critical link between genetic and environmental factors. Epigenetic modifications have been shown to contribute to the progression of several diseases, including chronic inflammatory diseases like periodontitis and peri-implantitis. This review aims to present the latest findings on epigenetic influences on periodontitis and to discuss potential mechanisms that may influence peri-implantitis, given the paucity of information currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Larsson
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nolan M Kavanagh
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Trang V N Nguyen
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rogerio M Castilho
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine and Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Tord Berglundh
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - William V Giannobile
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Pogribna M, Word B, Lyn-Cook B, Hammons G. Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on histone modifications and histone modifying enzymes expression in human cell lines. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:409-424. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2085206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pogribna
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Beverly Word
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Beverly Lyn-Cook
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - George Hammons
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
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9
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Sun Y, Yang Y, Tou FY, Niu ZS, Guo XP, Liu C, Yan J, Wu JY, Xu M, Hou LJ, Liu M. Extraction and quantification of metal-containing nanoparticles in marine shellfish based on single particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry technique. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127383. [PMID: 34879574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative characterization of nanoparticles (NPs) in marine shellfish is critical to understanding the risks of bio-accumulation. Based on single particle (sp)ICP-MS and electron microscopy, a standardized protocol was developed to extract Ag, Au, and indigenous Ti-containing NPs from mussels. The optimal parameters are: dry sample extraction with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), 5% (v/v) final concentration of TMAH, extraction at 25 ℃ for 12 h, and separation by centrifugation (3000 rpm for 5 min). The particle number recoveries of spiked Ag and Au NPs were 88 ± 0.9% and 95 ± 1.1%, respectively, while Ti-containing NPs had a particle number concentration of 8.2 × 106 particles/mg and an average size of 70 nm in tested mussels. Furthermore, titanium oxide NPs, including rutile, anatase, and Magnéli phases (TixO2x-1) were found ubiquitously in 10 shellfish based on the optimal method. The particle number concentrations and average sizes of the Ti-containing NPs were 2.1 × 106-8.4 × 106 particles/mg and 70-80 nm, respectively. These Ti-containing NPs, such as TiO2, accounted for about half of the Ti mass in shellfish, indicating that marine shellfish may be a significant sink for Ti-containing NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China; Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco-Restoration, East China, Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Fei-Yun Tou
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zuo-Shun Niu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xing-Pan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jia Yan
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jia-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Li-Jun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai, East China Normal University, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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Powell LG, Alexander C, Stone V, Johnston HJ, Conte C. An in vitro investigation of the hepatic toxicity of PEGylated polymeric redox responsive nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12860-12870. [PMID: 35496338 PMCID: PMC9044528 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00395c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It can be challenging to deliver drugs to cancer cells in a targeted manner at an effective dose. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are promising drug delivery systems that can be targeted to cancer cells using redox responsive elements. More specifically, intracellular and extracellular levels of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) are elevated in cancer cells and therefore the use of NPs with a cleavable GSH-responsive element allowing these NPs to target cancer cells and trigger the release of their cargo (e.g. anticancer drugs). The aim of this study was to assess the hepatotoxicity of polymeric NP delivery systems with and without a redox sensitive element. Copolymer poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) NPs with (RR-NPs) and without (nRR-NPs) a redox responsive dithiylethanoate ester linker were synthesised and their toxicity assessed in vitro. As the liver is a primary site of NP accumulation, the C3A hepatocyte cell line was used to assess NP toxicity in vitro via investigation of cytotoxicity, cytokine production, genotoxicity, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, intracellular calcium concentration, and hepatocyte function (albumin and urea production). The cellular uptake of NPs was also assessed as this may influence the cellular dose and, therefore, the cellular response. Both NPs had no detrimental impact on cell viability. However, both NPs stimulated an increase in cytokine (IL-1ra) and ROS production and decreased hepatocyte function, with the greatest effect observed for nRR-NPs. Only nRR-NPs caused DNA damage. Cells internalised both NPs and caused a (sub-lethal) increase in intracellular calcium levels. Therefore, whilst the NPs did not have a negative impact on cell viability, the NPs were able to elicit sub-lethal toxicity. By using a battery of tests we were able to demonstrate that RR-NPs may be less toxic than nRR-NPs. Our findings can therefore feed into the development of safer and more effective nanomedicines and into the design of testing strategies to assess polymeric NP safety based on knowledge of their mechanism of toxicity. PEGylated polymeric RR-NPs are less toxic than nRR-NPs. Both formulations did not have a negative impact on cell viability, but were able to elicit sub-lethal toxicity, especially in the case of non redox responsive NPs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Leagh G. Powell
- Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, UK
| | - Cameron Alexander
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics and Formulation, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Vicki Stone
- Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, UK
| | - Helinor J. Johnston
- Nano Safety Research Group, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, UK
| | - Claudia Conte
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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11
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gundert‐Remy U, Gürtler R, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Passamonti S, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Corsini E, Cubadda F, De Groot D, FitzGerald R, Gunnare S, Gutleb AC, Mast J, Mortensen A, Oomen A, Piersma A, Plichta V, Ulbrich B, Van Loveren H, Benford D, Bignami M, Bolognesi C, Crebelli R, Dusinska M, Marcon F, Nielsen E, Schlatter J, Vleminckx C, Barmaz S, Carfí M, Civitella C, Giarola A, Rincon AM, Serafimova R, Smeraldi C, Tarazona J, Tard A, Wright M. Safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E171) as a food additive. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06585. [PMID: 33976718 PMCID: PMC8101360 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present opinion deals with an updated safety assessment of the food additive titanium dioxide (E 171) based on new relevant scientific evidence considered by the Panel to be reliable, including data obtained with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) and data from an extended one-generation reproductive toxicity (EOGRT) study. Less than 50% of constituent particles by number in E 171 have a minimum external dimension < 100 nm. In addition, the Panel noted that constituent particles < 30 nm amounted to less than 1% of particles by number. The Panel therefore considered that studies with TiO2 NPs < 30 nm were of limited relevance to the safety assessment of E 171. The Panel concluded that although gastrointestinal absorption of TiO2 particles is low, they may accumulate in the body. Studies on general and organ toxicity did not indicate adverse effects with either E 171 up to a dose of 1,000 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day or with TiO2 NPs (> 30 nm) up to the highest dose tested of 100 mg/kg bw per day. No effects on reproductive and developmental toxicity were observed up to a dose of 1,000 mg E 171/kg bw per day, the highest dose tested in the EOGRT study. However, observations of potential immunotoxicity and inflammation with E 171 and potential neurotoxicity with TiO2 NPs, together with the potential induction of aberrant crypt foci with E 171, may indicate adverse effects. With respect to genotoxicity, the Panel concluded that TiO2 particles have the potential to induce DNA strand breaks and chromosomal damage, but not gene mutations. No clear correlation was observed between the physico-chemical properties of TiO2 particles and the outcome of either in vitro or in vivo genotoxicity assays. A concern for genotoxicity of TiO2 particles that may be present in E 171 could therefore not be ruled out. Several modes of action for the genotoxicity may operate in parallel and the relative contributions of different molecular mechanisms elicited by TiO2 particles are not known. There was uncertainty as to whether a threshold mode of action could be assumed. In addition, a cut-off value for TiO2 particle size with respect to genotoxicity could not be identified. No appropriately designed study was available to investigate the potential carcinogenic effects of TiO2 NPs. Based on all the evidence available, a concern for genotoxicity could not be ruled out, and given the many uncertainties, the Panel concluded that E 171 can no longer be considered as safe when used as a food additive.
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12
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Pogribna M, Hammons G. Epigenetic Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:2. [PMID: 33407537 PMCID: PMC7789336 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00740-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise of nanotechnology and widespread use of engineered nanomaterials in everyday human life has led to concerns regarding their potential effect on human health. Adverse effects of nanomaterials and nanoparticles on various molecular and cellular alterations have been well-studied. In contrast, the role of epigenetic alterations in their toxicity remains relatively unexplored. This review summarizes current evidence of alterations in cytosine DNA methylation and histone modifications in response to nanomaterials and nanoparticles exposures in vivo and in vitro. This review also highlights existing knowledge gaps regarding the role of epigenetic alterations in nanomaterials and nanoparticles toxicity. Additionally, the role of epigenetic changes as potential translational biomarkers for detecting adverse effects of nanomaterials and nanoparticles is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pogribna
- FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research, NCTR, HFT-110, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - George Hammons
- FDA/National Center for Toxicological Research, NCTR, HFT-110, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
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Lyons JG, Plantz MA, Hsu WK, Hsu EL, Minardi S. Nanostructured Biomaterials for Bone Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:922. [PMID: 32974298 PMCID: PMC7471872 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article addresses the various aspects of nano-biomaterials used in or being pursued for the purpose of promoting bone regeneration. In the last decade, significant growth in the fields of polymer sciences, nanotechnology, and biotechnology has resulted in the development of new nano-biomaterials. These are extensively explored as drug delivery carriers and as implantable devices. At the interface of nanomaterials and biological systems, the organic and synthetic worlds have merged over the past two decades, forming a new scientific field incorporating nano-material design for biological applications. For this field to evolve, there is a need to understand the dynamic forces and molecular components that shape these interactions and influence function, while also considering safety. While there is still much to learn about the bio-physicochemical interactions at the interface, we are at a point where pockets of accumulated knowledge can provide a conceptual framework to guide further exploration and inform future product development. This review is intended as a resource for academics, scientists, and physicians working in the field of orthopedics and bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Lyons
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark A. Plantz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wellington K. Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Erin L. Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Silvia Minardi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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14
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Kim HJ, Jeung DG, Oh JM. Random array of inorganic nanoparticles on polymer surface for anti-biofouling property through cost-effective and high-performance dip-coating. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 188:110788. [PMID: 31945634 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anti-biofouling treatment is required in various fields such as biomedical application, construction, civil engineering, and so on. Currently available techniques such as lithography and replica methods have several limitations in application and accessibility. We introduced a simple, biocompatible, and cost-effective anti-biofouling dip-coating method with polyurethane-inorganic (anisotropic montmorillonite and spherical TiO2) hybrid coating agent. Layer thickness of coating was as thin as 5 μm. It was cross-confirmed with thickness gauge and cross-section scanning electron microscopy. Through atomic force microscopy, inorganic nanoparticles were observed to be randomly arrayed with particles partially embedded in the polyurethane network. The calculated surface roughness of inorganic-polyurethane hybrid coating was five times larger than the neat substrate film and three times larger than coating without inorganic nanoparticles. Surface energy of the inorganic-polyurethane film decreased with increasing surface roughness as random pattern of inorganic particle reduced van der Waals interaction. Biofouling efficacy was evaluated by mucin adsorption and consecutive alcian blue assay. Results showed that coated film decreased biofouling 81% compared to bare film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Jun Kim
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Gak Jeung
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Oh
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Setyawati MI, Singh D, Krishnan SPR, Huang X, Wang M, Jia S, Goh BHR, Ho CG, Yusoff R, Kathawala MH, Poh TY, Ali NABM, Chotirmall SH, Aitken RJ, Riediker M, Christiani DC, Fang M, Bello D, Demokritou P, Ng KW. Occupational Inhalation Exposures to Nanoparticles at Six Singapore Printing Centers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:2389-2400. [PMID: 31967798 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Laser printers emit high levels of nanoparticles (PM0.1) during operation. Although it is well established that toners contain multiple engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), little is known about inhalation exposures to these nanoparticles and work practices in printing centers. In this report, we present a comprehensive inhalation exposure assessment of indoor microenvironments at six commercial printing centers in Singapore, the first such assessment outside of the United States, using real-time personal and stationary monitors, time-integrated instrumentation, and multiple analytical methods. Extensive presence of ENMs, including titanium dioxide, iron oxide, and silica, was detected in toners and in airborne particles collected from all six centers studied. We document high transient exposures to emitted nanoparticles (peaks of ∼500 000 particles/cm3, lung-deposited surface area of up to 220 μm2/cm3, and PM0.1 up to 16 μg/m3) with complex PM0.1 chemistry that included 40-60 wt % organic carbon, 10-15 wt % elemental carbon, and 14 wt % trace elements. We also record 271.6-474.9 pmol/mg of Environmental Protection Agency-priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These findings highlight the potentially high occupational inhalation exposures to nanoparticles with complex compositions resulting from widespread usage of nano-enabled toners in the printing industry, as well as inadequate ENM-specific exposure control measures in these settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel I Setyawati
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , 665 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Sriram P R Krishnan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
- IOM Singapore , 237 Alexandra Road , 159929 , Singapore
| | - Xian Huang
- IOM Singapore , 237 Alexandra Road , 159929 , Singapore
| | - Mengjing Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Shenglan Jia
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Bernice Huan Rong Goh
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Chin Guan Ho
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Ridhwan Yusoff
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Mustafa H Kathawala
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Tuang Yeow Poh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine , Nanyang Technological University , 11 Mandalay Road , 308232 , Singapore
| | | | - Sanjay H Chotirmall
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine , Nanyang Technological University , 11 Mandalay Road , 308232 , Singapore
| | | | - Michael Riediker
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
- IOM Singapore , 237 Alexandra Road , 159929 , Singapore
| | - David C Christiani
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , 665 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Mingliang Fang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
| | - Dhimiter Bello
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , 665 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Philip Demokritou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , 665 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Kee Woei Ng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , 639798 , Singapore
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Harvard University , 665 Huntington Avenue , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore , Biomedical Science Institutes , Immunos, 8A Biomedical Grove , 138648 , Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry & Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University , 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One , 637141 , Singapore
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16
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Mahdavi B, Shokrani P, Hejazi SH, Talebi A, Taheri A. Doxorubicin-loaded PVP coated Gd2O3 NPs for effective chemoradiotherapy in melanoma. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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17
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Zapata-Catzin GA, Bonilla-Hernández M, Vargas-Coronado RF, Cervantes-Uc JM, Vázquez-Torres H, Hernandez-Baltazar E, Chan-Chan LH, Borzacchiello A, Cauich-Rodríguez JV. Effect of the rigid segment content on the properties of segmented polyurethanes conjugated with atorvastatin as chain extender. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2018; 29:161. [PMID: 30357534 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-018-6165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Segmented polyurethanes were prepared with polycaprolactone diol as soft segment and various amounts of 4,4´-Methylenebis(cyclohexyl isocyanate) and atorvastatin, a statin used for lowering cholesterol, in order to obtain SPU with different content of rigid segments. Polyurethanes with 35% or 50% of rigid segment content were physicochemically characterized and their biocompatibility assessed with L929 fibroblasts. High concentrations of atorvastatin were incorporated by increasing the content of rigid segments as shown by FTIR, Raman, NMR, XPS and EDX. Thermal and mechanical characterization showed that polyurethanes containing atorvastatin and 35% of rigid segments were low modulus (13 MPa) semicrystalline polymers as they exhibited a glass transition temperature (Tg) at -38 °C, melting temperature (Tm) at 46 °C and crystallinity close to 35.9% as determined by DSC. In agreement with this, X-ray diffraction showed reflections at 21.3° and 23.6° for PCL without reflections for atorvastatin suggesting its presence in amorphous form with higher potential bioavailability. Low content of rigid segments led to highly degradable polymer in acidic, alkaline and oxidative media with an acceptable fibroblast cytotoxicity up to 7 days possibly due to low atorvastatin content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido A Zapata-Catzin
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130×32y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Marcos Bonilla-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130×32y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Rossana F Vargas-Coronado
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130×32y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - José M Cervantes-Uc
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130×32y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Humberto Vázquez-Torres
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, CBI, Depto. de Física, Ave. San Rafael Atlixco, Colonia Vicentina, C.P. 09340, Cd. de México, Mexico
| | - Efrén Hernandez-Baltazar
- Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, C.P. 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Lerma H Chan-Chan
- CONACyT-Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales, Centro, Hermosillo C.P. 83000, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Assunta Borzacchiello
- Institute for Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials-National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Mostra d'Oltremare pad, 20, Viale J.F. Kennedy 54, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Juan V Cauich-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43 # 130×32y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
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18
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Melchior K, Saska S, Coelho F, Scarel-Caminaga RM, Capote TSDO. BONEFILL ® block as alternative for bone substitute: a toxicological evaluation. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000217438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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19
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Ma X, Hartmann R, Jimenez de Aberasturi D, Yang F, Soenen SJH, Manshian BB, Franz J, Valdeperez D, Pelaz B, Feliu N, Hampp N, Riethmüller C, Vieker H, Frese N, Gölzhäuser A, Simonich M, Tanguay RL, Liang XJ, Parak WJ. Colloidal Gold Nanoparticles Induce Changes in Cellular and Subcellular Morphology. ACS NANO 2017; 11:7807-7820. [PMID: 28640995 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) can have concentration-dependent harmful effects. Mostly, such effects are monitored with biochemical assays or probes from molecular biology, i.e., viability assays, gene expression profiles, etc., neglecting that the presence of NPs can also drastically affect cellular morphology. In the case of polymer-coated Au NPs, we demonstrate that upon NP internalization, cells undergo lysosomal swelling, alterations in mitochondrial morphology, disturbances in actin and tubulin cytoskeleton and associated signaling, and reduction of focal adhesion contact area and number of filopodia. Appropriate imaging and data treatment techniques allow for quantitative analyses of these concentration-dependent changes. Abnormalities in morphology occur at similar (or even lower) NP concentrations as the onset of reduced cellular viability. Cellular morphology is thus an important quantitative indicator to verify harmful effects of NPs to cells, without requiring biochemical assays, but relying on appropriate staining and imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Ma
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190, China
| | | | | | | | - Stefaan J H Soenen
- Biomedical MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Catholic University of Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bella B Manshian
- Biomedical MRI Unit/MoSAIC, Catholic University of Leuven , 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jonas Franz
- nAnostic Institute, Center for Nanotechnology, University of Münster , 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | - Neus Feliu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet , SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Medcom Advance S.A. , 08840 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Henning Vieker
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld , 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Natalie Frese
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld , 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Armin Gölzhäuser
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld , 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Michael Simonich
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory (SARL), Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Sinnhuber Aquatic Research Laboratory (SARL), Oregon State University , Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190, China
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20
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Larsson L, Pilipchuk SP, Giannobile WV, Castilho RM. When epigenetics meets bioengineering-A material characteristics and surface topography perspective. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2017; 106:2065-2071. [PMID: 28741893 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TE/RM) involves regeneration of tissues and organs using implantable biomaterials. The term epigenetics refers to changes in gene expression that are not encoded in the DNA sequence, leading to remodeling of the chromatin and activation or inactivation of gene expression. Recently, studies have demonstrated that these modifications are influenced not only by biological cues but also by mechanical and topographical signals. This review highlights the current knowledge on emerging approaches in TE/RM with a focus on the effect of materials and topography on the epigenetic expression pattern in cells with potential impacts on modulating regenerative biology. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2065-2071, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Larsson
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Periodontology, Institute of Odontology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sophia P Pilipchuk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - William V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rogerio M Castilho
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Laboratory of Epithelial Biology, Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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21
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Liu H, Jin Y, Ge K, Jia G, Li Z, Yang X, Chen S, Ge M, Sun W, Liu D, Zhang J. Europium-Doped Gd 2O 3 Nanotubes Increase Bone Mineral Density in Vivo and Promote Mineralization in Vitro. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5784-5792. [PMID: 28118705 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Europium-doped Gd2O3 nanotubes (Gd2O3:Eu3+ NTs) have been extensively applied in the field of bioscience for their photostability and magnetic properties. Nevertheless, the distribution and interaction between Gd2O3:Eu3+ NTs and metabolism of bone are not yet sufficiently understood. In this study, a systematic study of the toxicity and distribution of Gd2O3:Eu3+ NTs in mice after oral administration was carried out. The results showed that a small number of the Gd2O3:Eu3+ NTs could pass through biological barriers into the lung, liver, and spleen, but a high concentration was observed in bone. Furthermore, the effects of Gd2O3:Eu3+ NTs on bone metabolism were systematically studied in vitro and in vivo when accumulating in bone. After being administered to mice, the Gd2O3:Eu3+ NTs extremely enhanced the bone mineral density and bone biomechanics. In vitro the Gd2O3:Eu3+ NTs increased the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and mineralization and promoted the expression of osteogenesis genes in preosteoblasts MC3T3-E1 through activation of the BMP signaling pathway. This study will be significant for appropriate application of Gd2O3:Eu3+ NTs in the biomedical field and expounding the molecular mechanism of bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Jin
- College of Basic Medical Science, Hebei University , Baoding 071000, China
| | - Kun Ge
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University , Baoding 071000, China
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22
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Soltani N, Gholami MR. Increase in the β-Sheet Character of an Amyloidogenic Peptide upon Adsorption onto Gold and Silver Surfaces. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:526-536. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nima Soltani
- Department of Chemistry; Sharif University of Technology; Tehran 11365-11155 Iran), Fax: (+98) 216 600 5718
| | - Mohammad Reza Gholami
- Department of Chemistry; Sharif University of Technology; Tehran 11365-11155 Iran), Fax: (+98) 216 600 5718
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23
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Ramot Y, Haim-Zada M, Domb AJ, Nyska A. Biocompatibility and safety of PLA and its copolymers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 107:153-162. [PMID: 27058154 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PLA and its copolymers are commonly used for a wide variety of applications. While they are considered to be biocompatible, side effects resulting from their implantation have been reported. The implantation of biomaterials always results in a foreign body reaction. Such a reaction has also been reported following PLA and its copolymers. This article reviews the process of inflammatory reaction that is to be expected following implantation of PLA, and it highlights specific cases in which the inflammatory reaction can result in safety concerns. The authors also review selected cases from different medical fields to demonstrate possible clinical side effects resulting from its use.
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24
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Zivkovic L, Akar B, Roux BM, Spremo Potparevic B, Bajic V, Brey EM. Investigation of DNA damage in cells exposed to poly (lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) microspheres. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:284-291. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lada Zivkovic
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biology and Human GeneticsUniversity of BelgradeBelgrade11000 Serbia
| | - Banu Akar
- Biomedical EngineeringIllinois Institute of TechnologyChicago Illinois
- Research Service, Edward HinesJr. V.A. HospitalHines Illinois
| | - Brianna M. Roux
- Biomedical EngineeringIllinois Institute of TechnologyChicago Illinois
- Research Service, Edward HinesJr. V.A. HospitalHines Illinois
| | - Biljana Spremo Potparevic
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biology and Human GeneticsUniversity of BelgradeBelgrade11000 Serbia
| | - Vladan Bajic
- The Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular GeneticsInstitute for Nuclear Research “Vinca”, University of BelgradeBelgrade11000 Serbia
| | - Eric M. Brey
- Biomedical EngineeringIllinois Institute of TechnologyChicago Illinois
- Research Service, Edward HinesJr. V.A. HospitalHines Illinois
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26
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Handral HK, Tong HJ, Islam I, Sriram G, Rosa V, Cao T. Pluripotent stem cells: An in vitro model for nanotoxicity assessments. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1250-8. [PMID: 27241574 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The advent of technology has led to an established range of engineered nanoparticles that are used in diverse applications, such as cell-cell interactions, cell-material interactions, medical therapies and the target modulation of cellular processes. The exponential increase in the utilization of nanomaterials and the growing number of associated criticisms has highlighted the potential risks of nanomaterials to human health and the ecosystem. The existing in vivo and in vitro platforms show limitations, with fluctuations being observed in the results of toxicity assessments. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are viable source of cells that are capable of developing into specialized cells of the human body. PSCs can be efficiently used to screen new biomaterials/drugs and are potential candidates for studying impairments of biophysical morphology at both the cellular and tissue levels during interactions with nanomaterials and for diagnosing toxicity. Three-dimensional in vitro models obtained using PSC-derived cells would provide a realistic, patient-specific platform for toxicity assessments and in drug screening applications. The current review focuses on PSCs as an alternative in vitro platform for assessing the hazardous effects of nanomaterials on health systems and highlights the importance of PSC-derived in vitro platforms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harish K Handral
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huei Jinn Tong
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Intekhab Islam
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gopu Sriram
- Experimental Dermatology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Vinicus Rosa
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong Cao
- Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore, Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore.,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Yang CT, Padmanabhan P, Gulyás BZ. Gadolinium(iii) based nanoparticles for T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging probes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07782j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarized the recent progress on Gd(iii)-based nanoparticles asT1-weighted MRI contrast agents and multimodal contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Tong Yang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 636921
| | | | - Balázs Z. Gulyás
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 636921
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28
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Hernandez-Adame L, Cortez-Espinosa N, Portales-Pérez DP, Castillo C, Zhao W, Juarez ZN, Hernandez LR, Bach H, Palestino G. Toxicity evaluation of high-fluorescent rare-earth metal nanoparticles for bioimaging applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 105:605-615. [PMID: 26671506 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Research on nanometer-sized luminescent semiconductors and their biological applications in detectors and contrasting agents is an emergent field in nanotechnology. When new nanosize technologies are developed for human health applications, their interaction with biological systems should be studied in depth. Rare-earth elements are used in medical and industrial applications, but their toxic effects are not known. In this work, the biological interaction between terbium-doped gadolinium oxysulfide nanoparticles (GOSNPs) with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), human-derived macrophages (THP-1), and human cervical carcinoma cell (HeLa) were evaluated. The GOSNPs were synthetized using a hydrothermal method to obtain monodisperse nanoparticles with an average size of 91 ± 9 nm. Characterization techniques showed the hexagonal phase of the Gd2 O2 S:Tb3+ free of impurities, and a strong green emission at λemi = 544 nm produced by Tb3+ was observed. Toxic effects of GOSNPs were evaluated using cell viability, apoptosis, cell-cycle progression, and immunological response techniques. In addition, an Artemia model was used to assess the toxicity in vivo. Results indicated cell apoptosis in both types of cells with less sensitivity for PBMC cells compared to HeLa cells. In addition, no toxic effects were observed in the in vivo model of Artemia. Moreover, GOSNPs significantly reduced the activation and cell-cycle progression of PBMC and HeLa cells, respectively. Interestingly, an increase in proinflammatory cytokines was not observed. Our data suggest that fluorescence applications of GOSNPs for biolabeling are not toxic in primary immune cells and they may have an immunomodulatory effect. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 605-615, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Hernandez-Adame
- Laboratory of BioPolymers and Nanostructrures, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Nancy Cortez-Espinosa
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular and Celullar Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Diana P Portales-Pérez
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular and Celullar Biology, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Claudia Castillo
- Bioquemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
| | - Wayne Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Zaida N Juarez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Food and Environmental, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 72810, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, México
| | - Luis R Hernandez
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 72810, San Andrés Cholula, Puebla, México
| | - Horacio Bach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Gabriela Palestino
- Laboratory of BioPolymers and Nanostructrures, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., México
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29
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Giovanni M, Tay CY, Setyawati MI, Xie J, Ong CN, Fan R, Yue J, Zhang L, Leong DT. Toxicity profiling of water contextual zinc oxide, silver, and titanium dioxide nanoparticles in human oral and gastrointestinal cell systems. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2015; 30:1459-69. [PMID: 24930694 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) are increasingly detected in water supply due to environmental release of ENPs as the by-products contained within the effluent of domestic and industrial run-off. The partial recycling of water laden with ENPs, albeit at ultra-low concentrations, may pose an uncharacterized threat to human health. In this study, we investigated the toxicity of three prevalent ENPs: zinc oxide, silver, and titanium dioxide over a wide range of concentrations that encompasses drinking water-relevant concentrations, to cellular systems representing oral and gastrointestinal tissues. Based on published in silico-predicted water-relevant ENPs concentration range from 100 pg/L to 100 µg/L, we detected no cytotoxicity to all the cellular systems. Significant cytotoxicity due to the NPs set in around 100 mg/L with decreasing extent of toxicity from zinc oxide to silver to titanium dioxide NPs. We also found that noncytotoxic zinc oxide NPs level of 10 mg/L could elevate the intracellular oxidative stress. The threshold concentrations of NPs that induced cytotoxic effect are at least two to five orders of magnitude higher than the permissible concentrations of the respective metals and metal oxides in drinking water. Based on these findings, the current estimated levels of NPs in potable water pose little cytotoxic threat to the human oral and gastrointestinal systems within our experimental boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Giovanni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, MD3 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Rongli Fan
- PUB, 40 Scotts Road, Singapore, 228231, Singapore
| | - Junqi Yue
- PUB, 40 Scotts Road, Singapore, 228231, Singapore
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- PUB, 40 Scotts Road, Singapore, 228231, Singapore
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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30
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Setyawati MI, Tay CY, Leong DT. Mechanistic Investigation of the Biological Effects of SiO₂, TiO₂, and ZnO Nanoparticles on Intestinal Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:3458-68. [PMID: 25902938 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), and zinc oxide (ZnO) are currently among the most widely used nanoparticles (NPs) in the food industry. This could potentially lead to unintended exposure of the gastrointestinal tract to these NPs. This study aims to investigate the potential side-effects of these food-borne NPs on intestinal cells and to mechanistically understand the observed biological responses. Among the panel of tested NPs, ZnO NPs are the most toxic. Consistently in all three tested intestinal cell models, ZnO NPs invoke the most inflammatory responses from the cells and induce the highest intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The elevated ROS levels induce significant damage to the DNA of the cells, resulting in cell-cycle arrest and subsequently cell death. In contrast, both SiO2 and TiO2 NPs elicit minimum biological responses from the intestinal cells. Overall, the study showcases the varying capability of the food-borne NPs to induce a cellular response in the intestinal cells. In addition to physicochemical differences in the NPs, the genetic landscape of the intestinal cell models governs the toxicology profile of these food-borne NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel I Setyawati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - David T Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, 117456, Singapore
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31
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Shi S, Jiang W, Zhao T, Aifantis KE, Wang H, Lin L, Fan Y, Feng Q, Cui FZ, Li X. The application of nanomaterials in controlled drug delivery for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 103:3978-92. [PMID: 26061384 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Shi
- Department of Orthopedics; The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang 050031 China
| | - Wenbao Jiang
- Department of General Surgery; Zhangbei Hospital; Zhangbei 076450 China
| | - Tianxiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Katerina E. Aifantis
- Department of Civil Engineering-Engineering Mechanics; University of Arizona; Tucson Arizona 85721
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics; The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang 050031 China
| | - Lei Lin
- Department of Orthopedics; The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University; Shijiazhuang 050031 China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing 100191 China
| | - Qingling Feng
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic and Fine Processing; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Fu-zhai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic and Fine Processing; Tsinghua University; Beijing 100084 China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing 100191 China
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32
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van der Smissen A, Hoffmeister PG, Friedrich N, Watarai A, Hacker MC, Schulz-Siegmund M, Anderegg U. Artificial extracellular matrices support cell growth and matrix synthesis of human dermal fibroblasts in macroporous 3D scaffolds. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1390-1402. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja van der Smissen
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
| | - Peter-Georg Hoffmeister
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
| | - Nadja Friedrich
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
| | - Akira Watarai
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
- School of Medicine; Kitasato University; Japan
| | - Michael C. Hacker
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
| | - Michaela Schulz-Siegmund
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
| | - Ulf Anderegg
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology; Leipzig University; Germany
- Collaborative Research Centre (SFB-TR67); Matrix Engineering Leipzig and Dresden; Germany
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33
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Liu H, Jia G, Chen S, Ma H, Zhao Y, Wang J, Zhang C, Wang S, Zhang J. In vivo biodistribution and toxicity of Gd2O3:Eu3+ nanotubes in mice after intraperitoneal injection. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13861b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the potential impact of Gd2O3:Eu3+ nanotubes on human health, we investigated their biodistribution, subacute toxicity, and hepatic injury in mice under different dosages (4.0, 40.0, and 400.0 mg kg−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Liu
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding
| | - Guang Jia
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding
| | - Shizhu Chen
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding
| | - Huanyun Ma
- College of Basic Medical Science
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071000
- China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Experimental Center of Medicine
- Hebei University
- Baoding 071000
- China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University
- Baoding 071000
- China
| | - Cuimiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University
- Baoding 071000
- China
| | - Jinchao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Environmental Science
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Diagnosis of Ministry of Education
- Chemical Biology Key Laboratory of Hebei Province
- Hebei University
- Baoding
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34
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Uzun N, Martins TD, Teixeira GM, Cunha NL, Oliveira RB, Nassar EJ, dos Santos RA. Poly(l-lactic acid) membranes: Absence of genotoxic hazard and potential for drug delivery. Toxicol Lett 2015; 232:513-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Setyawati MI, Kutty RV, Tay CY, Yuan X, Xie J, Leong DT. Novel theranostic DNA nanoscaffolds for the simultaneous detection and killing of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:21822-31. [PMID: 24941440 DOI: 10.1021/am502591c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel theranostic platform is made by utilizing a self-assembled DNA nanopyramid (DP) as scaffold for incorporation of both detection and therapeutic moieties to combat bacterial infection. Red-emissive glutathione-protected gold nanoclusters (GSH-Au NCs) were used for bacterial detection. Actinomycin D (AMD) that was intercalated on the DP scaffold was used as therapeutic agent. This results in the formation of theranostic DPAu/AMD. Model bacteria Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were found to be readily taken in the DPAu/AMD and be susceptible to its killing effect. In addition, DPAu/AMD was observed to outperform the free AMD in killing infectious bacteria. The degradation of the DP structure by DNase was found to be responsible for the release of AMD and the effective killing effect of the infectious bacteria. This novel strategy presents a basic platform for future improvements to detect infectious bacteria and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel I Setyawati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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36
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Leong DT, Ng KW. Probing the relevance of 3D cancer models in nanomedicine research. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:95-106. [PMID: 24996135 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
For decades, 2D cell culture format on plastic has been the main workhorse in cancer research. Though many important understandings of cancer cell biology were derived using this platform, it is not a fair representation of the in vivo scenario. In this review, both established and new 3D cell culture systems are discussed with specific references to anti-cancer drug and nanomedicine applications. 3D culture systems exploit more realistic spatial, biochemical and cellular heterogeneity parameters to bridge the experimental gap between in vivo and in vitro settings when studying the performance and efficacy of novel nanomedicine strategies to manage cancer. However, the complexities associated with 3D culture systems also necessitate greater technical expertise in handling and characterizing in order to arrive at meaningful experimental conclusions. Finally, we have also provided future perspectives where cutting edge 3D culture technologies may be combined with under-explored technologies to build better in vitro cancer platforms.
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37
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Kathawala MH, Khoo SPK, Sudhaharan T, Zhao X, Say Chye Loo J, Ahmed S, Woei Ng K. Fluorescence techniques used to measure interactions between hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and epidermal growth factor receptors. Biotechnol J 2014; 10:171-9. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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38
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Goswami N, Zheng K, Xie J. Bio-NCs--the marriage of ultrasmall metal nanoclusters with biomolecules. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:13328-47. [PMID: 25266043 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04561k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasmall metal nanoclusters (NCs) have attracted increasing attention due to their fascinating physicochemical properties. Today, functional metal NCs are finding growing acceptance in biomedical applications. To achieve a better performance in biomedical applications, metal NCs can be interfaced with biomolecules, such as proteins, peptides, and DNA, to form a new class of biomolecule-NC composites (or bio-NCs in short), which typically show synergistic or novel physicochemical and physiological properties. This feature article focuses on the recent studies emerging at the interface of metal NCs and biomolecules, where the interactions could impart unique physicochemical properties to the metal NCs, as well as mutually regulate biological functions of the bio-NCs. In this article, we first provide a broad overview of key concepts and developments in the novel biomolecule-directed synthesis of metal NCs. A special focus is placed on the key roles of biomolecules in metal NC synthesis. In the second part, we describe how the encapsulated metal NCs affect the structure and function of biomolecules. Followed by that, we discuss several unique synergistic effects observed in the bio-NCs, and illustrate them with examples highlighting their potential biomedical applications. Continued interdisciplinary efforts are required to build up in-depth knowledge about the interfacial chemistry and biology of bio-NCs, which could further pave their ways toward biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmal Goswami
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
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39
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Browning CL, The T, Mason MD, Wise JP. Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles are not Cytotoxic or Clastogenic in Human Skin Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 4. [PMID: 26568896 PMCID: PMC4643289 DOI: 10.4172/2161-0525.1000239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The application of nanoparticle technology is rapidly expanding. The reduced dimensionality of nanoparticles can give rise to changes in chemical and physical properties, often resulting in altered toxicity. People are exposed dermally to titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in industrial and residential settings. The general public is increasingly exposed to these nanoparticles as their use in cosmetics, sunscreens and lotions expands. The toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles towards human skin cells is unclear and understudied. We used a human skin fibroblast cell line to investigate the cytotoxicity and clastogenicity of TiO2 nanoparticles after 24 h exposure. In a clonogenic survival assay, treatments of 10, 50 and 100 μg/cm2 induced 97.8, 88.8 and 84.7% relative survival, respectively. Clastogenicity was assessed using a chromosomal aberration assay in order to determine whether TiO2 nanoparticles induced serious forms of DNA damage such as chromatid breaks, isochromatid lesions or chromatid exchanges. Treatments of 0, 10, 50 and 100 μg/cm2 induced 3.3, 3.0, 3.0 and 2.7% metaphases with damage, respectively. No isochromatid lesions or chromatid exchanges were detected. These data show that TiO2 nanoparticles are not cytotoxic or clastogenic to human skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Browning
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland ME 04103, USA ; Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland ME 04103, USA ; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono ME 04469, USA
| | - Therry The
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland ME 04103, USA ; Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland ME 04103, USA
| | - Michael D Mason
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono ME 04469, USA
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, University of Southern Maine, Portland ME 04103, USA ; Maine Center for Toxicology and Environmental Health, University of Southern Maine, Portland ME 04103, USA ; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono ME 04469, USA
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40
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Tay CY, Fang W, Setyawati MI, Chia SL, Tan KS, Hong CHL, Leong DT. Nano-hydroxyapatite and nano-titanium dioxide exhibit different subcellular distribution and apoptotic profile in human oral epithelium. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:6248-56. [PMID: 24734929 DOI: 10.1021/am501266a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) such as titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) and hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) are widely used in food, personal care, and many household products. Due to their extensive usage, the risk of human exposure is increased and may trigger NMs specific biological outcomes as the NMs interface with the cells. However, the interaction of nano-TiO2 and nano-HA with cells, their uptake and subcellular distribution, and the cytotoxic effects are poorly understood. Herein, we characterized and examined the cellular internalization, inflammatory response and cytotoxic effects of nano-TiO2 and nano-HA using TR146 human oral buccal epithelial cells as an in vitro model. We showed both types of NMs were able to bind to the cellular membrane and passage into the cells in a dose dependent manner. Strikingly, both types of NMs exhibited distinct subcellular distribution profile with nano-HA displaying a higher preference to accumulate near the cell membrane compared to nano-TiO2. Exposure to both types of NMs caused an elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and expression of inflammatory transcripts with increasing NMs concentration. Although cells treated with nano-HA induces minimal apoptosis, nano-TiO2 treated samples displayed approximately 28% early apoptosis after 24 h of NMs exposure. We further showed that nano-TiO2 mediated cell death is independent of the classical p53-Bax apoptosis pathway. Our findings provided insights into the potential cellular fates of human oral epithelial cells as they interface with industrial grade nano-HA and nano-TiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chor Yong Tay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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41
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Chen Z, Wang Y, Ba T, Li Y, Pu J, Chen T, Song Y, Gu Y, Qian Q, Yang J, Jia G. Genotoxic evaluation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2014; 226:314-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Muthu MS, Leong DT, Mei L, Feng SS. Nanotheranostics - application and further development of nanomedicine strategies for advanced theranostics. Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:660-77. [PMID: 24723986 PMCID: PMC3982135 DOI: 10.7150/thno.8698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotheranostics is to apply and further develop nanomedicine strategies for advanced theranostics. This review summarizes the various nanocarriers developed so far in the literature for nanotheranostics, which include polymer conjugations, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, metal and inorganic nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and nanoparticles of biodegradable polymers for sustained, controlled and targeted co-delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents for better theranostic effects with fewer side effects. The theranostic nanomedicine can achieve systemic circulation, evade host defenses and deliver the drug and diagnostic agents at the targeted site to diagnose and treat the disease at cellular and molecular level. The therapeutic and diagnostic agents are formulated in nanomedicine as a single theranostic platform, which can then be further conjugated to biological ligand for targeting. Nanotheranostics can also promote stimuli-responsive release, synergetic and combinatory therapy, siRNA co-delivery, multimodality therapies, oral delivery, delivery across the blood-brain barrier as well as escape from intracellular autophagy. The fruition of nanotheranostics will be able to provide personalized therapy with bright prognosis, which makes even the fatal diseases curable or at least treatable at the earliest stage.
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43
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Setyawati MI, Tay CY, Leong DT. Exploiting cancer's antioxidative weakness through p53 with nanotoxicology. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2014; 9:369-71. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Magdiel Inggrid Setyawati
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585 Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585 Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585 Singapore, Singapore
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Villarreal FD, Das GK, Abid A, Kennedy IM, Kültz D. Sublethal effects of CuO nanoparticles on Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) are modulated by environmental salinity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88723. [PMID: 24520417 PMCID: PMC3919801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of manufactured nanoparticles (NP) in different applications has triggered the need to understand their putative ecotoxicological effects in the environment. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NP) are toxic, and induce oxidative stress and other pathophysiological conditions. The unique properties of NP can change depending on the characteristics of the media they are suspended in, altering the impact on their toxicity to aquatic organisms in different environments. Here, Mozambique tilapia (O. mossambicus) were exposed to flame synthesized CuO NP (0.5 and 5 mg·L−1) in two environmental contexts: (a) constant freshwater (FW) and (b) stepwise increase in environmental salinity (SW). Sublethal effects of CuO NP were monitored and used to dermine exposure endpoints. Fish exposed to 5 mg·L−1 CuO in SW showed an opercular ventilation rate increase, whereas fish exposed to 5 mg·L−1 in FW showed a milder response. Different effects of CuO NP on antioxidant enzyme activities, accumulation of transcripts for metal-responsive genes, GSH∶GSSG ratio, and Cu content in fish gill and liver also demonstrate that additive osmotic stress modulates CuO NP toxicity. We conclude that the toxicity of CuO NP depends on the particular environmental context and that salinity is an important factor for modulating NP toxicity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando D. Villarreal
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gautom Kumar Das
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Aamir Abid
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ian M. Kennedy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Science, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Tay CY, Cai P, Setyawati MI, Fang W, Tan LP, Hong CHL, Chen X, Leong DT. Nanoparticles strengthen intracellular tension and retard cellular migration. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:83-88. [PMID: 24313755 DOI: 10.1021/nl4032549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles can have profound effects on cell biology. Here, we show that after TiO2, SiO2, and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles treatment, TR146 epithelial cell sheet displayed slower migration. Cells after exposure to the nanoparticles showed increased cell contractility with significantly impaired wound healing capability however without any apparent cytotoxicity. We showed the mechanism is through nanoparticle-mediated massive disruption of the intracellular microtubule assembly, thereby triggering a positive feedback that promoted stronger substrate adhesions thus leading to limited cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chor Yong Tay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore , 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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Effect of zinc oxide nanomaterials-induced oxidative stress on the p53 pathway. Biomaterials 2013; 34:10133-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Shi H, Magaye R, Castranova V, Zhao J. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles: a review of current toxicological data. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:15. [PMID: 23587290 PMCID: PMC3637140 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 789] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) are manufactured worldwide in large quantities for use in a wide range of applications. TiO2 NPs possess different physicochemical properties compared to their fine particle (FP) analogs, which might alter their bioactivity. Most of the literature cited here has focused on the respiratory system, showing the importance of inhalation as the primary route for TiO2 NP exposure in the workplace. TiO2 NPs may translocate to systemic organs from the lung and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) although the rate of translocation appears low. There have also been studies focusing on other potential routes of human exposure. Oral exposure mainly occurs through food products containing TiO2 NP-additives. Most dermal exposure studies, whether in vivo or in vitro, report that TiO2 NPs do not penetrate the stratum corneum (SC). In the field of nanomedicine, intravenous injection can deliver TiO2 nanoparticulate carriers directly into the human body. Upon intravenous exposure, TiO2 NPs can induce pathological lesions of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and brain. We have also shown here that most of these effects may be due to the use of very high doses of TiO2 NPs. There is also an enormous lack of epidemiological data regarding TiO2 NPs in spite of its increased production and use. However, long-term inhalation studies in rats have reported lung tumors. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the toxicology of TiO2 NPs and points out areas where further information is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Shi
- Public Health Department of Medical School, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Ruth Magaye
- Public Health Department of Medical School, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Jinshun Zhao
- Public Health Department of Medical School, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 315211, P. R. China
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