1
|
Ashworth JC, Cox TR. The importance of 3D fibre architecture in cancer and implications for biomaterial model design. Nat Rev Cancer 2024; 24:461-479. [PMID: 38886573 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-024-00704-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The need for improved prediction of clinical response is driving the development of cancer models with enhanced physiological relevance. A new concept of 'precision biomaterials' is emerging, encompassing patient-mimetic biomaterial models that seek to accurately detect, treat and model cancer by faithfully recapitulating key microenvironmental characteristics. Despite recent advances allowing tissue-mimetic stiffness and molecular composition to be replicated in vitro, approaches for reproducing the 3D fibre architectures found in tumour extracellular matrix (ECM) remain relatively unexplored. Although the precise influences of patient-specific fibre architecture are unclear, we summarize the known roles of tumour fibre architecture, underlining their implications in cell-matrix interactions and ultimately clinical outcome. We then explore the challenges in reproducing tissue-specific 3D fibre architecture(s) in vitro, highlighting relevant biomaterial fabrication techniques and their benefits and limitations. Finally, we discuss imaging and image analysis techniques (focussing on collagen I-optimized approaches) that could hold the key to mapping tumour-specific ECM into high-fidelity biomaterial models. We anticipate that an interdisciplinary approach, combining materials science, cancer research and image analysis, will elucidate the role of 3D fibre architecture in tumour development, leading to the next generation of patient-mimetic models for mechanistic studies and drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Ashworth
- School of Veterinary Medicine & Science, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK.
- Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - T R Cox
- Cancer Ecosystems Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, UNSW Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sultana T, Fahad MAA, Park M, Kwon SH, Lee BT. Physicochemical, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of VEGF loaded PCL-mPEG and PDGF loaded PCL-Chitosan dual layered vascular grafts. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2024; 112:e35325. [PMID: 37675952 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study has attempted to evaluate the endothelialization and smooth muscle regeneration efficiency of a novel dual-layer small-diameter vascular graft. Two types of layers (PCL-mPEG-VEGF and PCL-Chitosan-PDGF) were fabricated to find out the best layer giving endothelialization support for the lumen and unique contractile function for outer layer of blood vessels. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and chitosan were immobilized onto PCL surface by aminolysis-based surface modification technique. Besides, Poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether (mPEG) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were directly blended with PCL. Morphological analysis of membranes ensured consistency of average fibers diameter with native extracellular matrix. A favorable interaction of PCL-mPEG-VEGF with cow pulmonary endothelial cells (CPAEs) and PCL-Chitosan-PDGF with rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (RBMSCs) was obtained during in vitro study. Controlled growth factor release patterns were found from both layers. Further, PCL-mPEG-VEGF exhibited endothelial markers expression properties from RBMSCs. Up-regulation of SMCs markers expression was significantly ensured by the PCL-Chitosan-PDGF membrane. Thus, PCL-mPEG-VEGF and PCL-Chitosan-PDGF were preferred as inner and outer layers respectively of a finally prepared tubular hybrid tissue engineered small diameter vascular graft. Finally, the dual-layer vascular graft was implanted onto a rat abdominal aorta model for 2 months. The extracted samples exhibited the presence of endothelial marker (ICAM 1) in the inner layer and smooth muscle cell marker (αSMA) in the outer layer as well as substantial amount of collagen deposition was observed in the both layers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Sultana
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Abdullah Al Fahad
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeongki Park
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Ha Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Byong-Taek Lee
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fan Z, Liu H, Ding Z, Xiao L, Lu Q, Kaplan DL. Simulation of Cortical and Cancellous Bone to Accelerate Tissue Regeneration. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 33:2301839. [PMID: 37601745 PMCID: PMC10437128 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202301839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Different tissues have complex anisotropic structures to support biological functions. Mimicking these complex structures in vitro remains a challenge in biomaterials designs in support of tissue regeneration. Here, inspired by different types of silk nanofibers, a composite materials strategy was pursued towards this challenge. A combination of fabrication methods was utilized to achieve separate control of amorphous and beta-sheet rich silk nanofibers in the same solution. Aqueous solutions containing these two structural types of silk nanofibers were then simultaneously treated with an electric field and with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE). Under these conditions, the beta-sheet rich silk nanofibers in the mixture responded to the electric field while the amorphous nanofibers were active in the crosslinking process with the EGDE. As a result, cryogels with anisotropic structures were prepared, including mimics for cortical- and cancellous-like bone biomaterials as a complex osteoinductive niche. In vitro studies revealed that mechanical cues of the cryogels induced osteodifferentiation of stem cells while the anisotropy inside the cryogels influenced immune reactions of macrophages. These bioactive cryogels also stimulated improved bone regeneration in vivo through modulation of inflammation, angiogenesis and osteogenesis responses, suggesting an effective strategy to develop bioactive matrices with complex anisotropic structures beneficial to tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhihai Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaozhao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Radiation Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liying Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Radiation Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk & Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Radiation Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Biomimetic nanofiber-enabled rapid creation of skin grafts. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818627-5.00009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
|
5
|
Giacaman AG, Styliari ID, Taresco V, Pritchard D, Alexander C, Rose FRAJ. Development of bioactive electrospun scaffolds suitable to support skin fibroblasts and release Lucilia sericata maggot excretion/secretion. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-05209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractLarval therapy has been reported to be beneficial in the treatment of chronic wounds by promoting granulation tissue formation, due to its antimicrobial properties and by degrading necrotic tissue. However, the use of live maggots is problematic for patient acceptance, and thus there is a need to develop materials which can release therapeutic biomolecules derived from maggot secretions to the wound bed. Here we describe the fabrication of a novel bioactive scaffold that can be loaded with Lucilia sericata maggot alimentary excretion/secretion fluids (L. sericata maggot E/S), and which can also provide structural stability for mammalian cell-growth and migration to support wound repair. Electrospun scaffolds were prepared from a poly(caprolactone)-poly(ethylene glycol)–block copolymer (PCL-b-PEG) blended with PCL with average fibre diameters of ~ 4 μm. The scaffolds were hydrophilic and were able to support viable fibroblasts that were able to infiltrate throughout the extent of the scaffold thickness. L. sericata maggot (E/S) was subsequently adsorbed to the surface and released over 21 days with retention of the protease activity that is responsible for supporting fibroblast migration. The incorporation of L. sericata maggot E/S on the surface of the electrospun fibres of PCL-PEG/PCL fibres is a novel approach with potential for future application to support skin wound healing within a clinical setting.
Collapse
|
6
|
Hodge JG, Quint C. Improved porosity of electrospun poly (Lactic-Co-Glycolic) scaffolds by sacrificial microparticles enhances cellular infiltration compared to sacrificial microfiber. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:77-88. [PMID: 35317691 DOI: 10.1177/08853282221075890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a technique used to fabricate nano-/microfiber scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. However, a major limitation of electrospun scaffolds is the high packing density of fibers that leads to poor cellular infiltration. Thus, incorporation of a water soluble sacrificial porogen, polyethylene oxide (PEO), was utilized to fine-tune the porous fraction of the scaffolds and decrease fiber packing density. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) scaffolds were either co-electrospun with sacrificial PEO microfibers or co-electrosprayed with sacrificial PEO microparticles at three different extrusion rates to control the relative morphology and dose of PEO. A dose-dependent response in PLGA scaffold bulk porosity and pore area was noted as PEO content was increased. Notably, PLGA scaffolds after removal of sacrificial PEO microparticles significantly increased the porous fraction and pore area approximately 8, 10, and 14% and 46, 20, and 33 μm2, respectively, relative to the analogous PEO microfiber scaffold. The tensile properties of the more porous PLGA scaffolds after PEO microparticle removal, remained stable for all extrusion rates of PEO tested, relative to the PLGA scaffolds after PEO microfiber removal. Histological analysis revealed that removal of PEO microparticles significantly increased the depth of cellular migration through the PLGA scaffolds, relative to PEO microfiber scaffolds, with maximum migratory depths of 1120 μm versus 150 μm over 28 days, respectively. Additionally, depth of cellular infiltration responded dose-dependently in the PEO microparticle scaffolds, whereas in the PEO microfiber scaffolds there was no correlation. Further analysis with Masson's Trichrome staining and electron microscopy revealed that collagen density and depth of deposition substantially increased in PLGA scaffolds after removal of PEO microparticles relative to PEO microfibers. Thus, this study demonstrates an effective strategy to control the porous fraction of electrospun scaffolds via the incorporation of sacrificial PEO microparticles, without significant decreases in mechanical properties, thereby enhancing cellular infiltration and subsequent extracellular matrix deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob G Hodge
- Department of Bioengineering, 199644University of Kansas School of Engineering, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Clay Quint
- Department of Surgery, 20118South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dorthé EW, Williams AB, Grogan SP, D’Lima DD. Pneumatospinning Biomimetic Scaffolds for Meniscus Tissue Engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:810705. [PMID: 35186903 PMCID: PMC8847752 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.810705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanofibrous scaffolds fabricated via electrospinning have been proposed for meniscus tissue regeneration. However, the electrospinning process is slow, and can only generate scaffolds of limited thickness with densely packed fibers, which limits cell distribution within the scaffold. In this study, we explored whether pneumatospinning could produce thicker collagen type I fibrous scaffolds with higher porosity, that can support cell infiltration and neo-fibrocartilage tissue formation for meniscus tissue engineering. We pneumatospun scaffolds with solutions of collagen type I with thicknesses of approximately 1 mm in 2 h. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a mix of fiber sizes with diameters ranging from 1 to 30 µm. The collagen scaffold porosity was approximately 48% with pores ranging from 7.4 to 100.7 µm. The elastic modulus of glutaraldehyde crosslinked collagen scaffolds was approximately 45 MPa, when dry, which reduced after hydration to 0.1 MPa. Mesenchymal stem cells obtained from the infrapatellar fat pad were seeded in the scaffold with high viability (>70%). Scaffolds seeded with adipose-derived stem cells and cultured for 3 weeks exhibited a fibrocartilage meniscus-like phenotype (expressing COL1A1, COL2A1 and COMP). Ex vivo implantation in healthy bovine and arthritic human meniscal explants resulted in the development of fibrocartilage-like neotissues that integrated with the host tissue with deposition of glycosaminoglycans and collagens type I and II. Our proof-of-concept study indicates that pneumatospinning is a promising approach to produce thicker biomimetic scaffolds more efficiently that electrospinning, and with a porosity that supports cell growth and neo-tissue formation using a clinically relevant cell source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik W. Dorthé
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education, Scripps Health, San Diego, CA, United States
| | | | - Shawn P. Grogan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education, Scripps Health, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Darryl D. D’Lima
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shiley Center for Orthopaedic Research and Education, Scripps Health, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Controlling Pore Size of Electrospun Vascular Grafts by Electrospraying of Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Microparticles. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2375:153-164. [PMID: 34591306 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1708-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning has become a popular polymer processing technique for application in vascular tissue engineering due to its unique capability to fabricate porous vascular grafts with fibrous morphology closely mimicking the natural extracellular matrix (ECMs). However, the inherently small pore sizes of electrospun vascular grafts often inhibit cell infiltration and impede vascular regeneration. Here we describe an effective and controllable method to increase the pore size of electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) vascular graft. With this method, composite grafts are prepared by turning on or off electrospraying of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) microparticles during the process of electrospinning PCL fibers. The PEO microparticles are used as a porogen agent and can be subsequently selectively removed to create a porogenic layer within the electrospun PCL grafts. Three types of porogenic PCL grafts were constructed using this method. The porogenic layer was either the inner layer, the middle one, or the outer one.
Collapse
|
9
|
Beck EC, Jarrell DK, Lyons AC, Vanderslice EJ, VeDepo MC, Jacot JG. Assessment of electrospun cardiac patches made with sacrificial particles and polyurethane-polycaprolactone blends. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:2154-2163. [PMID: 33876870 PMCID: PMC9827500 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are the leading cause of death in live-born infants. Currently, patches used in the repair of CHDs are exclusively inert and non-degradable, which increases the risk of arrhythmia, follow-up surgeries, and sudden cardiac death. In this preliminary study, we sought to fabricate biodegradable scaffolds that can support cardiac regeneration in the repair of CHDs. We electrospun biodegradable scaffolds using various blends of polyurethane (PU) and polycaprolactone (PCL) with and without sacrificial poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) particles and assessed the mechanical properties, cell infiltration levels, and inflammatory response in vitro (surface cell seeding) and in vivo (subcutaneous mouse implant). We hypothesized that a blend of the two polymers would preserve the low stiffness of PU as well as the high cell infiltration observed in PCL scaffolds. The inclusion of PU in the blends, even as low as 10%, decreased cell infiltration both in vitro and in vivo. The inclusion of sacrificial PEO increased pore sizes, reduced Young's moduli, and reduced the inflammatory response in all scaffold types. Collectively, we have concluded that a PCL patch electrospun with sacrificial PEO particles is the most promising scaffold for further assessment as in our heart defect model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Beck
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Dillon K. Jarrell
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Anne C. Lyons
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Ethan J. Vanderslice
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Mitchell C. VeDepo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Jeffrey G. Jacot
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus,Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zamani F, Amani Tehran M, Abbasi A. Fabrication of PCL nanofibrous scaffold with tuned porosity for neural cell culture. Prog Biomater 2021; 10:151-160. [PMID: 34213756 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-021-00159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In tissue engineering, the structure of nanofibrous scaffolds and optimization of their properties play important role in the enhancement of cell growth and proliferation. Therefore, the basic idea of the current study is to find a proper method for tuning the extent of porosity of the scaffold, study the effect of porosity on the cell growth, and optimize the extent of porosity with the aim of achieving the maximum cell growth. To tune the scaffold's porosity, four types of metal mesh with different mesh sizes were employed as collectors. For this purpose, the structural properties of polycaprolactone nanofibrous layers which were electrospun on collectors, and the level of neural A-172 cell growth on layers were investigated, and the results were compared with the results attained for the fabricated nanofibrous layer on a flat aluminum collector. It was found that upon changing the porosity of the metal mesh as collector, the fibers' diameter would be inevitably changed, albeit insignificantly, and following no specific trends. However, changing the mesh size has shown a significant effect on the thickness and porosity of nanofibrous layer. According to the MTT assay results, the optimum neural cell growth was observed for the electrospun nanofibrous scaffold with the porosity of 96% and pore size of (0.42-23 µm) which has been fabricated on the type-4 collector having a mesh size of 10. The fabricated scaffold using this mesh with the optimum extent of porosity (58%) resulted in 44% enhancement in the cell growth as compared with the fabricated layer on the flat collector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Amani Tehran
- Department of Textile Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Abbasi
- Department of Textile Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang J, Cheng Y, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhang K, Fan C, Wang H, Mo X. Biomimetic and hierarchical nerve conduits from multifunctional nanofibers for guided peripheral nerve regeneration. Acta Biomater 2020; 117:180-191. [PMID: 33007489 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of a functional nerve conduit to replace autografts remains a significant challenge particularly considering the compositional complexity and structural hierarchy of native peripheral nerves. In the present study, a multiscale strategy was adopted to fabricate 3D biomimetic nerve conduit from Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin (ApF)/(Poly(L-lactic acid-co-caprolactone)) (PLCL)/graphene oxide (GO) (ApF/PLCL/GO) nanofibers via nanofiber dispersion, template-molding, freeze-drying and crosslinking. The resultant conduits exhibit parallel multichannels (ϕ = 125 µm) surrounded by biomimetic fibrous fragments with tailored degradation rate and improved mechanical properties in comparison with the scaffold without GO. In vitro studies showed that such 3D biomimetic nerve scaffolds had the ability to offer an effective guiding interface for neuronal cell growth. Furthermore, these conduits showed a similarity to autografts in vivo repairing sciatic nerve defects based on a series of analysis (walking track, triceps weight, morphogenesis, vascularization, axonal regrowth and myelination). The conduits almost completely degraded within 12 weeks. These findings demonstrate that the 3D hierarchical nerve guidance conduit (NGC) with fascicle-like structure have great potential for peripheral nerve repair.
Collapse
|
12
|
Quint C. Tissue-engineered vessel derived from human fibroblasts with an electrospun scaffold. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 14:1652-1660. [PMID: 32889733 DOI: 10.1002/term.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Advanced cardiovascular disease often requires surgical revascularization for small diameter arterial bypass procedures, and there is a need for alternative grafts in those patients lacking autologous vein. A decellularized biological vessel with the characteristics of a small artery and the ability to remodel in vivo could replace currently available bypass grafts. In this study, a biodegradable electrospun scaffold was specifically designed to be placed in a biomimetic perfusion system to generate a tissue-engineered vessel from human dermal fibroblasts. The polyglycolic acid electrospun scaffold was co-electrosprayed with a sacrificial porogen microparticle, polyethylene oxide, to increase porosity and pore size. After a 10-week culture period in the biomimetic system, the tissue-engineered vessel derived from human fibroblasts was further processed with decellularization to form an allogeneic tissue-engineered vessel. The tissue-engineered vessel had a similar morphology by histological staining for collagen and elastin before and after decellularization. The mechanical properties (burst pressure, ultimate tensile strength, and elastic modulus) remained stable after decellularization and were on the same magnitude as a human saphenous vein. The decellularization processing demonstrated no loss of collagen, near complete removal of DNA, and no presence of intracellular proteins. The decellularized tissue-engineered vessel supported the growth of endothelial cells on the surface, and fibroblasts were able to migrate into the midportion of the matrix. Therefore, an electrospun scaffold provides a versatile biomaterial to create a decellularized tissue-engineered vessel derived from human dermal fibroblasts with morphological and mechanical properties for use as a small diameter vascular graft.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clay Quint
- Department of Surgery, South Texas Veterans Health System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hodge J, Quint C. Tissue engineered vessel from a biodegradable electrospun scaffold stimulated with mechanical stretch. Biomed Mater 2020; 15:055006. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab8e98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
14
|
Semitela Â, Girão AF, Fernandes C, Ramalho G, Bdikin I, Completo A, Marques PA. Electrospinning of bioactive polycaprolactone-gelatin nanofibres with increased pore size for cartilage tissue engineering applications. J Biomater Appl 2020; 35:471-484. [PMID: 32635814 DOI: 10.1177/0885328220940194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL) electrospun scaffolds have been widely investigated for cartilage repair application. However, their hydrophobicity and small pore size has been known to prevent cell attachment, proliferation and migration. Here, PCL was blended with gelatin (GEL) combining the favorable biological properties of GEL with the good mechanical performance of the former. Also, polyethylene glycol (PEG) particles were introduced during the electrospinning of the polymers blend by simultaneous electrospraying. These particles were subsequently removed resulting in fibrous scaffolds with enlarged pore size. PCL, GEL and PEG scaffolds formulations were developed and extensively structural and biologically characterized. GEL incorporation on the PCL scaffolds led to a considerably improved cell attachment and proliferation. A substantial pore size and interconnectivity increase was obtained, allowing cell infiltration through the porogenic scaffolds. All together these results suggest that this combined approach may provide a potentially clinically viable strategy for cartilage regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ângela Semitela
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - André F Girão
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Fernandes
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Ramalho
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Igor Bdikin
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António Completo
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula Aap Marques
- TEMA, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zonderland J, Rezzola S, Wieringa P, Moroni L. Fiber diameter, porosity and functional group gradients in electrospun scaffolds. Biomed Mater 2020; 15:045020. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ab7b3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
16
|
Xie X, Wang W, Cheng J, Liang H, Lin Z, Zhang T, Lu Y, Li Q. Bilayer pifithrin-α loaded extracellular matrix/PLGA scaffolds for enhanced vascularized bone formation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 190:110903. [PMID: 32120128 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, PR China
| | - Wanshun Wang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Key Laboratory of Trauma & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of PLA, Hospital of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510010, PR China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, PR China
| | - Haifeng Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, PR China
| | - Zefeng Lin
- Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Key Laboratory of Trauma & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of PLA, Hospital of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510010, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Key Laboratory of Trauma & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of PLA, Hospital of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510010, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, PR China; Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Key Laboratory of Trauma & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area of PLA, Hospital of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, 111 Liuhua Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510010, PR China; Clinical Research Centre, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, PR China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Gongye Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510282, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lin W, Chen M, Qu T, Li J, Man Y. Three‐dimensional electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:1311-1321. [PMID: 31436374 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Miao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Tao Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jidong Li
- Research Center for Nano‐Biomaterials, Analytical and Testing CenterSichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yi Man
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu China
- Department of Oral Implantology, West China Hospital of StomatologySichuan University Chengdu China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ameer JM, Pr AK, Kasoju N. Strategies to Tune Electrospun Scaffold Porosity for Effective Cell Response in Tissue Engineering. J Funct Biomater 2019; 10:E30. [PMID: 31324062 PMCID: PMC6787600 DOI: 10.3390/jfb10030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering aims to develop artificial human tissues by culturing cells on a scaffold in the presence of biochemical cues. Properties of scaffold such as architecture and composition highly influence the overall cell response. Electrospinning has emerged as one of the most affordable, versatile, and successful approaches to develop nonwoven nano/microscale fibrous scaffolds whose structural features resemble that of the native extracellular matrix. However, dense packing of the fibers leads to small-sized pores which obstruct cell infiltration and therefore is a major limitation for their use in tissue engineering applications. To this end, a variety of approaches have been investigated to enhance the pore properties of the electrospun scaffolds. In this review, we collect state-of-the-art modification methods and summarize them into six classes as follows: approaches focused on optimization of packing density by (a) conventional setup, (b) sequential or co-electrospinning setups, (c) involving sacrificial elements, (d) using special collectors, (e) post-production processing, and (f) other specialized methods. Overall, this review covers historical as well as latest methodologies in the field and therefore acts as a quick reference for those interested in electrospinning matrices for tissue engineering and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jimna Mohamed Ameer
- Division of Tissue Culture, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala, India
| | - Anil Kumar Pr
- Division of Tissue Culture, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala, India
| | - Naresh Kasoju
- Division of Tissue Culture, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695012, Kerala, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Quan Q, Meng H, Chang B, Hong L, Li R, Liu G, Cheng X, Tang H, Liu P, Sun Y, Peng J, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Lu S. Novel 3-D helix-flexible nerve guide conduits repair nerve defects. Biomaterials 2019; 207:49-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
20
|
Huang L, Du X, Fan S, Yang G, Shao H, Li D, Cao C, Zhu Y, Zhu M, Zhang Y. Bacterial cellulose nanofibers promote stress and fidelity of 3D-printed silk based hydrogel scaffold with hierarchical pores. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 221:146-156. [PMID: 31227153 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the latest trends in the regenerative medicine is the development of 3D-printing hydrogel scaffolds with biomimetic structures for tissue regeneration and organ reconstruction. However, it has been practically difficult to achieve a highly biomimetic hydrogel scaffolds with proper mechanical properties matching the natural tissue. Here, bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNFs) were applied to improve the structural resolution and enhance mechanical properties of silk fibroin (SF)/gelatin composite hydrogel scaffolds. The SF-based hydrogel scaffolds with hierarchical pores were fabricated via 3D-printing followed by lyophilization. Results showed that the tensile strength of printed sample increased significantly with the addition of BCNFs in the bioink. Large pores and micropores in the scaffolds were achieved by designing printing pattern and lyophilization after extrusion. The pores ranging from 10 to 20 μm inside the printed filaments served as host for cellular infiltration, while the pores with a diameter from 300 to 600 μm circled by printed filaments ensured sufficient nutrient supply. These 3D-printed composite scaffolds with remarkable mechanical properties and hierarchical pore structures are promising for further tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Du
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, PR China
| | - Suna Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Gesheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Huili Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Dejian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Pudong Hospital, Fudan University Pudong Medical Center, Shanghai 201301, PR China
| | - Chengbo Cao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Yufang Zhu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 516 Jungong Road, Shanghai 200093, PR China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China
| | - Yaopeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Shanghai Belt and Road Joint Laboratory of Advanced Fiber and Low-Dimension Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hodge J, Quint C. The improvement of cell infiltration in an electrospun scaffold with multiple synthetic biodegradable polymers using sacrificial PEO microparticles. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:1954-1964. [PMID: 31033146 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrospinning is a fabrication technique to generate three dimensional scaffolds with a fiber structure that imitates extracellular matrix for tissue engineering constructs. The versatile characteristics of the electrospinning process yields designer scaffolds made of biodegradable polymers or natural proteins with controllable fiber diameters, biodegradation, and mechanical properties. A limitation of conventional electrospun scaffolds is the dense fiber packing with low porosity that leads to poor cell infiltration. Electrospraying sacrificial polyethylene oxide (PEO) microparticles in combination with electrospun scaffolds are a method to increase porosity. We report the effectiveness of electrospraying PEO microparticles to increase porosity of the most commonly used biodegradable polymers: polyglycolic acid (PGA), poly (lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), and polycaprolactone (PCL). The biodegradable polymer electrospun scaffolds with the sacrificial PEO microparticles were found to have improved cell proliferation and infiltration with human fibroblasts compared to conventional electrospun scaffolds. The mechanical properties of the more robust PGA and PLGA had minor changes, but the more elastic PCL was observed to be weaker and less stiff after the removal of the PEO microparticles. Therefore, this study found PEO microparticles can increase porosity and cell infiltration with stable mechanical properties for a wide variety of biodegradable polymers in electrospun scaffolds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Hodge
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Clay Quint
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Huang L, Huang J, Shao H, Hu X, Cao C, Fan S, Song L, Zhang Y. Silk scaffolds with gradient pore structure and improved cell infiltration performance. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 94:179-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
23
|
Quan Q, Meng HY, Chang B, Liu GB, Cheng XQ, Tang H, Wang Y, Peng J, Zhao Q, Lu SB. Aligned fibers enhance nerve guide conduits when bridging peripheral nerve defects focused on early repair stage. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:903-912. [PMID: 30688277 PMCID: PMC6375037 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.249239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve conduits enhance nerve regeneration in the repair of long-distance peripheral nerve defects. To help optimize the effectiveness of nerve conduits for nerve repair, we developed a multi-step electrospinning process for constructing nerve guide conduits with aligned nanofibers. The alignment of the nerve guide conduits was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and fast Fourier transform. The mechanical performance of the nerve guide conduits was assessed by testing for tensile strength and compression resistance. The biological performance of the aligned fibers was examined using Schwann cells, PC12 cells and dorsal root ganglia in vitro. Immunohistochemistry was performed for the Schwann cell marker S100 and for the neurofilament protein NF200 in PC12 cells and dorsal root ganglia. In the in vivo experiment, a 1.5-cm defect model of the right sciatic nerve in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats was produced and bridged with an aligned nerve guide conduit. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunohistochemistry were used to observe the expression of ATF3 and cleaved caspase-3 in the regenerating matrix. The recovery of motor function was evaluated using the static sciatic nerve index. The number of myelinated fibers, axon diameter, fiber diameter, and myelin thickness in the distal nerve were observed by electron microscopy. Gastrocnemius muscle mass ratio was also determined. The analyses revealed that aligned nanofiber nerve guide conduits have good mechanical properties and can induce Schwann cells, PC12 cells and dorsal root ganglia to aggregate along the length of the nanofibers, and promote the growth of longer axons in the latter two (neuronal) cell types. The aligned fiber nerve conduits increased the expression of ATF3 and cleaved caspase-3 at the middle of the regenerative matrix and at the distal nerve segment, improved sciatic nerve function, increased muscle mass of the gastrocnemius muscle, and enhanced recovery of distal nerve ultrastructure. Collectively, the results show that highly aligned nanofibers improve the performance of the nerve conduit bridge, and enhance its effectiveness in repairing peripheral nerve defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Quan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Ye Meng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital; School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science & Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Chang
- Department of Laser Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Bo Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Cheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - He Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Neural Regeneration Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing; Neural Regeneration Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Neural Regeneration Co-innovation Center of Jiangsu Province, Nantong, Jiangsu Province; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Bi Lu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries PLA, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Qin K, Wu Y, Pan Y, Wang K, Kong D, Zhao Q. Implantation of Electrospun Vascular Grafts with Optimized Structure in a Rat Model. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30010640 DOI: 10.3791/57340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol to fabricate macroporous PCL vascular graft and describe an evaluation protocol by using a rat model of abdominal aorta replacement. The electrospun vascular grafts often possess relatively small pores, which limit cell infiltration into the grafts and hinder the regeneration and remodeling of the neo-arteries. In this study, PCL vascular grafts with thicker fibers (5 - 6 µm) and larger pores (~30 µm) were fabricated by using a modified processing technique. The long-term performance of the graft was evaluated by implantation in a rat abdominal aorta model. Ultrasound analysis showed that the grafts remained patent without aneurysm or stenosis occurring even after 12 months of implantation. Macroporous structure improved the cell ingrowth and thus promoted tissue regenerated at 3 months. More importantly, there was no sign of adverse remodeling, such as calcification within the graft wall after 12 months. Therefore, electrospun PCL vascular grafts with modified macroporous processing hold potential to be an artery substitute for long-term implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University
| | - Yifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University
| | - Yiwa Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University;
| | - Deling Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University
| | - Qiang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University;
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Albright V, Xu M, Palanisamy A, Cheng J, Stack M, Zhang B, Jayaraman A, Sukhishvili SA, Wang H. Micelle-Coated, Hierarchically Structured Nanofibers with Dual-Release Capability for Accelerated Wound Healing and Infection Control. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800132. [PMID: 29683273 PMCID: PMC6347427 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tailoring nanofibrous matrices-a material with much promise for wound healing applications-to simultaneously mitigate bacterial colonization and stimulate wound closure of infected wounds is highly desirable. To that end, a dual-releasing, multiscale system of biodegradable electrospun nanofibers coated with biocompatible micellar nanocarriers is reported. For wound healing, transforming growth factor-β1 is incorporated into polycaprolactone/collagen (PCL/Coll) nanofibers via electrospinning and the myofibroblastic differentiation of human dermal fibroblasts is locally stimulated. To prevent infection, biocompatible nanocarriers of polypeptide-based block copolymer micelles are deposited onto the surfaces of PCL/Coll nanofibers using tannic acid as a binding partner. Micelle-modified fibrous scaffolds are favorable for wound healing, not only supporting the attachment and spreading of fibroblasts comparable to those on noncoated nanofibers, but also significantly enhancing fibroblast migration. Micellar coatings can be loaded with gentamicin or clindamycin and exhibit antibacterial activity as measured by Petrifilm and zone of inhibition assays as well as time-dependent reduction of cellular counts of Staphylococcus aureus cultures. Moreover, delivery time of antibiotic dosage is tunable through the application of a novel modular approach. Altogether, this system holds great promise as an infection-mitigating, cell-stimulating, biodegradable skin graft for wound management and tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Albright
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 575 Ross Street, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on the Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Anbazhagan Palanisamy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 575 Ross Street, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jun Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on the Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Mary Stack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on the Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Beilu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on the Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
| | - Arul Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University
| | - Svetlana A. Sukhishvili
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, 575 Ross Street, College Station, TX 77843, USA,
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Stevens Institute of Technology, 1 Castle Point on the Hudson, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chouhan D, Mehrotra S, Majumder O, Mandal BB. Magnetic Actuator Device Assisted Modulation of Cellular Behavior and Tuning of Drug Release on Silk Platform. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 5:92-105. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimple Chouhan
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Shreya Mehrotra
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Omkar Majumder
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Biman B. Mandal
- Biomaterial and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sun B, Zhou Z, Wu T, Chen W, Li D, Zheng H, El-Hamshary H, Al-Deyab SS, Mo X, Yu Y. Development of Nanofiber Sponges-Containing Nerve Guidance Conduit for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Vivo. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26684-26696. [PMID: 28718615 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the study of hollow nerve guidance conduit (NGC), the dispersion of regenerated axons always confused researchers. To address this problem, filler-containing NGC was prepared, which showed better effect in the application of nerve tissue engineering. In this study, nanofiber sponges with abundant macropores, high porosity, and superior compressive strength were fabricated by electrospinning and freeze-drying. Poly(l-lactic acid-co-ε-caprolactone)/silk fibroin (PLCL/SF) nanofiber sponges were used as filler to prepare three-dimensional nanofiber sponges-containing (NS-containing) NGC. In order to study the effect of fillers for nerve regeneration, hollow NGC was set as control. In vitro cell viability studies indicated that the NS-containing NGC could enhance the proliferation of Schwann cells (SCs) due to the macroporous structure. The results of hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and immunofluorescence staining confirmed that SCs infiltrated into the nanofiber sponges. Subsequently, the NS-containing NGC was implanted in a rat sciatic nerve defect model to evaluate the effect in vivo. NS-containing NGC group performed better in nerve function recovery than hollow NGC group. In consideration of the walking track and triceps weight analysis, NS-containing NGC was close to the autograft group. In addition, histological and morphological analyses with HE and toluidine blue (TB) staining, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were conducted. Better nerve regeneration was observed on NS-containing NGC group both quantitatively and qualitatively. Furthermore, the results of three indexes' immuno-histochemistry and two indexes' immunofluorescence all indicated good nerve regeneration of NS-containing NGC as well, compared with hollow NGC. The results demonstrated NS-containing NGC had great potential in the application of peripheral nerve repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Sun
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Zifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Tong Wu
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Weiming Chen
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University , Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hany El-Hamshary
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University , Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Salem S Al-Deyab
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiumei Mo
- State Key Lab for Modification of Chemical Fibers & Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
- Shandong International Biotechnology Park Development Company, Ltd. , Yantai 264003, China
| | - Yinxian Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200080, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Feltz KP, Growney Kalaf EA, Chen C, Martin RS, Sell SA. A review of electrospinning manipulation techniques to direct fiber deposition and maximize pore size. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/esp-2017-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Electrospinning has been widely accepted for several decades by the tissue engineering and regenerative medicine community as a technique for nanofiber production. Owing to the inherent flexibility of the electrospinning process, a number of techniques can be easily implemented to control fiber deposition (i.e. electric/ magnetic field manipulation, use of alternating current, or air-based fiber focusing) and/or porosity (i.e. air impedance, sacrificial porogen/sacrificial fiber incorporation, cryo-electrospinning, or alternative techniques). The purpose of this review is to highlight some of the recent work using these techniques to create electrospun scaffolds appropriate for mimicking the structure of the native extracellular matrix, and to enhance the applicability of advanced electrospinning techniques in the field of tissue engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Feltz
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University, United States of America
| | | | - Chengpeng Chen
- 2Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, United States of America
| | - R. Scott Martin
- 2Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, United States of America
| | - Scott A. Sell
- 3Department of Biomedical Engineering, Saint Louis University; United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tan Z, Wang H, Gao X, Liu T, Tan Y. Composite vascular grafts with high cell infiltration by co-electrospinning. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 67:369-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2016.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
30
|
Medeiros ELG, Braz AL, Porto IJ, Menner A, Bismarck A, Boccaccini AR, Lepry WC, Nazhat SN, Medeiros ES, Blaker JJ. Porous Bioactive Nanofibers via Cryogenic Solution Blow Spinning and Their Formation into 3D Macroporous Scaffolds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1442-1449. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eudes Leonnan G. Medeiros
- Materials
and Biosystems Laboratory (LAMAB), Department of Materials Engineering
(DEMat), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), CEP58051-900 João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | - Ana Letícia Braz
- Materials
and Biosystems Laboratory (LAMAB), Department of Materials Engineering
(DEMat), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), CEP58051-900 João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | - Isaque Jerônimo Porto
- Materials
and Biosystems Laboratory (LAMAB), Department of Materials Engineering
(DEMat), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), CEP58051-900 João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | - Angelika Menner
- Polymer
and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry
and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr.
42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Polymer
and Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry
and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr.
42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aldo R. Boccaccini
- Institute
of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - William C. Lepry
- Department
of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E8, Canada
| | - Showan N. Nazhat
- Department
of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E8, Canada
| | - Eliton S. Medeiros
- Materials
and Biosystems Laboratory (LAMAB), Department of Materials Engineering
(DEMat), Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), CEP58051-900 João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | - Jonny J. Blaker
- Bio-/Active
Materials Group, School of Materials, MSS Tower, Manchester University, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Walser J, Stok KS, Caversaccio MD, Ferguson SJ. Direct electrospinning of 3D auricle-shaped scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Biofabrication 2016; 8:025007. [PMID: 27171651 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/8/2/025007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-two poly(ε)caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds have been produced by electrospinning directly into an auricle-shaped mould and seeded with articular chondrocytes harvested from bovine ankle joints. After seeding, the auricle shaped constructs were cultured in vitro and analysed at days 1, 7, 14 and 21 for regional differences in total DNA, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen (COL) content as well as the expression of aggrecan (AGG), collagen type I and type II (COL1/2) and matrix metalloproteinase 3 and 13 (MMP3/13). Stress-relaxation indentation testing was performed to investigate regional mechanical properties of the electrospun constructs. Electrospinning into a conductive mould yielded stable 3D constructs both initially and for the whole in vitro culture period, with an equilibrium modulus in the MPa range. Rapid cell proliferation and COL accumulation was observed until week 3. Quantitative real time PCR analysis showed an initial increase in AGG, no change in COL2, a persistent increase in COL1, and only a slight decrease initially for MMP3. Electrospinning of fibrous scaffolds directly into an auricle-shape represents a promising option for auricular tissue engineering, as it can reduce the steps needed to achieve an implantable structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Walser
- ETH Zurich, Institute for Biomechanics, Zurich, CH, Switzerland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mahjour SB, Sefat F, Polunin Y, Wang L, Wang H. Improved cell infiltration of electrospun nanofiber mats for layered tissue constructs. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:1479-88. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Babak Mahjour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken; New Jersey 07030
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken; New Jersey 07030
| | - Yevgeniy Polunin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken; New Jersey 07030
| | - Lichen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken; New Jersey 07030
| | - Hongjun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken; New Jersey 07030
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fabrication of functional PLGA-based electrospun scaffolds and their applications in biomedical engineering. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 59:1181-1194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
34
|
Santos MC, Elabd YA, Jing Y, Chaplin BP, Fang L. Highly porous Ti4
O7
reactive electrochemical water filtration membranes fabricated via electrospinning/electrospraying. AIChE J 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa C. Santos
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843
| | - Yossef A. Elabd
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843
| | - Yin Jing
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Illinois at Chicago; IL 60607
| | - Brian P. Chaplin
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Illinois at Chicago; IL 60607
| | - Lei Fang
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering; University of Illinois at Chicago; IL 60607
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310058 P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xu B, Du L, Zhang J, Zhu M, Ji S, Zhang Y, Kong D, Ma X, Yang Q, Wang L. Circumferentially oriented microfiber scaffold prepared by wet-spinning for tissue engineering of annulus fibrosus. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03347k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Repairing damaged annulus fibrosus (AF) is one of the most challenging topics for treating intervertebral disc (IVD) disease.
Collapse
|
36
|
The effect of thick fibers and large pores of electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) vascular grafts on macrophage polarization and arterial regeneration. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5700-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
37
|
Nam J, Huang Y, Agarwal S, Lannutti J. Improved cellular infiltration in electrospun fiber via engineered porosity. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2007; 13:2249-57. [PMID: 17536926 PMCID: PMC4948987 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Small pore sizes inherent to electrospun matrices can hinder efficient cellular ingrowth. To facilitate infiltration while retaining its extracellular matrix-like character, electrospinning was combined with salt leaching to produce a scaffold having deliberate, engineered delaminations. We made elegant use of a specific randomizing component of the electrospinning process, the Taylor Cone and the falling fiber beneath it, to produce a uniform, well-spread distribution of salt particles. After 3 weeks of culture, up to 4 mm of cellular infiltration was observed, along with cellular coverage of up to 70% within the delaminations. To our knowledge, this represents the first observation of extensive cellular infiltration of electrospun matrices. Infiltration appears to be driven primarily by localized proliferation rather than coordinated cellular locomotion. Cells also moved from the salt-generated porosity into the surrounding electrospun fiber matrix. Given that the details of salt deposition (amount, size, and number density) are far from optimized, the result provides a convincing illustration of the ability of mammalian cells to interact with appropriately tailored electrospun matrices. These layered structures can be precisely fabricated by varying the deposition interval and particle size conceivably to produce in vivo-like gradients in porosity such that the resulting scaffolds better resemble the desired final structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Nam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|