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Pal P, Maranon RO, Rivera Gonzales OJ, Speed JS, Janorkar AV. Sexual Dimorphism's impact on adipogenesis: A three-dimensional in vitro model treated with 17β-estradiol and testosterone. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 589:112249. [PMID: 38604550 PMCID: PMC11144096 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Using a three-dimensional (3-D) in vitro culture model, we report the dose dependent effect of 17β-estradiol and testosterone on the adipogenic differentiation and maturation of human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs) obtained from female and male patients. Considering sexual dimorphism, we expected male and female adipocytes to respond differently to the sex steroids. Both male and female hASC spheroids were exposed to 100 nM and 500 nM of 17β-estradiol and testosterone either at the beginning of the adipogenic maturation (Phase I) to discourage intracellular triglyceride accumulation or exposed after adipogenic maturation (Phase II) to reduce the intracellular triglyceride accumulation. The results show that 17β-estradiol leads to a dose dependent reduction in intracellular triglyceride accumulation in female hASC spheroids compared to the both untreated and testosterone-treated cells. Affirming our hypothesis, 17β-estradiol prevented intracellular triglyceride accumulation during Phase I, while it stimulated lipolysis during Phase II. PPAR-γ and adiponectin gene expression also reduced upon 17β-estradiol treatment in female cells. Interestingly, 17β-estradiol and testosterone had only a modest effect on the male hASC spheroids. Collectively, our findings suggest that 17β-estradiol can prevent fat accumulation in adipocytes during early and late stages of maturation in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Pal
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Rodrigo O Maranon
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Tucuman, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina; National Council on Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Tucuman, Argentina
| | - Osvaldo J Rivera Gonzales
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Joshua S Speed
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Amol V Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Puertas-Bartolomé M, Venegas-Bustos D, Acosta S, Rodríguez-Cabello JC. Contribution of the ELRs to the development of advanced in vitro models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1363865. [PMID: 38650751 PMCID: PMC11033926 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1363865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing in vitro models that accurately mimic the microenvironment of biological structures or processes holds substantial promise for gaining insights into specific biological functions. In the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, in vitro models able to capture the precise structural, topographical, and functional complexity of living tissues, prove to be valuable tools for comprehending disease mechanisms, assessing drug responses, and serving as alternatives or complements to animal testing. The choice of the right biomaterial and fabrication technique for the development of these in vitro models plays an important role in their functionality. In this sense, elastin-like recombinamers (ELRs) have emerged as an important tool for the fabrication of in vitro models overcoming the challenges encountered in natural and synthetic materials due to their intrinsic properties, such as phase transition behavior, tunable biological properties, viscoelasticity, and easy processability. In this review article, we will delve into the use of ELRs for molecular models of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs), as well as for the development of in vitro 3D models for regenerative medicine. The easy processability of the ELRs and their rational design has allowed their use for the development of spheroids and organoids, or bioinks for 3D bioprinting. Thus, incorporating ELRs into the toolkit of biomaterials used for the fabrication of in vitro models, represents a transformative step forward in improving the accuracy, efficiency, and functionality of these models, and opening up a wide range of possibilities in combination with advanced biofabrication techniques that remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Puertas-Bartolomé
- Technical Proteins Nanobiotechnology, S.L. (TPNBT), Valladolid, Spain
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Desiré Venegas-Bustos
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Sergio Acosta
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello
- Bioforge Lab (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology), CIBER's Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Edificio LUCIA, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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Goel R, Gulwani D, Upadhyay P, Sarangthem V, Singh TD. Unsung versatility of elastin-like polypeptide inspired spheroid fabrication: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 234:123664. [PMID: 36791934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Lately, 3D cell culture technique has gained a lot of appreciation as a research model. Augmented with technological advancements, the area of 3D cell culture is growing rapidly with a diverse array of scaffolds being tested. This is especially the case for spheroid cultures. The culture of cells as spheroids provides opportunities for unanticipated vision into biological phenomena with its application to drug discovery, metabolic profiling, stem cell research as well as tumor, and disease biology. Spheroid fabrication techniques are broadly categorised into matrix-dependent and matrix-independent techniques. While there is a profusion of spheroid fabrication substrates with substantial biological relevance, an economical, modular, and bio-compatible substrate for high throughput production of spheroids is lacking. In this review, we posit the prospects of elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) as a broad-spectrum spheroid fabrication platform. Elastin-like polypeptides are nature inspired, size-tunable genetically engineered polymers with wide applicability in various arena of biological considerations, has been employed for spheroid culture with profound utility. The technology offers a cheap, high-throughput, reproducible alternative for spheroid culture with exquisite adaptability. Here, we will brief the applicability of 3D cultures as compared to 2D cultures with spheroids being the focal point of the review. Common approaches to spheroid fabrication are discussed with existential limitations. Finally, the versatility of elastin-like polypeptide inspired substrates for spheroid culture has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhima Goel
- Department of Medical Oncology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Deepak Gulwani
- Department of Medical Oncology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyay
- Department of Medical Oncology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Vijaya Sarangthem
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
| | - Thoudam Debraj Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology Laboratory, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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Cobb JS, Rourke AS, Creel A, Janorkar AV. Manipulating the solution environment to control the surface roughness of elastin-based polymer coatings. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:419-427. [PMID: 33866852 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) have been used as a genetically-engineered, biocompatible substitute for elastin. Cell culture coatings prepared using ELP conjugated to low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (PEI) entices cells to form three-dimensional cellular aggregates that mimic their in vivo counterparts. This study seeks to control the deposition of the ELP and ELP-PEI molecules to control the roughness of the final coatings. The two polymers were coated onto three different substrates (glass, polystyrene, tissue-culture polystyrene) and the solution environment was altered by changing the polymer concentration (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 mg/mL) and/or salt concentration (None, 0.2 M phosphate buffered saline) for a total of 36 conditions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the average roughness (Ra) of the samples and found that ELP coated samples had a higher Ra than their ELP-PEI counterparts. The coatings were tested for stability by performing cell culture media changes every three days for 11 days. AFM showed that the average roughness of the tested samples increased with each media change. To address this, the surfaces were crosslinked using hexamethyl diisocyanate, which minimized the change in surface roughness even when subjected to an intense sonication process. This study provides parameters to achieve elastin-based coatings with controlled roughness that can be used to support stable, long-term in vitro cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Cobb
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, 21693University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Anna S Rourke
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, 21693University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Aiden Creel
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, 21693University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Amol V Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, 21693University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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Abstract
Most cells within the human body interact with neighboring cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components to establish a unique 3D organization. These cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions form a complex communication network of biochemical and mechanical signals critical for normal cell physiology. The behavior of cells in a 3D environment is fundamentally different from that of cells in monolayer culture. Aggregation can affect cell–cell interactions, being more representative of the normal tissue microenvironment. Therefore, 3D cell culture technologies have been developed. The general method for cell aggregate is a physical method; it is difficult to control the size and number of cell aggregates. In any case, no chemical method has been discovered yet, so a new method to solve these problems is needed. In this paper, we describe the induction of a cell aggregate of the newly discovered (Lys-Pro)12(KP24) peptide. Since it was revealed that KP24 had cell aggregate-inducing activity, its derivatives were molecularly designed to clarify the importance of the KP24 sequence. We report that cell aggregations were induced by KP24 to form aggregates of fibroblast cells. We evaluated KP24 derivative periodic peptides such as (Lys-Pro-Pro)8(KPP24) and (Lys-Lys-Pro)8(KKP24). The relationship between the structure of the peptide chain and the activity induced by the cell aggregations was investigated from the viewpoint of basic research and the biomedical engineering field.
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Cobb JS, Engel A, Seale MA, Janorkar AV. Machine learning to determine optimal conditions for controlling the size of elastin-based particles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6343. [PMID: 33737605 PMCID: PMC7973436 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85601-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper evaluates the aggregation behavior of a potential drug and gene delivery system that combines branched polyethyleneimine (PEI), a positively-charged polyelectrolyte, and elastin-like polypeptide (ELP), a recombinant polymer that exhibits lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The LCST behavior of ELP has been extensively studied, but there are no quantitative ways to control the size of aggregates formed after the phase transition. The aggregate size cannot be maintained when the temperature is lowered below the LCST, unless the system exhibits hysteresis and forms irreversible aggregates. This study shows that conjugation of ELP with PEI preserves the aggregation behavior that occurs above the LCST and achieves precise aggregate radii when the solution conditions of pH (3, 7, 10), polymer concentration (0.1, 0.15, 0.3 mg/mL), and salt concentration (none, 0.2, 1 M) are carefully controlled. K-means cluster analyses showed that salt concentration was the most critical factor controlling the hydrodynamic radius and LCST. Conjugating ELP to PEI allowed crosslinking the aggregates and achieved stable particles that maintained their size below LCST, even after removal of the harsh (high salt or pH) conditions used to create them. Taken together, the ability to control aggregate sizes and use of crosslinking to maintain stability holds excellent potential for use in biological delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Cobb
- Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St. D528, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Alexandra Engel
- Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St. D528, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Maria A Seale
- Information Technology Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Amol V Janorkar
- Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St. D528, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Cobb JS, Seale MA, Janorkar AV. Evaluation of machine learning algorithms to predict the hydrodynamic radii and transition temperatures of chemo-biologically synthesized copolymers. Comput Biol Med 2021; 128:104134. [PMID: 33249343 PMCID: PMC7775344 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.104134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) belong to a family of recombinant polymers that shows great promise as biocompatible drug delivery and tissue engineering materials. ELPs aggregate above a characteristic transition temperature (Tt). We have previously shown that the Tt and size of the resulting aggregates can be controlled by changing the ELP's solution environment (polymer concentration, salt concentration, and pH). When coupled to a synthetic polyelectrolyte, polyethyleneimine (PEI), ELP retains its Tt behavior and gains the ability to be crosslinked into defined particle sizes. This paper explores several machine learning models to predict the Tt and hydrodynamic radius (Rh) of ELP and two ELP-PEI polymers in varying solution conditions. An exhaustive design of experiments matrix consisting of 81 conditions of interest with varying salt concentration (0, 0.2, 1 M NaCl), pH (3, 7, 10), polymer concentration (0.1, 0.17, 0.3 mg/mL), and polymer type (ELP, ELP-PEI800, ELP-PEI10K) was investigated. The five models used in this study were multiple linear regression, elastic-net, support vector regression, multi-layer perceptron, and random forest. A multi-layer perceptron model was found to have the highest accuracy, with an R2 score of 0.97 for both Rh and Tt. This was followed closely by the random forest model, with an R2 of 0.94 for Rh and 0.95 for Tt. Feature importance was determined using the random forest and linear regression models. Both models showed that salt concentration and polymer type were the two most influential factors that determined Rh, while salt concentration was the dominant factor for Tt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared S Cobb
- Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Maria A Seale
- Information Technology Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development Center, 3909 Halls Ferry Rd, Vicksburg, MS, 39180, USA
| | - Amol V Janorkar
- Biomedical Materials Science, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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8
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Fitzgerald SJ, Cobb JS, Janorkar AV. Comparison of the formation, adipogenic maturation, and retention of human adipose-derived stem cell spheroids in scaffold-free culture techniques. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:3022-3032. [PMID: 32396702 PMCID: PMC8506838 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
While three-dimensional spheroids outperform traditional two-dimensional monolayer culture for human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs), there is not a consensus on the most successful method for enhancing their adipogenic differentiation and minimizing the loss of physiologically relevant, fatty spheroids during culture. To this end, we compared three culture methods, namely, elastin-like polypeptide-polyethyleneimine (ELP-PEI) coated surfaces, ultra-low attachment static culture, and suspension culture for their ability to form and retain productive hASC spheroids. The ELP-PEI coatings used the ELP conjugated to two molecular weights of PEI (800 or 25,000 g/mol). FTIR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and contact angle goniometry revealed that the ELP-PEI coatings had similar chemical structures, surface topography, and hydrophobicity. Time-lapse microscopy showed that increasing the PEI molecular weight resulted in smaller spheroids. Measurement of triglyceride content showed that the three methods induced comparable differentiation of hASCs toward the adipogenic lineage. DNA content and morphometric analysis revealed merging of spheroids to form larger spheroids in the ultra-low attachment static culture and suspension culture methods. In contrast, the retention of hASC spheroid sizes and numbers with a regular spheroid size (~100 μm) were best atop the ELP-PEI800 coatings. Overall, this research shows that the spheroid culture atop the ELP-PEI coatings is a suitable cell culture model for future studies involving long-term, three-dimensional culture of mature adipocytes derived from hASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Fitzgerald
- Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Jared S. Cobb
- Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Amol V. Janorkar
- Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS 39216
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Elastin-Collagen Based Hydrogels as Model Scaffolds to Induce Three-Dimensional Adipocyte Culture from Adipose Derived Stem Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:bioengineering7030110. [PMID: 32932577 PMCID: PMC7552710 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7030110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to probe the effect of formulation of scaffolds prepared using collagen and elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) and their resulting physico-chemical and mechanical properties on the adipogenic differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs). Six different ELP-collagen scaffolds were prepared by varying the collagen concentration (2 and 6 mg/mL), ELP addition (6 mg/mL), or crosslinking of the scaffolds. FTIR spectroscopy indicated secondary bonding interactions between collagen and ELP, while scanning electron microscopy revealed a porous structure for all scaffolds. Increased collagen concentration, ELP addition, and presence of crosslinking decreased swelling ratio and increased elastic modulus and compressive strength of the scaffolds. The scaffold characteristics influenced cell morphology, wherein the hASCs seeded in the softer, non-crosslinked scaffolds displayed a spread morphology. We determined that stiffer and/or crosslinked elastin-collagen based scaffolds constricted the spreading of hASCs, leading to a spheroid morphology and yielded an enhanced adipogenic differentiation as indicated by Oil Red O staining. Overall, this study underscored the importance of spheroid morphology in adipogenic differentiation, which will allow researchers to create more physiologically-relevant three-dimensional, in vitro culture models.
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10
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Fitzgerald SJ, Janorkar AV, Barnes A, Maranon RO. A new approach to study the sex differences in adipose tissue. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:89. [PMID: 30509250 PMCID: PMC6278144 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0488-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the most invaliding and preventable diseases in the United States. Growing evidence suggests that there are sex differences in obesity in human and experimental animals. However, the specific mechanisms of this disease are unknown. Consequently, there is any particular treatment according to the sex/gender at this time. During the last decade, we observe a rise in the study of adipocyte and the possible mechanisms involved in the different roles of the fat. Furthermore, the effect of sex steroids on the adipocyte is one of the fields that need elucidation. Supporting evidence suggests that sex steroids play an essential role not only in the fat distribution, but also, in its metabolism, proliferation, and function. Thus, using in vitro and in vivo studies will contribute to our fight against this critical health public problem encompassing both sexes. In the present review, we discuss some of the recent advances in the adipocytes and the effect of the sex steroids on the adipose tissue. Also, we propose a new alternative to study the role of sex steroids on adipocyte biology through human adipose-derived stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jayne Fitzgerald
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Amol Vijay Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, USA
| | - Allison Barnes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Rodrigo Oscar Maranon
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,Department of Medicine/Nephrology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,Mississippi Center for Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,Cardio Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA. .,The Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Clark K, Janorkar AV. Milieu for Endothelial Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:bioengineering5040082. [PMID: 30282912 PMCID: PMC6316606 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) have been shown to differentiate down many lineages including endothelial lineage. We hypothesized that hASCs would more efficiently differentiate toward the endothelial lineage when formed as three-dimensional (3D) spheroids and with the addition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Three conditions were tested: uncoated tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) surfaces that induced a 2D monolayer formation; elastin-like polypeptide (ELP)-collagen composite hydrogel scaffolds that induced encapsulated 3D spheroid culture; and ELP-polyethyleneimine-coated TCPS surfaces that induced 3D spheroid formation in scaffold-free condition. Cells were exposed to endothelial differentiation medium containing no additional VEGF or 20 and 50 ng/mL of VEGF for 7 days and assayed for viability and endothelial differentiation markers. While endothelial differentiation media supported endothelial differentiation of hASCs, our 3D spheroid cultures augmented this differentiation and produced more von Willebrand factor than 2D cultures. Likewise, 3D cultures were able to uptake LDL, whereas the 2D cultures were not. Higher concentrations of VEGF further enhanced differentiation. Establishing angiogenesis is a key factor in regenerative medicine. Future studies aim to elucidate how to produce physiological changes such as neoangiogenesis and sprouting of vessels which may enhance the survival of regenerated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra Clark
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Amol V Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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12
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Turner PA, Gurumurthy B, Bailey JL, Elks CM, Janorkar AV. Adipogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Grown as Spheroids. Process Biochem 2017; 59:312-320. [PMID: 28966553 DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the process of adipogenesis is critical if suitable therapeutics for obesity and related metabolic diseases are to be found. The current study presents proof of feasibility of creating a 3-D spheroid model using human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) and their subsequent adipogenic differentiation. hASC spheroids were formed atop an elastin-like polypeptide-polyethyleneimine (ELP-PEI) surface and differentiated using an adipogenic cocktail. Spheroids were matured in the presence of dietary fatty acids (linoleic or oleic acid) and evaluated based on functional markers including intracellular protein, CD36 expression, triglyceride accumulation, and PPAR-γ gene expression. Spheroid size was found to increase as the hASCs matured in the adipocyte maintenance medium, though the fatty acid treatment generally resulted in smaller spheroids compared to control. A stable protein content over the 10-day maturation period indicated contact-inhibited proliferation as well as minimal loss of spheroids during culture. Spheroids treated with fatty acids showed greater amounts of intracellular triglyceride content and greater expression of the key adipogenic gene, PPAR-γ. We also demonstrated that 3-D spheroids outperformed 2-D monolayer cultures in adipogenesis. We then compared the adipogenesis of hASC spheroids to that in 3T3-L1 spheroids and found that the triglyceride accumulation was less profound in hASC spheroids than that in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, correlated with smaller average spheroids, suggesting a relatively slower differentiation process. Taken together, we have shown the feasibility of adipogenic differentiation of patient-derived hASC spheroids, which with further development, may help elucidate key features in the adipogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Turner
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS
| | - Bhuvaneswari Gurumurthy
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS
| | - Jennifer L Bailey
- Matrix Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Carrie M Elks
- Matrix Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Amol V Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS
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13
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Gurumurthy B, Bierdeman PC, Janorkar AV. Spheroid model for functional osteogenic evaluation of human adipose derived stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1230-1236. [PMID: 27943608 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
3D culture systems have the ability to mimic the natural microenvironment by allowing better cell-cell interactions. We have prepared an in vitro 3D osteogenic cell culture model using human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs) cultured atop recombinant elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) conjugated to a charged polyelectrolyte, polyethyleneimine (PEI). We demonstrate that hASCs cultured atop the ELP-PEI coated tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) formed 3D spheroids and exhibited superior differentiation toward osteogenic lineage compared to the traditional two dimensional (2D) monolayer formed atop uncoated TCPS. Live/dead viability assay confirmed >90% live cells at the end of the 3-week culture period. Over the same culture period, higher protein content was observed in 2D monolayer than 3D spheroids, as the 2D environment allowed continued proliferation, while 3D spheroids underwent contact-inhibited growth arrest. The normalized alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, which is an indicator for early osteogenic differentiation was higher for 3D spheroids. The normalized osteocalcin (OCN) production, which is an indicator for osteogenic maturation was also higher for 3D spheroids while 2D monolayer had no noticeable OCN production. On day 22, increased Alizarin red uptake by 3D spheroids showed greater mineralization activity than 2D monolayer. Taken together, these results indicate a superior osteogenic differentiation of hASCs in 3D spheroid culture atop ELP-PEI coated TCPS surfaces than the 2D monolayer formed on uncoated TCPS surfaces. Such enhanced osteogenesis in 3D spheroid stem cell culture may serve as an alternative to 2D culture by providing a better microenvironment for the enhanced cellular functions and interactions in bone tissue engineering. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1230-1236, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvaneswari Gurumurthy
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Patrick C Bierdeman
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Amol V Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
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Weeks CA, Aden B, Kilbey SM, Janorkar AV. Synthesis and Characterization of an Array of Elastin-like Polypeptide–Polyelectrolyte Conjugates with Varying Chemistries and Amine Content for Biomedical Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:2196-2206. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Andrew Weeks
- Department
of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, United States
| | - Bethany Aden
- Departments
of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, 322 Buehler Hall, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - S. Michael Kilbey
- Departments
of Chemistry and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, 322 Buehler Hall, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Amol V. Janorkar
- Department
of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi 39216, United States
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15
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Weeks CA, Aden B, Zhang J, Singh A, Hickey RD, Kilbey SM, Nyberg SL, Janorkar AV. Effect of amine content and chemistry on long-term, three-dimensional hepatocyte spheroid culture atop aminated elastin-like polypeptide coatings. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:377-388. [PMID: 27648820 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Culture conditions that induce hepatic spheroidal aggregates sustain liver cells with metabolism that mimics in vivo hepatocytes. Here we present an array of elastin-like polypeptide conjugate coating materials (Aminated-ELPs) that are biocompatible, have spheroid-forming capacity, can be coated atop traditional culture surfaces, and maintain structural integrity while ensuring adherence of spheroids over long culture period. The Aminated-ELPs were synthesized either by direct conjugation of ELP and various polyelectrolytes or by conjugating both ELP and various small electrolytes to the reactive polymer poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethyl azlactone) (PVDMA). Spheroid morphology, cellular metabolic function, and liver-specific gene expression over the long-term, 20-day culture period were assessed through optical microscopy, measurement of total protein content and albumin and urea production, and quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR. We found that the amine content of the Aminated-ELP coatings dictated the initial hepatocyte attachment, but not the subsequent hepatocyte spheroid formation and their continued attachment. A lower amine content was generally found to sustain higher albumin production by the spheroids. Out of the 19 Aminated-ELP coatings tested, we found that the lysine-containing substrates comprising ELP-polylysine or ELP-PVDMA-butanediamine proved to consistently culture productive spheroidal hepatocytes. We suggest that the incorporation of lysine functional groups in Aminated-ELP rendered more biocompatible surfaces, increasing spheroid attachment and leading to increased liver-specific function. Taken together, the Aminated-ELP array presented here has the potential to create in vitro hepatocyte culture models that mimic in vivo liver functionality and thus, lead to better understanding of liver pathophysiology and superior screening methods for drug efficacy and toxicity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 377-388, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andrew Weeks
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Bethany Aden
- Departments of Chemistry & Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, 322 Buehler Hall, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
| | - Junlin Zhang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
| | - Anisha Singh
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Raymond D Hickey
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - S Michael Kilbey
- Departments of Chemistry & Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, 322 Buehler Hall, 1420 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
| | - Scott L Nyberg
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905
| | - Amol V Janorkar
- Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, Mississippi, 39216
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Miranda-Nieves D, Chaikof EL. Collagen and Elastin Biomaterials for the Fabrication of Engineered Living Tissues. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:694-711. [PMID: 33440491 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Collagen and elastin represent the two most predominant proteins in the body and are responsible for modulating important biological and mechanical properties. Thus, the focus of this review is the use of collagen and elastin as biomaterials for the fabrication of living tissues. Considering the importance of both biomaterials, we first propose the notion that many tissues in the human body represent a reinforced composite of collagen and elastin. In the rest of the review, collagen and elastin biosynthesis and biophysics, as well as molecular sources and biomaterial fabrication methodologies, including casting, fiber spinning, and bioprinting, are discussed. Finally, we summarize the current attempts to fabricate a subset of living tissues and, based on biochemical and biomechanical considerations, suggest that future tissue-engineering efforts consider direct incorporation of collagen and elastin biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Miranda-Nieves
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Elliot L Chaikof
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Marone PA, Birkenbach VL, Hayes AW. Newer Approaches to Identify Potential Untoward Effects in Functional Foods. Int J Toxicol 2015; 35:186-207. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581815616781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Globalization has greatly accelerated the numbers and variety of food and beverage products available worldwide. The exchange among greater numbers of countries, manufacturers, and products in the United States and worldwide has necessitated enhanced quality measures for nutritional products for larger populations increasingly reliant on functionality. These functional foods, those that provide benefit beyond basic nutrition, are increasingly being used for their potential to alleviate food insufficiency while enhancing quality and longevity of life. In the United States alone, a steady import increase of greater than 15% per year or 24 million shipments, over 70% products of which are food related, is regulated under the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). This unparalleled growth has resulted in the need for faster, cheaper, and better safety and efficacy screening methods in the form of harmonized guidelines and recommendations for product standardization. In an effort to meet this need, the in vitro toxicology testing market has similarly grown with an anticipatory 15% increase between 2010 and 2015 of US$1.3 to US$2.7 billion. Although traditionally occupying a small fraction of the market behind pharmaceuticals and cosmetic/household products, the scope of functional food testing, including additives/supplements, ingredients, residues, contact/processing, and contaminants, is potentially expansive. Similarly, as functional food testing has progressed, so has the need to identify potential adverse factors that threaten the safety and quality of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palma Ann Marone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Girotti A, Orbanic D, Ibáñez-Fonseca A, Gonzalez-Obeso C, Rodríguez-Cabello JC. Recombinant Technology in the Development of Materials and Systems for Soft-Tissue Repair. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2423-55. [PMID: 26172311 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The field of biomedicine is constantly investing significant research efforts in order to gain a more in-depth understanding of the mechanisms that govern the function of body compartments and to develop creative solutions for the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. The main overall goal is to develop relatively simple systems that are able to mimic naturally occurring constructs and can therefore be used in regenerative medicine. Recombinant technology, which is widely used to obtain new tailored synthetic genes that express polymeric protein-based structures, now offers a broad range of advantages for that purpose by permitting the tuning of biological and mechanical properties depending on the intended application while simultaneously ensuring adequate biocompatibility and biodegradability of the scaffold formed by the polymers. This Progress Report is focused on recombinant protein-based materials that resemble naturally occurring proteins of interest for use in soft tissue repair. An overview of recombinant biomaterials derived from elastin, silk, collagen and resilin is given, along with a description of their characteristics and suggested applications. Current endeavors in this field are continuously providing more-improved materials in comparison with conventional ones. As such, a great effort is being made to put these materials through clinical trials in order to favor their future use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Girotti
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology); CIBER-BBN; University of Valladolid, Edificio LUCIA; Paseo de Belén, 19 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Doriana Orbanic
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology); CIBER-BBN; University of Valladolid, Edificio LUCIA; Paseo de Belén, 19 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Arturo Ibáñez-Fonseca
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology); CIBER-BBN; University of Valladolid, Edificio LUCIA; Paseo de Belén, 19 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - Constancio Gonzalez-Obeso
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology); CIBER-BBN; University of Valladolid, Edificio LUCIA; Paseo de Belén, 19 47011 Valladolid Spain
| | - José Carlos Rodríguez-Cabello
- BIOFORGE (Group for Advanced Materials and Nanobiotechnology); CIBER-BBN; University of Valladolid, Edificio LUCIA; Paseo de Belén, 19 47011 Valladolid Spain
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19
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Turner PA, Tang Y, Weiss SJ, Janorkar AV. Three-dimensional spheroid cell model of in vitro adipocyte inflammation. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 21:1837-47. [PMID: 25781458 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve treatment of obesity, a contributing factor to multiple systemic and metabolic diseases, a better understanding of metabolic state and environmental stress at the cellular level is essential. This work presents development of a three-dimensional (3D) in vitro model of adipose tissue displaying induced lipid accumulation as a function of fatty acid supplementation that, subsequently, investigates cellular responses to a pro-inflammatory stimulus, thereby recapitulating key stages of obesity progression. Three-dimensional spheroid organization of adipose cells was induced by culturing 3T3-L1 mouse preadipocytes on an elastin-like polypeptide-polyethyleneimine (ELP-PEI)-coated surface. Results indicate a more differentiated phenotype in 3D spheroid cultures relative to two-dimensional (2D) monolayer analogues based on triglyceride accumulation, CD36 and CD40 protein expression, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and adiponectin mRNA expression. The 3T3-L1 adipocyte spheroid model was then used to test the effects of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment, namely maturation in the presence of elevated fatty acid levels followed by acute exposure to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Under these conditions, we demonstrate that metabolic function was reduced across all cultures exposed to TNF-α, especially so when pre-exposed to linoleic acid. Further, in response to TNF-α, enhanced lipolysis, monitored as increased extracellular glycerol and fatty acids levels, was observed in adipocytes cultured in the presence of exogenous fatty acids. Taken together, our 3D spheroid model showed enhanced adipogenic differentiation and presents a platform for elucidating the key phenotypic responses that occur in pro-inflammatory microenvironments that characterize obesogenic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Turner
- 1Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Yi Tang
- 2Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Stephen J Weiss
- 2Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Amol V Janorkar
- 1Department of Biomedical Materials Science, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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