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Zuo W, Yu L, Zhang H, Fei Q. Mineralized collagen scaffold bone graft accelerate the osteogenic process of HASCs in proper concentration. Regen Ther 2021; 18:161-167. [PMID: 34277898 PMCID: PMC8254075 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the feasibility and the optimum condition of human adipose-derived stem cells cultured on the mineralized collagen material; and to further explore the mechanism of osteogenic differentiation of the human Adipose-derived stem cells stimulated by the mineralized collagen material. Methods Primary human adipose-derived stem cells (HADSCs) were isolated from human adipose tissue using centrifugal stratification, which had been passed repeatedly to later generations and purified. Human adipose-derived stem cells were cultured on the bone graft material and the optimum concentration was explored by Alamar blue colorimetric method. The rest experiment was conducted according to the result. The experimental groups are shown below: group A (HADSCs + bone graft material); group B (HADSCs). Morphological observation was taken by scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Alkaline phosphatase activities were tested by histochemical method. Calcium deposition was investigated by alizarin red staining. The quantity access of osteogenic-related mRNA: ALP (alkaline phosphatase), BMP2 (bone morphogenetic protein 2) and RUNX2 (runt-related transcription factor 2) were detected using RT-PCR. Results The cultured cells grew stably and proliferated rapidly. The optimum condition was 0.5 mg/cm2 bone graft material coated on the bottom of medium. After culturing on the material 14 days, the alizarin red staining showed that more calcium deposition was detected in group A and alkaline phosphatase activities of group A was higher than group B (p ˃ 0.05). Similarly, after culturing for 14 days, the ALP, BMP2 and RUNX2 transcription activity of group A was higher than group B (p ˃ 0.05). Conclusion Human adipose-derived stem cells cultured on bone graft material were dominantly differentiated into osteoblast in vitro. Thus it provided a new choice for bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Zuo
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050, China
| | - Lingjia Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Municipal Laboratory for Liver Protection and Regulation of Regeneration, Department of Cell Biology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Fei
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100050, China
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Rozila I, Azari P, Munirah S, Safwani WKZW, Pingguan-Murphy B, Chua KH. Polycaprolactone-Based Scaffolds Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in a Co-Culture System. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13040597. [PMID: 33671175 PMCID: PMC7922582 DOI: 10.3390/polym13040597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Stem cells in combination with scaffolds and bioactive molecules have made significant contributions to the regeneration of damaged bone tissues. A co-culture system can be effective in enhancing the proliferation rate and osteogenic differentiation of the stem cells. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells when co-cultured with human osteoblasts and seeded on polycaprolactone (PCL):hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold; (2) Methods: Human adipose-derived stem cells (ASC) and human osteoblasts (HOB) were seeded in three different ratios of 1:2, 1:2 and 2:1 in the PCL-HA scaffolds. The osteogenic differentiation ability was evaluated based on cell morphology, proliferation rate, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition and osteogenic genes expression levels using quantitative RT-PCR; (3) Results: The co-cultured of ASC/HOB in ratio 2:1 seeded on the PCL-HA scaffolds showed the most positive osteogenic differentiation as compared to other groups, which resulted in higher ALP activity, calcium deposition and osteogenic genes expression, particularly Runx, ALP and BSP. These genes indicate that the co-cultured ASC/HOB seeded on PCL-HA was at the early stage of osteogenic development; (4) Conclusions: The combination of co-culture system (ASC/HOB) and PCL-HA scaffolds promote osteogenic differentiation and early bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Rozila
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Selangor 63000, Malaysia
| | - Pedram Azari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Sha’ban Munirah
- Department of Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia;
| | - Wan Kamarul Zaman Wan Safwani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (W.K.Z.W.S.); (B.P.-M.)
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (W.K.Z.W.S.); (B.P.-M.)
| | - Kien Hui Chua
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-391458613
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Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate): Promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2020; 70:1-15. [PMID: 31677369 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2020-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) is a natural polymer, produced by different bacteria, with good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Cardiovascular patches, scaffolds in tissue engineering and drug carriers are some of the possible biomedical applications of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate). In the past decade, many researchers examined the different physico-chemical modifications of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in order to improve its properties for use in the field of bone tissue engineering. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) composites with hydroxyapatite and bioglass are intensively tested with animal and human osteoblasts in vitro to provide information about their biocompatibility, biodegradability and osteoinductivity. Good bone regeneration was proven when poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate) patches were implanted in vivo in bone tissue of cats, minipigs and rats. This review summarizes the recent reports of in vitro and in vivo studies of pure poly(3-hydroxy-butyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) composites with the emphasis on their bioactivity and biocompatibility with bone cells.
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Strategy for the Generation of Engineered Bone Constructs Based on Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Expanded with Human Platelet Lysate. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:7198215. [PMID: 31885622 PMCID: PMC6914958 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7198215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells (UC-MSC) are promising candidates for cell therapy due to their potent multilineage differentiation, enhanced self-renewal capacity, and immediate availability for clinical use. Clinical experience has demonstrated satisfactory biosafety profiles and feasibility of UC-MSC application in the allogeneic setting. However, the use of UC-MSC for bone regeneration has not been fully established. A major challenge in the generation of successful therapeutic strategies for bone engineering lies on the combination of highly functional proosteogenic MSC populations and bioactive matrix scaffolds. To address that, in this study we proposed a new approach for the generation of bone-like constructs based on UC-MSC expanded in human platelet lysate (hPL) and evaluated its potential to induce bone structures in vivo. In order to obtain UC-MSC for potential clinical use, we first assessed parameters such as the isolation method, growth supplementation, microbiological monitoring, and cryopreservation and performed full characterization of the cell product including phenotype, growth performance, tree-lineage differentiation, and gene expression. Finally, we evaluated bone-like constructs based on the combination of stimulated UC-MSC and collagen microbeads for in vivo bone formation. UC-MSC were successfully cultured from 100% of processed UC donors, and efficient cell derivation was observed at day 14 ± 3 by the explant method. UC-MSC maintained mesenchymal cell morphology, phenotype, high cell growth performance, and probed multipotent differentiation capacity. No striking variations between donors were recorded. As expected, UC-MSC showed tree-lineage differentiation and gene expression profiles similar to bone marrow- and adipose-derived MSC. Importantly, upon osteogenic and endothelial induction, UC-MSC displayed strong proangiogenic and bone formation features. The combination of hPL-expanded MSC and collagen microbeads led to bone/vessel formation following implantation into an immune competent mouse model. Collectively, we developed a high-performance UC-MSC-based cell manufacturing bioprocess that fulfills the requirements for human application and triggers the potency and effectivity of cell-engineered scaffolds for bone regeneration.
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Ehlert M, Roszek K, Jędrzejewski T, Bartmański M, Radtke A. Titania Nanofiber Scaffolds with Enhanced Biointegration Activity-Preliminary In Vitro Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5642. [PMID: 31718064 PMCID: PMC6888681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing need for novel bone replacement materials has been driving numerous studies on modifying their surface to stimulate osteogenic cells expansion and to accelerate bone tissue regeneration. The goal of the presented study was to optimize the production of titania-based bioactive materials with high porosity and defined nanostructure, which supports the cell viability and growth. We have chosen to our experiments TiO2 nanofibers, produced by chemical oxidation of Ti6Al4V alloy. Fibrous nanocoatings were characterized structurally (X-ray diffraction (XRD)) and morphologically (scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). The wettability of the coatings and their mechanical properties were also evaluated. We have investigated the direct influence of the modified titanium alloy surfaces on the survival and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue (ADSCs). In parallel, proliferation of bone tissue cells-human osteoblasts MG-63 and connective tissue cells - mouse fibroblasts L929, as well as cell viability in co-cultures (osteoblasts/ADSCs and fibroblasts/ADSCs has been studied. The results of our experiments proved that among all tested nanofibrous coatings, the amorphous titania-based ones were the most optimal scaffolds for the integration and proliferation of ADSCs, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts. Thus, we postulated these scaffolds to have the osteopromotional potential. However, from the co-culture experiments it can be concluded that ADSCs have the ability to functionalize the initially unfavorable surface, and make it suitable for more specialized and demanding cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Ehlert
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- Nano-Implant Ltd., Gagarina 5/102, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Roszek
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (K.R.); (T.J.)
| | - Tomasz Jędrzejewski
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (K.R.); (T.J.)
| | - Michał Bartmański
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Radtke
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- Nano-Implant Ltd., Gagarina 5/102, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Nadine S, Patrício SG, Correia CR, Mano JF. Dynamic microfactories co-encapsulating osteoblastic and adipose-derived stromal cells for the biofabrication of bone units. Biofabrication 2019; 12:015005. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab3e16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Mesenchymal stem cells from human adipose tissue and bone repair: a literature review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biori.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Oliveira NM, Martins-Cruz C, Oliveira MB, Reis RL, Mano JF. Coculture of Spheroids/2D Cell Layers Using a Miniaturized Patterned Platform as a Versatile Method to Produce Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering Building Blocks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201700069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra 4805-017 Barco GMR Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães 4710-057 Portugal
| | - Cláudia Martins-Cruz
- Department of Chemistry; CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Mariana B. Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra 4805-017 Barco GMR Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães 4710-057 Portugal
- Department of Chemistry; CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra 4805-017 Barco GMR Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães 4710-057 Portugal
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics; University of Minho; Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine; AvePark, Zona Industrial da Gandra 4805-017 Barco GMR Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães 4710-057 Portugal
- Department of Chemistry; CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials; 3810-193 Aveiro Portugal
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Lee SI, Ko Y, Park JB. Evaluation of the shape, viability, stemness and osteogenic differentiation of cell spheroids formed from human gingiva-derived stem cells and osteoprecursor cells. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:3467-3473. [PMID: 28587426 PMCID: PMC5450690 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to create stem cell spheroids from human gingiva-derived stem cells and osteoprecursor cells and to evaluate the maintenance of the stemness, the viability and osteogenic differentiation of the cell spheroids. Gingiva-derived stem cells were isolated, and a total of 6×105 stem cells and osteoprecursor cells were seeded into concave micromolds at various ratios. Gingiva-derived stem cells and/or osteoprecursor cells formed spheroids in concave microwells. The spheroids demonstrated a smaller diameter when the number of osteoprecursor cells seeded was lower. The majority of cells in the spheroids were identified to be live cells and the cell spheroids preserved viability throughout the experimental period. The cell spheroids, which contained stem cells, were positive for stem-cell markers. Cell spheroids in concave microwells demonstrated a statistically significant increase in alkaline phosphatase activity as time progressed (P<0.05). A statistically significant difference in phosphatase activity was observed in the stem cell alone group when compared with the osteoprecursor cell group at day 5 (P<0.05). Mineralized extracellular deposits were observed in each group after Alizarin Red S staining. Within the limits of the present study, cell spheroids from gingival cells and osteoprecursor cells maintained shape, viability, stemness and osteogenic differentiation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Il Lee
- Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyung Ko
- Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Beom Park
- Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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Osteoblast-seeded bioglass/gelatin nanocomposite: a promising bone substitute in critical-size calvarial defect repair in rat. Int J Artif Organs 2016; 39:524-533. [PMID: 27901555 DOI: 10.5301/ijao.5000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amid the plethora of methods to repair critical bone defects, there is no one perfect approach. In this study, we sought to evaluate a potent 3-dimensional (3D) bioactive SiO2-CaO-P2O5 glasses (bioglass)/gelatin (gel) scaffold for its biocompatibility by seeding cells as well as for its regenerative properties by animal implantation. METHODS Osteoblast cells were seeded onto nanocomposite scaffolds to investigate the process of critical-size calvarial defect via new bone formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to validate topography of the scaffolds, its homogeneity and ideal cellular attachment. Proliferation assay and confocal microscopy were used to evaluate its biocompatibility. To validate osteogenesis of the bioactive nanocomposite scaffolds, they were first implanted into rats and later removed and analyzed at different time points post mortem using histological, immunohistochemical and histomorphometric methods. RESULTS Based on in vitro results, we showed that our nanocomposite is highly cell-compatible material and allows for osteoblasts to adhere, spread and proliferate. In vivo results indicate that our nanocomposite provides a significant contribution to bone regeneration and is highly biodegradable and biocompatible. So, seeded scaffolds with osteoblasts enhanced repair of critical bone defects via osteogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the feasibility of engineering a nanocomposite scaffold with an architecture resembling the human bone, and provide proof-of-concept validation for our scaffold using a rat animal model.
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Vene E, Barouti G, Jarnouen K, Gicquel T, Rauch C, Ribault C, Guillaume SM, Cammas-Marion S, Loyer P. Opsonisation of nanoparticles prepared from poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(trimethylene carbonate)-b-poly(malic acid) amphiphilic diblock copolymers: Impact on the in vitro cell uptake by primary human macrophages and HepaRG hepatoma cells. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:438-452. [PMID: 27640247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present work reports the investigation of the biocompatibility, opsonisation and cell uptake by human primary macrophages and HepaRG cells of nanoparticles (NPs) formulated from poly(β-malic acid)-b-poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) (PMLA-b-PHB) and poly(β-malic acid)-b-poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PMLA-b-PTMC) diblock copolymers, namely PMLA800-b-PHB7300, PMLA4500-b-PHB4400, PMLA2500-b-PTMC2800 and PMLA4300-b-PTMC1400. NPs derived from PMLA-b-PHB and PMLA-b-PTMC do not trigger lactate dehydrogenase release and do not activate the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines demonstrating the excellent biocompatibility of these copolymers derived nano-objects. Using a protein adsorption assay, we demonstrate that the binding of plasma proteins is very low for PMLA-b-PHB-based nano-objects, and higher for those prepared from PMLA-b-PTMC copolymers. Moreover, a more efficient uptake by macrophages and HepaRG cells is observed for NPs formulated from PMLA-b-PHB copolymers compared to that of PMLA-b-PTMC-based NPs. Interestingly, the uptake in HepaRG cells of NPs formulated from PMLA800-b-PHB7300 is much higher than that of NPs based on PMLA4500-b-PHB4400. In addition, the cell internalization of PMLA800-b-PHB7300 based-NPs, probably through endocytosis, is strongly increased by serum pre-coating in HepaRG cells but not in macrophages. Together, these data strongly suggest that the binding of a specific subset of plasmatic proteins onto the PMLA800-b-PHB7300-based NPs favors the HepaRG cell uptake while reducing that of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Vene
- INSERM UMR S-991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer; Université de Rennes 1; CHU Pontchaillou Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Ghislaine Barouti
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; UMR 6226 CNRS; Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Kathleen Jarnouen
- INSERM UMR S-991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer; Université de Rennes 1; CHU Pontchaillou Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Gicquel
- INSERM UMR S-991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer; Université de Rennes 1; CHU Pontchaillou Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Claudine Rauch
- INSERM UMR S-991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer; Université de Rennes 1; CHU Pontchaillou Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Ribault
- INSERM UMR S-991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer; Université de Rennes 1; CHU Pontchaillou Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Sophie M Guillaume
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes; UMR 6226 CNRS; Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, F-35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Sandrine Cammas-Marion
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, Institute des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, 11 allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France
| | - Pascal Loyer
- INSERM UMR S-991, Foie, Métabolismes et Cancer; Université de Rennes 1; CHU Pontchaillou Rennes, 35033 Rennes, France.
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