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Krokker L, Szabó B, Németh K, Tóháti R, Sarkadi B, Mészáros K, Patócs A, Butz H. Three Dimensional Cell Culturing for Modeling Adrenal and Pituitary Tumors. Pathol Oncol Res 2021; 27:640676. [PMID: 34257605 PMCID: PMC8262162 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2021.640676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In vitro monolayer conditions are not able to reproduce the complexity of solid tumors, still, there is scarce information about the 3D cell culture models of endocrine tumor types. Therefore, our aim was to develop in vitro 3D tumor models by different methodologies for adrenocortical carcinoma (H295R), pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (RC-4B/C and GH3) and pheochromocytoma (PC-12). Various methodologies were tested. Cell biological assays (cell viability, proliferation and live cell ratio) and steroid hormone production by HPLC-MS/MS method were applied to monitor cellular well-being. Cells in hanging drops and embedded in matrigel formed multicellular aggregates but they were difficult to handle and propagate for further experiments. The most widely used methods: ultra-low attachment plate (ULA) and spheroid inducing media (SFDM) were not the most viable 3D model of RC-4B/C and GH3 cells that would be suitable for further experiments. Combining spheroid generation with matrigel scaffold H295R 3D models were viable for 7 days, RC-4B/C and GH3 3D models for 7–10 days. ULA and SFDM 3D models of PC-12 cells could be used for further experiments up to 4 days. Higher steroid production in 3D models compared to conventional monolayer culture was detected. Endocrine tumor cells require extracellular matrix as scaffold for viable 3D models that can be one reason behind the lack of the usage of endocrine 3D cultures. Our models help understanding the pathogenesis of endocrine tumors and revealing potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. They could also serve as an excellent platform for preclinical drug test screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilla Krokker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Borbála Szabó
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Németh
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Rebeka Tóháti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Sarkadi
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Mészáros
- Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henriett Butz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Hereditary Tumours Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
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Culibrk RA, Arabiyat AS, DeKalb CA, Hahn MS. Modeling Sympathetic Hyperactivity in Alzheimer's Related Bone Loss. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:647-658. [PMID: 34569964 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant subset of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit low bone mineral density and are therefore more fracture-prone, relative to their similarly aged neurotypical counterparts. In addition to chronic immune hyperactivity, behavioral dysregulation of effector peripheral sympathetic neurons-which densely innervate bone and potently modulate bone remodeling-is implicated in this pathological bone reformation. OBJECTIVE Thus, there exists a pressing need for a robust in vitro model which allows interrogation of the paracrine interactions between the putative mediators of AD-related osteopenia: sympathetic neurons (SNs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). METHODS Toward this end, activated SN-like PC12 cells and bone marrow derived MSCs were cultured in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels in the presence or absence of the AD-relevant inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) under mono- and co-culture conditions. RESULTS PC12s and MSCs exposed separately to TNF-α displayed increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and decreased osteopontin (OPN), respectively. These data indicate that TNF-α was capable of inducing a dysregulated state in both cell types consistent with AD. Co-culture of TNF-α-activated PC12s and MSCs further exacerbated pathological behaviors in both cell types. Specifically, PC12s displayed increased secretion of interleukin 6 relative to TNF-α stimulated monoculture controls. Similarly, MSCs demonstrated a further reduction in osteogenic capacity relative to TNF-α stimulated monoculture controls, as illustrated by a significant decrease in OPN and collagen type I alpha I chain. CONCLUSION Taken together, these data may indicate that dysregulated sympathetic activity may contribute to AD-related bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Culibrk
- Hahn Tissue Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Ahmad S Arabiyat
- Hahn Tissue Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Carisa A DeKalb
- Hahn Tissue Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Mariah S Hahn
- Hahn Tissue Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
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Arabiyat AS, Becerra-Bayona S, Kamaldinov T, Munoz-Pinto DJ, Hahn MS. Hydrogel Properties May Influence Mesenchymal Stem Cell Lineage Progression Through Modulating GAPDH Activity. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-020-00164-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Erndt-Marino J, Yeisley DJ, Chen H, Levin M, Kaplan DL, Hahn MS. Interferon-Gamma Stimulated Murine Macrophages In Vitro: Impact of Ionic Composition and Osmolarity and Therapeutic Implications. Bioelectricity 2020; 2:48-58. [PMID: 32292895 PMCID: PMC7107958 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2019.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Injections of osmolytes are promising immunomodulatory treatments for medical benefit, although the rationale and underlying mechanisms are often lacking. The goals of the present study were twofold: (1) to clarify the anti-inflammatory role of the potassium ion and (2) to begin to decouple the effects that ionic strength, ionic species, and osmolarity have on macrophage biology. Materials and Methods: RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were encapsulated in three-dimensional, poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels and activated with interferon-gamma to yield M(IFN). Gene and protein profiles were made of M(IFN) exposed to different hyperosmolar treatments (80 mM potassium gluconate, 80 mM sodium gluconate, and 160 mM sucrose). Results: Relative to M(IFN), all hyperosmolar treatments suppressed expression of pro-inflammatory markers (nitric oxide synthase-2 [NOS-2], tumor necrosis factor-alpha, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1]) and increased messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of the pleiotropic and angiogenic markers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF), respectively. Ionic osmolytes also demonstrated a greater level of change compared to the nonionic treatments, with mRNA levels of IL-6 the most significantly affected. M(IFN) exposed to K+ exhibited the lowest levels of NOS-2 and MCP-1, and this ion limited IL-6 release induced by osmolarity. Conclusion: Cumulatively, these data suggest that osmolyte composition, ionic strength, and osmolarity are all parameters that can influence therapeutic outcomes. Future work is necessary to further decouple and mechanistically understand the influence that these biophysical parameters have on cell biology, including their impact on other macrophage functions, intracellular osmolyte composition, and cellular and organellular membrane potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Erndt-Marino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel J. Yeisley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Mariah S. Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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Diaz-Rodriguez P, Erndt-Marino JD, Gharat T, Munoz Pinto DJ, Samavedi S, Bearden R, Grunlan MA, Saunders WB, Hahn MS. Toward zonally tailored scaffolds for osteochondral differentiation of synovial mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:2019-2029. [PMID: 30549205 PMCID: PMC6934364 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) are an emerging cell source for regenerative medicine applications, including osteochondral defect (OCD) repair. However, in contrast to bone marrow MSCs, scaffold compositions which promote SMSC chondrogenesis/osteogenesis are still being identified. In the present manuscript, we examine poly(ethylene) glycol (PEG)-based scaffolds containing zonally-specific biochemical cues to guide SMSC osteochondral differentiation. Specifically, SMSCs were encapsulated in PEG-based scaffolds incorporating glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronan or chondroitin-6-sulfate [CSC]), low-dose of chondrogenic and osteogenic growth factors (TGFβ1 and BMP2, respectively), or osteoinductive poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). Initial studies suggested that PEG-CSC-TGFβ1 scaffolds promoted enhanced SMSC chondrogenic differentiation, as assessed by significant increases in Sox9 and aggrecan. Conversely, PEG-PDMS-BMP2 scaffolds stimulated increased levels of osteoblastic markers with significant mineral deposition. A "Transition" zone formulation was then developed containing a graded mixture of the chondrogenic and osteogenic signals present in the PEG-CSC-TGFβ1 and PEG-PDMS-BMP2 constructs. SMSCs within the "Transition" formulation displayed a phenotypic profile similar to hypertrophic chondrocytes, with the highest expression of collagen X, intermediate levels of osteopontin, and mineralization levels equivalent to "bone" formulations. Overall, these results suggest that a graded transition from PEG-CSC-TGFβ1 to PEG-PDMS-BMP2 scaffolds elicits a gradual SMSC phenotypic shift from chondrocyte to hypertrophic chondrocyte to osteoblast-like. As such, further development of these scaffold formulations for use in SMSC-based OCD repair is warranted. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2019-2029, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josh D Erndt-Marino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Tanmay Gharat
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Dany J Munoz Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Satyavrata Samavedi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Robert Bearden
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Melissa A Grunlan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - W Brian Saunders
- Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Mariah S Hahn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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Chen H, Erndt-Marino J, Diaz-Rodriguez P, Kulwatno J, Jimenez-Vergara AC, Thibeault SL, Hahn MS. In vitro evaluation of anti-fibrotic effects of select cytokines for vocal fold scar treatment. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 107:1056-1067. [PMID: 30184328 PMCID: PMC7011756 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scarring of the vocal fold lamina propria (LP) can cause considerable voice disorders due to reduced pliability in scar tissue, attributed in part to abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition produced by the fibrotic vocal fold fibroblast (fVFF). Cytokines with anti-fibrotic potential have been investigated to limit abnormal LP ECM, but are limited by the need for repeat injections. Moreover, the potentially significant role played by activated macrophages (AMOs) is usually not considered even though the interaction between AMO and fibrotic fibroblasts is known to regulate scar formation across different tissues. AMO are also regulated by cytokines that are used for LP scar removal, but little is known about AMO behaviors in response to these cytokines within the context of LP scar. In the present study, we evaluated anti-fibrotic effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a 3D, in vitro fVFF-AMO co-culture system using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels. Data from all cytokines was synthesized into a heat-map that enabled assessment of specific associations between AMO and fVFF phenotypes. Cumulatively, our results indicated that both HGF and IL-10 are potentially anti-fibrotic (reduction in fibrotic markers and enhancement in normal, anti-fibrotic VFF markers), while IL-6 displays more complex, marker specific effects. Possible associations between AMO and fVFF phenotypes were found and may highlight a potential desirable macrophage phenotype. These data support the therapeutic potential of HGF and IL-10 for LP scar treatment, and shed light on future strategies aimed at targeting specific AMO phenotypes. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 1056-1067, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Josh Erndt-Marino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | | | - Jonathan Kulwatno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | | | - Susan L Thibeault
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Mariah S. Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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Erndt-Marino J, Trinkle E, Hahn MS. Hyperosmolar Potassium (K +) Treatment Suppresses Osteoarthritic Chondrocyte Catabolic and Inflammatory Protein Production in a 3-Dimensional In Vitro Model. Cartilage 2019; 10:186-195. [PMID: 28992763 PMCID: PMC6425543 DOI: 10.1177/1947603517734028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main goal of this study was to provide a proof-of-concept demonstrating that hyperosmolar K+ solutions can limit production of catabolic and inflammatory mediators in human osteoarthritic chondrocytes (OACs). METHODS A 3-dimensional in vitro model with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels was used. Catabolic and pro-inflammatory protein production from encapsulated OACs was assessed following culture for 1 or 7 days in the presence or absence of 80 mM K+ gluconate, 80 mM sodium (Na+) gluconate, or 160 mM sucrose, each added to culture media (final osmolarity ~490 mOsm). RESULTS Relative to untreated controls, OACs treated with hyperosmolar (80 mM Na+ gluconate or 160 mM sucrose) solutions produced lower levels of catabolic and inflammatory mediators in a marker- and time-dependent manner (i.e., MMP-9 after 1 day; MCP-1 after 7 days ( P ≤ 0.015)). In contrast, OAC treatment with 80 mM K+ gluconate reduced catabolic and inflammatory mediators to a greater extent (both the number of markers and degree of suppression) relative to untreated, Na+ gluconate, or sucrose controls (i.e., MMP-3, -9, -13, TIMP-1, MCP-1, and IL-8 after 1 day; MMP-1, -3, -9, -13, TIMP-1, MCP-1, and IL-8 after 7 days ( P ≤ 0.029). CONCLUSIONS Hyperosmolar K+ solutions are capable of attenuating protein production of catabolic and inflammatory OA markers, providing the proof-of-concept needed for further development of a K+-based intra-articular injection for OA treatment. Moreover, K+ performed significantly better than Na+- or sucrose-based solutions, supporting the application of K+ toward improving irrigation solutions for joint surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh Erndt-Marino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Erik Trinkle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Mariah S. Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA,Mariah S. Hahn, Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180,
USA.
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Arabiyat AS, Diaz-Rodriguez P, Erndt-Marino JD, Totsingan F, Mekala S, Gross RA, Hahn MS. Effect of Poly(sophorolipid) Functionalization on Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Osteogenesis and Immunomodulation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 2:118-126. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kamaldinov T, Erndt-Marino J, Diaz-Rodriguez P, Chen H, Gharat T, Munoz-Pinto D, Arduini B, Hahn MS. Tuning Forkhead Box D3 overexpression to promote specific osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells while reducing pluripotency in a three-dimensional culture system. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:2256-2265. [PMID: 30350469 DOI: 10.1002/term.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical use of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in bone regeneration applications requires that their osteogenic differentiation be highly controllable as well as time- and cost-effective. The main goals of the current work were thus (a) to assess whether overexpression of pluripotency regulator Forkhead Box D3 (FOXD3) can enhance the osteogenic commitment of hESCs seeded in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds and (b) to evaluate if the degree of FOXD3 overexpression regulates the strength and specificity of hESC osteogenic commitment. In conducting these studies, an interpenetrating hydrogel network consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate and collagen I was utilized as a 3D culture platform. Expression of osteogenic, chondrogenic, pluripotency, and germ layer markers by encapsulated hESCs was measured after 2 weeks of culture in osteogenic medium in the presence or absence doxycycline-induced FOXD3 transgene expression. Towards the first goal, FOXD3 overexpression initiated 24 hr prior to hESC encapsulation, relative to unstimulated controls, resulted in upregulation of osteogenic markers and enhanced calcium deposition, without promoting off-target effects. However, when initiation of FOXD3 overexpression was increased from 24 to 48 hr prior to encapsulation, hESC osteogenic commitment was not further enhanced and off-target effects were noted. Specifically, relative to 24-hr prestimulation, initiation of FOXD3 overexpression 48 hr prior to encapsulation yielded increased expression of pluripotency markers while reducing mesodermal but increasing endodermal germ layer marker expression. Combined, the current results indicate that the controlled overexpression of FOXD3 warrants further investigation as a mechanism to guide enhanced hESC osteogenic commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Kamaldinov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Josh Erndt-Marino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | | | - Hongyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Tanmay Gharat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Dany Munoz-Pinto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Brigitte Arduini
- Rensselaer Center for Stem Cell Research, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
| | - Mariah S Hahn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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