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Heydari P, Zargar Kharazi A, Shariati L. Enhanced wound regeneration by PGS/PLA fiber dressing containing platelet-rich plasma: an in vitro study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12019. [PMID: 38797743 PMCID: PMC11128439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Novel wound dressings with therapeutic effects are being continually designed to improve the wound healing process. In this study, the structural, chemical, physical, and biological properties of an electrospun poly glycerol sebacate/poly lactide acid/platelet-rich plasma (PGS/PLA-PRP) nanofibers were evaluated to determine its impacts on in vitro wound healing. Results revealed desirable cell viability in the Fibroblast (L929) and macrophage (RAW-264.7) cell lines as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Cell migration was evident in the scratch assay (L929 cell line) so that it promoted scratch contraction to accelerate in vitro wound healing. Moreover, addition of PRP to the fiber structure led to enhanced collagen deposition (~ 2 times) in comparison with PGS/PLA scaffolds. While by addition PRP to PGS/PLA fibers not only decreased the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in RAW-264.7 cells but also led to significantly increased levels of cytokine (IL-10) and the growth factor (TGF-β), which are related to the anti-inflammatory phase (M2 phenotype). Finally, PGS/PLA-PRP was found to induce a significant level of angiogenesis by forming branching points, loops, and tubes. Based on the results obtained, the PGS/PLA-PRP dressing developed might be a promising evolution in skin tissue engineering ensuring improved wound healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Heydari
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111, Iran
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Anousheh Zargar Kharazi
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Biomaterials Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Faculty, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Laleh Shariati
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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Wang Z, Zhang M, Liu L, Mithieux SM, Weiss AS. Polyglycerol sebacate-based elastomeric materials for arterial regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024; 112:574-585. [PMID: 37345954 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic vascular grafts are commonly used in patients with severe occlusive arterial disease when autologous grafts are not an option. Commercially available synthetic grafts are confronted with challenging outcomes: they have a lower patency rate than autologous grafts and are currently unable to promote arterial regeneration. Polyglycerol sebacate (PGS), a non-toxic polymer with a tunable degradation profile, has shown promising results as a small-diameter vascular graft component that can support the formation of neoarteries. In this review, we first present an overview of the synthesis and modification of PGS followed by an examination of its mechanical properties. We then report on the performance, degradation, regeneration, and remodeling of PGS-based small-diameter vascular grafts, with a focus on efforts to reduce thrombosis, prevent dilation, and promote cellular residency and extracellular matrix regeneration that resembles the native artery in spatial distribution and organization. We also highlight recent advances in the incorporation of novel in situ cell sources for arterial regeneration and their potential application in PGS-based vascular grafts. Finally, we compare vascular grafts fabricated using PGS-based materials with other elastomeric alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Wang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Linyang Liu
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Mithieux
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony S Weiss
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Razavi MS, Ebrahimnejad P, Javar HA, Weppelmann TA, Akbari J, Amoli FA, Atyabi F, Dinarvand R. Development of dual-functional core-shell electrospun mats with controlled release of anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial agents for the treatment of corneal alkali burn injuries. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213648. [PMID: 37812983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel dual-drug carrier for the co-administration of an anti-inflammatory and antibiotic agent consisting of core-shell nanofibers for the treatment of cornea alkali burns was designed. The core-shell nanofibers were prepared via coaxial electrospinning of curcumin-loaded silk fibroin as the core and vancomycin-loaded chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as the shell. Electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) images confirmed the preparation of smooth, bead-free, and continuous fibers that formed clear core-shell structures. For further studies, nanofiber mats were cross-linked by heat treatment to avoid rapid disintegration in water and improve both mechanical properties and drug release. The release profile of curcumin and vancomycin indicated an initial burst release, continued by the extended release of both drugs within 72 hours. Rabbit corneal cells demonstrated high rates of proliferation when evaluated using a cell metabolism assay. Finally, the therapeutic efficiency of core/shell nanofibers in healing cornea alkali burn was studied by microscopic and macroscopic observation, fluorescence staining, and hematoxylin-eosin assay on rabbit eyes. The anti-inflammatory activity of fabricated fibers was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Immunofluorescence analysis. In conclusion, using a robust array of in vitro and in vivo experiments this study demonstrated the ability of the dual-drug carriers to promote corneal re-epithelialization, minimize inflammation, and inhibit corneal neovascularization. Since these parameters are critical to the healing of corneal wounds from alkali burns, we suggest that this discovery represents a promising future therapeutic agent that warrants further study in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Sadat Razavi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedram Ebrahimnejad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Hemoglobinopathy Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Hamid Akbari Javar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas A Weppelmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Jafar Akbari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Asadi Amoli
- Ophthalmic Pathology Department, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Leicester School of Pharmacy, Leicester Institute for Pharmaceutical Innovation, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK.
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4
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Fakhri V, Su CH, Tavakoli Dare M, Bazmi M, Jafari A, Pirouzfar V. Harnessing the power of polyol-based polyesters for biomedical innovations: synthesis, properties, and biodegradation. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9597-9629. [PMID: 37740402 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01186k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Polyesters based on polyols have emerged as promising biomaterials for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, and regenerative medicine, due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatile physicochemical properties. This review article provides an overview of the synthesis methods, performance, and biodegradation mechanisms of polyol-based polyesters, highlighting their potential for use in a wide range of biomedical applications. The synthesis techniques, such as simple polycondensation and enzymatic polymerization, allow for the fine-tuning of polyester structure and molecular weight, thereby enabling the tailoring of material properties to specific application requirements. The physicochemical properties of polyol-based polyesters, such as hydrophilicity, crystallinity, and mechanical properties, can be altered by incorporating different polyols. The article highlights the influence of various factors, such as molecular weight, crosslinking density, and degradation medium, on the biodegradation behavior of these materials, and the importance of understanding these factors for controlling degradation rates. Future research directions include the development of novel polyesters with improved properties, optimization of degradation rates, and exploration of advanced processing techniques for fabricating scaffolds and drug delivery systems. Overall, polyol-based polyesters hold significant potential in the field of biomedical applications, paving the way for groundbreaking advancements and innovative solutions that could revolutionize patient care and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vafa Fakhri
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Chia-Hung Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Masoud Tavakoli Dare
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Bazmi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Jafari
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, P.O. Box 15875-4413, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Vahid Pirouzfar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Zhang H, Zhang Q, Du J, Zhu T, Chen D, Liu F, Dong Y. Nanofibers with homogeneous heparin distribution and protracted release profile for vascular tissue engineering. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1187914. [PMID: 37425354 PMCID: PMC10324977 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1187914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinic, controlling acute coagulation after small-diameter vessel grafts transplantation is considered a primary problem. The combination of heparin with high anticoagulant efficiency and polyurethane fiber with good compliance is a good choice for vascular materials. However, blending water-soluble heparin with fat-soluble poly (ester-ether-urethane) urea elastomer (PEEUU) uniformly and preparing nanofibers tubular grafts with uniform morphology is a huge challenge. In this research, we have compounded PEEUU with optimized constant concentration of heparin by homogeneous emulsion blending, then spun into the hybrid PEEUU/heparin nanofibers tubular graft (H-PHNF) for replacing rats' abdominal aorta in situ for comprehensive performance evaluation. The in vitro results demonstrated that H-PHNF was of uniform microstructure, moderate wettability, matched mechanical properties, reliable cytocompatibility, and strongest ability to promote endothelial growth. Replacement of resected abdominal artery with the H-PHNF in rat showed that the graft was capable of homogeneous hybrid heparin and significantly promoted the stabilization of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) as well as stabilizing the blood microenvironment. This research demonstrates the H-PHNF with substantial patency, indicating their potential for vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afffliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Qilu Zhang
- School of Textiles and Fashion, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Tonghe Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afffliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Dian Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feiying Liu
- School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Dong
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Afffliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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6
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Wang Q, Wang X, Feng Y. Chitosan Hydrogel as Tissue Engineering Scaffolds for Vascular Regeneration Applications. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050373. [PMID: 37232967 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan hydrogels have a wide range of applications in tissue engineering scaffolds, mainly due to the advantages of their chemical and physical properties. This review focuses on the application of chitosan hydrogels in tissue engineering scaffolds for vascular regeneration. We have mainly introduced these following aspects: advantages and progress of chitosan hydrogels in vascular regeneration hydrogels and the modification of chitosan hydrogels to improve the application in vascular regeneration. Finally, this paper discusses the prospects of chitosan hydrogels for vascular regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin), Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin), Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yakai Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Yaguan Road 135, Tianjin 300350, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin), Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin 300072, China
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7
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Godinho B, Gama N, Ferreira A. Different methods of synthesizing poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS): A review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1033827. [PMID: 36532580 PMCID: PMC9748623 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1033827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a biodegradable elastomer that has attracted increasing attention as a potential material for applications in biological tissue engineering. The conventional method of synthesis, first described in 2002, is based on the polycondensation of glycerol and sebacic acid, but it is a time-consuming and energy-intensive process. In recent years, new approaches for producing PGS, PGS blends, and PGS copolymers have been reported to not only reduce the time and energy required to obtain the final material but also to adjust the properties and processability of the PGS-based materials based on the desired applications. This review compiles more than 20 years of PGS synthesis reports, reported inconsistencies, and proposed alternatives to more rapidly produce PGS polymer structures or PGS derivatives with tailor-made properties. Synthesis conditions such as temperature, reaction time, reagent ratio, atmosphere, catalysts, microwave-assisted synthesis, and PGS modifications (urethane and acrylate groups, blends, and copolymers) were revisited to present and discuss the diverse alternatives to produce and adapt PGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Godinho
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno Gama
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur Ferreira
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- ESTGA-Águeda School of Technology and Management, Águeda, Portugal
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Xu H, Su Y, Liao Z, Liu Z, Huang X, Zhao L, Duan R, Hu Y, Wei Y, Lian X, Huang D. Coaxial bioprinting vascular constructs: A review. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Recent advances in 3D-printed polylactide and polycaprolactone-based biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:930-968. [PMID: 35896130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The three-dimensional printing (3DP) also known as the additive manufacturing (AM), a novel and futuristic technology that facilitates the printing of multiscale, biomimetic, intricate cytoarchitecture, function-structure hierarchy, multi-cellular tissues in the complicated micro-environment, patient-specific scaffolds, and medical devices. There is an increasing demand for developing 3D-printed products that can be utilized for organ transplantations due to the organ shortage. Nowadays, the 3DP has gained considerable interest in the tissue engineering (TE) field. Polylactide (PLA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) are exemplary biomaterials with excellent physicochemical properties and biocompatibility, which have drawn notable attraction in tissue regeneration. Herein, the recent advancements in the PLA and PCL biodegradable polymer-based composites as well as their reinforcement with hydrogels and bio-ceramics scaffolds manufactured through 3DP are systematically summarized and the applications of bone, cardiac, neural, vascularized and skin tissue regeneration are thoroughly elucidated. The interaction between implanted biodegradable polymers, in-vivo and in-vitro testing models for possible evaluation of degradation and biological properties are also illustrated. The final section of this review incorporates the current challenges and future opportunities in the 3DP of PCL- and PLA-based composites that will prove helpful for biomedical engineers to fulfill the demands of the clinical field.
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Wang W, Zhou Z, Liu N, Zhang X, Zhou H, Wang Y, Fang K, Wu T. Improving Biocompatibility of Polyester Fabrics through Polyurethane/Gelatin Complex Coating for Potential Vascular Application. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050989. [PMID: 35267812 PMCID: PMC8912764 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical apparatus and instruments, such as vascular grafts, are first exposed to blood when they are implanted. Therefore, blood compatibility is considered to be the critical issue when constructing a vascular graft. In this regard, the coating method is verified to be an effective and simple approach to improve the blood compatibility as well as prevent the grafts from blood leakage. In this study, polyester fabric is chosen as the substrate to provide excellent mechanical properties while a coating layer of polyurethane is introduced to prevent the blood leakage. Furthermore, gelatin is coated on the substrate to mimic the native extracellular matrix together with the improvement of biocompatibility. XPS and FTIR analysis are performed for elemental and group analysis to determine the successful coating of polyurethane and gelatin on the polyester fabrics. In terms of blood compatibility, hemolysis and platelet adhesion are measured to investigate the anticoagulation performance. In vitro cell experiments also indicate that endothelial cells show good proliferation and morphology on the polyester fabric modified with such coating layers. Taken together, such polyester fabric coated with polyurethane and gelatin layers would have a promising potential in constructing vascular grafts with expected blood compatibility and biocompatibility without destroying the basic mechanical requirements for vascular applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Textile & Clothing, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.W.); (H.Z.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biofibers and Eco-Textiles, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.Z.); (N.L.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Na Liu
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.Z.); (N.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaopei Zhang
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.Z.); (N.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hua Zhou
- College of Textile & Clothing, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.W.); (H.Z.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biofibers and Eco-Textiles, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- Central Laboratory, Qingdao Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (K.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Kuanjun Fang
- College of Textile & Clothing, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China; (W.W.); (H.Z.)
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biofibers and Eco-Textiles, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (K.F.); (T.W.)
| | - Tong Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Textiles of Shandong Province and the Ministry of Education, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; (Z.Z.); (N.L.); (X.Z.)
- Department of Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (K.F.); (T.W.)
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