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Vahidi M, Rizkalla AS, Mequanint K. Extracellular Matrix-Surrogate Advanced Functional Composite Biomaterials for Tissue Repair and Regeneration. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2401218. [PMID: 39036851 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202401218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Native tissues, comprising multiple cell types and extracellular matrix components, are inherently composites. Mimicking the intricate structure, functionality, and dynamic properties of native composite tissues represents a significant frontier in biomaterials science and tissue engineering research. Biomimetic composite biomaterials combine the benefits of different components, such as polymers, ceramics, metals, and biomolecules, to create tissue-template materials that closely simulate the structure and functionality of native tissues. While the design of composite biomaterials and their in vitro testing are frequently reviewed, there is a considerable gap in whole animal studies that provides insight into the progress toward clinical translation. Herein, we provide an insightful critical review of advanced composite biomaterials applicable in several tissues. The incorporation of bioactive cues and signaling molecules into composite biomaterials to mimic the native microenvironment is discussed. Strategies for the spatiotemporal release of growth factors, cytokines, and extracellular matrix proteins are elucidated, highlighting their role in guiding cellular behavior, promoting tissue regeneration, and modulating immune responses. Advanced composite biomaterials design challenges, such as achieving optimal mechanical properties, improving long-term stability, and integrating multifunctionality into composite biomaterials and future directions, are discussed. We believe that this manuscript provides the reader with a timely perspective on composite biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Vahidi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Amin S Rizkalla
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A5B9, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A5B9, Canada
| | - Kibret Mequanint
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A5B9, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Western Ontario, London, N6A5B9, Canada
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Li YM, Ji Y, Meng YX, Kim YJ, Lee H, Kurian AG, Park JH, Yoon JY, Knowles JC, Choi Y, Kim YS, Yoon BE, Singh RK, Lee HH, Kim HW, Lee JH. Neural Tissue-Like, not Supraphysiological, Electrical Conductivity Stimulates Neuronal Lineage Specification through Calcium Signaling and Epigenetic Modification. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400586. [PMID: 38984490 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Electrical conductivity is a pivotal biophysical factor for neural interfaces, though optimal values remain controversial due to challenges isolating this cue. To address this issue, conductive substrates made of carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide nanoribbons, exhibiting a spectrum of conductivities from 0.02 to 3.2 S m-1, while controlling other surface properties is designed. The focus is to ascertain whether varying conductivity in isolation has any discernable impact on neural lineage specification. Remarkably, neural-tissue-like low conductivity (0.02-0.1 S m-1) prompted neural stem/progenitor cells to exhibit a greater propensity toward neuronal lineage specification (neurons and oligodendrocytes, not astrocytes) compared to high supraphysiological conductivity (3.2 S m-1). High conductivity instigated the apoptotic process, characterized by increased apoptotic fraction and decreased neurogenic morphological features, primarily due to calcium overload. Conversely, cells exposed to physiological conductivity displayed epigenetic changes, specifically increased chromatin openness with H3acetylation (H3ac) and neurogenic-transcription-factor activation, along with a more balanced intracellular calcium response. The pharmacological inhibition of H3ac further supported the idea that such epigenetic changes might play a key role in driving neuronal specification in response to neural-tissue-like, not supraphysiological, conductive cues. These findings underscore the necessity of optimal conductivity when designing neural interfaces and scaffolds to stimulate neuronal differentiation and facilitate the repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Meng Li
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Four NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunseong Ji
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Xuan Meng
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Four NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kim
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwalim Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Amal George Kurian
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Four NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hui Park
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Yoon
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Four NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan C Knowles
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Four NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, Royal Free Hospital, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Yunkyu Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Sik Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Yoon
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Rajendra K Singh
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Four NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Hyoung Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Four NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Four NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Regenerative Dental Medicine, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 Four NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Mechanobiology Dental Medicine Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, 31116, Republic of Korea
- Cell & Matter Institute, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
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Ballard A, Patush R, Perez J, Juarez C, Kirillova A. Bioprinting: Mechanical Stabilization and Reinforcement Strategies in Regenerative Medicine. Tissue Eng Part A 2024; 30:387-408. [PMID: 38205634 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioprinting describes the printing of biomaterials and cell-laden or cell-free hydrogels with various combinations of embedded bioactive molecules. It encompasses the precise patterning of biomaterials and cells to create scaffolds for different biomedical needs. There are many requirements that bioprinting scaffolds face, and it is ultimately the interplay between the scaffold's structure, properties, processing, and performance that will lead to its successful translation. Among the essential properties that the scaffolds must possess-adequate and appropriate application-specific chemical, mechanical, and biological performance-the mechanical behavior of hydrogel-based bioprinted scaffolds is the key to their stable performance in vivo at the site of implantation. Hydrogels that typically constitute the main scaffold material and the medium for the cells and biomolecules are very soft, and often lack sufficient mechanical stability, which reduces their printability and, therefore, the bioprinting potential. The aim of this review article is to highlight the reinforcement strategies that are used in different bioprinting approaches to achieve enhanced mechanical stability of the bioinks and the printed scaffolds. Enabling stable and robust materials for the bioprinting processes will lead to the creation of truly complex and remarkable printed structures that could accelerate the application of smart, functional scaffolds in biomedical settings. Impact statement Bioprinting is a powerful tool for the fabrication of 3D structures and scaffolds for biomedical applications. It has gained tremendous attention in recent years, and the bioink library is expanding to include more and more material combinations. From the practical application perspective, different properties need to be considered, such as the printed structure's chemical, mechanical, and biological performances. Among these, the mechanical behavior of the printed constructs is critical for their successful translation into the clinic. The aim of this review article is to explore the different reinforcement strategies used for the mechanical stabilization of bioinks and bioprinted structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Ballard
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rebecca Patush
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jenesis Perez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Carmen Juarez
- Des Moines Area Community College, Ankeny, Iowa, USA
| | - Alina Kirillova
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Nascimento ATD, Mendes AX, Duchi S, Duc D, Aguilar LC, Quigley AF, Kapsa RMI, Nisbet DR, Stoddart PR, Silva SM, Moulton SE. Wired for Success: Probing the Effect of Tissue-Engineered Neural Interface Substrates on Cell Viability. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:3775-3791. [PMID: 38722625 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the electrochemical behavior of GelMA-based hydrogels and their interactions with PC12 neural cells under electrical stimulation in the presence of conducting substrates. Focusing on indium tin oxide (ITO), platinum, and gold mylar substrates supporting conductive scaffolds composed of hydrogel, graphene oxide, and gold nanorods, we explored how the substrate materials affect scaffold conductivity and cell viability. We examined the impact of an optimized electrical stimulation protocol on the PC12 cell viability. According to our findings, substrate selection significantly influences conductive hydrogel behavior, affecting cell viability and proliferation as a result. In particular, the ITO substrates were found to provide the best support for cell viability with an average of at least three times higher metabolic activity compared to platinum and gold mylar substrates over a 7 day stimulation period. The study offers new insights into substrate selection as a platform for neural cell stimulation and underscores the critical role of substrate materials in optimizing the efficacy of neural interfaces for biomedical applications. In addition to extending existing work, this study provides a robust platform for future explorations aimed at tailoring the full potential of tissue-engineered neural interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Teixeira do Nascimento
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Alexandre X Mendes
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Serena Duchi
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Daniela Duc
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Lilith C Aguilar
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anita F Quigley
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Robert M I Kapsa
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- School of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - David R Nisbet
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- The Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Medical School, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Paul R Stoddart
- School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Saimon M Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, The Biomedical and Environmental Sensor Technology Research Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Simon E Moulton
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
- The Aikenhead Centre for Medical Discovery, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Iverson Health Innovation Research Institute, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria 3122, Australia
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Jiu J, Liu H, Li D, Li J, Liu L, Yang W, Yan L, Li S, Zhang J, Li X, Li JJ, Wang B. 3D bioprinting approaches for spinal cord injury repair. Biofabrication 2024; 16:032003. [PMID: 38569491 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ad3a13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Regenerative healing of spinal cord injury (SCI) poses an ongoing medical challenge by causing persistent neurological impairment and a significant socioeconomic burden. The complexity of spinal cord tissue presents hurdles to successful regeneration following injury, due to the difficulty of forming a biomimetic structure that faithfully replicates native tissue using conventional tissue engineering scaffolds. 3D bioprinting is a rapidly evolving technology with unmatched potential to create 3D biological tissues with complicated and hierarchical structure and composition. With the addition of biological additives such as cells and biomolecules, 3D bioprinting can fabricate preclinical implants, tissue or organ-like constructs, andin vitromodels through precise control over the deposition of biomaterials and other building blocks. This review highlights the characteristics and advantages of 3D bioprinting for scaffold fabrication to enable SCI repair, including bottom-up manufacturing, mechanical customization, and spatial heterogeneity. This review also critically discusses the impact of various fabrication parameters on the efficacy of spinal cord repair using 3D bioprinted scaffolds, including the choice of printing method, scaffold shape, biomaterials, and biological supplements such as cells and growth factors. High-quality preclinical studies are required to accelerate the translation of 3D bioprinting into clinical practice for spinal cord repair. Meanwhile, other technological advances will continue to improve the regenerative capability of bioprinted scaffolds, such as the incorporation of nanoscale biological particles and the development of 4D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Jiu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dijun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Wenjie Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Songyan Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoke Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanxi Medical University Second Affiliated Hospital, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Jiao Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Yang Y, Fan R, Li H, Chen H, Gong H, Guo G. Polysaccharides as a promising platform for the treatment of spinal cord injury: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 327:121672. [PMID: 38171685 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is incurable and often results in irreversible damage to motor function and autonomic sensory abilities. To enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic substances such as cells, growth factors, drugs, and nucleic acids for treating spinal cord injuries, as well as to reduce the toxic side effects of chemical reagents, polysaccharides have been gained attention due to their immunomodulatory properties and the biocompatibility and biodegradability of polysaccharide scaffolds. Polysaccharides hold potential as drug delivery systems in treating spinal cord injuries. This article aims to present an extensive evaluation of the potential applications of polysaccharide materials in scaffold construction, drug delivery, and immunomodulation over the past five years so that offering new directions and opportunities for the treatment of spinal cord injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanli Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Rangrang Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Haifeng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hanlin Gong
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Gang Guo
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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Kim SD, Kim K, Shin M. Recent advances in 3D printable conductive hydrogel inks for neural engineering. NANO CONVERGENCE 2023; 10:41. [PMID: 37679589 PMCID: PMC10484881 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00389-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the 3D printing of conductive hydrogels has undergone remarkable advances in the fabrication of complex and functional structures. In the field of neural engineering, an increasing number of reports have been published on tissue engineering and bioelectronic approaches over the last few years. The convergence of 3D printing methods and electrically conducting hydrogels may create new clinical and therapeutic possibilities for precision regenerative medicine and implants. In this review, we summarize (i) advancements in preparation strategies for conductive materials, (ii) various printing techniques enabling the fabrication of electroconductive hydrogels, (iii) the required physicochemical properties of the printed constructs, (iv) their applications in bioelectronics and tissue regeneration for neural engineering, and (v) unconventional approaches and outlooks for the 3D printing of conductive hydrogels. This review provides technical insights into 3D printable conductive hydrogels and encompasses recent developments, specifically over the last few years of research in the neural engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Dong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungryong Kim
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mikyung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Liu T, Zhang Q, Li H, Cui X, Qi Z, Yang X. An injectable, self-healing, electroconductive hydrogel loaded with neural stem cells and donepezil for enhancing local therapy effect of spinal cord injury. J Biol Eng 2023; 17:48. [PMID: 37488558 PMCID: PMC10367392 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-023-00368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious injury with high mortality and disability rates, and there is no effective treatment at present. It has been reported that some treatments, such as drug intervention and stem cell transplantation have positive effects in promoting neurological recovery. Although those treatments are effective for nerve regeneration, many drawbacks, such as low stem cell survival rates and side effects caused by systemic medication, have limited their development. In recent years, injectable hydrogel materials have been widely used in tissue engineering due to their good biocompatibility, biodegradability, controllable properties, and low invasiveness. The treatment strategy of injectable hydrogels combined with stem cells or drugs has made some progress in SCI repair, showing the potential to overcome the drawbacks of traditional drugs and stem cell therapy. METHODS In this study, a novel injectable electroactive hydrogel (NGP) based on sodium hyaluronate oxide (SAO) and polyaniline-grafted gelatine (NH2-Gel-PANI) was developed as a material in which to load neural stem cells (NSCs) and donepezil (DPL) to facilitate nerve regeneration after SCI. To evaluate the potential of the prepared NGP hydrogel in SCI repair applications, the surface morphology, self-repairing properties, electrical conductivity and cytocompatibility of the resulting hydrogel were analysed. Meanwhile, we evaluated the neural repair ability of NGP hydrogels loaded with DPL and NSCs using a rat model of spinal cord injury. RESULTS The NGP hydrogel has a suitable pore size, good biocompatibility, excellent conductivity, and injectable and self-repairing properties, and its degradation rate matches the repair cycle of spinal cord injury. In addition, DPL could be released continuously and slowly from the NGP hydrogel; thus, the NGP hydrogel could serve as an excellent carrier for drugs and cells. The results of in vitro cell experiments showed that the NGP hydrogel had good cytocompatibility and could significantly promote the neuronal differentiation and axon growth of NSCs, and loading the hydrogel with DPL could significantly enhance this effect. More importantly, the NGP hydrogel loaded with DPL showed a significant inhibitory effect on astrocytic differentiation of NSCs in vitro. Animal experiments showed that the combination of NGP hydrogel, DPL, and NSCs had the best therapeutic effect on the recovery of motor function and nerve conduction function in rats. NGP hydrogel loaded with NSCs and DPL not only significantly increased the myelin sheath area, number of new neurons and axon area but also minimized the area of the cystic cavity and glial scar and promoted neural circuit reconstruction. CONCLUSIONS The DPL- and NSC-laden electroactive hydrogel developed in this study is an ideal biomaterial for the treatment of traumatic spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiemei Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130033, Changchun, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 130041, Changchun, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 130041, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoqian Cui
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 130041, Changchun, PR China
| | - Zhiping Qi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 130041, Changchun, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Yang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, 130033, Changchun, China.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, 130041, Changchun, China.
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Zhao W, Tu H, Chen J, Wang J, Liu H, Zhang F, Li J. Functionalized hydrogels in neural injury repairing. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1199299. [PMID: 37404462 PMCID: PMC10315583 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1199299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Repairing injuries to the nervous system has always been a prominent topic in clinical research. Direct suturing and nerve displacement surgery are the primary treatment options, but they may not be suitable for long nerve injuries and may require sacrificing the functionality of other autologous nerves. With the emergence of tissue engineering, hydrogel materials have been identified as a promising technology with clinical translation potential for repairing nervous system injuries due to their excellent biocompatibility and ability to release or deliver functional ions. By controlling their composition and structure, hydrogels can be Functionalized and almost fully matched with nerve tissue and even simulate nerve conduction function and mechanical properties. Thus, they are suitable for repairing injuries to both the central and peripheral nervous systems. This article provides a review of recent research progress in functionalized hydrogels for nerve injury repair, highlighting the design differences among various materials and future research directions. We strongly believe that the development of functionalized hydrogels has great potential for improving the clinical treatment of nerve injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Zhao
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Hui Tu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jianxiao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Haoting Liu
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Fengshou Zhang
- College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Office of Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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10
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Sekar MP, Suresh S, Zennifer A, Sethuraman S, Sundaramurthi D. Hyaluronic Acid as Bioink and Hydrogel Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37115515 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Bioprinting is an additive manufacturing technique that focuses on developing living tissue constructs using bioinks. Bioink is crucial in determining the stability of printed patterns, which remains a major challenge in bioprinting. Thus, the choices of bioink composition, modifications, and cross-linking methods are being continuously researched to augment the clinical translation of bioprinted constructs. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a naturally occurring polysaccharide with the repeating unit of N-acetyl-glucosamine and d-glucuronic acid disaccharides. It is present in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of tissues (skin, cartilage, nerve, muscle, etc.) with a wide range of molecular weights. Due to the nature of its chemical structure, HA could be easily subjected to chemical modifications and cross-linking that would enable better printability and stability. These interesting properties have made HA an ideal choice of bioinks for developing tissue constructs for regenerative medicine applications. In this Review, the physicochemical properties, reaction chemistry involved in various cross-linking strategies, and biomedical applications of HA have been elaborately discussed. Further, the features of HA bioinks, emerging strategies in HA bioink preparations, and their applications in 3D bioprinting have been highlighted. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives in the clinical translation of HA-based bioinks are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu Parkkavi Sekar
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tamil Nadu - 613 401, India
| | - Shruthy Suresh
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tamil Nadu - 613 401, India
| | - Allen Zennifer
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tamil Nadu - 613 401, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tamil Nadu - 613 401, India
| | - Dhakshinamoorthy Sundaramurthi
- Tissue Engineering & Additive Manufacturing (TEAM) Lab, Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), ABCDE Innovation Centre, School of Chemical & Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Tamil Nadu - 613 401, India
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11
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Tran KA, DeOre BJ, Ikejiani D, Means K, Paone LS, De Marchi L, Suprewicz Ł, Koziol K, Bouyer J, Byfield FJ, Jin Y, Georges P, Fischer I, Janmey PA, Galie PA. Matching mechanical heterogeneity of the native spinal cord augments axon infiltration in 3D-printed scaffolds. Biomaterials 2023; 295:122061. [PMID: 36842339 PMCID: PMC10292106 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds delivered to injured spinal cords to stimulate axon connectivity often match the anisotropy of native tissue using guidance cues along the rostral-caudal axis, but current approaches do not mimic the heterogeneity of host tissue mechanics. Although white and gray matter have different mechanical properties, it remains unclear whether tissue mechanics also vary along the length of the cord. Mechanical testing performed in this study indicates that bulk spinal cord mechanics do differ along anatomical level and that these differences are caused by variations in the ratio of white and gray matter. These results suggest that scaffolds recreating the heterogeneity of spinal cord tissue mechanics must account for the disparity between gray and white matter. Digital light processing (DLP) provides a means to mimic spinal cord topology, but has previously been limited to printing homogeneous mechanical properties. We describe a means to modify DLP to print scaffolds that mimic spinal cord mechanical heterogeneity caused by variation in the ratio of white and gray matter, which improves axon infiltration compared to controls exhibiting homogeneous mechanical properties. These results demonstrate that scaffolds matching the mechanical heterogeneity of white and gray matter improve the effectiveness of biomaterials transplanted within the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet A Tran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Brandon J DeOre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - David Ikejiani
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kristen Means
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Louis S Paone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Laura De Marchi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Łukasz Suprewicz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Nanobiomedical Engineering, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarina Koziol
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA
| | - Julien Bouyer
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fitzroy J Byfield
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ying Jin
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Penelope Georges
- Council on Science and Technology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Itzhak Fischer
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter A Galie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, USA.
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12
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Nie L, Wei Q, Li J, Deng Y, He X, Gao X, Ma X, Liu S, Sun Y, Jiang G, Okoro OV, Shavandi A, Jing S. Fabrication and desired properties of conductive hydrogel dressings for wound healing. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8502-8522. [PMID: 36926300 PMCID: PMC10012873 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07195a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels are platforms recognized as constituting promising materials for tissue engineering applications. This is because such conductive hydrogels are characterized by the inherent conductivity properties while retaining favorable biocompatibility and mechanical properties. These conductive hydrogels can be particularly useful in enhancing wound healing since their favorable conductivity can promote the transport of essential ions for wound healing via the imposition of a so-called transepithelial potential. Other valuable properties of these conductive hydrogels, such as wound monitoring, stimuli-response etc., are also discussed in this study. Crucially, the properties of conductive hydrogels, such as 3D printability and monitoring properties, suggest the possibility of its use as an alternative wound dressing to traditional dressings such as bandages. This review, therefore, seeks to comprehensively explore the functionality of conductive hydrogels in wound healing, types of conductive hydrogels and their preparation strategies and crucial properties of hydrogels. This review will also assess the limitations of conductive hydrogels and future perspectives, with an emphasis on the development trend for conductive hydrogel uses in wound dressing fabrication for subsequent clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068.,Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 - CP 165/61 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Qianqian Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Jingyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Yaling Deng
- College of Intelligent Science and Control Engineering, Jinling Institute of Technology Nanjing 211169 P.R. China
| | - Xiaorui He
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Xinyue Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Xiao Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Sun
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Guohua Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China.,International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Intelligent Biomaterials and Functional Fibers, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Oseweuba Valentine Okoro
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 - CP 165/61 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Amin Shavandi
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt 50 - CP 165/61 1050 Brussels Belgium
| | - Shengli Jing
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University Xinyang 464000 China +86-13600621068
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13
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Kiyotake EA, Thomas EE, Iribagiza C, Detamore MS. High-stiffness, fast-crosslinking, cartilage matrix bioinks. J Biomech 2023; 148:111471. [PMID: 36746081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolds derived from cartilage extracellular matrix may contain intrinsic chondroinductivity and have promise for cartilage regeneration. Cartilage is typically ground into devitalized particles (DVC) and several groups have pioneered innovative methods to rebuild the DVC into a new scaffold. However, challenges remain regarding the fluid and solid biomechanics of cartilage-based scaffolds in achieving 1) high mechanical performance akin to native cartilage and 2) easy surgical delivery/retention. Fortunately, photocrosslinking bioinks may benefit clinical translation: paste-like/injectable precursor rheology facilitates surgical placement, and in situ photocrosslinking enables material retention within any size/shape of defect. While solubilized DVC has been modified with methacryloyls (MeSDVC), MeSDVC is limited by slow crosslinking times (e.g., 5-10 min). Therefore, in the current study, we fabricated a pentenoate-modified SDVC (PSDVC), to enable a faster crosslinking reaction via a thiol-ene click chemistry. The crosslinking time of the PSDVC was faster (∼1.7 min) than MeSDVC (∼4 min). We characterized the solid and fluid mechanics/printabilities of PSDVC, pentenoate-modified hyaluronic acid (PHA), and the PHA or PSDVC with added DVC particles. While the addition of DVC particles enhanced the printed shape fidelity of PHA or PSDVC, the increased clogging decreased the ease of printing and cell viability after bioprinting, and future refinement is needed for DVC-containing bioinks. However, the PSDVC alone had a paste-like rheology/good bioprintability prior to crosslinking, the fastest crosslinking time (i.e., 1.7 min), and the highest compressive modulus (i.e., 3.12 ± 0.41 MPa) after crosslinking. Overall, the PSDVC may have future potential as a translational material for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi A Kiyotake
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Emily E Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor MI 48109, USA
| | - Claudia Iribagiza
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA
| | - Michael S Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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Wang H, Zhang H, Xie Z, Chen K, Ma M, Huang Y, Li M, Cai Z, Wang P, Shen H. Injectable hydrogels for spinal cord injury repair. ENGINEERED REGENERATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.engreg.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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15
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Kiyotake EA, Cheng ME, Thomas EE, Detamore MS. The Rheology and Printability of Cartilage Matrix-Only Biomaterials. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060846. [PMID: 35740971 PMCID: PMC9220845 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential chondroinductivity from cartilage matrix makes it promising for cartilage repair; however, cartilage matrix-based hydrogels developed thus far have failed to match the mechanical performance of native cartilage or be bioprinted without adding polymers for reinforcement. There is a need for cartilage matrix-based hydrogels with robust mechanical performance and paste-like precursor rheology for bioprinting/enhanced surgical placement. In the current study, our goals were to increase hydrogel stiffness and develop the paste-like precursor/printability of our methacryl-modified solubilized and devitalized cartilage (MeSDVC) hydrogels. We compared two methacryloylating reagents, methacrylic anhydride (MA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GM), and varied the molar excess (ME) of MA from 2 to 20. The MA-modified MeSDVCs had greater methacryloylation than GM-modified MeSDVC (20 ME). While GM and most of the MA hydrogel precursors exhibited paste-like rheology, the 2 ME MA and GM MeSDVCs had the best printability (i.e., shape fidelity, filament collapse). After crosslinking, the 2 ME MA MeSDVC had the highest stiffness (1.55 ± 0.23 MPa), approaching the modulus of native cartilage, and supported the viability/adhesion of seeded cells for 15 days. Overall, the MA (2 ME) improved methacryloylation, hydrogel stiffness, and printability, resulting in a stand-alone MeSDVC printable biomaterial. The MeSDVC has potential as a future bioink and has future clinical relevance for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi A. Kiyotake
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (E.A.K.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Michael E. Cheng
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (E.A.K.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Emily E. Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Michael S. Detamore
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (E.A.K.); (M.E.C.)
- Correspondence:
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