1
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Leong T, Riveros D, Delman BN, Moss MK, Javaid W, Rodriguez H, Kagetsu NJ. Frontline Practices in Response to Monkeypox Outbreak in New York City. J Am Coll Radiol 2024; 21:e7-e9. [PMID: 36195312 PMCID: PMC9534278 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tin Leong
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Daniela Riveros
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai West, New York, New York
| | - Bradley N Delman
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Marie K Moss
- Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York
| | - Waleed Javaid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Harold Rodriguez
- Director of Radiology-Patient Transport at Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, New York
| | - Nolan J Kagetsu
- Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
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2
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Eraña H, Pérez-Castro MÁ, García-Martínez S, Charco JM, López-Moreno R, Díaz-Dominguez CM, Barrio T, González-Miranda E, Castilla J. A Novel, Reliable and Highly Versatile Method to Evaluate Different Prion Decontamination Procedures. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:589182. [PMID: 33195153 PMCID: PMC7658626 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.589182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorders. The causal agent is an aberrantly folded isoform (PrPSc or prion) of the endogenous prion protein (PrPC) which is neurotoxic and amyloidogenic and induces misfolding of its physiological counterpart. The intrinsic physical characteristics of these infectious proteinaceous pathogens makes them highly resistant to the vast majority of physicochemical decontamination procedures used typically for standard disinfection. This means prions are highly persistent in contaminated tissues, the environment (surfaces) and, of great concern, on medical and surgical instruments. Traditionally, decontamination procedures for prions are tested on natural isolates coming from the brain of infected individuals with an associated high heterogeneity resulting in highly variable results. Using our novel ability to produce highly infectious recombinant prions in vitro we adapted the system to enable recovery of infectious prions from contaminated materials. This method is easy to perform and, importantly, results in highly reproducible propagation in vitro. It exploits the adherence of infectious prion protein to beads of different materials allowing accurate and repeatable assessment of the efficacy of disinfectants of differing physicochemical natures to eliminate infectious prions. This method is technically easy, requires only a small shaker and a standard biochemical technique and could be performed in any laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasier Eraña
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Atlas Molecular Pharma S. L., Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Pérez-Castro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Sandra García-Martínez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Atlas Molecular Pharma S. L., Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Jorge M Charco
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Atlas Molecular Pharma S. L., Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Rafael López-Moreno
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Carlos M Díaz-Dominguez
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Tomás Barrio
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Ezequiel González-Miranda
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,Atlas Molecular Pharma S. L., Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain
| | - Joaquín Castilla
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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3
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Secker TJ, Leighton TG, Offin DG, Birkin PR, Hervé RC, Keevil CW. A cold water, ultrasonically activated stream efficiently removes proteins and prion-associated amyloid from surgical stainless steel. J Hosp Infect 2020; 106:649-656. [PMID: 32956784 PMCID: PMC7501313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Sterile service department decontamination procedures for surgical instruments struggle to demonstrate efficient removal of the hardiest infectious contaminants, such as prion proteins. A recently designed novel system, which uses a low pressure ultrasonically activated, cold water stream, has previously demonstrated efficient hard surface cleaning of several biological contaminants. Aim To test the efficacy of an ultrasonically activated stream for the removal of tissue proteins, including prion-associated amyloid, from surgical stainless steel surfaces. Methods Test surfaces were contaminated with 22L, ME7 or 263K prion-infected brain homogenates. The surfaces were treated with the ultrasonically activated water stream for contact times of 5 and 10 s. Residual proteinaceous and amyloid contamination were quantified using sensitive microscopic analysis, and immunoblotting was used to characterize the eluted prion residues before and after treatment with the ultrasonically activated stream. Findings Efficient removal of the different prion strains from the surgical stainless steel surfaces was observed, and reduced levels of protease-susceptible and -resistant prion protein was detected in recovered supernatant. Conclusion This study demonstrated that an ultrasonically activated stream has the potential to be a cost-effective solution to improve current decontamination practices and has the potential to reduce hospital-acquired infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Secker
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - T G Leighton
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Sloan Water Technology Ltd, Chilworth, Southampton, UK
| | - D G Offin
- Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - P R Birkin
- Chemistry, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - R C Hervé
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - C W Keevil
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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4
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Kostelanska M, Freisleben J, Backovska Hanusova Z, Mosko T, Vik R, Moravcova D, Hamacek A, Mosinger J, Holada K. Optimization of the photodynamic inactivation of prions by a phthalocyanine photosensitizer: The crucial involvement of singlet oxygen. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2019; 12:e201800340. [PMID: 30989822 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Prion disorders are fatal neurodegenerative diseases caused by the autocatalytic conversion of a natively occurring prion protein (PrPC ) into its misfolded infectious form (PrPTSE ). The proven resistance of PrPTSE to common disinfection procedures increases the risk of prion transmission in medical settings. Herein, we present the effective photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of prions by disulfonated hydroxyaluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcOH(SO3 )2 ) utilizing two custom-built red light sources. The treatment eliminates PrPTSE signal in infectious mouse brain homogenate with efficiency that depends on light intensity but has a low effect on the overall protein content. Importantly, singlet oxygen (O2 (1 Δg )) is the only species significantly photogenerated by AlPcOH(SO3 )2 , and it is responsible for the PDI of prions. More intensive light conditions show not only higher O2 (1 Δg ) production but also decreases in AlPcOH(SO3 )2 photostability. Our findings suggest that PDI by AlPcOH(SO3 )2 -generated O2 (1 Δg ) represents a promising approach for prion inactivation that may be useful in future decontamination strategies for delicate medical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kostelanska
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Freisleben
- Regional Innovation Centre for Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Backovska Hanusova
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tibor Mosko
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Vik
- Regional Innovation Centre for Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Moravcova
- Regional Innovation Centre for Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Hamacek
- Regional Innovation Centre for Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Mosinger
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Holada
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Novel colour additive for bleach disinfectant wipes reduces corrosive damage on stainless steel. J Hosp Infect 2018; 103:227-230. [PMID: 30261240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bleach disinfectant wipes are corrosive to hospital surfaces and equipment. This study measured the effect of two widely used bleach wipes, with and without Highlight® colour additive, on stainless steel to quantify the rate of corrosion and to determine the effect of Highlight® on reducing surface damage caused by bleach wipes. The two bleach wipes alone caused severe corrosion [>5 mils per year (mpy), where 1 mil = 0.001 inch], while the addition of Highlight® reduced the rate of corrosion significantly (<2 mpy) and prevented discolouration of the metal. These results indicate that Highlight® reduces the deleterious corrosive effects of bleach wipes, thus improving their viability for cleaning healthcare surfaces.
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6
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Giles K, Woerman AL, Berry DB, Prusiner SB. Bioassays and Inactivation of Prions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2017; 9:cshperspect.a023499. [PMID: 28246183 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The experimental study of prions requires a model for their propagation. However, because prions lack nucleic acids, the simple techniques used to replicate bacteria and viruses are not applicable. For much of the history of prion research, time-consuming bioassays in animals were the only option for measuring infectivity. Although cell models and other in vitro tools for the propagation of prions have been developed, they all suffer limitations, and animal bioassays remain the gold standard for measuring infectivity. A wealth of recent data argues that both β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau proteins form prions that cause Alzheimer's disease, and α-synuclein forms prions that cause multiple system atrophy and Parkinson's disease. Cell and animal models that recapitulate some of the key features of cell-to-cell spreading and distinct strains of prions can now be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Giles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Amanda L Woerman
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - David B Berry
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Stanley B Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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7
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Bonda DJ, Manjila S, Mehndiratta P, Khan F, Miller BR, Onwuzulike K, Puoti G, Cohen ML, Schonberger LB, Cali I. Human prion diseases: surgical lessons learned from iatrogenic prion transmission. Neurosurg Focus 2017; 41:E10. [PMID: 27364252 DOI: 10.3171/2016.5.focus15126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The human prion diseases, or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, have captivated our imaginations since their discovery in the Fore linguistic group in Papua New Guinea in the 1950s. The mysterious and poorly understood "infectious protein" has become somewhat of a household name in many regions across the globe. From bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), commonly identified as mad cow disease, to endocannibalism, media outlets have capitalized on these devastatingly fatal neurological conditions. Interestingly, since their discovery, there have been more than 492 incidents of iatrogenic transmission of prion diseases, largely resulting from prion-contaminated growth hormone and dura mater grafts. Although fewer than 9 cases of probable iatrogenic neurosurgical cases of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) have been reported worldwide, the likelihood of some missed cases and the potential for prion transmission by neurosurgery create considerable concern. Laboratory studies indicate that standard decontamination and sterilization procedures may be insufficient to completely remove infectivity from prion-contaminated instruments. In this unfortunate event, the instruments may transmit the prion disease to others. Much caution therefore should be taken in the absence of strong evidence against the presence of a prion disease in a neurosurgical patient. While the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) have devised risk assessment and decontamination protocols for the prevention of iatrogenic transmission of the prion diseases, incidents of possible exposure to prions have unfortunately occurred in the United States. In this article, the authors outline the historical discoveries that led from kuru to the identification and isolation of the pathological prion proteins in addition to providing a brief description of human prion diseases and iatrogenic forms of CJD, a brief history of prion disease nosocomial transmission, and a summary of the CDC and WHO guidelines for prevention of prion disease transmission and decontamination of prion-contaminated neurosurgical instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bonda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, and
| | - Sunil Manjila
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, and
| | - Prachi Mehndiratta
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Fahd Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Benjamin R Miller
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, and
| | - Kaine Onwuzulike
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, and
| | - Gianfranco Puoti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; and
| | - Mark L Cohen
- National Prion Disease Pathology Surveillance Center.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lawrence B Schonberger
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ignazio Cali
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio;,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy; and
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8
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Belay ED, Schonberger LB, Brown P, Priola SA, Chesebro B, Will RG, Asher DM. Disinfection and Sterilization of Prion-Contaminated Medical Instruments. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2015; 31:1304-6; author reply 1306-8. [DOI: 10.1086/657579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Belay ED, Blase J, Sehulster LM, Maddox RA, Schonberger LB. Management of neurosurgical instruments and patients exposed to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013; 34:1272-80. [PMID: 24225612 PMCID: PMC4748700 DOI: 10.1086/673986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To summarize the approaches used to manage exposure of patients to inadequately sterilized neurosurgical instruments contaminated as a result of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). METHODS Information on past CJD exposure incidents reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was aggregated and summarized. In addition, inactivation studies were reviewed, and data from selected publications were provided for reference. RESULTS Nineteen incidents of patient exposure to potentially CJD-contaminated instruments were reported to the CDC, including 17 that involved intracranial procedures and 2 that involved ophthalmologic procedures. In more than 50% of incidents, the neurosurgical procedures were performed for diagnostic work up of the index patients. At least 12 of the hospitals had multiple neurosurgical sets, and the CJD-contaminated instruments could not be identified in 11 of 19 hospitals. In 12 of 15 hospitals with neurosurgical incidents, a decision was made to notify patients of their potential exposure. CONCLUSIONS Neurosurgical instruments used for treatment of patients with suspected or diagnosed CJD or patients whose diagnosis is unclear should be promptly identified and sterilized using recommended CJD decontamination protocols. Inability to trace instruments complicates appropriate management of exposure incidents. The feasibility of instituting instrument tracking procedures should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermias D Belay
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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10
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Berberidou C, Xanthopoulos K, Paspaltsis I, Lourbopoulos A, Polyzoidou E, Sklaviadis T, Poulios I. Homogenous photocatalytic decontamination of prion infected stainless steel and titanium surfaces. Prion 2013; 7:488-95. [PMID: 24247293 DOI: 10.4161/pri.27180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are notorious for their extraordinary resistance to traditional methods of decontamination, rendering their transmission a public health risk. Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (iCJD) via contaminated surgical instruments and medical devices has been verified both experimentally and clinically. Standard methods for prion inactivation by sodium hydroxide or sodium hypochlorite have failed, in some cases, to fully remove prion infectivity, while they are often impractical for routine applications. Prion accumulation in peripheral tissues and indications of human-to-human bloodborne prion transmission, highlight the need for novel, efficient, yet user-friendly methods of prion inactivation. Here we show both in vitro and in vivo that homogenous photocatalytic oxidation, mediated by the photo-Fenton reagent, has the potential to inactivate the pathological prion isoform adsorbed on metal substrates. Photocatalytic oxidation with 224 μg mL(-1) Fe (3+), 500 μg mL(-1) h(-1) H 2O 2, UV-A for 480 min lead to 100% survival in golden Syrian hamsters after intracranial implantation of stainless steel wires infected with the 263K prion strain. Interestingly, photocatalytic treatment of 263K infected titanium wires, under the same experimental conditions, prolonged the survival interval significantly, but failed to eliminate infectivity, a result that we correlate with the increased adsorption of PrP(Sc) on titanium, in comparison to stainless steel. Our findings strongly indicate that our, user--and environmentally--friendly protocol can be safely applied to the decontamination of prion infected stainless steel surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysanthi Berberidou
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry; Department of Chemistry; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki, Greece; Prion Disease Research Group; Laboratory of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki, Greece
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11
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Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease via surgical instruments. J Clin Neurosci 2013; 20:1207-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Koga Y, Tanaka SI, Sakudo A, Tobiume M, Aranishi M, Hirata A, Takano K, Ikuta K, Kanaya S. Proteolysis of abnormal prion protein with a thermostable protease from Thermococcus kodakarensis KOD1. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:2113-20. [PMID: 23880875 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal prion protein (scrapie-associated prion protein, PrP(Sc)) is considered to be included in the group of infectious agents of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Since PrP(Sc) is highly resistant to normal sterilization procedures, the decontamination of PrP(Sc) is a significant public health issue. In the present study, a hyperthermostable protease, Tk-subtilisin, was used to degrade PrP(Sc). Although PrP(Sc) is known to be resistant toward proteolytic enzymes, Tk-subtilisin was able to degrade PrP(Sc) under extreme conditions. The level of PrP(Sc) in brain homogenates was found to decrease significantly in vitro following Tk-subtilisin treatment at 100 °C, whereas some protease-resistant fractions remain after proteinase K treatment. Rather small amounts of Tk-subtilisin (0.3 U) were required to degrade PrP(Sc) at 100 °C and pH 8.0. In addition, Tk-subtilisin was observed to degrade PrP(Sc) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate or other industrial surfactants. Although several proteases degrading PrP(Sc) have been reported, practical decontamination procedures using enzymes are not available. This report aims to provide basic information for the practical use of a proteolytic enzyme for PrP(Sc) degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Koga
- Department of Material and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan,
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13
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Zeitner K. Safe Handling of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies Specimens in the Histopathology Laboratory. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.2007.30.2.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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14
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Okoroma EA, Purchase D, Garelick H, Morris R, Neale MH, Windl O, Abiola OO. Enzymatic formulation capable of degrading scrapie prion under mild digestion conditions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68099. [PMID: 23874511 PMCID: PMC3712960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The prion agent is notoriously resistant to common proteases and conventional sterilisation procedures. The current methods known to destroy prion infectivity such as incineration, alkaline and thermal hydrolysis are harsh, destructive, environmentally polluting and potentially hazardous, thus limit their applications for decontamination of delicate medical and laboratory devices, remediation of prion contaminated environment and for processing animal by-products including specified risk materials and carcases. Therefore, an environmentally friendly, non-destructive enzymatic degradation approach is highly desirable. A feather-degrading Bacillus licheniformis N22 keratinase has been isolated which degraded scrapie prion to undetectable level of PrPSc signals as determined by Western Blot analysis. Prion infectivity was verified by ex vivo cell-based assay. An enzymatic formulation combining N22 keratinase and biosurfactant derived from Pseudomonas aeruginosa degraded PrPSc at 65°C in 10 min to undetectable level -. A time-course degradation analysis carried out at 50°C over 2 h revealed the progressive attenuation of PrPSc intensity. Test of residual infectivity by standard cell culture assay confirmed that the enzymatic formulation reduced PrPSc infectivity to undetectable levels as compared to cells challenged with untreated standard scrapie sheep prion (SSBP/1) (p-value = 0.008 at 95% confidence interval). This novel enzymatic formulation has significant potential application for prion decontamination in various environmentally friendly systems under mild treatment conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeka A. Okoroma
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Purchase
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Hemda Garelick
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Morris
- School of Biomedical Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H. Neale
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Otto Windl
- Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency (AHVLA), Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Oduola O. Abiola
- PAP Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
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15
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Electrolysis-assisted sonication for removal of proteinaceous contamination from surgical grade stainless steel. J Hosp Infect 2012; 81:41-9. [PMID: 22440405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current methods used for the detection of residual proteinaceous contamination vary in sensitivity and specificity. This is of concern because it increases the risk for transmission of neurodegenerative diseases such as spongiform encephalopathies. AIM To determine the effectiveness of electrolysis-assisted sonication (EAS) for removing residual proteinaceous contamination from surgical grade stainless steel. METHODS EAS was used to clean surgical grade 316L stainless steel that had been contaminated with the protein bovine serum albumin. Using nitrogen, an abundant element in proteins, as a marker for the presence of protein, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to quantify the amount of protein remaining on the substrate surface. Cathodic, anodic and dual polarization modes of EAS were investigated using 0.1% NaCl solution (w/v, in deionized water) as the electrolyte medium and 13 V as the polarization voltage. FINDING EAS under dual polarization was found to be the most effective method for removing the residual protein layer down to an estimated XPS detection limit of 10 ng/cm(2). Surface roughness and hardness of the stainless steel remained unchanged following EAS treatment, indicating that the procedure does not compromise the material's properties. CONCLUSION This relatively inexpensive and quick method of cleaning medical devices using an easily accessible salt-based electrolyte solution may offer a cost-effective strategy for cleaning medical and dental devices made of stainless steel in the future.
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Secker TJ, Hervé R, Zhao Q, Borisenko KB, Abel EW, Keevil CW. Doped diamond-like carbon coatings for surgical instruments reduce protein and prion-amyloid biofouling and improve subsequent cleaning. BIOFOULING 2012; 28:563-569. [PMID: 22694725 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2012.698387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Doped diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings offer potential antifouling surfaces against microbial and protein attachment. In particular, stainless steel surgical instruments are subject to tissue protein and resilient prion protein attachment, making decontamination methods used in sterile service departments ineffective, potentially increasing the risk of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease during surgical procedures. This study examined the adsorption of proteins and prion-associated amyloid to doped DLC surfaces and the efficacy of commercial cleaning chemistries applied to these spiked surfaces, compared to titanium nitride coating and stainless steel. Surfaces inoculated with ME7-infected brain homogenate were visualised using SYPRO Ruby/Thioflavin T staining and modified epi-fluorescence microscopy before and after cleaning. Reduced protein and prion amyloid contamination was observed on the modified surfaces and subsequent decontamination efficacy improved. This highlights the potential for a new generation of coatings for surgical instruments to reduce the risk of iatrogenic CJD infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Secker
- Environmental Healthcare Unit, Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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17
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Secker T, Hervé R, Keevil C. Adsorption of prion and tissue proteins to surgical stainless steel surfaces and the efficacy of decontamination following dry and wet storage conditions. J Hosp Infect 2011; 78:251-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schmitt A, Westner I, Reznicek L, Michels W, Mitteregger G, Kretzschmar H. Automated decontamination of surface-adherent prions. J Hosp Infect 2010; 76:74-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2010.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Howlin R, Khammo N, Secker T, McDonnell G, Keevil C. Application of a fluorescent dual stain to assess decontamination of tissue protein and prion amyloid from surgical stainless steel during simulated washer-disinfector cycles. J Hosp Infect 2010; 75:66-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2009.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2009] [Accepted: 12/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Luhr KM, Löw P, Taraboulos A, Bergman T, Kristensson K. Prion adsorption to stainless steel is promoted by nickel and molybdenum. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2821-2828. [PMID: 19605588 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.012302-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prions are infectious agents resulting from the conversion of a normal cellular protein, PrP(C), to a misfolded species, PrP(Sc). Iatrogenic transmission of prions is known from surgical procedures involving stainless steel materials. Here, it was shown that stainless steel containing nickel and molybdenum binds PrP(Sc) more efficiently and transmits infection to cells in culture to a higher degree than if these elements are not present. Furthermore, both nickel and molybdenum alone adsorbed PrP(Sc), and nickel powder could be used to extract PrP(Sc) from dilute solutions, thus providing a simple approach to concentration of PrP(Sc). The fact that nickel and molybdenum in steel alloys increased the binding affinity, and bound infectivity, of PrP(Sc) is an important issue to consider in the manufacture of surgical instruments and abattoir tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina M Luhr
- Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Löw
- Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Taraboulos
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tomas Bergman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Krister Kristensson
- Department of Neuroscience, Retzius väg 8, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Giles K, Glidden DV, Beckwith R, Seoanes R, Peretz D, DeArmond SJ, Prusiner SB. Resistance of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) prions to inactivation. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000206. [PMID: 19008948 PMCID: PMC2576443 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct prion strains often exhibit different incubation periods and patterns of neuropathological lesions. Strain characteristics are generally retained upon intraspecies transmission, but may change on transmission to another species. We investigated the inactivation of two related prions strains: BSE prions from cattle and mouse-passaged BSE prions, termed 301V. Inactivation was manipulated by exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), variations in pH, and different temperatures. Infectivity was measured using transgenic mouse lines that are highly susceptible to either BSE or 301V prions. Bioassays demonstrated that BSE prions are up to 1,000-fold more resistant to inactivation than 301V prions while Western immunoblotting showed that short acidic SDS treatments reduced protease-resistant PrP(Sc) from BSE prions and 301V prions at similar rates. Our findings argue that despite being derived from BSE prions, mouse 301V prions are not necessarily a reliable model for cattle BSE prions. Extending these comparisons to human sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and hamster Sc237 prions, we found that BSE prions were 10- and 10(6)-fold more resistant to inactivation, respectively. Our studies contend that any prion inactivation procedures must be validated by bioassay against the prion strain for which they are intended to be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Giles
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David V. Glidden
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Robyn Beckwith
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rose Seoanes
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David Peretz
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. DeArmond
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stanley B. Prusiner
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Abstract
The unconventional nature of the infectious agent of prion diseases poses a challenge to conventional infection control methodologies. The extra neural tissue distribution of variant and sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease has increased concern regarding the risk of prion disease transmission via general surgical procedures and highlighted the need for decontamination procedures that can be incorporated into routine processing. This chapter describe a quantitative method for assessing the prionocidal activity of chemical and physical decontamination methods against surface-bound prion infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Lawson
- Department of Pathology and Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Plinston C, Fernie K, Prior FGR, Smith R. Electro-elution, a novel method to remove transmissible spongiform encephalopathy-associated PrPSc from stainless steel surgical instruments. J Hosp Infect 2007; 66:52-8. [PMID: 17433495 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2007.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iatrogenic transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) has been demonstrated via surgical instruments and there is concern over the efficacy of conventional decontamination techniques used to reprocess reusable instruments. This paper describes the development of a novel cleaning method, 'electro-elution', to remove TSE disease-specific abnormal protein PrP(Sc) from the surface of stainless steel surgical instruments. The electro-elution process subjects the stainless steel instrument to an electrical current in the presence of an electrolytic buffer to remove protein deposits. Stainless steel discs were contaminated with infectious brain homogenate and subjected to a range of conditions to determine the ability of electro-elution to remove the deposits. To determine whether there was any residual PrP(Sc) remaining on the disc after electro-elution, a novel detection method, 'direct blotting', was also developed. Direct blotting utilizes a process of passive transfer of proteins directly from the surface of the instrument to a proteophilic membrane for detection. Our study shows that electro-elution has the ability to effectively remove, and possibly degrade, disease-associated PrP(Sc) from the surface of stainless steel surgical instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Plinston
- Institute for Animal Health, Neuropathogenesis Unit, Edinburgh, UK.
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Wang JJ, Borwornpinyo R, Shih JC. Sup35NM-His6 aggregates: A prion-like protein useful in prion degradation studies. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fritzsche FR, Kristiansen G, Boesl A, Burkhardt M, Pahl S, Dankof A, Dietel M, Dahl E. Tissue pretreatment with formic acid might lower HercepTest scores in breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 15:237-42. [PMID: 17122652 DOI: 10.1097/01.pdm.0000213466.83516.5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and other prion diseases are diseases with yet not well-defined routes of transmission and infection. The safe processing of potentially contaminated tissue material remains a challenge for histologic laboratories. Formic acid pretreatment is considered to be effective in prion inactivation. We evaluated the c-erbB2 and the hormone receptor-status in potentially prion infectious breast cancer tissue after pretreatment with formic acid. Paired breast cancer tissue samples were immunostained with commercially available antibodies against c-erbB2, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor with 1 tissue sample of each pair being pretreated with 98% formic acid. Staining was evaluated either according to the HercepTest score or using an immunoreactive score. Additionally, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses were performed for 7 of these cases. Untreated tissues showed strong circumferential staining for c-erbB2 (HercepTest score 3+), whereas the membranous staining of the tissues pretreated with formic acid was significantly weaker. FISH analyses showed no differences in both groups. The hormone receptor expression was not significantly influenced and positivity was maintained in all cases. In breast cancer patients, the pretreatment of tissue with formic acid for prion-decontamination in the case of suspected Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease or other prion diseases can lead to underestimation of the immunohistologically determined c-erbB2 status. In these cases, a c-erbB2-FISH analysis should be performed. For the immunostaining of hormone receptors in breast cancer, formic acid pretreatment can be applied without negative effects on the sensitivity or specificity of the assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian R Fritzsche
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätmedizin Berlin, Charité Platz 1-3, 10117 Berlin
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26
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Abstract
Hemophilia is a congenital disorder due to the deficiency of the activity of factor VIII (classical hemophilia A) or IX (Christmas disease or hemophilia B). Bleeding is common and may result in long-term complications or even death. Bleeding may be treated or prevented by infusion of factor concentrates however these drugs are not without risk. Clinicians often feel ill prepared to provide accurate and impartial information regarding these drugs. This review will provide the reader with an historical yet up to date perspective on blood safety as it relates to the choice of concentrates to treat hemophilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard A Valentino
- RUSH Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
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27
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Pauli G. Tissue Safety in View of CJD and Variant CJD. Cell Tissue Bank 2005; 6:191-200. [PMID: 16151959 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-005-0336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2005] [Accepted: 06/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies on human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, CJD) have shown that the agent could be transmitted by highly infectious tissues like brain, spinal cord or retina and medicinal products derived from these tissues (i.e. human growth hormone, dura mater). A few cases of transmission of CJD by neurosurgical instruments have been reported. The transmission of the agent of variant CJD, which is suspected to be transmitted by BSE-contaminated food, by blood transfusion implies that in contrast to the agent of classical CJD this agent can also be transmitted by organs and tissues other than nerve tissues. Health authorities have implemented guidelines to reduce the risk of transmission of human and animal TSE by human and veterinary medicinal products. The high resistance of TSE agents against physical or chemical treatment hamper the development of highly efficient inactivation steps in the production of medicinal products. Donor selection is considered as an efficient measure to reduce the risk of TSE transmission. However, the development of rapid, sensitive and specific diagnostic test systems is urgently required to test blood, organs and tissue of donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Pauli
- Center for Biological Safety, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent publications relevant to hospital disinfection (and cleaning) including the reprocessing of medical instruments. RECENT FINDINGS The key question as to whether the use of disinfectants on environmental surfaces rather than cleaning with detergents only reduces nosocomial infection rates still awaits conclusive studies. New disinfectants, mainly peroxygen compounds, show good sporicidal properties and will probably replace more problematical substances such as chlorine-releasing agents. The safe reprocessing of medical devices requires a well-coordinated approach, starting with proper cleaning. New methods and substances show promising activity for preventing the transmission of prions. Different aspects of virus inactivation have been studied, and the transmissibility, e.g. of norovirus, shows the need for sound data on how different disinfectant classes perform. Biofilms or other forms of surface-adherent organisms pose an extraordinary challenge to decontamination. Although resistance to biocides is generally not judged to be as critical as antibiotic resistance, scientific data support the need for proper use, i.e. the avoidance of widespread application, especially in low concentrations and in consumer products. SUMMARY Chemical disinfection of heat-sensitive instruments and targeted disinfection of environmental surfaces are established components of hospital infection control. To avoid danger to staff, patients and the environment, prudent use as well as established safety precautions are required. New technologies and products should be evaluated with sound methods. As emerging resistant pathogens will challenge healthcare facilities in the future even more than at present, there is a need for well-designed studies addressing the role of disinfection in hospital infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Dettenkofer
- Institute of Environmental Medicine and Hospital Epidemiology, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany.
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