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Sharma G, Pothuraju R, Kanchan RK, Batra SK, Siddiqui JA. Chemokines network in bone metastasis: Vital regulators of seeding and soiling. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:457-472. [PMID: 35124194 PMCID: PMC9744380 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are well equipped with chemo-attractive signals that can regulate cancer cell trafficking to specific organ sites. Currently, updated concepts have revealed the diverse role of chemokines in the biology of cancer initiation and progression. Genomic instabilities and alterations drive tumor heterogeneity, providing more options for the selection and metastatic progression to cancer cells. Tumor heterogeneity and acquired drug resistance are the main obstacles in managing cancer therapy and the primary root cause of metastasis. Studies emphasize that multiple chemokine/receptor axis are involved in cancer cell-mediated organ-specific distant metastasis. One of the persuasive mechanisms for heterogeneity and subsequent events is sturdily interlinked with the crosstalk between chemokines and their receptors on cancer cells and tissue-specific microenvironment. Among different metastatic niches, skeletal metastasis is frequently observed in the late stages of prostate, breast, and lung cancer and significantly reduces the survival of cancer patients. Therefore, it is crucial to elucidate the role of chemokines and their receptors in metastasis and bone remodeling. Here, we review the potential chemokine/receptor axis in tumorigenesis, tumor heterogeneity, metastasis, and vicious cycle in bone microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ranjana Kumari Kanchan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Surinder Kumar Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jawed Akhtar Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycan Is Predicted to Stabilize Inflammatory Infiltrate Formation and RANKL/OPG Ratio in Severe Periodontitis in Humans. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9100566. [DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9100566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since chronically inflamed periodontal tissue exhibits extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, the possible alternative to standard periodontitis treatment is to restore ECM by supplementing its components, including heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HS GAG). Supplementation of the degraded ECM with synthetic derivatives of HS GAGs has been shown to be effective for periodontal tissue regeneration in experimental animal models of periodontitis. However, the potential of HS GAG supplementation for the treatment of periodontal disease in humans is still unknown. Here, we used a statistical model to investigate the role of HS GAG on inflammatory infiltrate formation and alveolar bone resorption in humans with severe periodontitis. The model was based on data from immunofluorescence staining (IF) of human gingiva samples, and reconstruction of a subset of HS GAG -related proteins from STRING reactome database. According to predictions, increased expression of native HS GAG might stabilize the accumulation of gingival inflammatory infiltrate (represented by the general inflammatory cell marker CD45) and alveolar bone resorption (represented by Receptor Activator of Nuclear ΚΒ ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) ratio) but could not restore them to healthy tissue levels. Therefore, supplementation of native HS GAG may be of limited benefits for the treatment of sever periodontitis in humans.
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Liu Z, Jin H, Yang S, Cao H, Zhang Z, Wen B, Zhou S. SDC1 knockdown induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion of gallbladder cancer cells via the ERK/Snail pathway. J Int Med Res 2021; 48:300060520947883. [PMID: 32812461 PMCID: PMC7441293 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520947883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expression levels of the cell adhesion molecule syndecan-1 (SDC1) have been
shown to be inversely proportional to tumor differentiation and prognosis.
However, its role in the development of gallbladder cancer (GBC) remains
unclear. Methods We knocked down SDC1 in GBC cells by RNA interference and
determined its roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and
migration by Cell Counting Kit-8, colony-formation, flow cytometry, Hoechst
33342 staining, transwell invasion, and scratch wound assays. Expression
levels of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related and extracellular
signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/Snail pathway proteins were determined by
western blotting and immunofluorescence. Results Cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were all increased in GBC cells
with SDC1 knockdown, compared with cells in the blank
control and negative control groups, but apoptosis was similar in all three
groups. E-cadherin and β-catenin expression levels were significantly lower
and N-cadherin, vimentin, p-ERK1/2, and Snail expression were significantly
higher in the SDC1 knockdown group compared with both
controls, while ERK1/2 levels were similar in all groups. Reduced E-cadherin
and increased vimentin levels were confirmed by immunofluorescence. Conclusions SDC1 knockdown promotes the proliferation, invasion, and
migration of GBC cells, possibly by regulating ERK/Snail signaling and
inducing EMT and cancer cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Jin
- Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Song Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Haiming Cao
- Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziyan Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Bo Wen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shaobo Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Skeletal adaptation to mechanical loading plays a critical role in bone growth and the maintenance of bone homeostasis. Osteocytes are postulated to serve as a hub orchestrating bone remodeling. The recent findings on the molecular mechanisms by which osteocytes sense mechanical loads and the downstream bone-forming factors are reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS Calcium channels have been implicated in mechanotransduction in bone cells for a long time. Efforts have been made to identify a specific calcium channel mediating the skeletal response to mechanical loads. Recent studies have revealed that Piezo1, a mechanosensitive ion channel, is critical for normal bone growth and is essential for the skeletal response to mechanical loading. Identification of mechanosensors and their downstream effectors in mechanosensing bone cells is essential for new strategies to modulate regenerative responses and develop therapies to treat the bone loss related to disuse or advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jacob Kordsmeier
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Jinhu Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Musculoskeletal Disease Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Rangarajan S, Richter JR, Richter RP, Bandari SK, Tripathi K, Vlodavsky I, Sanderson RD. Heparanase-enhanced Shedding of Syndecan-1 and Its Role in Driving Disease Pathogenesis and Progression. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:823-840. [PMID: 32623935 PMCID: PMC7711244 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420937087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Both heparanase and syndecan-1 are known to be present and active in disease pathobiology. An important feature of syndecan-1 related to its role in pathologies is that it can be shed from the surface of cells as an intact ectodomain composed of the extracellular core protein and attached heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate chains. Shed syndecan-1 remains functional and impacts cell behavior both locally and distally from its cell of origin. Shedding of syndecan-1 is initiated by a variety of stimuli and accomplished predominantly by the action of matrix metalloproteinases. The accessibility of these proteases to the core protein of syndecan-1 is enhanced, and shedding facilitated, when the heparan sulfate chains of syndecan-1 have been shortened by the enzymatic activity of heparanase. Interestingly, heparanase also enhances shedding by upregulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. Recent studies have revealed that heparanase-induced syndecan-1 shedding contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of cancer and viral infection, as well as other septic and non-septic inflammatory states. This review discusses the heparanase/shed syndecan-1 axis in disease pathogenesis and progression, the potential of targeting this axis therapeutically, and the possibility that this axis is widespread and of influence in many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Israel Vlodavsky
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, and Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Timmen M, Hidding H, Götte M, Khassawna TE, Kronenberg D, Stange R. The heparan sulfate proteoglycan Syndecan-1 influences local bone cell communication via the RANKL/OPG axis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20510. [PMID: 33239699 PMCID: PMC7688641 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The heparan sulfate proteoglycan Syndecan-1, a mediator of signals between the extracellular matrix and cells involved is able to interact with OPG, one of the major regulators of osteoclastogenesis. The potential of osteoblasts to induce osteoclastogenesis is characterized by a switch of OPG (low osteoclastogenic potential) towards RANKL production (high osteoclastogenic potential). In the present study, we investigated the influence of endogenous Syndecan-1 on local bone-cell-communication via the RANKL/OPG-axis in murine osteoblasts and osteoclasts in wild type and Syndecan-1 lacking cells. Syndecan-1 expression and secretion was increased in osteoblasts with high osteoclastogenic potential. Syndecan-1 deficiency led to increased OPG release by osteoblasts that decreased the availability of RANKL. In co-cultures of Syndecan-1 deficient osteoblasts with osteoclast these increased OPG in supernatant caused decreased development of osteoclasts. Syndecan-1 and RANKL level were increased in serum of aged WT mice, whereas Syndecan-1 deficient mice showed high serum OPG concentration. However, bone structure of Syndecan-1 deficient mice was not different compared to wild type. In conclusion, Syndecan-1 could be regarded as a new modulator of bone-cell-communication via RANKL/OPG axis. This might be of high impact during bone regeneration or bone diseases like cancer where Syndecan-1 expression is known to be even more prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Timmen
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
| | - Heriburg Hidding
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Thaqif El Khassawna
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Kronenberg
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Richard Stange
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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Morein D, Erlichman N, Ben-Baruch A. Beyond Cell Motility: The Expanding Roles of Chemokines and Their Receptors in Malignancy. Front Immunol 2020; 11:952. [PMID: 32582148 PMCID: PMC7287041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor activities of some members of the chemokine family are often overcome by the functions of many chemokines that are strongly and causatively linked with increased tumor progression. Being key leukocyte attractants, chemokines promote the presence of inflammatory pro-tumor myeloid cells and immune-suppressive cells in tumors and metastases. In parallel, chemokines elevate additional pro-cancerous processes that depend on cell motility: endothelial cell migration (angiogenesis), recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and site-specific metastasis. However, the array of chemokine activities in cancer expands beyond such “typical” migration-related processes and includes chemokine-induced/mediated atypical functions that do not activate directly motility processes; these non-conventional chemokine functions provide the tumor cells with new sets of detrimental tools. Within this scope, this review article addresses the roles of chemokines and their receptors at atypical levels that are exerted on the cancer cell themselves: promoting tumor cell proliferation and survival; controlling tumor cell senescence; enriching tumors with cancer stem cells; inducing metastasis-related functions such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs); and promoting resistance to chemotherapy and to endocrine therapy. The review also describes atypical effects of chemokines at the tumor microenvironment: their ability to up-regulate/stabilize the expression of inhibitory immune checkpoints and to reduce the efficacy of their blockade; to induce bone remodeling and elevate osteoclastogenesis/bone resorption; and to mediate tumor-stromal interactions that promote cancer progression. To illustrate this expanding array of atypical chemokine activities at the cancer setting, the review focuses on major metastasis-promoting inflammatory chemokines—including CXCL8 (IL-8), CCL2 (MCP-1), and CCL5 (RANTES)—and their receptors. In addition, non-conventional activities of CXCL12 which is a key regulator of tumor progression, and its CXCR4 receptor are described, alongside with the other CXCL12-binding receptor CXCR7 (RDC1). CXCR7, a member of the subgroup of atypical chemokine receptors (ACKRs) known also as ACKR3, opens the gate for discussion of atypical activities of additional ACKRs in cancer: ACKR1 (DARC, Duffy), ACKR2 (D6), and ACKR4 (CCRL1). The mechanisms involved in chemokine activities and the signals delivered by their receptors are described, and the clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Morein
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nofar Erlichman
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Adit Ben-Baruch
- School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Salamanna F, Borsari V, Contartese D, Costa V, Giavaresi G, Fini M. What Is the Role of Interleukins in Breast Cancer Bone Metastases? A Systematic Review of Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11122018. [PMID: 31847214 PMCID: PMC6966526 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11122018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer cells produce stimulators of bone resorption known as interleukins (ILs). However, data on the functional roles of ILs in the homing of metastatic breast cancer to bone are still fragmented. A systematic search was carried out in three databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection) to identify preclinical reports, and in three clinical registers (ClinicalTrials.gov, World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, European Union (EU) Clinical Trials Register) to identify clinical trials, from 2008 to 2019. Sixty-seven preclinical studies and 11 clinical trials were recognized as eligible. Although preclinical studies identified specific key ILs which promote breast cancer bone metastases, which have pro-metastatic effects (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-11), and whose inhibition also shows potential preclinical therapeutic effects, the clinical trials focused principally on ILs (IL-2 and IL-12), which have an anti-metastatic effect and a potential to generate a localized and systemic antitumor response. However, these clinical trials are yet to post any results or conclusions. This inconsistency indicates that further studies are necessary to further develop the understanding of cellular and molecular relations, as well as signaling pathways, both up- and downstream of ILs, which could represent a novel strategy to treat tumors that are resistant to standard care therapies for patients affected by breast cancer bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Salamanna
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (G.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Veronica Borsari
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (G.G.); (M.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-6366-6558
| | - Deyanira Contartese
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (G.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Viviana Costa
- Innovative Technological Platforms for Tissue Engineering, Theranostic and Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 90133 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Giavaresi
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (G.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Milena Fini
- Laboratory Preclinical and Surgical Studies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (F.S.); (D.C.); (G.G.); (M.F.)
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Kim JM, Lee K, Kim MY, Shin HI, Jeong D. Suppressive effect of syndecan ectodomains and N-desulfated heparins on osteoclastogenesis via direct binding to macrophage-colony stimulating factor. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1119. [PMID: 30389911 PMCID: PMC6215006 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1167-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Syndecans, a family of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, regulate cell differentiation via binding of their heparan sulfate chains to growth factors and cytokines and play a role in tumor growth and progression, wound repair, and intestinal mucosal damage. However, the functional and mechanistic roles of syndecans in osteoclast differentiation and bone metabolism are yet unclear. Here, we demonstrated that post-translationally glycosylated ectodomains of syndecan-1 to 4 obtained from mammalian cells efficiently suppressed osteoclast differentiation compared to those obtained from Escherichia coli with no systems for glycosylation. A concomitant decrease in the expression of osteoclast markers such as nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1), c-Fos, and ATP6V0D2 was observed. In addition, heparan sulfate and selectively N-desulfated heparin derivatives with 2-O- and 6-O-sulfate groups and no anticoagulant activity in blood inhibited osteoclast differentiation. The inhibitory effects of syndecan ectodomains, heparan sulfate, and N-desulfated heparin derivatives on osteoclast differentiation were attributed to their direct binding to the macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), resulting in the blocking of M-CSF-mediated downstream signals such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38, and Akt. Furthermore, mice injected with syndecan ectodomains, heparan sulfate, and N-desulfated heparin derivatives into periosteal regions of calvaria showed reduction in the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive mature osteoclasts on the calvarial bone surface, thereby exhibiting decreased bone resorption. Together, these results revealed a novel role of heparan sulfate chains of syndecan ectodomains in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Man Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Bone Metabolism and Control, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Korea.,Asan Medical Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Seoul, 26493, Korea
| | - Kyunghee Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Bone Metabolism and Control, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Korea
| | - Mi Yeong Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Bone Metabolism and Control, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Korea
| | - Hong-In Shin
- Department of Oral Pathology, Institute for Hard Tissue and Bio-Tooth Regeneration, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41940, Korea
| | - Daewon Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Laboratory of Bone Metabolism and Control, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, Daegu, 42415, Korea.
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Tsirkinidis P, Terpos E, Boutsikas G, Papatheodorou A, Anargyrou K, Lalou E, Dimitrakopoulou A, Kalpadakis C, Konstantopoulos K, Siakantaris M, Panayiotidis P, Pangalis G, Kyrtsonis MC, Vassilakopoulos T, Angelopoulou MK. Bone metabolism markers and angiogenic cytokines as regulators of human hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:399-409. [PMID: 28660376 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) mobilization involves cleavage of ligands between HSC and niche components. However, there are scarce data regarding the role of bone cells in human HSC mobilization. We studied biochemical markers of bone metabolism and angiogenic cytokines during HSC mobilization in 46 patients' sera with lymphoma and multiple myeloma, by ELISA. Significant changes between pre-mobilization and collection samples were found: (1) Bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) increased, indicating augmentation of bone formation; (2) Receptor activator of Nf-κB ligand/osteoprotegerin ratio (RANKL/OPG) increased, showing osteoclastic differentiation and survival; however, there was no evidence of increased osteoclastic activity; and (3) Angiopoietin-1/Angiopoietin-2 ratio (ANGP-1/ANGP-2) decreased, consistent with vessel destabilization. Poor mobilizers had significantly higher carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I (CTX) and lower ANGP-1 at pre-mobilization samples, compared to good ones. CTX, amino-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I (NTX) and ANGP-1 pre-mobilization levels correlated significantly with circulating CD34+ peak cell counts. Our results indicate that bone formation and vessel destabilization are the two major events during human HSC mobilization. Osteoblasts seem to be the orchestrating cells, while osteoclasts are stimulated but not fully active. Moreover, ANGP-1, CTX and NTX may serve as predictors of poor mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Boutsikas
- Department of Hematology, 251 General Air Force Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Eleni Lalou
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17, Agiou Thoma Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Aglaia Dimitrakopoulou
- Department of Immunology Research and Flow Cytometry, 'Laiko' General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Kalpadakis
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Herakleion, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17, Agiou Thoma Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Siakantaris
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Panayiotidis
- 1st Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerassimos Pangalis
- Department of Hematology, Psychicon Branch, Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Marie-Christine Kyrtsonis
- 1st Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Vassilakopoulos
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17, Agiou Thoma Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria K Angelopoulou
- Department of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 17, Agiou Thoma Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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11
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Nakajima K, Kho DH, Yanagawa T, Zimel M, Heath E, Hogan V, Raz A. Galectin-3 in bone tumor microenvironment: a beacon for individual skeletal metastasis management. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2017; 35:333-46. [PMID: 27067726 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-016-9622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The skeleton is frequently a secondary growth site of disseminated cancers, often leading to painful and devastating clinical outcomes. Metastatic cancer distorts bone marrow homeostasis through tumor-derived factors, which shapes different bone tumor microenvironments depending on the tumor cells' origin. Here, we propose a novel insight on tumor-secreted Galectin-3 (Gal-3) that controls the induction of an inflammatory cascade, differentiation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone marrow cells, resulting in bone destruction and therapeutic failure. In the approaching era of personalized medicine, the current treatment modalities targeting bone metastatic environments are provided to the patient with limited consideration of the cancer cells' origin. Our new outlook suggests delivering individual tumor microenvironment treatments based on the expression level/activity/functionality of tumor-derived factors, rather than utilizing a commonly shared therapeutic umbrella. The notion of "Gal-3-associated bone remodeling" could be the first step toward a specific personalized therapy for each cancer type generating a different bone niche in patients afflicted with non-curable bone metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Nakajima
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Dong Hyo Kho
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Takashi Yanagawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Melissa Zimel
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Elisabeth Heath
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Victor Hogan
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA
| | - Avraham Raz
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48201, USA.
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12
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Piperigkou Z, Bouris P, Onisto M, Franchi M, Kletsas D, Theocharis AD, Karamanos NK. Estrogen receptor beta modulates breast cancer cells functional properties, signaling and expression of matrix molecules. Matrix Biol 2016; 56:4-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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The extracellular matrix in breast cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:41-55. [PMID: 26743193 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is increasingly recognized as an important regulator in breast cancer. ECM in breast cancer development features numerous changes in composition and organization when compared to the mammary gland under homeostasis. Matrix proteins that are induced in breast cancer include fibrillar collagens, fibronectin, specific laminins and proteoglycans as well as matricellular proteins. Growing evidence suggests that many of these induced ECM proteins play a major functional role in breast cancer progression and metastasis. A number of the induced ECM proteins have moreover been shown to be essential components of metastatic niches, promoting stem/progenitor signaling pathways and metastatic growth. ECM remodeling enzymes are also markedly increased, leading to major changes in the matrix structure and biomechanical properties. Importantly, several ECM components and ECM remodeling enzymes are specifically induced in breast cancer or during tissue regeneration while healthy tissues under homeostasis express exceedingly low levels. This may indicate that ECM and ECM-associated functions may represent promising drug targets against breast cancer, providing important specificity that could be utilized when developing therapies.
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Development of new methods for determining the heparanase enzymatic activity. Carbohydr Res 2015; 412:66-70. [PMID: 26062789 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heparanase is a mammalian endo-β-glucuronidase. Notwithstanding its importance in various pathological and non-pathological events few straightforward methods for heparanase enzymatic activity has been stated. The aim of this study was to develop two heparanase activity assays to cover a whole range of applications. First, a fast and easy method based on commercial homogenous substrate, fondaparinux, was described. The other method is a quantitative assay based on biotinylated heparan sulfate that uses an easier technique to immobilize the substrate in a 96-well plate. METHODS 1): The heparanase recombinant enzyme and fondaparinux were incubated overnight. After incubation, a fluorescent redox marker, resazurin, was added. The reduction of resazurin depends on the amount of glucuronic acid released by heparanase digestion. Fluorescence measurements were done using excitation and emission wavelengths of 560 nm and 590 nm, respectively. METHODS 2): The 96-well plate was incubated with protamine sulfate. Subsequently, biotinylated heparan sulfate was immobilized. The enzymatic assay was performed using chimeric recombinant heparanase at different concentrations. In sequence, the immobilized biotinylated heparan sulfate that was not digested by recombinant heparanase was bound to streptavidin conjugated with europium. Fluorescence was measured using a time-resolved fluorometer. CONCLUSION Both methods have high sensitivity and can be used to detect heparanase activity. Fondaparinux assay is a quick and easy method for screening of heparanase inhibitors using recombinant enzyme or bacterial crude extract. Biotinylated heparan sulfate assay can be used for quantitative analysis in biological samples and protamine sulfate showed been capable to immobilized heparan sulfate.
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Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Neill T, Multhaupt HAB, Hubo M, Frey H, Gopal S, Gomes A, Afratis N, Lim HC, Couchman JR, Filmus J, Sanderson RD, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV, Karamanos NK. Insights into the key roles of proteoglycans in breast cancer biology and translational medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:276-300. [PMID: 25829250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans control numerous normal and pathological processes, among which are morphogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, vascularization and cancer metastasis. During tumor development and growth, proteoglycan expression is markedly modified in the tumor microenvironment. Altered expression of proteoglycans on tumor and stromal cell membranes affects cancer cell signaling, growth and survival, cell adhesion, migration and angiogenesis. Despite the high complexity and heterogeneity of breast cancer, the rapid evolution in our knowledge that proteoglycans are among the key players in the breast tumor microenvironment suggests their potential as pharmacological targets in this type of cancer. It has been recently suggested that pharmacological treatment may target proteoglycan metabolism, their utilization as targets for immunotherapy or their direct use as therapeutic agents. The diversity inherent in the proteoglycans that will be presented herein provides the potential for multiple layers of regulation of breast tumor behavior. This review summarizes recent developments concerning the biology of selected proteoglycans in breast cancer, and presents potential targeted therapeutic approaches based on their novel key roles in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hinke A B Multhaupt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mario Hubo
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Helena Frey
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Sandeep Gopal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angélica Gomes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikos Afratis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hooi Ching Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1720 2nd Ave. S, WTI 602B, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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Segaliny AI, Brion R, Mortier E, Maillasson M, Cherel M, Jacques Y, Le Goff B, Heymann D. Syndecan-1 regulates the biological activities of interleukin-34. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1010-21. [PMID: 25662098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-34 is a challenging cytokine sharing functional similarities with M-CSF through M-CSFR activation. It also plays a singular role that has recently been explained in the brain, through a binding to the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTPβ/ζ. The aim of this paper was to look for alternative binding of IL-34 on other cell types. Myeloid cells (HL-60, U-937, THP-1) were used as cells intrinsically expressing M-CSFR, and M-CSFR was expressed in TF-1 and HEK293 cells. IL-34 binding was studied by Scatchard and binding inhibition assays, using 125I-radiolabelled cytokines, and surface plasmon resonance. M-CSFR activation was analysed by Western blot after glycosaminoglycans abrasion, syndecan-1 overexpression or repression and addition of a blocking anti-syndecan antibody. M-CSF and IL-34 induced different patterns of M-CSFR phosphorylations, suggesting the existence of alternative binding for IL-34. Binding experiments and chondroitinase treatment confirmed low affinity binding to chondroitin sulphate chains on cells lacking both M-CSFR and RPTPβ/ζ. Amongst the proteoglycans with chondroitin sulphate chains, syndecan-1 was able to modulate the IL-34-induced M-CSFR signalling pathways. Interestingly, IL-34 induced the migration of syndecan-1 expressing cells. Indeed, IL-34 significantly increased the migration of THP-1 and M2a macrophages that was inhibited by addition of a blocking anti-syndecan-1 antibody. This paper provides evidence of alternative binding of IL-34 to chondroitin sulphates and syndecan-1 at the cell surface that modulates M-CSFR activation. In addition, IL-34-induced myeloid cell migration is a syndecan-1 dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude I Segaliny
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Ligue 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, France
| | - Regis Brion
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Ligue 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, France; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes, France
| | - Erwan Mortier
- INSERM, U892, CNRS, U6299, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, équipe Cytokines et Récepteurs en Immuno-Hémato-Cancérologie, Université de Nantes, France
| | - Mike Maillasson
- INSERM, U892, CNRS, U6299, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, équipe Cytokines et Récepteurs en Immuno-Hémato-Cancérologie, Université de Nantes, France
| | - Michel Cherel
- INSERM, U892, CNRS, U6299, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, équipe Recherche en Oncologie Nucléaire, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Yannick Jacques
- INSERM, U892, CNRS, U6299, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, équipe Cytokines et Récepteurs en Immuno-Hémato-Cancérologie, Université de Nantes, France
| | - Benoît Le Goff
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Ligue 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, France; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Ligue 2012, Nantes F-44035, France; Université de Nantes, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, France; Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes, France.
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Global epigenomic analysis indicates protocadherin-7 activates osteoclastogenesis by promoting cell-cell fusion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 455:305-11. [PMID: 25446128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression is dependent not only on genomic sequences, but also epigenetic control, in which the regulation of chromatin by histone modification plays a crucial role. Histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) and histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) are related to transcriptionally activated and silenced sequences, respectively. Osteoclasts, the multinucleated cells that resorb bone, are generated by the fusion of precursor cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. To elucidate the molecular and epigenetic regulation of osteoclast differentiation, we performed a chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analysis for H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 in combination with RNA sequencing. We focused on the histone modification change from H3K4me3(+)H3K27me3(+) to H3K4me3(+)H3K27me3(-) and identified the protocadherin-7 gene (Pcdh7) to be among the genes epigenetically regulated during osteoclastogenesis. Pcdh7 was induced by RANKL stimulation in an NFAT-dependent manner. The knockdown of Pcdh7 inhibited RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation due to the impairment of cell-cell fusion, accompanied by a decreased expression of the fusion-related genes Dcstamp, Ocstamp and Atp6v0d2. This study demonstrates that Pcdh7 plays a key role in osteoclastogenesis by promoting cell-cell fusion.
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18
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Andersen NF, Vogel U, Klausen TW, Gimsing P, Gregersen H, Abildgaard N, Vangsted AJ. Polymorphisms in the heparanase gene in multiple myeloma association with bone morbidity and survival. Eur J Haematol 2014; 94:60-6. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels F. Andersen
- Department of Haematology; Aarhus University Hospital; Aarhus Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for Working Environment; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Tobias W. Klausen
- Department of Haematology; University Hospital of Copenhagen at Herlev; Herlev Denmark
| | - Peter Gimsing
- Department of Haematology; University Hospital of Copenhagen at Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Henrik Gregersen
- Department of Haematology; Aalborg University Hospital; Aalborg Denmark
| | - Niels Abildgaard
- Department of Haematology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - Annette J. Vangsted
- Department of Haematology; University Hospital of Copenhagen at Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
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Benad-Mehner P, Thiele S, Rachner TD, Göbel A, Rauner M, Hofbauer LC. Targeting syndecan-1 in breast cancer inhibits osteoclast functions through up-regulation of osteoprotegerin. J Bone Oncol 2013; 3:18-24. [PMID: 26909290 PMCID: PMC4723417 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer often metastasizes into bone and leads to osteolytic lesions. The underlying mechanisms, however, are complex and not fully understood. Syndecan-1 is a proteoglycan that has various functions relevant for tumor progression including cell–cell communication and cell–matrix interactions. Moreover, its two glycosaminoglycan-binding sites suggest that it may interfere with glycoproteins such as osteoprotegerin, a potent inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis. Thus, we hypothesize that tumor-derived syndecan-1 alters osteoclast biology by modulating osteoprotegerin. Methods Syndecan-1 expression was down-regulated via siRNA and the cell fate of the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231 was investigated. Furthermore, we determined the regulation of syndecan-1 by dexamethasone, a commonly used antiemetic in breast cancer therapy. Additionally, we analyzed the genesis and activity of osteoclasts in indirect co-culture experiments using supernatants from MCF-7 cells with deficient and sufficient levels of syndecan-1. Results Dexamethasone time- and dose-dependently increased syndecan-1 expression up to 4-fold but did not alter cell behavior. Syndecan-1 up-regulation did not affect the survival or migration of breast cancer cells. Depletion of syndecan-1 using siRNA led to decreased vitality of progesterone receptor-positive cell lines. In MCF-7 cells osteoprotegerin production was up-regulated 2.5-fold after syndecan-1 knock-down. The culture of osteoclast precursors with the supernatant of MCF-7 cells with reduced syndecan-1 levels suppressed osteoclast formation and activity by 21% and 23%, respectively. Adding neutralizing antibodies to osteoprotegerin to the breast cancer supernatants reversed osteoclastogenesis. Conclusion Thus, we identified tumor-derived syndecan-1 as a novel positive regulator of osteoclastogenesis and new player in the tumor-bone dialog.
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Key Words
- ACTB, β-actin
- Breast cancer
- C, control
- DEX, dexamethasone
- ER, estrogen receptor
- ERBB2, v-erb-b2 erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2
- GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate-dehydrogenase
- OPG, osteoprotegerin
- Osteoclast
- Osteoprotegerin
- PR, progesterone receptor
- RANKL, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand
- SDC1, syndecan-1
- Syndecan-1
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Benad-Mehner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefanie Thiele
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilman D Rachner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andy Göbel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Martina Rauner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany; Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University, Dresden, Germany
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20
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Conti A, Espina V, Chiechi A, Magagnoli G, Novello C, Pazzaglia L, Quattrini I, Picci P, Liotta LA, Benassi MS. Mapping protein signal pathway interaction in sarcoma bone metastasis: linkage between rank, metalloproteinases turnover and growth factor signaling pathways. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 31:15-24. [PMID: 23877430 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We applied reverse phase protein microarrays technology to map signal pathway interactions in a discovery set of 34 soft tissue sarcoma (STS) bone metastases compared to healthy bone. Proteins associated with matrix remodeling (MMP), adhesion (FAK Y576/577, Syndecan-1), and growth/survival (IGF1R Y1135/1136, PI3K, EGFR) were elevated in metastasis compared to normal bone. Linkage between Syndecan-1, FAK Y576/577, Shc Y317, and EGFR, IGF Y1135/1136, PI3K/AKT was a prominent feature of STS bone metastasis. Elevated linkage between RANKL and 4EBP1 T37/46, EGFR, IGF1R Y1135/1136, Src Y41, Shc Y317, PI3Kp110γ was associated with short survival. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that signal pathway proteins augmented in the STS bone metastasis may provide clues to understand the subset of primary STS that metastasize. The most representative molecules identified in the discovery set were validated on an independent series of 82 primary STS by immunohistochemistry applied to a tissue microarray. The goal was to correlate the molecular profile in the primary tumors with a higher likelihood of metastasis. Elevation of activated kinase substrate endpoints IRS1 S612, 4EBP1 T37/46, FAK Y576/577 and loss of Fibronectin, were associated with a higher likelihood of metastases. These data indicate that the linkage between matrix remodeling, adhesion, and growth signaling may drive STS metastasis and can be the basis for prognostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Conti
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Rizzoli Orthopedic Institute, Via di Barbiano 1/10, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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Soki FN, Park SI, McCauley LK. The multifaceted actions of PTHrP in skeletal metastasis. Future Oncol 2013; 8:803-17. [PMID: 22830401 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PTHrP, identified during the elucidation of mediators of malignancy-induced hypercalcemia, plays numerous roles in normal physiology as well as pathological conditions. Recent data support direct functions of PTHrP in metastasis, particularly from tumors with strong bone tropism. Bone provides a unique metastatic environment because of mineralization and the diverse cell populations in the bone marrow. PTHrP is a key regulator of tumor-bone interactions and regulates cells in the bone microenvironment through proliferative and prosurvival activities that prime the 'seed' and the 'soil' of the metastatic lesion. This review highlights recent findings regarding the role of PTHrP in skeletal metastasis, including direct actions in tumor cells, as well as alterations in the bone microenvironment and future perspectives involving the potential roles of PTHrP in the premetastatic niche, and tumor dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana N Soki
- Department of Periodontics & Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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22
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Casavant BP, Guckenberger DJ, Berry SM, Tokar JT, Lang JM, Beebe DJ. The VerIFAST: an integrated method for cell isolation and extracellular/intracellular staining. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:391-6. [PMID: 23223939 DOI: 10.1039/c2lc41136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Isolation and characterization of a specific subset of cells from a large heterogeneous population is necessary for studying rare subpopulations of cells. Existing methods require transfer or wash steps that risk causing loss of the rare cell population of interest. Integrated methods reduce loss, making these methods especially useful for reliable isolation of rare cell populations. In this report, we demonstrate the VerIFAST, a device that builds upon the simplified workflow of the Immiscible Filtration Assisted by Surface Tension (IFAST) to integrate a method for cellular isolation with methods for extra- and intracellular staining. First, a front-end purification step allows cells and unwanted particulates to passively settle out of the operational path of the paramagnetic particles, resulting in good efficiency of capture (>80%) and purity (>70%) with a single virtual wall traverse. Second, a Sieve Chamber is used downstream of the isolation chamber that removes excess unbound paramagnetic particles (PMPs) and performs complex multi-step washing procedures without centrifugation or transfer steps. Further, cellular staining can be performed in the device and is demonstrated for extracellular epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), intracellular pan-cytokeratins, and Ki-67.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Casavant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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23
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Arvatz G, Shafat I, Levy-Adam F, Ilan N, Vlodavsky I. The heparanase system and tumor metastasis: is heparanase the seed and soil? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2011; 30:253-68. [PMID: 21308479 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-011-9288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumor metastasis, the leading cause of cancer patients' death, is still insufficiently understood. While concepts and mechanisms of tumor metastasis are evolving, it is widely accepted that cancer metastasis is accompanied by orchestrated proteolytic activity executed by array of proteases. While matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) attracted much attention, other proteases constitute the tumor milieu, of which a large family consists of cysteine proteases named cathepsins. Like MMPs, some cathepsins are often upregulated in cancer and, once secreted or localized to the cell surface, can degrade components of the extracellular matrix. In addition, cathepsin L is held responsible for processing and activation of heparanase, an endo-β-glucuronidase capable of cleaving heparan sulfate side chains of heparan sulfate proteoglycans, activity that is strongly implicated in cell dissemination associated with tumor metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. In this review, we discuss recent progress in heparanase research focusing on heparanase-related molecules namely, cathepsin L and heparanase 2 (Hpa2), a heparanase homolog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Arvatz
- Cancer and Vascular Biology Research Center, Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, P. O. Box 9649, Haifa, 31096, Israel
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Sarrazin S, Lamanna WC, Esko JD. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:cshperspect.a004952. [PMID: 21690215 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1021] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are found at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where they interact with a plethora of ligands. Over the last decade, new insights have emerged regarding the mechanism and biological significance of these interactions. Here, we discuss changing views on the specificity of protein-heparan sulfate binding and the activity of HSPGs as receptors and coreceptors. Although few in number, heparan sulfate proteoglycans have profound effects at the cellular, tissue, and organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Sarrazin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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25
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Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are found at the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where they interact with a plethora of ligands. Over the last decade, new insights have emerged regarding the mechanism and biological significance of these interactions. Here, we discuss changing views on the specificity of protein-heparan sulfate binding and the activity of HSPGs as receptors and coreceptors. Although few in number, heparan sulfate proteoglycans have profound effects at the cellular, tissue, and organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Sarrazin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Abstract
When cancer metastasizes to bone, considerable pain and deregulated bone remodelling occurs, greatly diminishing the possibility of cure. Metastasizing tumour cells mobilize and sculpt the bone microenvironment to enhance tumour growth and to promote bone invasion. Understanding the crucial components of the bone microenvironment that influence tumour localization, along with the tumour-derived factors that modulate cellular and protein matrix components of bone to favour tumour expansion and invasion, is central to the pathophysiology of bone metastases. Basic findings of tumour-bone interactions have uncovered numerous therapeutic opportunities that focus on the bone microenvironment to prevent and treat bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N Weilbaecher
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
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27
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Abstract
When cancer metastasizes to bone, considerable pain and deregulated bone remodelling occurs, greatly diminishing the possibility of cure. Metastasizing tumour cells mobilize and sculpt the bone microenvironment to enhance tumour growth and to promote bone invasion. Understanding the crucial components of the bone microenvironment that influence tumour localization, along with the tumour-derived factors that modulate cellular and protein matrix components of bone to favour tumour expansion and invasion, is central to the pathophysiology of bone metastases. Basic findings of tumour-bone interactions have uncovered numerous therapeutic opportunities that focus on the bone microenvironment to prevent and treat bone metastases.
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Abstract
The skeleton is one of the most common sites for metastatic cancer, and tumors arising from the breast or prostate possess an increased propensity to spread to this site. The growth of disseminated tumor cells in the skeleton requires tumor cells to inhabit the bone marrow, from which they stimulate local bone cell activity. Crosstalk between tumor cells and resident bone and bone marrow cells disrupts normal bone homeostasis, which leads to tumor growth in bone. The metastatic tumor cells have the ability to elicit responses that stimulate bone resorption, bone formation or both. The net result of these activities is profound skeletal destruction that can have dire consequences for patients. The molecular mechanisms that underlie these painful and often incurable consequences of tumor metastasis to bone are beginning to be recognized, and they represent promising new molecular targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry J Suva
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Center for Orthopedic Research, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Rodrigues LMR, Theodoro TR, Matos LL, Mader AM, Milani C, Pinhal MADS. Heparanase isoform expression and extracellular matrix remodeling in intervertebral disc degenerative disease. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66:903-9. [PMID: 21789398 PMCID: PMC3109393 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011000500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the molecules involved in extracellular matrix remodeling and to identify and quantify heparanase isoforms present in herniated and degenerative discs. INTRODUCTION Heparanase is an endo-beta-glucuronidase that specifically acts upon the heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans. However, heparanase expression in degenerative intervertebral discs has not yet been evaluated. Notably, previous studies demonstrated a correlation between changes in the heparan sulfate proteoglycan pattern and the degenerative process associated with intervertebral discs. METHODS Twenty-nine samples of intervertebral degenerative discs, 23 samples of herniated discs and 12 samples of non-degenerative discs were analyzed. The expression of both heparanase isoforms (heparanase-1 and heparanase-2) was evaluated using immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS Heparanase-1 and heparanase-2 expression levels were significantly higher in the herniated and degenerative discs in comparison to the control tissues, suggesting a possible role of these proteins in the intervertebral degenerative process. CONCLUSION The overexpression of heparanase isoforms in the degenerative intervertebral discs and the herniated discs suggests a potential role of both proteins in the mediation of inflammatory processes and in extracellular matrix remodeling. The heparanase-2 isoform may be involved in normal metabolic processes, as evidenced by its higher expression in the control intervertebral discs relative to the expression of heparanase-1.
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Yang Y, Ren Y, Ramani VC, Nan L, Suva LJ, Sanderson RD. Heparanase enhances local and systemic osteolysis in multiple myeloma by upregulating the expression and secretion of RANKL. Cancer Res 2010; 70:8329-38. [PMID: 20978204 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Excessive bone destruction is a major cause of morbidity in myeloma patients. However, the biological mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of myeloma-induced bone disease are not fully understood. Heparanase, an enzyme that cleaves the heparan sulfate chains of proteoglycans, is upregulated in a variety of human tumors, including multiple myeloma. We previously showed that heparanase promotes robust myeloma tumor growth and supports spontaneous metastasis of tumor cells to bone. In the present study, we show, for the first time, that the expression of heparanase by myeloma tumor cells remarkably enhances bone destruction locally within the tumor microenvironment. In addition, enhanced heparanase expression in the primary tumor also stimulated systemic osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis, thus mimicking the systemic osteoporosis often seen in myeloma patients. These effects occur, at least in part, as the result of a significant elevation in the expression and secretion of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) by heparanase-expressing myeloma cells. Moreover, analysis of bone marrow biopsies from myeloma patients reveals a positive correlation between the level of expression of heparanase and RANKL. Together, these discoveries reveal a novel and key role for heparanase in promoting tumor osteolysis and show that RANKL is central to the mechanism of heparanase-mediated osteolysis in myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Center for Metabolic Bone Disease, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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