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Towler DA. Parathyroid hormone-PTH1R signaling in cardiovascular disease and homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:648-660. [PMID: 38429163 PMCID: PMC11233248 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) afflicts our aging population with an incidence approaching 50 per 100 000 patient-years at a female:male ratio of ~3:1. Decisions surrounding surgical management are currently driven by age, hypercalcemia severity, presence of osteoporosis, renal insufficiency, or hypercalciuria with or without nephrolithiasis. Cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) is not systematically considered. This is notable since the parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1 receptor (PTH1R) is biologically active in the vasculature, and adjusted CV mortality risk is increased almost threefold in individuals with pHPT who do not meet contemporary recommendations for surgical cure. We provide an overview of epidemiology, pharmacology, and physiology that highlights the need to: (i) identify biomarkers that establish a healthy 'set point' for CV PTH1R signaling tone; (ii) better understand the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) relationships of PTH1R ligands in CV homeostasis; and (iii) incorporate CVD risk assessment into the management of hyperparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight A Towler
- Department of Internal Medicine - Endocrine Division, Charles and Jane Pak Center for Mineral Metabolism and Clinical Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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2
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Tay Donovan YK, Bilezikian JP. Interactions between PTH and adiposity: appetizing possibilities. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:536-543. [PMID: 38637302 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Although parathyroid hormone (PTH) is best known for its role as a regulator of skeletal remodelling and calcium homeostasis, more recent evidence supports a role for it in energy metabolism and other non-classical targets. In this report, we summarize evidence for an effect of PTH on adipocytes. This review is based upon all peer-reviewed papers, published in the English language with PubMed as the primary search engine. Recent preclinical studies have documented an effect of PTH to stimulate lipolysis in both adipocytes and liver cells and to cause browning of adipocytes. PTH also reduces bone marrow adiposity and hepatic steatosis. Although clinical studies are limited, disease models of PTH excess and PTH deficiency lend support to these preclinical findings. This review supports the concept of PTH as a polyfunctional hormone that influences energy metabolism as well as bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kwang Tay Donovan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sengkang General Hospital, SingHealth, 544886, Singapore
| | - John P Bilezikian
- Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 180 Fort Washington Ave Ste 904, New York, NY, 10032, United States
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3
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Tran MH, Yunce M. Updates on the mobilization pipeline for hematopoietic stem cell collection. J Clin Apher 2023; 38:738-745. [PMID: 37746743 DOI: 10.1002/jca.22089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Hematopoetic Stem Cell Transplantation is a life saving procedure which requires mobilization of stem cells for apheresis procedure. In this review we aimed to examine mobilizing agents that are in use and under investigation. Apheresis practitioners who oversee stem cell collections should be familiar with the recent advances in mobilization agents to utilize most up-to-date information for better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh-Ha Tran
- University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Muharrem Yunce
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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4
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Kim MJ, Valderrábano RJ, Wu JY. Osteoblast Lineage Support of Hematopoiesis in Health and Disease. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1823-1842. [PMID: 35983701 PMCID: PMC11346465 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, hematopoiesis migrates to the bone marrow during embryogenesis coincident with the appearance of mineralized bone, where hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their progeny are maintained by the surrounding microenvironment or niche, and sustain the entirety of the hematopoietic system. Genetic manipulation of niche factors and advances in cell lineage tracing techniques have implicated cells of both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic origin as important regulators of hematopoiesis in health and disease. Among them, cells of the osteoblast lineage, from stromal skeletal stem cells to matrix-embedded osteocytes, are vital niche residents with varying capacities for hematopoietic support depending on stage of differentiation. Here, we review populations of osteoblasts at differing stages of differentiation and summarize the current understanding of the role of the osteoblast lineage in supporting hematopoiesis. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo J Valderrábano
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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5
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Newman H, Hoque J, Shih YRV, Marushack G, Ko U, Gonzales G, Varghese S. pH-Sensitive nanocarrier assisted delivery of adenosine to treat osteoporotic bone loss. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:5340-5355. [PMID: 35929516 PMCID: PMC9894097 DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue undergoes continuous remodeling via osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation. An imbalance in this process with enhanced osteoclastic activity can lead to excessive bone resorption, resulting in bone thinning. Once activated, osteoclasts bind to the bone surface and acidify the local niche. This acidic environment could serve as a potential trigger for the delivery of therapeutic agents into the osteoporotic bone tissue. To this end, we developed a pH-responsive nanocarrier-based drug delivery system that binds to the bone tissue and delivers an osteoanabolic molecule, adenosine. Adenosine is incorporated into a hyaluronic acid (HA)-based nanocarrier through a pH-sensitive ketal group. The HA-nanocarrier is further functionalized with alendronate moieties to improve binding to the bone tissues. Systemic administration of the nanocarrier containing adenosine attenuated bone loss in ovariectomized mice and showed comparable bone qualities to that of healthy mice. Delivery of osteoanabolic small molecules that can contribute to bone formation and inhibit excessive osteoclast activity by leveraging the tissue-specific milieu could serve as viable therapeutics for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Newman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jiaul Hoque
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Yu-Ru V Shih
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gabrielle Marushack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Unghyeon Ko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Gavin Gonzales
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Shyni Varghese
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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6
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Circulating Osteogenic Progenitor Cells Enhanced with Teriparatide or Denosumab Treatment. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164749. [PMID: 36012987 PMCID: PMC9409740 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating osteogenic precursor (COP) cells are peripheral blood cells with a capacity for osteogenesis. The objective of our study was to ascertain the percentage of COPs as an early biomarker of osteoporosis and the effect of these cells in response to Denosumab (DmAb) (anti-resorptive) or to Teriparatide (TPDP) (anabolic) as very effective drugs in the treatment of the illness. A first study was conducted on healthy volunteers, with three age ranges, to determine the percentage of COPs and relate it to their anthropometric and biochemical characteristics, followed by a second longitudinal study on patients with osteoporosis, whereby one group of patients was treated with TPTD and another with DmAb. All were analyzed by cytometry for COP percentage in blood, bone turnover markers, and bone mass. Our findings show that COPs are influenced by age and become more prolific in the stages of growth and skeletal maturation. A higher percentage of COPs is found in osteoporotic disease, which could constitute a predictive marker thereof. We also show how treatment with TPTD or DmAb mobilizes circulating osteogenic precursors in the blood. Significant increases in % COPs were observed after 12 months of treatment with Dmb (21.9%) and TPTD (17%). These results can be related to an increase in osteogenesis and, consequently, a better and more efficient repair of bone tissue.
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Kimura T, Panaroni C, Rankin EB, Purton LE, Wu JY. Loss of Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Signaling in Osteoprogenitors Is Associated With Accumulation of Multiple Hematopoietic Lineages in the Bone Marrow. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:1321-1334. [PMID: 35490308 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and their progenitors play an important role in the support of hematopoiesis within the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. We have previously reported that parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R) signaling in osteoprogenitors is required for normal B cell precursor differentiation, and for trafficking of maturing B cells out of the BM. Cells of the osteoblast lineage have been implicated in the regulation of several other hematopoietic cell populations, but the effects of PTH1R signaling in osteoprogenitors on other maturing hematopoietic populations have not been investigated. Here we report that numbers of maturing myeloid, T cell, and erythroid populations were increased in the BM of mice lacking PTH1R in Osx-expressing osteoprogenitors (PTH1R-OsxKO mice; knockout [KO]). This increase in maturing hematopoietic populations was not associated with an increase in progenitor populations or proliferation. The spleens of PTH1R-OsxKO mice were small with decreased numbers of all hematopoietic populations, suggesting that trafficking of mature hematopoietic populations between BM and spleen is impaired in the absence of PTH1R in osteoprogenitors. RNA sequencing (RNAseq) of osteoprogenitors and their descendants in bone and BM revealed increased expression of vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), factors that are involved in trafficking of several hematopoietic populations. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Kimura
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Panaroni
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Louise E Purton
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
- The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Department of Medicine (Endocrinology), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Kim JM, Lee WS, Kim J. Therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis based on bone-vascular axis hypothesis. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 206:107436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Valderrábano RJ, Wu JY. Bone and blood interactions in human health and disease. Bone 2019; 119:65-70. [PMID: 29476979 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Under physiologic conditions hematopoiesis takes place in the bone marrow, and the skeleton provides the structural and supportive network necessary for normal hematopoiesis. Chronic disorders affecting hematopoiesis such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia demonstrate striking skeletal phenotypes including bone loss and increased fracture risk. There is mounting evidence that anemia in older populations may also be associated with bone fragility. Given the interconnectedness of bone and hematopoietic cells, it is important to review the potential clinical implications and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. There are recognized associations between blood-borne and solid tissue malignancy and skeletal health, but our review will focus on non-malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo J Valderrábano
- Division of Endocrinology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
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10
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Green AC, Rudolph-Stringer V, Chantry AD, Wu JY, Purton LE. Mesenchymal lineage cells and their importance in B lymphocyte niches. Bone 2019; 119:42-56. [PMID: 29183783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Early B lymphopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow and is reliant on interactions with numerous cell types in the bone marrow microenvironment, particularly those of the mesenchymal lineage. Each cellular niche that supports the distinct stages of B lymphopoiesis is unique. Different cell types and signaling molecules are important for the progressive stages of B lymphocyte differentiation. Cells expressing CXCL12 and IL-7 have long been recognized as having essential roles in facilitating progression through stages of B lymphopoiesis. Recently, a number of other factors that extrinsically mediate B lymphopoiesis (positively or negatively) have been identified. In addition, the use of transgenic mouse models to delete specific genes in mesenchymal lineage cells has further contributed to our understanding of how B lymphopoiesis is regulated in the bone marrow. This review will cover the current understanding of B lymphocyte niches in the bone marrow and key extrinsic molecules and signaling pathways involved in these niches, with a focus on how mesenchymal lineage cells regulate B lymphopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alanna C Green
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Sheffield, UK.
| | - Victoria Rudolph-Stringer
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew D Chantry
- Sheffield Myeloma Research Team, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Louise E Purton
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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Tang Y, Xia H, Kang L, Sun Q, Su Z, Hao C, Xue Y. Effects of Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone 1-34 Administration on Circulating Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:259-268. [PMID: 30620727 PMCID: PMC6330838 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) 1-34 administration stimulates osteogenesis and increases bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) density; however, its effect on the circulating MSCs is unknown. This study aimed to examine the effect of intermittent PTH 1-34 administration on circulating MSCs in the peripheral blood of postmenopausal osteoporotic women. MATERIAL AND METHODS Fifty-four postmenopausal osteoporotic women at high risk of fracture were enrolled and administered either teriparatide (PTH 1-34) or alendronate for 12 months. Whole blood samples were obtained at baseline, 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after initiation of treatment. Flow cytometry analyses were performed to identify circulating MSCs (CD73+, CD90+, CD105+, CD34-, and CD45-). Serum markers of bone formation, bone resorption, as well as bone mineral density (BMD) were serially measured. Circulating MSCs were isolated from peripheral blood of teriparatide treated women and cultured in osteogenic medium to examine their osteogenic differentiation potential. RESULTS Teriparatide treatment increased circulating MSCs to 141±96% (P<0.001) by month 1, persisting until month 12; this increase was positively associated with increases in bone formation and bone resorption biomarkers (at month 6) and spine BMD (at month 12). Furthermore, intermittent PTH 1-34 administration promoted in vitro osteogenic differentiation of circulating MSCs, evident from increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, ALP-expressing cell density, calcium deposition, and Runx-2, OSX, COL 1a1, and osteocalcin mRNA upregulation. CONCLUSIONS Intermittent PTH 1-34 administration increased circulating MSC density in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis and enhanced in vitro osteogenic differentiation potential of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Tang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Han Xia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Liang Kang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Quan Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Zhe Su
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Congqiang Hao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan Xue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China (mainland)
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12
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Tay D, Cremers S, Bilezikian JP. Optimal dosing and delivery of parathyroid hormone and its analogues for osteoporosis and hypoparathyroidism - translating the pharmacology. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:252-267. [PMID: 29049872 PMCID: PMC5777439 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), bone loss results from the resorptive effects of excess parathyroid hormone (PTH). Under physiological conditions, PTH has actions that are more targeted to homeostasis and to bone accrual. The predominant action of PTH, either catabolic, anabolic or homeostatic, can be understood in molecular and pharmacokinetic terms. When administered intermittently, PTH increases bone mass, but when present continuously and in excess (e.g. PHPT), bone loss ensues. This dual effect of PTH depends not only on the dosing regimen, continuous or intermittent, but also on how the PTH molecule interacts with various states of its receptor (PTH/PTHrP receptor) influencing downstream signalling pathways differentially. Altering the amino-terminal end of PTH or PTHrP could emphasize the state of the receptor that is linked to an osteoanabolic outcome. This concept led to the development of a PTHrP analogue that interacts preferentially with the transiently linked state of the receptor, emphasizing an osteoanabolic effect. However, designing PTH or PTHrP analogues with prolonged state of binding to the receptor would be expected to be linked to a homeostatic action associated with the tonic secretory state of the parathyroid glands that is advantageous in treating hypoparathyroidism. Ideally, further development of a drug delivery system that mimics the physiological tonic, circadian, and pulsatile profile of PTH would be optimal. This review discusses basic, translational and clinical studies that may well lead to newer approaches to the treatment of osteoporosis as well as to different PTH molecules that could become more advantageous in treating hypoparathyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Tay
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10032USA
- Department of MedicineSengkang HealthSingapore
- Osteoporosis and Bone Metabolism Unit, Department of EndocrinologySingapore General HospitalSingapore
| | - Serge Cremers
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10032USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell BiologyColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY10032USA
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational ResearchColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNY10032USA
| | - John P. Bilezikian
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY10032USA
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Swami S, Johnson J, Bettinson LA, Kimura T, Zhu H, Albertelli MA, Johnson RW, Wu JY. Prevention of breast cancer skeletal metastases with parathyroid hormone. JCI Insight 2017; 2:90874. [PMID: 28878134 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced breast cancer is frequently associated with skeletal metastases and accelerated bone loss. Recombinant parathyroid hormone [teriparatide, PTH(1-34)] is the first anabolic agent approved in the US for treatment of osteoporosis. While signaling through the PTH receptor in the osteoblast lineage regulates bone marrow hematopoietic niches, the effects of anabolic PTH on the skeletal metastatic niche are unknown. Here, we demonstrate, using orthotopic and intratibial models of 4T1 murine and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer tumors, that anabolic PTH decreases both tumor engraftment and the incidence of spontaneous skeletal metastasis in mice. Microcomputed tomography and histomorphometric analyses revealed that PTH increases bone volume and reduces tumor engraftment and volume. Transwell migration assays with murine and human breast cancer cells revealed that PTH alters the gene expression profile of the metastatic niche, in particular VCAM-1, to inhibit recruitment of cancer cells. While PTH did not affect growth or migration of the primary tumor, it elicited several changes in the tumor gene expression profile resulting in a less metastatic phenotype. In conclusion, PTH treatment in mice alters the bone microenvironment, resulting in decreased cancer cell engraftment, reduced incidence of metastases, preservation of bone microarchitecture and prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srilatha Swami
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Joshua Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, and.,Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lance A Bettinson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Takaharu Kimura
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | | | - Rachelle W Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, and.,Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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14
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Sabbieti MG, Marchetti L, Censi R, Lacava G, Agas D. Role of PTH in Bone Marrow Niche and HSC Regulation. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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15
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Verheyen N, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Belyavskiy E, Gruebler MR, Dimai HP, Amrein K, Ablasser K, Martensen J, Catena C, Pieske-Kraigher E, Colantonio C, Voelkl J, Lang F, Alesutan I, Meinitzer A, März W, Brussee H, Pieske B, Pilz S, Tomaschitz A. Relationship between bone turnover and left ventricular function in primary hyperparathyroidism: The EPATH trial. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173799. [PMID: 28406904 PMCID: PMC5390970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Observational studies suggested a link between bone disease and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction that may be pronounced in hyperparathyroid conditions. We therefore aimed to test the hypothesis that circulating markers of bone turnover correlate with LV function in a cohort of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). Cross-sectional data of 155 subjects with pHPT were analyzed who participated in the "Eplerenone in Primary Hyperparathyroidism" (EPATH) Trial. Multivariate linear regression analyses with LV ejection fraction (LVEF, systolic function) or peak early transmitral filling velocity (e', diastolic function) as dependent variables and N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type 1 (P1NP), osteocalcin (OC), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), or beta-crosslaps (CTX) as the respective independent variable were performed. Analyses were additionally adjusted for plasma parathyroid hormone, plasma calcium, age, sex, HbA1c, body mass index, mean 24-hours systolic blood pressure, smoking status, estimated glomerular filtration rate, antihypertensive treatment, osteoporosis treatment, 25-hydroxy vitamin D and N-terminal pro-brain B-type natriuretic peptide. Independent relationships were observed between P1NP and LVEF (adjusted β-coefficient = 0.201, P = 0.035) and e' (β = 0.188, P = 0.042), respectively. OC (β = 0.192, P = 0.039) and BALP (β = 0.198, P = 0.030) were each independently related with e'. CTX showed no correlations with LVEF or e'. In conclusion, high bone formation markers were independently and paradoxically related with better LV diastolic and, partly, better systolic function, in the setting of pHPT. Potentially cardio-protective properties of stimulated bone formation in the context of hyperparathyroidism should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Verheyen
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Astrid Fahrleitner-Pammer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Evgeny Belyavskiy
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin R. Gruebler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Swiss Cardiovascular Center Bern, Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hans Peter Dimai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Amrein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Klemens Ablasser
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Johann Martensen
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Cristiana Catena
- Hypertension Unit, Internal Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Elisabeth Pieske-Kraigher
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jakob Voelkl
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ioana Alesutan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Meinitzer
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Winfried März
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Synlab Academy, Synlab Services LLC, Mannheim, Germany
- Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruperto Carola University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Helmut Brussee
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Burkert Pieske
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Medizinische Klinik mit Schwerpunkt Kardiologie, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Pilz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Tomaschitz
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Medical Clinic V (Nephrology, Hypertensiology, Endocrinology), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruperto Carola University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Specialist Clinic for Rehabilitation Bad Gleichenberg, Bad Gleichenberg, Austria
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16
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Valderrábano RJ, Lui LY, Lee J, Cummings SR, Orwoll ES, Hoffman AR, Wu JY. Bone Density Loss Is Associated With Blood Cell Counts. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:212-220. [PMID: 27653240 PMCID: PMC5292053 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoiesis depends on a supportive microenvironment. Preclinical studies in mice have demonstrated that osteoblasts influence the development of blood cells, particularly erythrocytes, B lymphocytes, and neutrophils. However, it is unknown whether osteoblast numbers or function impact blood cell counts in humans. We tested the hypothesis that men with low BMD or greater BMD loss have decreased circulating erythrocytes and lymphocytes and increased myeloid cells. We performed a cross-sectional analysis and prospective analysis in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study, a multisite longitudinal cohort study. A total of 2571 community-dwelling men (≥65 years) who were able to walk without assistance, did not have a hip replacement or fracture, and had complete blood counts (CBCs) at the third study visit were analyzed. Multivariable (MV)-adjusted logistic regression estimated odds of white blood cell (WBC) subtypes (highest and lowest quintile versus middle), and anemia (clinically defined) associated with BMD by DXA scan (at visit 3), annualized percent BMD change (baseline to visit 3), and high BMD loss (>0.5%/year, from baseline to visit 3) at the femoral neck (FN) and total hip (TH). MV-adjusted models included age, BMI, cancer history, smoking status, alcohol intake, corticosteroid use, self-reported health, thiazide use, and physical activity. At visit 3 greater TH BMD loss (per 1 SD) was associated with increased odds of anemia, high neutrophils, and low lymphocytes. Annualized BMD loss of >0.5% was associated with increased odds of anemia, high neutrophils, and low lymphocytes. Similar results were observed for FN BMD regarding anemia and lymphocytes. We conclude that community-dwelling older men with declining hip BMD over about 7 years had increased risks of anemia, lower lymphocyte count, and higher neutrophil count, consistent with preclinical studies. Bone health and hematopoiesis may have greater interdependency than previously recognized. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Li-Yung Lui
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Palo Alto Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Cummings
- San Francisco Coordinating Center, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric S Orwoll
- Department of Medicine, Bone and Mineral Unit, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrew R Hoffman
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Palo Alto Veteran Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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17
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Domingues MJ, Nilsson SK, Cao B. New agents in HSC mobilization. Int J Hematol 2016; 105:141-152. [PMID: 27905003 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-016-2156-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mobilized peripheral blood (PB) is the most common source of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) for autologous transplantation. Granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is the most commonly used mobilization agent, yet despite its widespread use, a considerable number of patients still fail to mobilize. Recently, a greater understanding of the interactions that regulate HSC homeostasis in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment has enabled the development of new molecules that mobilize HSC through specific inhibition, modulation or perturbation of these interactions. AMD3100 (plerixafor), a small molecule that selectively inhibits the chemokine receptor CXCR4 is approved for mobilization in combination with G-CSF in patients with Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Nevertheless, identifying mobilization strategies that not only enhance HSC number, but are rapid and generate an optimal "mobilized product" for improved transplant outcomes remains an area of clinical importance. In recent times, new agents based on recombinant proteins, peptides and small molecules have been identified as potential candidates for therapeutic HSC mobilization. In this review, we describe the most recent developments in HSC mobilization agents and their potential impact in HSC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie J Domingues
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Susan K Nilsson
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia.,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Benjamin Cao
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Bag 10, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia. .,Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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18
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Panaroni C, Fulzele K, Saini V, Chubb R, Pajevic PD, Wu JY. PTH Signaling in Osteoprogenitors Is Essential for B-Lymphocyte Differentiation and Mobilization. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:2273-86. [PMID: 26191777 PMCID: PMC5056164 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cells of the osteoblast lineage provide critical support for B lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) signaling in osteoblastic cells through its receptor (PPR) is an important regulator of hematopoietic stem cells; however, its role in regulation of B lymphopoiesis is not clear. Here we demonstrate that deletion of PPR in osteoprogenitors results in a significant loss of trabecular and cortical bone. PPR signaling in osteoprogenitors, but not in mature osteoblasts or osteocytes, is critical for B-cell precursor differentiation via IL-7 production. Interestingly, despite a severe reduction in B-cell progenitors in BM, mature B-lymphocytes were increased 3.5-fold in the BM of mice lacking PPR in osteoprogenitors. This retention of mature IgD(+) B cells in the BM was associated with increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) by PPR-deficient osteoprogenitors, and treatment with VCAM1 neutralizing antibody increased mobilization of B lymphocytes from mutant BM. Our results demonstrate that PPR signaling in early osteoblasts is necessary for B-cell differentiation via IL-7 secretion and for B-lymphocyte mobilization via VCAM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Panaroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Keertik Fulzele
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vaibhav Saini
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rhiannon Chubb
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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19
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Calvi LM, Link DC. The hematopoietic stem cell niche in homeostasis and disease. Blood 2015; 126:2443-51. [PMID: 26468230 PMCID: PMC4661168 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-07-533588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow microenvironment contains a heterogeneous population of stromal cells organized into niches that support hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and other lineage-committed hematopoietic progenitors. The stem cell niche generates signals that regulate HSC self-renewal, quiescence, and differentiation. Here, we review recent studies that highlight the heterogeneity of the stromal cells that comprise stem cell niches and the complexity of the signals that they generate. We highlight emerging data that stem cell niches in the bone marrow are not static but instead are responsive to environmental stimuli. Finally, we review recent data showing that hematopoietic niches are altered in certain hematopoietic malignancies, and we discuss how these alterations might contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Calvi
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology & Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY; and
| | - Daniel C Link
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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20
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Nioi P, Taylor S, Hu R, Pacheco E, He YD, Hamadeh H, Paszty C, Pyrah I, Ominsky MS, Boyce RW. Transcriptional Profiling of Laser Capture Microdissected Subpopulations of the Osteoblast Lineage Provides Insight Into the Early Response to Sclerostin Antibody in Rats. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:1457-67. [PMID: 25678055 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) increases bone formation through a process dependent on the activation of canonical Wnt signaling, although the specific signaling in the osteoblast lineage in vivo is largely unknown. To gain insight into the signaling pathways acutely modulated by Scl-Ab, the transcriptional response of subpopulations of the osteoblast lineage was assessed by TaqMan and microarray analyses of mRNA isolated from laser capture microdissection (LCM)-enriched samples from the vertebrae of ovariectomized rats during the first week after Scl-Ab administration. Briefly, 6-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats were ovariectomized and, after 2 months, received a single dose of vehicle (VEH) or 100 mg/kg Scl-Ab (n = 20/group). Lumbar vertebrae were collected at 6, 24, 72, and 168 hours postdose and cryosectioned for LCM. Osteocytes were captured from bone matrix, and osteoblasts and lining cells were captured from bone surfaces based on fluorochrome labeling. mRNA was isolated, amplified, and profiled by TaqMan and microarray. Expression analysis revealed that Scl-Ab caused strikingly similar transcriptional profiles across all three cell types. Only 13 known canonical Wnt target genes, the majority with known functions in bone, showed a significant change in expression by microarray in response to Scl-Ab, with Wisp1 and Twist1 being the most responsive. Coincident with increased expression of Wnt target genes was the upregulation of numerous extracellular matrix (ECM) genes. The acute and progressive upregulation of ECM genes in lining cells supports their activation into matrix-producing osteoblasts, consistent with modeling-based bone formation. A similar transcriptional profile in osteocytes may indicate that Scl-Ab stimulates perilacunar/pericanalicular matrix deposition. Pathway analyses indicated that Scl-Ab regulated a limited number of genes related to cell cycle arrest and B-cell development. These data describe the acute downstream signaling in response to Scl-Ab in vivo and demonstrate selected canonical Wnt target gene activation associated with increased bone formation in all mature osteoblast subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nioi
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Scott Taylor
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Efrain Pacheco
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Yudong D He
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Hisham Hamadeh
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Chris Paszty
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Ian Pyrah
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Ominsky
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Rogely Waite Boyce
- Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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21
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Grabmaier U, Huber BC, Franz WM, Koch E, Brunner S. Mobilisation of haemopoietic stem cells in teriparatide-treated patients. Intern Med J 2015. [PMID: 26220030 DOI: 10.1111/imj.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the predominant regulator of calcium/phosphate homeostasis in the human body. Beside this classical function, preclinical and clinical studies indicated a relevant role for PTH in mobilisation of bone marrow-derived cells into peripheral blood. In addition, recombinant PTH (teriparatide) was recently approved for the treatment of severe osteoporosis. Therefore, it was the aim of the present study to investigate the dynamics of haemopoietic stem cells and corresponding in peripheral blood of 13 patients with osteoporosis during treatment with teriparatide. We were able to show that administration of teriparatide is sufficient to mobilise haemopoietic stem cells into the bloodstream accompanied by an alteration of mobilising cytokines. In conclusion, teriparatide might be a useful tool in the context of stem cell mobilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Grabmaier
- Medical Department I, Campus Innenstadt and Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - B C Huber
- Medical Department I, Campus Innenstadt and Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - W-M Franz
- Department of Internal Medicine III (Cardiology & Angiology), Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - E Koch
- Medical Department II, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - S Brunner
- Medical Department I, Campus Innenstadt and Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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