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Melis S, Trompet D, Chagin AS, Maes C. Skeletal stem and progenitor cells in bone physiology, ageing and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024:10.1038/s41574-024-01039-y. [PMID: 39379711 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-01039-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal stem cells (SSCs) and related progenitors with osteogenic potential, collectively termed skeletal stem and/or progenitor cells (SSPCs), are crucial for providing osteoblasts for bone formation during homeostatic tissue turnover and fracture repair. Besides mediating normal bone physiology, they also have important roles in various metabolic bone diseases, including osteoporosis. SSPCs are of tremendous interest because they represent prime future targets for osteoanabolic therapies and bone regenerative medicine. Remarkable progress has been made in characterizing various SSC and SSPC populations in postnatal bone. SSPCs exist in the periosteum and within the bone marrow stroma, including subsets localizing around arteriolar and sinusoidal blood vessels; they can display osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic and/or fibroblastic potential, and exert critical haematopoiesis-supportive functions. However, much remains to be clarified. By the current markers, bona fide SSCs are commonly contained within broader SSPC populations characterized by considerable heterogeneity and overlap, whose common versus specific functions in health and disease have not been fully unravelled. Here, we review the present knowledge of the identity, fates and relationships of SSPC populations in the postnatal bone environment, their contributions to bone maintenance, the changes observed upon ageing, and the effect of metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Melis
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dana Trompet
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Maes
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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2
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Lung H, Wentworth KL, Moody T, Zamarioli A, Ram A, Ganesh G, Kang M, Ho S, Hsiao EC. Wnt pathway inhibition with the porcupine inhibitor LGK974 decreases trabecular bone but not fibrosis in a murine model with fibrotic bone. JBMR Plus 2024; 8:ziae011. [PMID: 38577521 PMCID: PMC10994528 DOI: 10.1093/jbmrpl/ziae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate a wide spectrum of physiological functions, including the development, remodeling, and repair of the skeleton. Fibrous dysplasia (FD) of the bone is characterized by fibrotic, expansile bone lesions caused by activating mutations in GNAS. There are no effective therapies for FD. We previously showed that ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ mice, in which Gs-GPCR signaling was hyper-activated in osteoblastic cell lineages using an engineered receptor strategy, developed a fibrotic bone phenotype with trabecularization that could be reversed by normalizing Gs-GPCR signaling, suggesting that targeting the Gs-GPCR or components of the downstream signaling pathway could serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for FD. The Wnt signaling pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of FD-like bone, but the specific Wnts and which cells produce them remain largely unknown. Single-cell RNA sequencing on long-bone stromal cells of 9-wk-old male ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ mice and littermate controls showed that fibroblastic stromal cells in ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ mice were expanded. Multiple Wnt ligands were up- or downregulated in different cellular populations, including in non-osteoblastic cells. Treatment with the porcupine inhibitor LGK974, which blocks Wnt signaling broadly, induced partial resorption of the trabecular bone in the femurs of ColI(2.3)+/Rs1+ mice, but no significant changes in the craniofacial skeleton. Bone fibrosis remained evident after treatment. Notably, LGK974 caused significant bone loss in control mice. These results provide new insights into the role of Wnt and Gs-signaling in fibrosis and bone formation in a mouse model of Gs-GPCR pathway overactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Lung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Kelly L Wentworth
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Tania Moody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Ariane Zamarioli
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Department of Orthopaedics and Anesthesiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo (SP) 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Apsara Ram
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Gauri Ganesh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Misun Kang
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Sunita Ho
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Edward C Hsiao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Institute for Human Genetics, and the Eli and Edythe Broad Institute for Regeneration Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
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3
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Kim HY, Charton C, Shim JH, Lim SY, Kim J, Lee S, Ohn JH, Kim BK, Heo CY. Patient-Derived Organoids Recapitulate Pathological Intrinsic and Phenotypic Features of Fibrous Dysplasia. Cells 2024; 13:729. [PMID: 38727265 PMCID: PMC11083396 DOI: 10.3390/cells13090729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare bone disorder characterized by the replacement of normal bone with benign fibro-osseous tissue. Developments in our understanding of the pathophysiology and treatment options are impeded by the lack of suitable research models. In this study, we developed an in vitro organotypic model capable of recapitulating key intrinsic and phenotypic properties of FD. Initially, transcriptomic profiling of individual cells isolated from patient lesional tissues unveiled intralesional molecular and cellular heterogeneity. Leveraging these insights, we established patient-derived organoids (PDOs) using primary cells obtained from patient FD lesions. Evaluation of PDOs demonstrated preservation of fibrosis-associated constituent cell types and transcriptional signatures observed in FD lesions. Additionally, PDOs retained distinct constellations of genomic and metabolic alterations characteristic of FD. Histological evaluation further corroborated the fidelity of PDOs in recapitulating important phenotypic features of FD that underscore their pathophysiological relevance. Our findings represent meaningful progress in the field, as they open up the possibility for in vitro modeling of rare bone lesions in a three-dimensional context and may signify the first step towards creating a personalized platform for research and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Young Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Clémentine Charton
- Precision Medicine Center, Future Innovation Research Division, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13605, Republic of Korea; (C.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.)
| | - Jung Hee Shim
- Department of Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea;
| | - So Young Lim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jinho Kim
- Precision Medicine Center, Future Innovation Research Division, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13605, Republic of Korea; (C.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejoon Lee
- Precision Medicine Center, Future Innovation Research Division, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13605, Republic of Korea; (C.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.)
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hun Ohn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea;
| | - Baek Kyu Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chan Yeong Heo
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea;
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Palmisano B, Farinacci G, Campolo F, Tavanti C, Stefano A, Donsante S, Ippolito E, Giannicola G, Venneri MA, Corsi A, Riminucci M. A pathogenic role for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in fibrous dysplasia of bone. Bone 2024; 181:117047. [PMID: 38331308 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin, expressed in the central nervous system and in peripheral tissues, that is regulated by the Gsα/cAMP pathway. In bone, it regulates osteogenesis and stimulates RANKL secretion and osteoclast formation in osteolytic tumors such as Multiple Myeloma. Fibrous dysplasia (FD) of bone is a rare genetic disease of the skeleton caused by gain-of-function mutations of the Gsα gene in which RANKL-dependent enhanced bone resorption is a major cause of bone fragility and clinical morbidity. We observed that BDNF transcripts are expressed in human FD lesions. Specifically, immunolocalization studies performed on biopsies obtained from FD patients revealed the expression of BDNF in osteoblasts and, to a lower extent, in the spindle-shaped cells within the fibrous tissue. Therefore, we hypothesized that BDNF can play a role in the pathogenesis of FD by stimulating RANKL secretion and bone resorption. To test this hypothesis, we used the EF1α-GsαR201C mouse model of the human disease (FD mice). Western blot analysis revealed a higher expression of BDNF in bone segments of FD mice compared to WT mice and the immunolabeling pattern within mouse FD lesions was similar to that observed in human FD. Treatment of FD mice with a monoclonal antibody against BDNF reduced the fibrous tissue along with the number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts within femoral lesions. These results reveal BDNF as a new player in the pathogenesis of FD and a potential molecular mechanism by which osteoclastogenesis may be nourished within FD bone lesions. They also suggest that BDNF inhibition may be a new approach to reduce abnormal bone remodeling in FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Farinacci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Campolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Tavanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Stefano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ernesto Ippolito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannicola
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Medico Legal and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mary Anna Venneri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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5
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Kim HY, Shim JH, Heo CY. A Rare Skeletal Disorder, Fibrous Dysplasia: A Review of Its Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15591. [PMID: 37958575 PMCID: PMC10650015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare, non-hereditary skeletal disorder characterized by its chronic course of non-neoplastic fibrous tissue buildup in place of healthy bone. A myriad of factors have been associated with its onset and progression. Perturbation of cell-cell signaling networks and response outputs leading to disrupted building blocks, incoherent multi-level organization, and loss of rigid structural motifs in mineralized tissues are factors that have been identified to participate in FD induction. In more recent years, novel insights into the unique biology of FD are transforming our understandings of its pathology, natural discourse of the disease, and treatment prospects. Herein, we built upon existing knowledge with recent findings to review clinical, etiologic, and histological features of FD and discussed known and potential mechanisms underlying FD manifestations. Subsequently, we ended on a note of optimism by highlighting emerging therapeutic approaches aimed at either halting or ameliorating disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Young Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Shim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Research Administration Team, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Yeong Heo
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea;
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6
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Yang W, Zuo Y, Zhang N, Wang K, Zhang R, Chen Z, He Q. GNAS locus: bone related diseases and mouse models. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1255864. [PMID: 37920253 PMCID: PMC10619756 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1255864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
GNASis a complex locus characterized by multiple transcripts and an imprinting effect. It orchestrates a variety of physiological processes via numerous signaling pathways. Human diseases associated with the GNAS gene encompass fibrous dysplasia (FD), Albright's Hereditary Osteodystrophy (AHO), parathyroid hormone(PTH) resistance, and Progressive Osseous Heteroplasia (POH), among others. To facilitate the study of the GNAS locus and its associated diseases, researchers have developed a range of mouse models. In this review, we will systematically explore the GNAS locus, its related signaling pathways, the bone diseases associated with it, and the mouse models pertinent to these bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiyi Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Nuo Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kangning Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Runze Zhang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ziyi Chen
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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7
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Shen L, He Y, Chen S, He L, Zhang Y. PTHrP Modulates the Proliferation and Osteogenic Differentiation of Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia-Derived BMSCs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087616. [PMID: 37108778 PMCID: PMC10146947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a skeletal stem cell disease caused by mutations in the guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha-stimulating activity polypeptide (GNAS) gene, which results in the abnormal accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and hyperactivation of downstream signaling pathways. Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) is secreted by the osteoblast lineage and is involved in various physiological and pathological activities of bone. However, the association between the abnormal expression of PTHrP and FD, as well as its underlying mechanism, remains unclear. In this study, we discovered that FD patient-derived bone marrow stromal cells (FD BMSCs) expressed significantly higher levels of PTHrP during osteogenic differentiation and exhibited greater proliferation capacity but impaired osteogenic ability compared to normal control patient-derived BMSCs (NC BMSCs). Continuous exogenous PTHrP exposure on the NC BMSCs promoted the FD phenotype in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Through the PTHrP/cAMP/PKA axis, PTHrP could partially influence the proliferation and osteogenesis capacity of FD BMSCs via the overactivation of the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, PTHrP not only directly modulated cAMP/PKA/CREB transduction but was also demonstrated as a transcriptional target of CREB. This study provides novel insight into the possible pathogenesis involved in the FD phenotype and enhances the understanding of its molecular signaling pathways, offering theoretical evidence for the feasibility of potential therapeutic targets for FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihang Shen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linhai He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- First Clinical Division, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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8
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Palmisano B, Labella R, Donsante S, Remoli C, Spica E, Coletta I, Farinacci G, Dello Spedale Venti M, Saggio I, Serafini M, Robey PG, Corsi A, Riminucci M. Gsα R201C and estrogen reveal different subsets of bone marrow adiponectin expressing osteogenic cells. Bone Res 2022; 10:50. [PMID: 35853852 PMCID: PMC9296668 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-022-00220-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gsα/cAMP signaling pathway mediates the effect of a variety of hormones and factors that regulate the homeostasis of the post-natal skeleton. Hence, the dysregulated activity of Gsα due to gain-of-function mutations (R201C/R201H) results in severe architectural and functional derangements of the entire bone/bone marrow organ. While the consequences of gain-of-function mutations of Gsα have been extensively investigated in osteoblasts and in bone marrow osteoprogenitor cells at various differentiation stages, their effect in adipogenically-committed bone marrow stromal cells has remained unaddressed. We generated a mouse model with expression of GsαR201C driven by the Adiponectin (Adq) promoter. Adq-GsαR201C mice developed a complex combination of metaphyseal, diaphyseal and cortical bone changes. In the metaphysis, GsαR201C caused an early phase of bone resorption followed by bone deposition. Metaphyseal bone formation was sustained by cells that were traced by Adq-Cre and eventually resulted in a high trabecular bone mass phenotype. In the diaphysis, GsαR201C, in combination with estrogen, triggered the osteogenic activity of Adq-Cre-targeted perivascular bone marrow stromal cells leading to intramedullary bone formation. Finally, consistent with the previously unnoticed presence of Adq-Cre-marked pericytes in intraosseous blood vessels, GsαR201C caused the development of a lytic phenotype that affected both cortical (increased porosity) and trabecular (tunneling resorption) bone. These results provide the first evidence that the Adq-cell network in the skeleton not only regulates bone resorption but also contributes to bone formation, and that the Gsα/cAMP pathway is a major modulator of both functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Rossella Labella
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
- Tettamanti Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano Bicocca/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - Cristina Remoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Emanuela Spica
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Ilenia Coletta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Giorgia Farinacci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | | | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00185, Italy
- Institute of Structural Biology and School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore, Singapore
- CNR Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Tettamanti Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Milano Bicocca/Fondazione MBBM, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - Pamela Gehron Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, 00161, Italy.
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Inactivation of Osteoblast PKC Signaling Reduces Cortical Bone Mass and Density and Aggravates Renal Osteodystrophy in Mice with Chronic Kidney Disease on High Phosphate Diet. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126404. [PMID: 35742850 PMCID: PMC9223847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) frequently leads to hyperphosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism, mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD), ectopic calcifications and cardiovascular mortality. PTH activates the osteoanabolic Gαs/PKA and the Gαq/11/PKC pathways in osteoblasts, the specific impact of the latter in CKD-MBD is unknown. We generated osteoblast specific Gαq/11 knockout (KO) mice and established CKD-MBD by subtotal nephrectomy and dietary phosphate load. Bone morphology was assessed by micro-CT, osteoblast function by bone planar scintigraphy at week 10 and 22 and by histomorphometry. Osteoblasts isolated from Gαq/11 KO mice increased cAMP but not IP3 in response to PTH 1-34, demonstrating the specific KO of the PKC signaling pathway. Osteoblast specific Gαq/11 KO mice exhibited increased serum calcium and reduced bone cortical thickness and mineral density at 24 weeks. CKD Gαq/11 KO mice had similar bone morphology compared to WT, while CKD Gαq/11-KO on high phosphate diet developed decreased metaphyseal and diaphyseal cortical thickness and area, as well as a reduction in trabecular number. Gαq/11-KO increased bone scintigraphic tracer uptake at week 10 and mitigated tracer uptake in CKD mice at week 22. Histological bone parameters indicated similar trends. Gαq/11-KO in osteoblast modulates calcium homeostasis, bone formation rate, bone morphometry, and bone mineral density. In CKD and high dietary phosphate intake, osteoblast Gαq/11/PKC KO further aggravates mineral bone disease.
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Liu Z, Yin Y, Wang Z, Xie L, Deng P, Wang D, Ji N, Zhao H, Han X, Chen Q, Chung CH, Bai D, Zhao X. RANKL inhibition halts lesion progression and promotes bone remineralization in mice with fibrous dysplasia. Bone 2022; 156:116301. [PMID: 34952228 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare bone disease caused by GNAS mutation in skeletal stem cells, typically originating from and worsening in childhood. Till now, no cure for FD exists despite the well-recognized etiology. Studies have demonstrated that osteoclastogenesis hyperactivity is caused by elevated RANKL expression, making RANKL inhibition a potential therapy. Although a human monoclonal anti-RANKL antibody, denosumab, has been used in FD patients, the effects and mechanisms of RANKL inhibition for FD treatment require assessment. Denosumab is expensive and can only be injected. Therefore, formulating an oral-administered, cost-effective medicine is encouraged. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of a small-molecule RANKL inhibitor, AS2676293, on a transgenic FD mouse model. AS2676293 effectively suppressed osteoclastogenesis and halted FD progression. The pre-existing bone defects were primarily replaced by newly formed mineralized bone after two weeks of AS2676293 administration. The potent RANKL inhibitory effect and easier route of delivery make AS2676293 a promising target therapy of FD. Results from our study suggested that RANKL inhibition is effective in halting FD progression and promoting bone remineralization, which could benefit the patients with early onset of FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yijia Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peng Deng
- Laboratory of Molecular Signaling, Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Donghui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Ning Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xianglong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chun-Hsi Chung
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ding Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xuefeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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11
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Hopkins C, de Castro LF, Corsi A, Boyce A, Collins MT, Riminucci M, Heegaard AM. Fibrous dysplasia animal models: A systematic review. Bone 2022; 155:116270. [PMID: 34875396 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare genetic bone disorder resulting in an overproduction of cAMP leading to a structurally unsound tissue, caused by a genetic mutation in the guanine nucleotide-binding protein gene (GNAS). In order to better understand this disease, several animal models have been developed with different strategies and features. OBJECTIVE Conduct a systematic review to analyze and compare animal models with the causative mutation and features of FD. METHODS A PRISMA search was conducted in Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Studies reporting an in vivo model of FD that expressed the causative mutation were included for analysis. Models without the causative mutation, but developed an FD phenotype and models of FD cell implantation were included for subanalysis. RESULTS Seven unique models were identified. The models were assessed and compared for their face validity, construct validity, mosaicism, and induction methods. This was based on the features of clinical FD that were reported within the categories of: macroscopic features, imaging, histology and histomorphometry, histochemical and cellular markers, and blood/urine markers. LIMITATIONS None of the models reported all features of FD and some features were only reported in one model. This made comparing models a challenge, but indicates areas where further research is necessary. CONCLUSION The benefits and disadvantages of every model were assessed from a practical and scientific standpoint. While all published reports lacked complete data, the models have nonetheless informed our understanding of FD and provided meaningful information to guide researchers in bench and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Hopkins
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luis Fernandez de Castro
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alison Boyce
- Metabolic Bone Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne-Marie Heegaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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12
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare bone disease that is associated with various endocrine conditions, such as McCune Albright syndrome. It manifests as abnormal osteolysis, multiple fractures, or deformities that are reported during disease course. The receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK)/RANK ligand (RANKL) pathway is upregulated in FD and can be targeted with denosumab, a blocking monoclonal antibody. AREAS COVERED Preclinical and clinical data on the scientific rationale for using denosumab in FD and on the efficacy and safety of this therapy for this condition have been reviewed, in addition to other therapies. EXPERT OPINION Denosumab is a potential therapeutic agent against FD. A combined synergic approach involving theranostics might increase its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan Huzum
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T Popa, Iasi, Romania
| | - Sabina Antoniu
- Department of Medicine II-Nursing/Palliative Care, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T Popa, Iasi, Romania
| | - Raluca Dragomir
- Department of Anesthesiology and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Grigore T Popa, Iasi, Romania
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13
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Persichetti A, Milanetti E, Palmisano B, di Filippo A, Spica E, Donsante S, Coletta I, Venti MDS, Ippolito E, Corsi A, Riminucci M, Raimondo D. Nanostring technology on Fibrous Dysplasia bone biopsies. A pilot study suggesting different histology-related molecular profiles. Bone Rep 2021; 16:101156. [PMID: 34950753 PMCID: PMC8671863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the molecular networks that underlie Fibrous Dysplasia (FD) is key to understand the pathogenesis of the disease, to refine current diagnostic approaches and to develop efficacious therapies. In this study, we used the NanoString nCounter Analysis System to investigate the gene signature of a series of nine Formalin Fixed Decalcified and Paraffin-Embedded (FFDPE) bone biopsies from seven FD patients. We analyzed the expression level of 770 genes. Unsupervised clustering analysis demonstrated partitioning into two clusters with distinct patterns of gene expression. Differentially expressed genes included growth factors, components of the Wnt signaling system, interleukins and some of their cognate receptors, ephrin ligands, matrix metalloproteinases, neurotrophins and genes encoding components of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Interestingly, two tissue samples obtained from the same skeletal site of one patient one year apart failed to segregate in the same cluster. Retrospective histological review of the samples revealed different microscopic aspects in the two groups. The results of our pilot study suggest that the genetic signature of FD is heterogeneous and varies according to the histology and, likely, to the age of the lesion. In addition, they show that the Nanostring technology is a valuable tool for molecular translational studies on archival FFDPE material in FD and other rare bone diseases. We used the NanoString technology to analyze Formalin Fixed Decalcified Paraffin Embedded (FFDPE) Fibrous Dysplasia samples. We show that Fibrous Dysplasia lesions may have different molecular profiles consistent with its histological heterogeneity. NanoString technology is a valuable tool for molecular studies on rare bone diseases by using FFDPE archival material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Persichetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo Milanetti
- Department of Physics, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.,Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Italian Institute of Technology, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Spica
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Coletta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ernesto Ippolito
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Raimondo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Viale Regina Elena, 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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14
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Grob F, Zacharin M. McCune Albright Syndrome: Gastrointestinal Polyps and Platelet Dysfunction over 12 Years. Horm Res Paediatr 2021; 93:40-45. [PMID: 32388508 DOI: 10.1159/000507442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Gastrointestinal (GI) polyps with unknown malignant potential and a platelet storage pool deficiency that increases the risk of severe intraoperative and other types of bleeding have been identified in McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS). The natural course of these disorders has not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to report the follow-up of GI polyps and platelet dysfunction (PD) in a cohort of 28 patients with MAS. METHODS Twenty-eight patients with MAS (15 females) were included. Endoscopic screening for GI polyps was undertaken in 14 subjects and 19 were tested for PD. RESULTS Six subjects (5 males) were diagnosed with GI polyps at a median age of 23 (range 15-43) years, and were monitored for a median period of 8 (range 4.5-11.5) years. At endoscopic follow-up, the 4 patients with hamartomatous polyps at first endoscopy had either normal findings (n = 2), or duodenal gastric metaplasia (n = 2). Two patients with caecal polyps were identified. Of 8 subjects with a platelet storage pool deficiency, 5 required transfusions during surgery, and subsequent platelet cover in 2 markedly reduced intraoperative blood loss. CONCLUSIONS New polyps with uncertain malignant potential are diagnosed after long term follow-up in MAS. Platelet cover reduces the need for red blood cell transfusion during orthopaedic surgery and may be useful to reduce non-operative bleeding events. We recommend regular upper and lower endoscopy and screening for PD in all MAS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Grob
- Division of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile, .,Department of Endocrinology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia, .,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,
| | - Margaret Zacharin
- Department of Endocrinology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Donsante S, Palmisano B, Serafini M, Robey PG, Corsi A, Riminucci M. From Stem Cells to Bone-Forming Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083989. [PMID: 33924333 PMCID: PMC8070464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation starts near the end of the embryonic stage of development and continues throughout life during bone modeling and growth, remodeling, and when needed, regeneration. Bone-forming cells, traditionally termed osteoblasts, produce, assemble, and control the mineralization of the type I collagen-enriched bone matrix while participating in the regulation of other cell processes, such as osteoclastogenesis, and metabolic activities, such as phosphate homeostasis. Osteoblasts are generated by different cohorts of skeletal stem cells that arise from different embryonic specifications, which operate in the pre-natal and/or adult skeleton under the control of multiple regulators. In this review, we briefly define the cellular identity and function of osteoblasts and discuss the main populations of osteoprogenitor cells identified to date. We also provide examples of long-known and recently recognized regulatory pathways and mechanisms involved in the specification of the osteogenic lineage, as assessed by studies on mice models and human genetic skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Serafini
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Gaujoux S, Parvanescu A, Fusco G, Linglart A, Sauvanet A, Couvelard A, Levy P, Rebours V, Cros J. Familial Pancreatic Intraductal Papillary and Mucinous Neoplasms Do Not Carry Constitutional or Postzygotic GNAS Activating Mutations. Pancreas 2021; 50:e14-e15. [PMID: 33565803 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
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17
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Corsi A, Palmisano B, Spica E, Di Filippo A, Coletta I, Dello Spedale Venti M, Labella R, Fabretti F, Donsante S, Remoli C, Serafini M, Riminucci M. Zoledronic Acid in a Mouse Model of Human Fibrous Dysplasia: Ineffectiveness on Tissue Pathology, Formation of "Giant Osteoclasts" and Pathogenetic Implications. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:603-610. [PMID: 32875378 PMCID: PMC7593313 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00752-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (N-BP), zoledronic acid (ZA), and an anti-mouse RANKL antibody (anti-mRANKL Ab) on the bone tissue pathology of a transgenic mouse model of human fibrous dysplasia (FD). For comparison, we also reviewed the histological samples of a child with McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) treated with Pamidronate for 3 years. EF1α-GsαR201C mice with FD-like lesions in the tail vertebrae were treated with either 0.2 mg/kg of ZA at day 0, 7, and 14 or with 300 μg/mouse of anti-mRANKL Ab at day 0 and 21. All mice were monitored by Faxitron and histological analysis was performed at day 42. ZA did not affect the progression of the radiographic phenotype in EF1α-GsαR201C mice. FD-like lesions in the ZA group showed the persistence of osteoclasts, easily detectable osteoclast apoptotic activity and numerous "giant osteoclasts". In contrast, in the anti-mRANKL Ab-treated mice, osteoclasts were markedly reduced/absent, the radiographic phenotype reverted and the FD-like lesions were extensively replaced by newly formed bone. Numerous "giant osteoclasts" were also detected in the samples of the child with MAS. This study supports the hypothesis that osteoclasts per se, independently of their resorptive activity, are essential for development and expansion of FD lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emanuela Spica
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Di Filippo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilenia Coletta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Rossella Labella
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Fabretti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Remoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Department of Paediatrics, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, MB, Italy
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Viale Regina 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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18
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Sweeney K, Kaban LB. Natural History and Progression of Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia: A Retrospective Evaluation of 114 Patients From Massachusetts General Hospital. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 78:1966-1980. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Watanabe K, Nakamura T, Onodera S, Saito A, Shibahara T, Azuma T. A novel GNAS-mutated human induced pluripotent stem cell model for understanding GNAS-mutated tumors. Tumour Biol 2020; 42:1010428320962588. [PMID: 32996421 DOI: 10.1177/1010428320962588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A missense mutation of the guanine nucleotide binding protein alpha stimulating activity polypeptide 1 (GNAS) gene, typically Arg201Cys or Arg201His (R201H/R201C), leads to constitutive activation of the Gsα-cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathway that causes several diseases. However, no germline mutations of GNAS have been identified to date, likely due to their lethality, and no robust human cell models have been generated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to generate GNAS-mutated disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells as a model for these diseases. We then analyzed the functionality of this induced pluripotent stem cell model and differentiated epithelial cells. We generated disease-specific induced pluripotent stem cells by introducing a mutation in GNAS with the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) nickase method, which has lower off-target effects than the conventional CRISPR/Cas9 method. We designed the target vector to contain the R201H mutation in GNAS, which was transfected into human control induced pluripotent stem cells (Nips-B2) by electroporation. We confirmed the establishment of GNASR201H-mutated (GNASR201H/+) induced pluripotent stem cells that exhibited a pluripotent stem cell phenotype. We analyzed the effect of the mutation on cAMP production, and further generated teratomas for immunohistochemical analysis of the luminal epithelial structure. GNAS-mutated induced pluripotent stem cells showed significantly higher levels of intracellular cAMP, which remained elevated state for a long time upon hormonal stimulation with parathyroid hormone or adrenocorticotropic hormone. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that several mucins, including MUC1, 2, and MUC5AC, are expressed in cytokeratin 18 (CK18)-positive epithelial cells. However, we found few CK18-positive cells in mutated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived teratoma tissues, and reduced MUCINs expression in mutated epithelial cells. There was no difference in CDX2 expression; however, mutated epithelial cells were positive for CEA and CA19-9 expression. GNASR201H-mutated induced pluripotent stem cells and GNASR201H-mutated epithelial cells have distinct phenotypic and differentiation characteristics. We successfully established GNASR201H-mutated human induced pluripotent stem cells with increased cAMP production. Considering the differentiation potential of induced pluripotent stem cells, these cells will be useful as a model for elucidating the pathological mechanisms of GNAS-mutated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Watanabe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shoko Onodera
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shibahara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Azuma
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Castel P, Rauen KA, McCormick F. The duality of human oncoproteins: drivers of cancer and congenital disorders. Nat Rev Cancer 2020; 20:383-397. [PMID: 32341551 PMCID: PMC7787056 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-020-0256-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human oncoproteins promote transformation of cells into tumours by dysregulating the signalling pathways that are involved in cell growth, proliferation and death. Although oncoproteins were discovered many years ago and have been widely studied in the context of cancer, the recent use of high-throughput sequencing techniques has led to the identification of cancer-associated mutations in other conditions, including many congenital disorders. These syndromes offer an opportunity to study oncoprotein signalling and its biology in the absence of additional driver or passenger mutations, as a result of their monogenic nature. Moreover, their expression in multiple tissue lineages provides insight into the biology of the proto-oncoprotein at the physiological level, in both transformed and unaffected tissues. Given the recent paradigm shift in regard to how oncoproteins promote transformation, we review the fundamentals of genetics, signalling and pathogenesis underlying oncoprotein duality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Castel
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Katherine A Rauen
- MIND Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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21
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Tirosh A, Jin DX, De Marco L, Laitman Y, Friedman E. Activating genomic alterations in the Gs alpha gene (GNAS) in 274 694 tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020; 59:503-516. [PMID: 32337806 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating point mutations in two codons (R201 and Q227) in the alpha subunit of the stimulatory GTP binding protein (GNAS) gene-coined gsp mutations-were originally reported in growth hormone secreting pituitary adenomas. In these tumor types, gsp activating mutations were associated with uncontrolled intracellular cAMP accumulation leading to cellular proliferation and tumor formation. Since the original description of gsp mutations in pituitary and later thyroid neoplasia, many more tumors were genotyped for these specific activating mutations. In this paradigm, GNAS is an oncogene that can be activated by other molecular mechanisms, such as DNA amplification and translocation. Herein, we describe the largest account to date of tumor types that harbor pathogenic GNAS genomic alterations (GAs) including the "classical" gsp activating point mutations, delineate some common features of these tumors, and speculate as to the possible mechanisms whereby GNAS activating GAs are associated with the various stages of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Tirosh
- Endocrinology Institute, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Dexter X Jin
- Cancer Genomics, Foundation Medicine, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Luiz De Marco
- Department of Surgery, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Yael Laitman
- Oncogenetics Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Eitan Friedman
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,Oncogenetics Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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22
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Boyce AM, Collins MT. Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome: A Rare, Mosaic Disease of Gα s Activation. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5610851. [PMID: 31673695 PMCID: PMC7127130 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright syndrome (FD/MAS) is a rare disorder of striking complexity. It arises from somatic, gain-of-function mutations in GNAS, leading to mosaic Gα s activation and inappropriate production of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). The clinical phenotype is largely determined by the location and extent of affected tissues, and the pathophysiological effects of Gα s activation within these tissues. In bone, Gα s activation results in impaired differentiation of skeletal stem cells, leading to discrete skeletal lesions prone to fracture, deformity, and pain. Extraskeletal manifestations include a variable combination of hyperpigmented macules and hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies. Distinctive age-related changes in disease development has key effects on histologic, radiographic, and clinical features. FD/MAS thus presents along a uniquely broad clinical spectrum, and the resulting challenges in diagnosis and management can be difficult for clinicians. This review presents FD/MAS in the context of a mosaic disorder of Gα s activation, providing an intellectual framework within which to understand, evaluate, and treat this interesting disease. It includes a comprehensive summary of current understanding of FD/MAS pathogenesis, and a detailed discussion of clinical presentation and management. Critical areas of unmet need are highlighted, including discussion of key challenges and potential solutions to advance research and clinical care in FD/MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Boyce
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Raimondo D, Remoli C, Astrologo L, Burla R, La Torre M, Vernì F, Tagliafico E, Corsi A, Del Giudice S, Persichetti A, Giannicola G, Robey PG, Riminucci M, Saggio I. Changes in gene expression in human skeletal stem cells transduced with constitutively active Gsα correlates with hallmark histopathological changes seen in fibrous dysplastic bone. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227279. [PMID: 31999703 PMCID: PMC6991960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) of bone is a complex disease of the skeleton caused by dominant activating mutations of the GNAS locus encoding for the α subunit of the G protein-coupled receptor complex (Gsα). The mutation involves a substitution of arginine at position 201 by histidine or cysteine (GsαR201H or R201C), which leads to overproduction of cAMP. Several signaling pathways are implicated downstream of excess cAMP in the manifestation of disease. However, the pathogenesis of FD remains largely unknown. The overall FD phenotype can be attributed to alterations of skeletal stem/progenitor cells which normally develop into osteogenic or adipogenic cells (in cis), and are also known to provide support to angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, and osteoclastogenesis (in trans). In order to dissect the molecular pathways rooted in skeletal stem/progenitor cells by FD mutations, we engineered human skeletal stem/progenitor cells with the GsαR201C mutation and performed transcriptomic analysis. Our data suggest that this FD mutation profoundly alters the properties of skeletal stem/progenitor cells by pushing them towards formation of disorganized bone with a concomitant alteration of adipogenic differentiation. In addition, the mutation creates an altered in trans environment that induces neovascularization, cytokine/chemokine changes and osteoclastogenesis. In silico comparison of our data with the signature of FD craniofacial samples highlighted common traits, such as the upregulation of ADAM (A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease) proteins and other matrix-related factors, and of PDE7B (Phosphodiesterase 7B), which can be considered as a buffering process, activated to compensate for excess cAMP. We also observed high levels of CEBPs (CCAAT-Enhancer Binding Proteins) in both data sets, factors related to browning of white fat. This is the first analysis of the reaction of human skeletal stem/progenitor cells to the introduction of the FD mutation and we believe it provides a useful background for further studies on the molecular basis of the disease and for the identification of novel potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Raimondo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Remoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Letizia Astrologo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Burla
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia La Torre
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Vernì
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Tagliafico
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Del Giudice
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Agnese Persichetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giannicola
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail: (IS); (MR)
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- School of Biological Sciences, NTU Institute of Structural Biology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- * E-mail: (IS); (MR)
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24
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Ibarra BA, Atit R. What Do Animal Models Teach Us About Congenital Craniofacial Defects? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1236:137-155. [PMID: 32304072 PMCID: PMC7394376 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-2389-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the head and face is a complex process which involves many different signaling cues regulating the migration, differentiation, and proliferation of the neural crest. This highly complex process is very error-prone, resulting in craniofacial defects in nearly 10,000 births in the United States annually. Due to the highly conserved mechanisms of craniofacial development, animal models are widely used to understand the pathogenesis of various human diseases and assist in the diagnosis and generation of preventative therapies and treatments. Here, we provide a brief background of craniofacial development and discuss several rare diseases affecting craniofacial bone development. We focus on rare congenital diseases of the cranial bone, facial jaw bones, and two classes of diseases, ciliopathies and RASopathies. Studying the animal models of these rare diseases sheds light not only on the etiology and pathology of each disease, but also provides meaningful insights towards the mechanisms which regulate normal development of the head and face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A Ibarra
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Radhika Atit
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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25
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de Castro PhD LF, Boyce Md AM, Collins Md MT. First in Mice: RANKL Neutralization in Fibrous Dysplasia. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:2169-2170. [PMID: 31697850 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis F de Castro PhD
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison M Boyce Md
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael T Collins Md
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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26
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Palmisano B, Spica E, Remoli C, Labella R, Di Filippo A, Donsante S, Bini F, Raimondo D, Marinozzi F, Boyde A, Robey P, Corsi A, Riminucci M. RANKL Inhibition in Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone: A Preclinical Study in a Mouse Model of the Human Disease. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:2171-2182. [PMID: 31295366 PMCID: PMC8408916 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia of bone/McCune-Albright syndrome (Polyostotic FD/MAS; OMIM#174800) is a crippling skeletal disease caused by gain-of-function mutations of Gs α. Enhanced bone resorption is a recurrent histological feature of FD and a major cause of fragility of affected bones. Previous work suggests that increased bone resorption in FD is driven by RANKL and some studies have shown that the anti-RANKL monoclonal antibody, denosumab, reduces bone turnover and bone pain in FD patients. However, the effect of RANKL inhibition on the histopathology of FD and its impact on the natural history of the disease remain to be assessed. In this study, we treated the EF1α-Gs αR201C mice, which develop an FD-like phenotype, with an anti-mouse RANKL monoclonal antibody. We found that the treatment induced marked radiographic and microscopic changes at affected skeletal sites in 2-month-old mice. The involved skeletal segments became sclerotic due to the deposition of new, highly mineralized bone within developing FD lesions and showed a higher mechanical resistance compared to affected segments from untreated transgenic mice. Similar changes were also detected in older mice with a full-blown skeletal phenotype. The administration of anti-mouse RANKL antibody arrested the growth of established lesions and, in young mice, prevented the appearance of new ones. However, after drug withdrawal, the newly formed bone was remodelled into FD tissue and the disease progression resumed in young mice. Taken together, our results show that the anti-RANKL antibody significantly affected the bone pathology and natural history of FD in the mouse. Pending further work on the prevention and management of relapse after treatment discontinuation, our preclinical study suggests that RANKL inhibition may be an effective therapeutic option for FD patients. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Spica
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Remoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rossella Labella
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Fabiano Bini
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Franco Marinozzi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Alan Boyde
- Dental Physical Sciences, Barts' and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), London, UK
| | - Pamela Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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27
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Ostertag H, Glombitza S. [The activating GNAS mutation : A survey of fibrous dysplasia, its associated syndromes, and other skeletal and extraskeletal lesions]. DER PATHOLOGE 2019; 39:146-153. [PMID: 29488004 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-018-0417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia of bone is a connatal but not hereditary disease with monostotic or polyostotic manifestations and may be associated either with the extraskeletal disease McCune-Albright syndrome or with myxoma of the skeletal muscle, termed Mazabraud syndrome.The confirmation of recurrent chromosomal aberrations may lead to the conclusion that fibrous dysplasia is a neoplasia rather than a dysplastic skeletal disease.The primary cause of all forms of the described diseases is the activating GNAS mutation, which is detectable in almost all lesions. Research into the impact of this mutation has increased the understanding of these up to now solely descriptively defined diseases and also allowed easier discrimination of various fibro-osseous skeletal lesions. Current insights suggest that this mutation may also play a pivotal role in other extraskeletal neoplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ostertag
- Pathologisches Institut, Klinikum Region Hannover, Haltenhoffstraße 41, 30167, Hannover, Deutschland.
| | - S Glombitza
- Pathologisches Institut, Klinikum Region Hannover, Haltenhoffstraße 41, 30167, Hannover, Deutschland
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28
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The role of GPCRs in bone diseases and dysfunctions. Bone Res 2019; 7:19. [PMID: 31646011 PMCID: PMC6804689 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-019-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) contains immense structural and functional diversity and mediates a myriad of biological processes upon activation by various extracellular signals. Critical roles of GPCRs have been established in bone development, remodeling, and disease. Multiple human GPCR mutations impair bone development or metabolism, resulting in osteopathologies. Here we summarize the disease phenotypes and dysfunctions caused by GPCR gene mutations in humans as well as by deletion in animals. To date, 92 receptors (5 glutamate family, 67 rhodopsin family, 5 adhesion, 4 frizzled/taste2 family, 5 secretin family, and 6 other 7TM receptors) have been associated with bone diseases and dysfunctions (36 in humans and 72 in animals). By analyzing data from these 92 GPCRs, we found that mutation or deletion of different individual GPCRs could induce similar bone diseases or dysfunctions, and the same individual GPCR mutation or deletion could induce different bone diseases or dysfunctions in different populations or animal models. Data from human diseases or dysfunctions identified 19 genes whose mutation was associated with human BMD: 9 genes each for human height and osteoporosis; 4 genes each for human osteoarthritis (OA) and fracture risk; and 2 genes each for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), periodontitis, osteosarcoma growth, and tooth development. Reports from gene knockout animals found 40 GPCRs whose deficiency reduced bone mass, while deficiency of 22 GPCRs increased bone mass and BMD; deficiency of 8 GPCRs reduced body length, while 5 mice had reduced femur size upon GPCR deletion. Furthermore, deficiency in 6 GPCRs induced osteoporosis; 4 induced osteoarthritis; 3 delayed fracture healing; 3 reduced arthritis severity; and reduced bone strength, increased bone strength, and increased cortical thickness were each observed in 2 GPCR-deficiency models. The ever-expanding number of GPCR mutation-associated diseases warrants accelerated molecular analysis, population studies, and investigation of phenotype correlation with SNPs to elucidate GPCR function in human diseases.
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29
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Hartley I, Zhadina M, Collins MT, Boyce AM. Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone and McCune-Albright Syndrome: A Bench to Bedside Review. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 104:517-529. [PMID: 31037426 PMCID: PMC6541017 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00550-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia is an uncommon mosaic disorder in which bone is replaced by structurally unsound fibro-osseous tissue. It is caused by the sporadic post-zygotic activating mutations in GNAS, resulting in dysregulated GαS-protein signaling in affected tissues. This manifests on a broad clinical spectrum ranging from insignificant solitary lesions to severe disease with deformities, fractures, functional impairment, and pain. Fibrous dysplasia may present in isolation or in association with hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies and café-au-lait macules, known as McCune-Albright Syndrome. This review summarizes the current understanding of pathophysiology in fibrous dysplasia, describes key pre-clinical and clinical investigations, and details the current approach to diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Hartley
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30 Room 228 MSC 4320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Interinstitute Endocrine Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Zhadina
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30 Room 228 MSC 4320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Pediatric Endocrinology Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Micheal T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30 Room 228 MSC 4320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alison M Boyce
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Building 30 Room 228 MSC 4320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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30
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Spencer T, Pan KS, Collins MT, Boyce AM. The Clinical Spectrum of McCune-Albright Syndrome and Its Management. Horm Res Paediatr 2019; 92:347-356. [PMID: 31865341 PMCID: PMC7302983 DOI: 10.1159/000504802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) is a rare, mosaic disorder presenting along a broad clinical spectrum. Disease arises from somatic-activating GNAS mutations, leading to constitutive Gαs activation and ligand-independent signaling of the Gαs-coupled protein receptor. The phenotype is largely determined by location and extent of tissues in which the GNAS mutation is expressed, as well as the pathophysiologic effects of Gαs activation within these tissues. Patients pre-sent clinically with a variable combination of fibrous dysplasia of bone (FD), café-au-lait skin macules, and hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies. In bone, Gαs leads to impaired differentiation of skeletal stem cells and formation of discrete, expansile FD lesions, resulting in fractures, pain, and functional impairment. A systematic approach to diagnosis and management is critically important to optimize outcomes for patients with FD/MAS. There are no medical therapies capable of altering the disease course in FD; however, screening and treatment for endocrinopathies can mitigate some skeletal morbidities. This review summarizes current understanding of MAS pathophysiology, describes the spectrum of clinical features, and includes a detailed discussion of the recommended approach to diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiahna Spencer
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristen S Pan
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael T Collins
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison M Boyce
- Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA,
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31
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Lung H, Hsiao EC, Wentworth KL. Advances in Models of Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:925. [PMID: 32038487 PMCID: PMC6993052 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gs G-protein coupled receptor pathway is a critical regulator of normal bone formation and function. The Gs pathway increases intracellular cAMP levels by ultimately acting on adenylate cyclase. McCune-Albright Syndrome (MAS) and fibrous dysplasia (FD) of the bone are two proto-typical conditions that result from increased cellular Gs signaling activity. Both are caused by somatic activating mutations in the GNAS gene that encodes for the Gsα subunit. FD bone lesions are particularly difficult to treat because of their variability and because of the lack of effective medical therapies. In this review, we briefly discuss the key clinical presentations of FD/MAS. We also review the current status of mouse models that target the Gs GPCR signaling pathway and human cellular models for FD/MAS. These powerful tools and our improving clinical knowledge will allow further elucidation of the roles of GPCR signaling in FD/MS pathogenesis, and facilitate the development of novel therapies for these medically significant conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan Lung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Dentistry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Edward C. Hsiao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Oral and Craniofacial Sciences Graduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Edward C. Hsiao
| | - Kelly L. Wentworth
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism and the Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Kelly L. Wentworth
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32
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Abstract
Skeletal development is exquisitely controlled both spatially and temporally by cell signaling networks. Gαs is the stimulatory α-subunit in a heterotrimeric G protein complex transducing the signaling of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), responsible for controlling both skeletal development and homeostasis. Gαs, encoded by the GNAS gene in humans, plays critical roles in skeletal development and homeostasis by regulating commitment, differentiation and maturation of skeletal cells. Gαs-mediated signaling interacts with the Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways, both crucial regulators of skeletal development, remodeling and injury repair. Genetic mutations that disrupt Gαs functions cause human disorders with severe skeletal defects, such as fibrous dysplasia of bone and heterotopic bone formation. This chapter focuses on the crucial roles of Gαs signaling during skeletal development and homeostasis, and the pathological mechanisms underlying skeletal diseases caused by GNAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Cong
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ruoshi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.
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33
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Burla R, La Torre M, Zanetti G, Bastianelli A, Merigliano C, Del Giudice S, Vercelli A, Di Cunto F, Boido M, Vernì F, Saggio I. p53-Sensitive Epileptic Behavior and Inflammation in Ft1 Hypomorphic Mice. Front Genet 2018; 9:581. [PMID: 30546381 PMCID: PMC6278696 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a complex clinical condition characterized by repeated spontaneous seizures. Seizures have been linked to multiple drivers including DNA damage accumulation. Investigation of epilepsy physiopathology in humans imposes ethical and practical limitations, for this reason model systems are mostly preferred. Among animal models, mouse mutants are particularly valuable since they allow conjoint behavioral, organismal, and genetic analyses. Along with this, since aging has been associated with higher frequency of seizures, prematurely aging mice, simulating human progeroid diseases, offer a further useful modeling element as they recapitulate aging over a short time-window. Here we report on a mouse mutant with progeroid traits that displays repeated spontaneous seizures. Mutant mice were produced by reducing the expression of the gene Ft1 (AKTIP in humans). In vitro, AKTIP/Ft1 depletion causes telomere aberrations, DNA damage, and cell senescence. AKTIP/Ft1 interacts with lamins, which control nuclear architecture and DNA function. Premature aging defects of Ft1 mutant mice include skeletal alterations and lipodystrophy. The epileptic behavior of Ft1 mutant animals was age and sex linked. Seizures were observed in 18 mutant mice (23.6% of aged ≥ 21 weeks), at an average frequency of 2.33 events/mouse. Time distribution of seizures indicated non-random enrichment of seizures over the follow-up period, with 75% of seizures happening in consecutive weeks. The analysis of epileptic brains did not reveal overt brain morphological alterations or severe neurodegeneration, however, Ft1 reduction induced expression of the inflammatory markers IL-6 and TGF-β. Importantly, Ft1 mutant mice with concomitant genetic reduction of the guardian of the genome, p53, showed no seizures or inflammatory marker activation, implicating the DNA damage response into these phenotypes. This work adds insights into the connection among DNA damage, brain function, and aging. In addition, it further underscores the importance of model organisms for studying specific phenotypes, along with permitting the analysis of genetic interactions at the organismal level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Burla
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia La Torre
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Zanetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alex Bastianelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Merigliano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Simona Del Giudice
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Torino, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Piedmont, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Di Cunto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Torino, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Piedmont, Italy
| | - Marina Boido
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Torino, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Piedmont, Italy
| | - Fiammetta Vernì
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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34
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Saggio I. Perils and Promises of Therapeutic Approaches for the Stem Cell Disease Fibrous Dysplasia. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 8:110-111. [PMID: 30426717 PMCID: PMC6344905 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy and Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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35
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Xiao T, Fu Y, Zhu W, Xu R, Xu L, Zhang P, Du Y, Cheng J, Jiang H. HDAC8, A Potential Therapeutic Target, Regulates Proliferation and Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in Fibrous Dysplasia. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 8:148-161. [PMID: 30426726 PMCID: PMC6344909 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a disease of postnatal skeletal stem cells caused by activating mutations of guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-stimulating activity polypeptide (GNAS). FD is characterized by high proliferation and osteogenesis disorder of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), resulting in bone pain, deformities, and fractures. The cAMP-CREB pathway, which is activated by GNAS mutations, is known to be closely associated with the occurrence of FD. However, so far there is no available targeted therapeutic strategy for FD, as a critical issue that remains largely unknown is how this pathway is involved in FD. Our previous study revealed that histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via epigenetic regulation. Here, compared with normal BMSCs, FD BMSCs exhibited significantly high proliferation and weak osteogenic capacity in response to HDAC8 upregulation and tumor protein 53 (TP53) downregulation. Moreover, inhibition of cAMP reduced HDAC8 expression, increased TP53 expression and resulted in the improvement of FD phenotype. Importantly, HDAC8 inhibition prevented cAMP-induced cell phenotype and promoted osteogenesis in nude mice that were implanted with FD BMSCs. Mechanistically, HDAC8 was identified as a transcriptional target gene of CREB1 and its transcription was directly activated by CREB1 in FD BMSCs. In summary, our study reveals that HDAC8 associates with FD phenotype and demonstrates the mechanisms regulated by cAMP-CREB1-HDAC8 pathway. These results provide insights into the molecular regulation of FD pathogenesis, and offer novel clues that small molecule inhibitors targeting HDAC8 are promising clinical treatment for FD. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:148&14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongyao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Du
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Karaca A, Malladi VR, Zhu Y, Tafaj O, Paltrinieri E, Wu JY, He Q, Bastepe M. Constitutive stimulatory G protein activity in limb mesenchyme impairs bone growth. Bone 2018; 110:230-237. [PMID: 29471062 PMCID: PMC5878747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
GNAS mutations leading to constitutively active stimulatory G protein alpha-subunit (Gsα) cause different tumors, fibrous dysplasia of bone, and McCune-Albright syndrome, which are typically not associated with short stature. Enhanced signaling of the parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor, which couples to multiple G proteins including Gsα, leads to short bones with delayed endochondral ossification. It has remained unknown whether constitutive Gsα activity also impairs bone growth. Here we generated mice expressing a constitutively active Gsα mutant (Gsα-R201H) conditionally upon Cre recombinase (cGsαR201H mice). Gsα-R201H was expressed in cultured bone marrow stromal cells from cGsαR201H mice upon adenoviral-Cre transduction. When crossed with mice in which Cre is expressed in a tamoxifen-regulatable fashion (CAGGCre-ER™), tamoxifen injection resulted in mosaic expression of the transgene in double mutant offspring. We then crossed the cGsαR201H mice with Prx1-Cre mice, in which Cre is expressed in early limb-bud mesenchyme. The double mutant offspring displayed short limbs at birth, with narrow hypertrophic chondrocyte zones in growth plates and delayed formation of secondary ossification center. Consistent with enhanced Gsα signaling, bone marrow stromal cells from these mice demonstrated increased levels of c-fos mRNA. Our findings indicate that constitutive Gsα activity during limb development disrupts endochondral ossification and bone growth. Given that Gsα haploinsufficiency also leads to short bones, as in patients with Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, these results suggest that a tight control of Gsα activity is essential for normal growth plate physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anara Karaca
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Vijayram Reddy Malladi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Yan Zhu
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Olta Tafaj
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Elena Paltrinieri
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Qing He
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Murat Bastepe
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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37
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Boyde A, Staines KA, Javaheri B, Millan JL, Pitsillides AA, Farquharson C. A distinctive patchy osteomalacia characterises Phospho1-deficient mice. J Anat 2018; 231:298-308. [PMID: 28737011 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The phosphatase PHOSPHO1 is involved in the initiation of biomineralisation. Bones in Phospho1 knockout (KO) mice show histological osteomalacia with frequent bowing of long bones and spontaneous fractures: they contain less mineral, with smaller mineral crystals. However, the consequences of Phospho1 ablation on the microscale structure of bone are not yet fully elucidated. Tibias and femurs obtained from wild-type and Phospho1 null (KO) mice (25-32 weeks old) were embedded in PMMA, cut and polished to produce near longitudinal sections. Block surfaces were studied using 20 kV backscattered-electron (BSE) imaging, and again after iodine staining to reveal non-mineralised matrix and cellular components. For 3D characterisation, we used X-ray micro-tomography. Bones opened with carbide milling tools to expose endosteal surfaces were macerated using an alkaline bacterial pronase enzyme detergent, 5% hydrogen peroxide and 7% sodium hypochlorite solutions to produce 3D surfaces for study with 3D BSE scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Extensive regions of both compact cortical and trabecular bone matrix in Phospho1 KO mice contained no significant mineral and/or showed arrested mineralisation fronts, characterised by a failure in the fusion of the calcospherite-like, separately mineralising, individual micro-volumes within bone. Osteoclastic resorption of the uncalcified matrix in Phospho1 KO mice was attenuated compared with surrounding normally mineralised bone. The extent and position of this aberrant biomineralisation varied considerably between animals, contralateral limbs and anatomical sites. The most frequent manifestation lay, however, in the nearly complete failure of mineralisation in the bone surrounding the numerous transverse blood vessel canals in the cortices. In conclusion, SEM disclosed defective mineralising fronts and extensive patchy osteomalacia, which has previously not been recognised. These data further confirm the role of this phosphatase in physiological skeletal mineralisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Boyde
- Dental Physical Sciences, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Behzad Javaheri
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Jose Luis Millan
- Sanford Children's Health Research Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Colin Farquharson
- Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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Innamorati G, Wilkie TM, Kantheti HS, Valenti MT, Dalle Carbonare L, Giacomello L, Parenti M, Melisi D, Bassi C. The curious case of Gαs gain-of-function in neoplasia. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:293. [PMID: 29544460 PMCID: PMC5856294 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4133-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations activating the α subunit of heterotrimeric Gs protein are associated with a number of highly specific pathological molecular phenotypes. One of the best characterized is the McCune Albright syndrome. The disease presents with an increased incidence of neoplasias in specific tissues. MAIN BODY A similar repertoire of neoplasms can develop whether mutations occur spontaneously in somatic tissues during fetal development or after birth. Glands are the most "permissive" tissues, recently found to include the entire gastrointestinal tract. High frequency of activating Gαs mutations is associated with precise diagnoses (e.g., IPMN, Pyloric gland adenoma, pituitary toxic adenoma). Typically, most neoplastic lesions, from thyroid to pancreas, remain well differentiated but may be a precursor to aggressive cancer. CONCLUSIONS Here we propose the possibility that gain-of-function mutations of Gαs interfere with signals in the microenvironment of permissive tissues and lead to a transversal neoplastic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Innamorati
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Thomas M. Wilkie
- Pharmacology Department, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | | | - Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Dalle Carbonare
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Luca Giacomello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Parenti
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Davide Melisi
- Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Therapy, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Claudio Bassi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Zhao X, Deng P, Iglesias-Bartolome R, Amornphimoltham P, Steffen DJ, Jin Y, Molinolo AA, de Castro LF, Ovejero D, Yuan Q, Chen Q, Han X, Bai D, Taylor SS, Yang Y, Collins MT, Gutkind JS. Expression of an active Gα s mutant in skeletal stem cells is sufficient and necessary for fibrous dysplasia initiation and maintenance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E428-E437. [PMID: 29282319 PMCID: PMC5776975 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713710115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a disease caused by postzygotic activating mutations of GNAS (R201C and R201H) that encode the α-subunit of the Gs stimulatory protein. FD is characterized by the development of areas of abnormal fibroosseous tissue in the bones, resulting in skeletal deformities, fractures, and pain. Despite the well-defined genetic alterations underlying FD, whether GNAS activation is sufficient for FD initiation and the molecular and cellular consequences of GNAS mutations remains largely unresolved, and there are no currently available targeted therapeutic options for FD. Here, we have developed a conditional tetracycline (Tet)-inducible animal model expressing the GαsR201C in the skeletal stem cell (SSC) lineage (Tet-GαsR201C/Prrx1-Cre/LSL-rtTA-IRES-GFP mice), which develops typical FD bone lesions in both embryos and adult mice in less than 2 weeks following doxycycline (Dox) administration. Conditional GαsR201C expression promoted PKA activation and proliferation of SSCs along the osteogenic lineage but halted their differentiation to mature osteoblasts. Rather, as is seen clinically, areas of woven bone admixed with fibrous tissue were formed. GαsR201C caused the concomitant expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (Rankl) that led to marked osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. GαsR201C expression ablation by Dox withdrawal resulted in FD-like lesion regression, supporting the rationale for Gαs-targeted drugs to attempt FD cure. This model, which develops FD-like lesions that can form rapidly and revert on cessation of mutant Gαs expression, provides an opportunity to identify the molecular mechanism underlying FD initiation and progression and accelerate the development of new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Peng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | | | - Panomwat Amornphimoltham
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- International College of Dentistry, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80161, Thailand
| | - Dana J Steffen
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yunyun Jin
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Alfredo A Molinolo
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Luis Fernandez de Castro
- Section on Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Diana Ovejero
- Section on Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xianglong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ding Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yingzi Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael T Collins
- Section on Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - J Silvio Gutkind
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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40
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Induced GnasR201H expression from the endogenous Gnas locus causes fibrous dysplasia by up-regulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:E418-E427. [PMID: 29158412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714313114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia (FD; Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man no. 174800) is a crippling skeletal disease caused by activating mutations of the GNAS gene, which encodes the stimulatory G protein Gαs FD can lead to severe adverse conditions such as bone deformity, fracture, and severe pain, leading to functional impairment and wheelchair confinement. So far there is no cure, as the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain largely unknown and the lack of appropriate animal models has severely hampered FD research. Here we have investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying FD and tested its potential treatment by establishing a mouse model in which the human FD mutation (R201H) has been conditionally knocked into the corresponding mouse Gnas locus. We found that the germ-line FD mutant was embryonic lethal, and Cre-induced Gnas FD mutant expression in early osteochondral progenitors, osteoblast cells, or bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) recapitulated FD features. In addition, mosaic expression of FD mutant Gαs in BMSCs induced bone marrow fibrosis both cell autonomously and non-cell autonomously. Furthermore, Wnt/β-catenin signaling was up-regulated in FD mutant mouse bone and BMSCs undergoing osteogenic differentiation, as we have found in FD human tissue previously. Reduction of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by removing one Lrp6 copy in an FD mutant line significantly rescued the phenotypes. We demonstrate that induced expression of the FD Gαs mutant from the mouse endogenous Gnas locus exhibits human FD phenotypes in vivo, and that inhibitors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling may be repurposed for treating FD and other bone diseases caused by Gαs activation.
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41
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Bastepe M, Turan S, He Q. Heterotrimeric G proteins in the control of parathyroid hormone actions. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 58:R203-R224. [PMID: 28363951 PMCID: PMC5650080 DOI: 10.1530/jme-16-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a key regulator of skeletal physiology and calcium and phosphate homeostasis. It acts on bone and kidney to stimulate bone turnover, increase the circulating levels of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D and calcium and inhibit the reabsorption of phosphate from the glomerular filtrate. Dysregulated PTH actions contribute to or are the cause of several endocrine disorders. This calciotropic hormone exerts its actions via binding to the PTH/PTH-related peptide receptor (PTH1R), which couples to multiple heterotrimeric G proteins, including Gs and Gq/11 Genetic mutations affecting the activity or expression of the alpha-subunit of Gs, encoded by the GNAS complex locus, are responsible for several human diseases for which the clinical findings result, at least partly, from aberrant PTH signaling. Here, we review the bone and renal actions of PTH with respect to the different signaling pathways downstream of these G proteins, as well as the disorders caused by GNAS mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Bastepe
- Endocrine UnitDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Serap Turan
- Department of Pediatric EndocrinologyMarmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Qing He
- Endocrine UnitDepartment of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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42
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Roszko KL, Bi R, Gorvin CM, Bräuner-Osborne H, Xiong XF, Inoue A, Thakker RV, Strømgaard K, Gardella T, Mannstadt M. Knockin mouse with mutant G α11 mimics human inherited hypocalcemia and is rescued by pharmacologic inhibitors. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91079. [PMID: 28194446 PMCID: PMC5291736 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G proteins play critical roles in transducing extracellular signals generated by 7-transmembrane domain receptors. Somatic gain-of-function mutations in G protein α subunits are associated with a variety of diseases. Recently, we identified gain-of-function mutations in Gα11 in patients with autosomal-dominant hypocalcemia type 2 (ADH2), an inherited disorder of hypocalcemia, low parathyroid hormone (PTH), and hyperphosphatemia. We have generated knockin mice harboring the point mutation GNA11 c.C178T (p.Arg60Cys) identified in ADH2 patients. The mutant mice faithfully replicated human ADH2. They also exhibited low bone mineral density and increased skin pigmentation. Treatment with NPS 2143, a negative allosteric modulator of the calcium-sensing receptor (CASR), increased PTH and calcium concentrations in WT and mutant mice, suggesting that the gain-of-function effect of GNA11R6OC is partly dependent on coupling to the CASR. Treatment with the Gα11/q-specific inhibitor YM-254890 increased blood calcium in heterozygous but not in homozygous GNA11R60C mice, consistent with published crystal structure data showing that Arg60 forms a critical contact with YM-254890. This animal model of ADH2 provides insights into molecular mechanism of this G protein-related disease and potential paths toward new lines of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Roszko
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ruiye Bi
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Caroline M Gorvin
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiao-Feng Xiong
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Kawaguchi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Gardella
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael Mannstadt
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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43
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Hardouin P, Marie PJ, Rosen CJ. New insights into bone marrow adipocytes: Report from the First European Meeting on Bone Marrow Adiposity (BMA 2015). Bone 2016; 93:212-215. [PMID: 26608519 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hardouin
- PMOI, Université de Lille and Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Boulogne sur Mer, France
| | - Pierre J Marie
- UMR-1132 INSERM and Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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44
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Jedidi H, Rostomyan L, Potorac L, Depierreux-Lahaye F, Petrossians P, Beckers A. Advances in diagnosis and management of familial pituitary adenomas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/ije-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial pituitary adenomas account for approximately 5–8% of all pituitary adenomas. Besides the adenomas occurring as part of syndromic entities that group several endocrine or nonendocrine disorders (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or 4, Carney complex and McCune–Albright syndrome), 2–3% of familial pituitary adenomas fit into the familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA) syndrome, an autosomal dominant condition with incomplete penetrance. About 20% of FIPA cases are due to mutations in the AIP gene and have distinct clinical characteristics. Recent findings have isolated a new non-AIP FIPA syndrome called X-linked acrogigantism, resulting from a microduplication that always includes the GPR101 gene. These new advances in the field of pituitary disease are opening up a new challenging domain to both clinicians and researchers. This review will focus on these recent findings and their contribution to the diagnosis and the management of familial pituitary adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroun Jedidi
- Neurology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Liliya Rostomyan
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - lulia Potorac
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Patrick Petrossians
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Beckers
- Endocrinology Department, CHU of Liège, 1 Avenue de l'hopital, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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45
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Robinson C, Collins MT, Boyce AM. Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune-Albright Syndrome: Clinical and Translational Perspectives. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2016; 14:178-86. [PMID: 27492469 PMCID: PMC5035212 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-016-0317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is an uncommon and debilitating skeletal disorder resulting in fractures, deformity, functional impairment, and pain. It arises from post-zygotic somatic activating mutations in GNAS, in the cAMP-regulating transcript α-subunit, Gsα. Constitutive Gs signaling results in activation of adenylyl cyclase and dysregulated cAMP production. In the skeleton, this leads to the development of FD lesions with abnormal bone matrix, trabeculae, and collagen, produced by undifferentiated mesenchymal cells. FD may occur in isolation or in combination with extraskeletal manifestations, including hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies and café-au-lait macules, termed McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS). This review summarizes current clinical and translational perspectives in FD/MAS, with an emphasis on FD pathogenesis, natural history, pre-clinical and clinical investigation, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemre Robinson
- Section on Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive Room 228 MSC 4320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Michael T Collins
- Section on Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive Room 228 MSC 4320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alison M Boyce
- Section on Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, 30 Convent Drive Room 228 MSC 4320, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
- Bone Health Program, Division of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA.
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Rostomyan L, Beckers A. Screening for genetic causes of growth hormone hypersecretion. Growth Horm IGF Res 2016; 30-31:52-57. [PMID: 27756606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) secreting pituitary tumors may be caused by genetic abnormalities in a variety of genes including AIP, MEN1, CDKN1B, and PRKAR1A. These can lead to GH secreting pituitary adenomas as an isolated occurrence (e.g. as aggressive sporadic adenomas or in familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA)) or as part of syndromic conditions such as MEN1 or Carney complex. These tumors have more aggressive features than sporadic acromegaly, including a younger age at disease onset and larger tumor size, and they can be challenging to manage. In addition to mutations or deletions, copy number variation at the GPR101 locus may also lead to mixed GH and prolactin secreting pituitary adenomas in the setting of X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG syndrome). In X-LAG syndrome and in McCune Albright syndrome, mosaicism for GPR101 duplications and activating GNAS1 mutations, respectively, contribute to the genetic pathogenesis. As only 5% of pituitary adenomas have a known cause, efficient deployment of genetic testing requires detailed knowledge of clinical characteristics and potential associated syndromic features in the patient and their family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya Rostomyan
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Albert Beckers
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Domaine Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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Burke AB, Collins MT, Boyce AM. Fibrous dysplasia of bone: craniofacial and dental implications. Oral Dis 2016; 23:697-708. [PMID: 27493082 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a rare bone disease caused by postzygotic somatic activating mutations in the GNAS gene, which lead to constitutive activation of adenylyl cyclase and elevated levels of cyclic AMP, which act on downstream signaling pathways and cause normal bone to be replaced with fibrous tissue and abnormal (woven) bone. The bone disease may occur in one bone (monostotic), multiple bones (polyostotic), or in combination with hyperfunctioning endocrinopathies and hyperpigmented skin lesions (in the setting of McCune-Albright Syndrome). FD is common in the craniofacial skeleton, causing significant dysmorphic features, bone pain, and dental anomalies. This review summarizes the pathophysiology, clinical findings, and treatment of FD, with an emphasis on the craniofacial and oral manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Burke
- Section on Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - M T Collins
- Section on Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - A M Boyce
- Section on Skeletal Disorders and Mineral Homeostasis, Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's National Health System, Washington, D.C., USA.,Bone Health Program, Division of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Children's National Health System, Washington, D.C., USA
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Tascau L, Gardner T, Anan H, Yongpravat C, Cardozo CP, Bauman WA, Lee FY, Oh DS, Tawfeek HA. Activation of Protein Kinase A in Mature Osteoblasts Promotes a Major Bone Anabolic Response. Endocrinology 2016; 157:112-26. [PMID: 26488807 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase A (PKA) regulates osteoblast cell function in vitro and is activated by important bone mass modulating agents. We determined whether PKA activation in osteoblasts is sufficient to mediate a bone anabolic response. Thus, a mouse model conditionally expressing a constitutively active PKA (CA-PKA) in osteoblasts (CA-PKA-OB mouse) was developed by crossing a 2.3-kb α1 (I)-collagen promoter-Cre mouse with a floxed-CA-PKA mouse. Primary osteoblasts from the CA-PKA-OB mice exhibited higher basal PKA activity than those from control mice. Microcomputed tomographic analysis revealed that CA-PKA-OB female mice had an 8.6-fold increase in femoral but only 1.16-fold increase in lumbar 5 vertebral bone volume/total volume. Femur cortical thickness and volume were also higher in the CA-PKA-OB mice. In contrast, alterations in many femoral microcomputed tomographic parameters in male CA-PKA-OB mice were modest. Interestingly, the 3-dimensional structure model index was substantially lower both in femur and lumbar 5 of male and female CA-PKA-OB mice, reflecting an increase in the plate to rod-like structure ratio. In agreement, femurs from female CA-PKA-OB mice had greater load to failure and were stiffer compared with those of control mice. Furthermore, the CA-PKA-OB mice had higher levels of serum bone turnover markers and increased osteoblast and osteoclast numbers per total tissue area compared with control animals. In summary, constitutive activation of PKA in osteoblasts is sufficient to increase bone mass and favorably modify bone architecture and improve mechanical properties. PKA activation in mature osteoblasts is, therefore, an important target for designing anabolic drugs for treating diseases with bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Tascau
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10468; Center for Orthopaedic Research (T.G., C.Y., F.Y.L.), College of Dental Medicine (D.S.O.), and Department of Molecular Medicine (L.T.), Columbia University, and Departments of Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), Rehabilitation Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B.), and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics (C.P.C.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Sacred Heart Hospital/Temple University (H.A.), Allentown, Pennsylvania 16102
| | - Thomas Gardner
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10468; Center for Orthopaedic Research (T.G., C.Y., F.Y.L.), College of Dental Medicine (D.S.O.), and Department of Molecular Medicine (L.T.), Columbia University, and Departments of Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), Rehabilitation Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B.), and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics (C.P.C.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Sacred Heart Hospital/Temple University (H.A.), Allentown, Pennsylvania 16102
| | - Hussein Anan
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10468; Center for Orthopaedic Research (T.G., C.Y., F.Y.L.), College of Dental Medicine (D.S.O.), and Department of Molecular Medicine (L.T.), Columbia University, and Departments of Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), Rehabilitation Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B.), and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics (C.P.C.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Sacred Heart Hospital/Temple University (H.A.), Allentown, Pennsylvania 16102
| | - Charlie Yongpravat
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10468; Center for Orthopaedic Research (T.G., C.Y., F.Y.L.), College of Dental Medicine (D.S.O.), and Department of Molecular Medicine (L.T.), Columbia University, and Departments of Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), Rehabilitation Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B.), and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics (C.P.C.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Sacred Heart Hospital/Temple University (H.A.), Allentown, Pennsylvania 16102
| | - Christopher P Cardozo
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10468; Center for Orthopaedic Research (T.G., C.Y., F.Y.L.), College of Dental Medicine (D.S.O.), and Department of Molecular Medicine (L.T.), Columbia University, and Departments of Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), Rehabilitation Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B.), and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics (C.P.C.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Sacred Heart Hospital/Temple University (H.A.), Allentown, Pennsylvania 16102
| | - William A Bauman
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10468; Center for Orthopaedic Research (T.G., C.Y., F.Y.L.), College of Dental Medicine (D.S.O.), and Department of Molecular Medicine (L.T.), Columbia University, and Departments of Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), Rehabilitation Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B.), and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics (C.P.C.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Sacred Heart Hospital/Temple University (H.A.), Allentown, Pennsylvania 16102
| | - Francis Y Lee
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10468; Center for Orthopaedic Research (T.G., C.Y., F.Y.L.), College of Dental Medicine (D.S.O.), and Department of Molecular Medicine (L.T.), Columbia University, and Departments of Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), Rehabilitation Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B.), and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics (C.P.C.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Sacred Heart Hospital/Temple University (H.A.), Allentown, Pennsylvania 16102
| | - Daniel S Oh
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10468; Center for Orthopaedic Research (T.G., C.Y., F.Y.L.), College of Dental Medicine (D.S.O.), and Department of Molecular Medicine (L.T.), Columbia University, and Departments of Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), Rehabilitation Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B.), and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics (C.P.C.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Sacred Heart Hospital/Temple University (H.A.), Allentown, Pennsylvania 16102
| | - Hesham A Tawfeek
- National Center for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10468; Center for Orthopaedic Research (T.G., C.Y., F.Y.L.), College of Dental Medicine (D.S.O.), and Department of Molecular Medicine (L.T.), Columbia University, and Departments of Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B., H.A.T.), Rehabilitation Medicine (C.P.C., W.A.B.), and Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics (C.P.C.), The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029; and Sacred Heart Hospital/Temple University (H.A.), Allentown, Pennsylvania 16102
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Pituitary gigantism: Causes and clinical characteristics. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2015; 76:643-9. [PMID: 26585365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Acromegaly and pituitary gigantism are very rare conditions resulting from excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH), usually by a pituitary adenoma. Pituitary gigantism occurs when GH excess overlaps with the period of rapid linear growth during childhood and adolescence. Until recently, its etiology and clinical characteristics have been poorly understood. Genetic and genomic causes have been identified in recent years that explain about half of cases of pituitary gigantism. We describe these recent discoveries and focus on some important settings in which gigantism can occur, including familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA) and the newly described X-linked acrogigantism (X-LAG) syndrome.
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