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Okuyama K, Inage K, Kim G, Mukaihata T, Tajiri I, Shiga Y, Inoue M, Eguchi Y, Suzuki-Narita M, Otagiri T, Tsuchiya R, Hishiya T, Arai T, Toshi N, Tokeshi S, Tashiro S, Ohyama S, Suzuki N, Furuya T, Maki S, Nakamura J, Hagiwara S, Kawarai Y, Aoki Y, Kotani T, Koda M, Takahashi H, Akazawa T, Ohtori S, Orita S. Bone union-promoting effect of romosozumab in an ovariectomized rat posterolateral lumbar fusion model. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:1831-1840. [PMID: 38567415 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Spinal fixation surgery has been increasingly performed in patients with osteoporosis. Romosozumab, a drug that was introduced in Japan recently, is known to possibly promote bone healing. However, few studies have reported the therapeutic effects of romosozumab in clinical practice in Japan. Therefore, here, we investigated the effects of romosozumab dosage on bone fusion promotion using an ovariectomized rat spinal fusion model. Eight-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were matched by body weight and divided into three groups: 1.0 romosozumab (R) group (Evenity®, 25 mg/kg), 1/10R group (Evenity®, 2.5 mg/kg), and control (C) group (saline). Subcutaneous injections were administered twice a week for 8 weeks postoperatively. Computed tomography scans were performed every 2 weeks from the time of surgery till 8 weeks postoperatively. The mean fusion rates in terms of volume were significantly higher in the R groups [1/10R, 1.0R] than in the C group from 4 weeks postoperatively. The rate of increase was significantly higher in the 1.0R group from 4 weeks postoperatively and in the 1/10R group from 6 weeks postoperatively, than in the C group. The proportion of trabecular bone area was approximately 1.5 times higher in the R groups than in the C group. No significant differences were observed between the R groups. Our results suggest that romosozumab stimulates bone growth at the graft site, and similar effects were achieved at 1/10 of the standard dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Okuyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Inage
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Geundong Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohito Mukaihata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ikuko Tajiri
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Shiga
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yawara Eguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Miyako Suzuki-Narita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takuma Otagiri
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryuto Tsuchiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahisa Hishiya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takahito Arai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noriyasu Toshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Soichiro Tokeshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Susumu Tashiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ohyama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Noritaka Suzuki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeo Furuya
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junichi Nakamura
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hagiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuuya Kawarai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Aoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kotani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seirei Sakura Citizen Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masao Koda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Akazawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki City, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumihisa Orita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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Trompet D, Melis S, Chagin AS, Maes C. Skeletal stem and progenitor cells in bone development and repair. J Bone Miner Res 2024; 39:633-654. [PMID: 38696703 DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjae069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Bone development, growth, and repair are complex processes involving various cell types and interactions, with central roles played by skeletal stem and progenitor cells. Recent research brought new insights into the skeletal precursor populations that mediate intramembranous and endochondral bone development. Later in life, many of the cellular and molecular mechanisms determining development are reactivated upon fracture, with powerful trauma-induced signaling cues triggering a variety of postnatal skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) residing near the bone defect. Interestingly, in this injury context, the current evidence suggests that the fates of both SSPCs and differentiated skeletal cells can be considerably flexible and dynamic, and that multiple cell sources can be activated to operate as functional progenitors generating chondrocytes and/or osteoblasts. The combined implementation of in vivo lineage tracing, cell surface marker-based cell selection, single-cell molecular analyses, and high-resolution in situ imaging has strongly improved our insights into the diversity and roles of developmental and reparative stem/progenitor subsets, while also unveiling the complexity of their dynamics, hierarchies, and relationships. Albeit incompletely understood at present, findings supporting lineage flexibility and possibly plasticity among sources of osteogenic cells challenge the classical dogma of a single primitive, self-renewing, multipotent stem cell driving bone tissue formation and regeneration from the apex of a hierarchical and strictly unidirectional differentiation tree. We here review the state of the field and the newest discoveries in the origin, identity, and fates of skeletal progenitor cells during bone development and growth, discuss the contributions of adult SSPC populations to fracture repair, and reflect on the dynamism and relationships among skeletal precursors and differentiated cell lineages. Further research directed at unraveling the heterogeneity and capacities of SSPCs, as well as the regulatory cues determining their fate and functioning, will offer vital new options for clinical translation toward compromised fracture healing and bone regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Trompet
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Seppe Melis
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrei S Chagin
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christa Maes
- Laboratory of Skeletal Cell Biology and Physiology (SCEBP), Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center (SBE), Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Thouverey C, Apostolides P, Brun J, Caverzasio J, Ferrari S. Sclerostin blockade inhibits bone resorption through PDGF receptor signaling in osteoblast lineage cells. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176558. [PMID: 38713511 PMCID: PMC11141910 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
While sclerostin-neutralizing antibodies (Scl-Abs) transiently stimulate bone formation by activating Wnt signaling in osteoblast lineage cells, they exert sustained inhibition of bone resorption, suggesting an alternate signaling pathway by which Scl-Abs control osteoclast activity. Since sclerostin can activate platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) in osteoblast lineage cells in vitro and PDGFR signaling in these cells induces bone resorption through M-CSF secretion, we hypothesized that the prolonged anticatabolic effect of Scl-Abs could result from PDGFR inhibition. We show here that inhibition of PDGFR signaling in osteoblast lineage cells is sufficient and necessary to mediate prolonged Scl-Ab effects on M-CSF secretion and osteoclast activity in mice. Indeed, sclerostin coactivates PDGFRs independently of Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibition, by forming a ternary complex with LRP6 and PDGFRs in preosteoblasts. In turn, Scl-Ab prevents sclerostin-mediated coactivation of PDGFR signaling and consequent M-CSF upregulation in preosteoblast cultures, thereby inhibiting osteoclast activity in preosteoblast/osteoclast coculture assays. These results provide a potential mechanism explaining the dissociation between anabolic and antiresorptive effects of long-term Scl-Ab.
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Sharma G, Sultana A, Abdullah KM, Pothuraju R, Nasser MW, Batra SK, Siddiqui JA. Epigenetic regulation of bone remodeling and bone metastasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2024; 154:275-285. [PMID: 36379849 PMCID: PMC10175516 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling is a continuous and dynamic process of bone formation and resorption to maintain its integrity and homeostasis. Bone marrow is a source of various cell lineages, including osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone formation and resorption, respectively, to maintain bone homeostasis. Epigenetics is one of the elementary regulations governing the physiology of bone remodeling. Epigenetic modifications, mainly DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, regulate stable transcriptional programs without causing specific heritable alterations. DNA methylation in CpG-rich promoters of the gene is primarily correlated with gene silencing, and histone modifications are associated with transcriptional activation/inactivation. However, non-coding RNAs regulate the metastatic potential of cancer cells to metastasize at secondary sites. Deregulated or altered epigenetic modifications are often seen in many cancers and interwound with bone-specific tropism and cancer metastasis. Histone acetyltransferases, histone deacetylase, and DNA methyltransferases are promising targets in epigenetically altered cancer. High throughput epigenome mapping and targeting specific epigenetics modifiers will be helpful in the development of personalized epi-drugs for advanced and bone metastasis cancer patients. This review aims to discuss and gather more knowledge about different epigenetic modifications in bone remodeling and metastasis. Further, it provides new approaches for targeting epigenetic changes and therapy research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ashrafi Sultana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - K M Abdullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ramesh Pothuraju
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mohd Wasim Nasser
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Surinder Kumar Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jawed Akhtar Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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van Dijk Christiansen P, Andreasen CM, El-Masri BM, Laursen KS, Delaisse JM, Andersen TL. Osteoprogenitor recruitment and differentiation during intracortical bone remodeling of adolescent humans. Bone 2023; 177:116896. [PMID: 37699496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recruitment and proliferation of osteoprogenitors during the reversal-resorption phase, and their differentiation into mature bone-forming osteoblasts is crucial for initiation of bone formation during bone remodeling. This study investigates the osteoprogenitors' gradual recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation into bone-forming osteoblasts within intracortical remodeling events of healthy adolescent humans. METHODS The study was conducted on cortical bone specimens from 11 adolescent human controls - patients undergoing surgery due to coxa valga. The osteoprogenitor recruitment route and differentiation into osteoblasts were backtracked using immunostainings and in situ hybridizations with osteoblastic markers (CD271/NGFR, osterix/SP7, COL3A1 and COL1A1). The osteoblastic cell populations were defined based on the pore surfaces, and their proliferation index (Ki67), density and number/circumference were estimated in multiplex-immunofluorescence (Ki67, TRAcP, CD34) stained sections. RESULTS During the reversal-resorption phase, osteoclasts are intermixed with (COL3A1+NFGR+) osteoblastic reversal cells, which are considered to be osteoprogenitors of (COL1A1+SP7+) bone-forming osteoblasts. Initiation of bone formation requires a critical density of these osteoprogenitors (43 ± 9 cells/mm), which is reached though proliferation (4.4 ± 0.5 % proliferative) and even more so through recruitment of osteoprogenitors, but challenged by the ongoing expansion of the canal circumference. These osteoprogenitors most likely originate from osteoblastic bone lining cells and mainly lumen osteoprogenitors, which expand their population though proliferation (4.6 ± 0.3 %) and vascular recruitment. These lumen osteoprogenitors resemble canopy cells above trabecular remodeling sites, and like canopy cells they extend above bone-forming osteoblasts where they may rejuvenate the osteoblast population during bone formation. CONCLUSION Initiation of bone formation during intracortical remodeling requires a critical density of osteoprogenitors on eroded surfaces, which is reached though proliferation and recruitment of local osteoprogenitors: bone lining cells and lumen osteoprogenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille van Dijk Christiansen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Christina Møller Andreasen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Danish Spatial Imaging Consortium (DanSIC).
| | - Bilal Mohamad El-Masri
- Clinical Cell Biology, Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Danish Spatial Imaging Consortium (DanSIC).
| | - Kaja Søndergaard Laursen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Spatial Imaging Consortium (DanSIC).
| | - Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Clinical Cell Biology, Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Levin Andersen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Research Unit of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital and Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Danish Spatial Imaging Consortium (DanSIC).
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Šromová V, Sobola D, Kaspar P. A Brief Review of Bone Cell Function and Importance. Cells 2023; 12:2576. [PMID: 37947654 PMCID: PMC10648520 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on understanding the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of bone tissue and reviews current knowledge of its physiology. It explores how these features intricately collaborate to maintain the balance between osteoblast-mediated bone formation and osteoclast-mediated bone resorption, which plays a pivotal role in shaping not only our physical framework but also overall health. In this work, a comprehensive exploration of microscopic and macroscopic features of bone tissue is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Šromová
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Dinara Sobola
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Physics of Materials, Žižkova 22, 616 62 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kaspar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology, 601 90 Brno, Czech Republic;
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Sano H, Whitmarsh T, Skingle L, Shimakura T, Yamamoto N, Compston JE, Takahashi HE, Poole KES. Buds of new bone formation within the Femoral Head of Hip Fracture Patients Coincide with Zones of Low Osteocyte Sclerostin. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:1603-1611. [PMID: 37548352 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Romosozumab treatment reduces the rate of hip fractures and increases hip bone density, increasing bone formation by inhibiting sclerostin protein. We studied the normal pattern of bone formation and osteocyte expression in the human proximal femur because it is relevant to both antisclerostin treatment effects and fracture. Having visualized and quantified buds of new bone formation in trabeculae, we hypothesized that they would coincide with areas of (a) higher mechanical stress and (b) low sclerostin expression by osteocytes. In patients with hip fracture, we visualized each bud of active modeling-based formation (forming minimodeling structure [FMiS]) in trabecular cores taken from different parts of the femoral head. Trabecular bone structure was also measured with high-resolution imaging. More buds of new bone formation (by volume) were present in the higher stress superomedial zone (FMiS density, N.FMiS/T.Ar) than lower stress superolateral (p < 0.05), and inferomedial (p < 0.001) regions. There were fewer sclerostin expressing osteocytes close to or within FMiS. FMiS density correlated with greater amount, thickness, number, and connectivity of trabeculae (bone volume BV/TV, r = 0.65, p < 0.0001; bone surface BS/TV, r = 0.47, p < 0.01; trabecular thickness Tb.Th, r = 0.55, p < 0.001; trabecular number Tb.N, r = 0.47, p < 0.01; and connectivity density Conn.D, r = 0.40, p < 0.05) and lower trabecular separation (Tb.Sp, r = -0.56, p < 0.001). These results demonstrate modeling-based bone formation in femoral trabeculae from patients with hip fracture as a potential therapeutic target to enhance bone structure. © 2023 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshige Sano
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Niigata Bone Science Institute, Niigata, Japan
- Uchino Orthopedic Clinic, Niigata, Japan
| | | | - Linda Skingle
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Carpenter KA, Alkhatib DO, Dulion BA, Guirado E, Patel S, Chen Y, George A, Ross RD. Sclerostin antibody improves alveolar bone quality in the Hyp mouse model of X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:47. [PMID: 37813865 PMCID: PMC10562382 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00252-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare disease of elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) production that leads to hypophosphatemia and impaired mineralization of bone and teeth. The clinical manifestations of XLH include a high prevalence of dental abscesses and periodontal disease, likely driven by poorly formed structures of the dentoalveolar complex, including the alveolar bone, cementum, dentin, and periodontal ligament. Our previous studies have demonstrated that sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) treatment improves phosphate homeostasis, and increases long bone mass, strength, and mineralization in the Hyp mouse model of XLH. In the current study, we investigated whether Scl-Ab impacts the dentoalveolar structures of Hyp mice. Male and female wild-type and Hyp littermates were injected with 25 mg·kg-1 of vehicle or Scl-Ab twice weekly beginning at 12 weeks of age and euthanized at 20 weeks of age. Scl-Ab increased alveolar bone mass in both male and female mice and alveolar tissue mineral density in the male mice. The positive effects of Scl-Ab were consistent with an increase in the fraction of active (nonphosphorylated) β-catenin, dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and osteopontin stained alveolar osteocytes. Scl-Ab had no effect on the mass and mineralization of dentin, enamel, acellular or cellular cementum. There was a nonsignificant trend toward increased periodontal ligament (PDL) attachment fraction within the Hyp mice. Additional PDL fiber structural parameters were not affected by Scl-Ab. The current study demonstrates that Scl-Ab can improve alveolar bone in adult Hyp mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Carpenter
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Delia O Alkhatib
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bryan A Dulion
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth Guirado
- Department of Oral Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shreya Patel
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yinghua Chen
- Department of Oral Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anne George
- Department of Oral Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan D Ross
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Wells KV, Krackeler ML, Jathal MK, Parikh M, Ghosh PM, Leach JK, Genetos DC. Prostate cancer and bone: clinical presentation and molecular mechanisms. Endocr Relat Cancer 2023; 30:e220360. [PMID: 37226936 PMCID: PMC10696925 DOI: 10.1530/erc-22-0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is an increasingly prevalent health problem in the developed world. Effective treatment options exist for localized PCa, but metastatic PCa has fewer treatment options and shorter patient survival. PCa and bone health are strongly entwined, as PCa commonly metastasizes to the skeleton. Since androgen receptor signaling drives PCa growth, androgen-deprivation therapy whose sequelae reduce bone strength constitutes the foundation of advanced PCa treatment. The homeostatic process of bone remodeling - produced by concerted actions of bone-building osteoblasts, bone-resorbing osteoclasts, and regulatory osteocytes - may also be subverted by PCa to promote metastatic growth. Mechanisms driving skeletal development and homeostasis, such as regional hypoxia or matrix-embedded growth factors, may be subjugated by bone metastatic PCa. In this way, the biology that sustains bone is integrated into adaptive mechanisms for the growth and survival of PCa in bone. Skeletally metastatic PCa is difficult to investigate due to the entwined nature of bone biology and cancer biology. Herein, we survey PCa from origin, presentation, and clinical treatment to bone composition and structure and molecular mediators of PCa metastasis to bone. Our intent is to quickly yet effectively reduce barriers to team science across multiple disciplines that focuses on PCa and metastatic bone disease. We also introduce concepts of tissue engineering as a novel perspective to model, capture, and study complex cancer-microenvironment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V Wells
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Margaret L Krackeler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Maitreyee K Jathal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, California, USA
| | - Mamta Parikh
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Paramita M Ghosh
- Veterans Affairs-Northern California Health System, Mather, California, USA
- Department of Urologic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - J Kent Leach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Damian C Genetos
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
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10
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Ballesteros J, Rivas D, Duque G. The Role of the Kynurenine Pathway in the Pathophysiology of Frailty, Sarcopenia, and Osteoporosis. Nutrients 2023; 15:3132. [PMID: 37513550 PMCID: PMC10383689 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan is an essential nutrient required to generate vitamin B3 (niacin), which is mainly involved in energy metabolism and DNA production. Alterations in tryptophan metabolism could have significant effects on aging and musculoskeletal health. The kynurenine pathway, essential in tryptophan catabolism, is modulated by inflammatory factors that are increased in older persons, a process known as inflammaging. Osteoporosis, sarcopenia, osteosarcopenia, and frailty have also been linked with chronically increased levels of inflammatory factors. Due to the disruption of the kynurenine pathway by chronic inflammation and/or changes in the gut microbiota, serum levels of toxic metabolites are increased and are associated with the pathophysiology of those conditions. In contrast, anabolic products of this pathway, such as picolinic acid, have demonstrated a positive effect on skeletal muscle and bone. In addition, physical activity can modulate this pathway by promoting the secretion of anabolic kynurenines. According to the evidence collected, kynurenines could have a promising role as biomarkers for osteoporosis sarcopenia, osteosarcopenia, and frailty in older persons. In addition, some of these metabolites could become important targets for developing new pharmacological treatments for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ballesteros
- Servicio de Geriatría, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, 28007 Madrid, Spain
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Daniel Rivas
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Gustavo Duque
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
- Dr. Joseph Kaufmann Chair in Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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11
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Ross R, Carpenter K, Alkhatib D, Dulion B, Guirado E, Patel S, Chen Y, George A. Sclerostin antibody improves alveolar bone quality in the Hyp mouse model of X-Linked Hypophosphatemia (XLH). RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2762671. [PMID: 37090634 PMCID: PMC10120757 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2762671/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is a rare disease of elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) production that leads to hypophosphatemia and poor mineralization of bone and teeth. The clinical manifestations of XLH include a high prevalence of dental abscesses, likely driven by poorly formed structures of the dentoalveolar complex, including the alveolar bone, cementum, dentin, and periodontal ligament. Our previous studies have demonstrated that sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) treatment improves phosphate homeostasis, and increases bone mass, strength and mineralization in the Hyp mouse model of XLH. In the current study, we investigated whether Scl-Ab impacts the dentoalveolar structures of Hyp mice. Male and female wild-type and Hyp littermates were injected with 25 mg/kg of vehicle or Scl-Ab twice weekly beginning at 12 weeks of age and euthanized at 20 weeks of age. Scl-Ab increased alveolar bone mass in both male and female mice and alveolar tissue mineral density in the male mice. The positive effects of Scl-Ab were consistent with an increase in the fraction of active (non-phosphorylated) β-catenin stained alveolar osteocytes. Scl-Ab had no effect on mineralized tissues of the tooth - dentin, enamel, acellular and cellular cementum. There was a non-significant trend toward increased periodontal ligament (PDL) attachment fraction within the Hyp mice. Additional PDL fibral structural parameters were not affected by Scl-Ab. The current study demonstrates that Scl-Ab can improve alveolar bone in the Hyp mouse model of XLH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yinghua Chen
- University of Illinois Chicago College of Dentistry
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12
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Abstract
Changes in bone architecture and metabolism with aging increase the likelihood of osteoporosis and fracture. Age-onset osteoporosis is multifactorial, with contributory extrinsic and intrinsic factors including certain medical problems, specific prescription drugs, estrogen loss, secondary hyperparathyroidism, microenvironmental and cellular alterations in bone tissue, and mechanical unloading or immobilization. At the histological level, there are changes in trabecular and cortical bone as well as marrow cellularity, lineage switching of mesenchymal stem cells to an adipogenic fate, inadequate transduction of signals during skeletal loading, and predisposition toward senescent cell accumulation with production of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Cumulatively, these changes result in bone remodeling abnormalities that over time cause net bone loss typically seen in older adults. Age-related osteoporosis is a geriatric syndrome due to the multiple etiologies that converge upon the skeleton to produce the ultimate phenotypic changes that manifest as bone fragility. Bone tissue is dynamic but with tendencies toward poor osteoblastic bone formation and relative osteoclastic bone resorption with aging. Interactions with other aging physiologic systems, such as muscle, may also confer detrimental effects on the aging skeleton. Conversely, individuals who maintain their BMD experience a lower risk of fractures, disability, and mortality, suggesting that this phenotype may be a marker of successful aging. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4355-4386, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Pignolo
- Department of Medicine, Divisions of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Endocrinology, and Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.,The Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, and the Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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13
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Atkinson EG, Adaway M, Horan DJ, Korff C, Klunk A, Orr AL, Ratz K, Bellido T, Plotkin LI, Robling AG, Bidwell JP. Conditional Loss of Nmp4 in Mesenchymal Stem Progenitor Cells Enhances PTH-Induced Bone Formation. J Bone Miner Res 2023; 38:70-85. [PMID: 36321253 PMCID: PMC9825665 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Activation of bone anabolic pathways is a fruitful approach for treating severe osteoporosis, yet FDA-approved osteoanabolics, eg, parathyroid hormone (PTH), have limited efficacy. Improving their potency is a promising strategy for maximizing bone anabolic output. Nmp4 (Nuclear Matrix Protein 4) global knockout mice exhibit enhanced PTH-induced increases in trabecular bone but display no overt baseline skeletal phenotype. Nmp4 is expressed in all tissues; therefore, to determine which cell type is responsible for driving the beneficial effects of Nmp4 inhibition, we conditionally removed this gene from cells at distinct stages of osteogenic differentiation. Nmp4-floxed (Nmp4fl/fl ) mice were crossed with mice bearing one of three Cre drivers including (i) Prx1Cre+ to remove Nmp4 from mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSPCs) in long bones; (ii) BglapCre+ targeting mature osteoblasts, and (iii) Dmp1Cre+ to disable Nmp4 in osteocytes. Virgin female Cre+ and Cre- mice (10 weeks of age) were sorted into cohorts by weight and genotype. Mice were administered daily injections of either human PTH 1-34 at 30 μg/kg or vehicle for 4 weeks or 7 weeks. Skeletal response was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, micro-computed tomography, bone histomorphometry, and serum analysis for remodeling markers. Nmp4fl/fl ;Prx1Cre+ mice virtually phenocopied the global Nmp4-/- skeleton in the femur, ie, a mild baseline phenotype but significantly enhanced PTH-induced increase in femur trabecular bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) compared with their Nmp4fl/fl ;Prx1Cre- controls. This was not observed in the spine, where Prrx1 is not expressed. Heightened response to PTH was coincident with enhanced bone formation. Conditional loss of Nmp4 from the mature osteoblasts (Nmp4fl/fl ;BglapCre+ ) failed to increase BV/TV or enhance PTH response. However, conditional disabling of Nmp4 in osteocytes (Nmp4fl/fl ;Dmp1Cre+ ) increased BV/TV without boosting response to hormone under our experimental regimen. We conclude that Nmp4-/- Prx1-expressing MSPCs drive the improved response to PTH therapy and that this gene has stage-specific effects on osteoanabolism. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Atkinson
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Michele Adaway
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Daniel J. Horan
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Angela Klunk
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Ashley L. Orr
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Present Address: Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University Indianapolis, IN 46222
| | - Katherine Ratz
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Present Address: Division of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Marian University Indianapolis, IN 46222
| | - Teresita Bellido
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR 72205
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Lilian I. Plotkin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, IUSM
| | - Alexander G. Robling
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, IUSM
| | - Joseph P. Bidwell
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM), Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, IUSM
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14
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Hong AR, Yang JY, Lee JY, Suh J, Lee YS, Kim JE, Kim SW. Reactivation of Bone Lining Cells are Attenuated Over Repeated Anti-sclerostin Antibody Administration. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:495-505. [PMID: 35925416 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of bone lining cells (BLCs) is a crucial mechanism governing the anabolic action of anti-sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) via modeling-based bone formation; however, it remains unclear whether this reactivation can be attenuated after persistent administration of Scl-Ab. Here, we aimed to investigate the reproducibility of persistent Scl-Ab administration for the reactivation of BLCs, and to elucidate the relationship between the activity of BLCs and serum levels of N-terminal procollagen type I (P1NP) during chronic Scl-Ab administration. We conducted an osteoblast lineage tracing study. Briefly, Dmp1-CreERt2(+):Rosa26R mice were injected with 1 mg of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen weekly from postnatal weeks four to eight. Mice were treated twice with either vehicle or Scl-Ab (25 mg/kg) at weeks 12, 16, and 20, and were euthanized at weeks 8, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, and 21 (4-6 mice in each group). After euthanization, the number and thickness of X-gal (+) cells on the periosteum of the femoral bones and the serum levels of P1NP were quantified at each time point. Scl-Ab induced a significant increase in the thickness of X-gal (+) cells on periosteal bone surfaces at postnatal weeks 13 (after 1st dose), 17 (after 2nd dose), and 21 (after 3rd dose) compared to that in vehicle-treated mice (all P < 0.001). In the Scl-Ab group, significant increases in the thickness of labeled cells were observed between weeks 16 and 17 and weeks 20 and 21 (both P < 0.001). The percentage increase in X-gal (+) cell thickness was 108.9% from week 12 to week 13, 54.6% from week 16 to week 17, and 49.2% from week 20 to week 21 in the Scl-Ab group. Although Scl-Ab treatment increased the serum levels of P1NP at postnatal weeks 13 and 17 compared with those at week 12 (P = 0.017 and P = 0.038, respectively), the same was not observed at week 21 (P = 0.296). A significant increase in P1NP levels was observed between weeks 16 and 17 and weeks 20 and 21 in the Scl-Ab group (P = 0.005 and P = 0.007, respectively). The percentage increase in P1NP levels was 141.7% from weeks 12 to 13, 114.8% from weeks 16 to 17, and 99.4% from weeks 20 to 21. Serum P1NP levels were positively correlated with X-gal (+) cell thickness (R2 = 0.732, P < 0.001). Reactivation of BLCs is modestly attenuated, but reproducible, during persistent Scl-Ab administration. Serum P1NP levels appear to be an indicator of the impact of Scl-Ab on the conversion of BLCs into mature osteoblasts on periosteal bone surfaces, thus contributing to modeling-based bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ram Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Yang
- Department of Research and Experiment, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Research and Experiment, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joonho Suh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yun-Sil Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Boramae Medical Center, 20 Boramae-Ro 5-Gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, 07061, South Korea.
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15
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Tsuji N, Sakamoto T, Hoshi K, Hikita A. Spatiotemporal Analysis of Osteoblast Morphology and Wnt Signal‐Induced Osteoblast Reactivation during Bone Modeling in Vitro. JBMR Plus 2022; 6:e10689. [PMID: 36398107 PMCID: PMC9664540 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone nodule formation by differentiating osteoblasts is considered an in vitro model that mimics bone modeling. However, the details of osteoblast behavior and matrix production during bone nodule formation are poorly understood. Here, we present a spatiotemporal analysis system for evaluating osteoblast morphology and matrix production during bone modeling in vitro via two-photon microscopy. Using this system, a change in osteoblast morphology from cuboidal to flat was observed during the formation of mineralized nodules, and this change was quantified. Areas with high bone formation were densely populated with cuboidal osteoblasts, which were characterized by blebs, protruding structures on their cell membranes. Cuboidal osteoblasts with blebs were highly mobile, and osteoblast blebs exhibited a polar distribution. Furthermore, mimicking romosozumab treatment, when differentiated flattened osteoblasts were stimulated with BIO, a GSK3β inhibitor, they were reactivated to acquire a cuboidal morphology with blebs on their membranes and produced more matrix than nonstimulated cells. Our analysis system is a powerful tool for evaluating the cell morphology and function of osteoblasts during bone modeling. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Tsuji
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sakamoto
- Department of Tissue Engineering The University of Tokyo Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuto Hoshi
- Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine The University of Tokyo Tokyo Japan
- Department of Tissue Engineering The University of Tokyo Hospital Tokyo Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Hikita
- Department of Tissue Engineering The University of Tokyo Hospital Tokyo Japan
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16
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Castañeda S, Gómez-Alonso C, Graña J, Guañabens N, Muñoz-Torres M, Peris P, Naves M, Álvaro-Gracia JM. Position of the Spanish Society of Rheumatology (SER) and the Spanish Society for Bone Research and Mineral Metabolism (SEIOMM) on romosozumab. REUMATOLOGIA CLINICA 2022; 18:383-386. [PMID: 35504824 DOI: 10.1016/j.reumae.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santos Castañeda
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital de La Princesa, IIS-Princesa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gómez-Alonso
- UGC de Metabolismo Óseo, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, ISPA, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Jenaro Graña
- Servicio de Reumatología, CHU A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Núria Guañabens
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPs, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Manuel Muñoz-Torres
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio, IBS, Granada, Spain
| | - Pilar Peris
- Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPs, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Naves
- UGC de Metabolismo Óseo, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, ISPA, REDinREN del ISCIII, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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17
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Koide M, Yamashita T, Nakamura K, Yasuda H, Udagawa N, Kobayashi Y. Evidence for the major contribution of remodeling-based bone formation in sclerostin-deficient mice. Bone 2022; 160:116401. [PMID: 35381389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Bone formation by osteoblasts is achieved through remodeling-based bone formation (RBBF) and modeling-based bone formation (MBBF). The former is when bone formation occurs after osteoclastic bone resorption to maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. The latter is when new bone matrices are added on the quiescent bone surfaces. Administration of anti-sclerostin neutralizing antibody promotes MBBF in ovariectomized rats and postmenopausal women. However, it remains to be elucidated which mode of bone formation mainly occurs in Sost-deficient mice under physiological conditions. Here, we show that two-thirds of bone formation involves RBBF in 12-week-old Sost-deficient mice (C57BL/6 background). Micro-computed tomography and histomorphometric analyses showed that the trabecular bone mass in Sost-KO mice was higher than that in Sost+/- mice. In contrast, the osteoclast number remained unchanged in Sost-KO mice, but the bone resorption marker TRAP5b in serum was slightly higher in those mice. Treatment with anti-RANKL antibody increased the trabecular bone mass of Sost+/- or Sost-KO mice. Bone formation markers such as osteoid surfaces, the mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate were almost completely suppressed in Sost+/- mice treated with anti-RANKL antibody compared with vehicle-treated Sost+/- mice. In Sost-KO mice, treatment with anti-RANKL antibody suppressed those parameters by more than half. These findings indicate that RBBF accounts for most of the bone formation in Sost+/- mice, whereas approximately two-thirds of bone formation is estimated to be remodeling-based in 12-week-old Sost-deficient mice. Furthermore, anti-RANKL antibody may be useful for detecting MBBF on trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Koide
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hiro-oka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Teruhito Yamashita
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hiro-oka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Keigo Nakamura
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontology and Periodontology, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hiro-oka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Hisataka Yasuda
- Bioindustry Division, Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd., 3-6-10 Azusawa, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Udagawa
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hiro-oka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hiro-oka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kobayashi
- Institute for Oral Science, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hiro-oka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan.
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18
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Carpenter KA, Davison R, Shakthivel S, Anderson KD, Ko FC, Ross RD. Sclerostin antibody improves phosphate metabolism hormones, bone formation rates, and bone mass in adult Hyp mice. Bone 2022; 154:116201. [PMID: 34537437 PMCID: PMC8671249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the phosphate regulating gene with homology to endopeptidase located on the X chromosome (PHEX). Loss of functional PHEX results in elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), impaired phosphate reabsorption, and inhibited skeletal mineralization. Sclerostin, a protein produced primarily by osteocytes, suppresses bone formation by antagonizing canonical Wnt-signaling and is reported to be elevated in XLH patients. Our previous study reported that a monoclonal antibody to sclerostin (Scl-Ab) decreases FGF23 and increases phosphate and bone mass in growing Hyp mice (XLH murine model). In the current study, we investigated the efficacy of Scl-Ab in treating XLH pathophysiology in adult Hyp mice that are past the period of rapid skeletal growth (12 and 20-weeks old). We hypothesized that Scl-Ab would not only increase bone formation, bone strength and bone mass, but would also normalize phosphate regulating hormones, FGF23, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and vitamin 1,25(OH)2D. Scl-Ab treatment increased cortical area, trabecular bone volume fraction, trabecular bone formation rate, and the bending moment in both sexes of both age groups. Scl-Ab treatment suppressed circulating levels of intact FGF23 and c-term FGF23 in treated male and female wild-type and Hyp mice of both age groups and improved both vitamin 1,25(OH)2D and PTH. Scl-Ab treated Hyp mice also showed evidence of increased renal expression of the sodium-phosphate co-transporter, NPT2a, specifically in the female Hyp mice. Our study suggests that Scl-Ab treatment can improve several skeletal and metabolic pathologies associated with XLH, further establishes the role of sclerostin in the regulation of FGF23 and provides evidence that Scl-Ab can improve phosphate regulation by targeting the bone-renal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Carpenter
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Reid Davison
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Shruti Shakthivel
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Kyle D Anderson
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Frank C Ko
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Ryan D Ross
- Department of Cell & Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
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19
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Eriksen EF, Chapurlat R, Boyce RW, Shi Y, Brown JP, Horlait S, Betah D, Libanati C, Chavassieux P. Modeling-Based Bone Formation After 2 Months of Romosozumab Treatment: Results From the FRAME Clinical Trial. J Bone Miner Res 2022; 37:36-40. [PMID: 34633116 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The bone-forming agent romosozumab is a monoclonal antibody that inhibits sclerostin, leading to increased bone formation and decreased resorption. The highest levels of bone formation markers in human patients are observed in the first 2 months of treatment. Histomorphometric analysis of bone biopsies from the phase 3 FRAME trial (NCT01575834) showed an early significant increase in bone formation with concomitant decreased resorption. Preclinical studies demonstrated that most new bone formation after romosozumab treatment was modeling-based bone formation (MBBF). Here we analyzed bone biopsies from FRAME to assess the effect of 2 months of romosozumab versus placebo on the surface extent of MBBF and remodeling-based bone formation (RBBF). In FRAME, postmenopausal women aged ≥55 years with osteoporosis were randomized 1:1 to 210 mg romosozumab or placebo sc every month for 12 months, followed by 60 mg denosumab sc every 6 months for 12 months. Participants in the bone biopsy substudy received quadruple tetracycline labeling and underwent transiliac biopsies at month 2. A total of 29 biopsies were suitable for histomorphometry. Using fluorescence microscopy, bone formation at cancellous, endocortical, and periosteal envelopes was classified based on the appearance of underlying cement lines as modeling (smooth) or remodeling (scalloped). Data were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test, without multiplicity adjustment. After 2 months, the median percentage of MBBF referent to the total bone surface was significantly increased with romosozumab versus placebo on cancellous (18.0% versus 3.8%; p = 0.005) and endocortical (36.7% versus 3.0%; p = 0.001), but not on periosteal (5.0% versus 2.0%; p = 0.37) surfaces, with no significant difference in the surface extent of RBBF on all three bone surfaces. These data show that stimulation of bone formation in the first 2 months of romosozumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis is predominately due to increased MBBF on endocortical and cancellous surfaces. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik F Eriksen
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Spesialistsenteret Pilestredet Park, Oslo, Norway
| | - Roland Chapurlat
- INSERM UMR 1033, Université de Lyon, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | | | - Jacques P Brown
- CHU de Québec Research Centre and Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
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20
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Endocrinology of bone mineralization: an update. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2021; 83:46-53. [PMID: 34921812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the world, millions of people suffer from fragilizing osteopathies such as osteomalacia and osteoporosis.Osteomalacia is a rare disorder, corresponding to mineralization abnormalities in adult bone, as opposed to rickets in children. Renal phosphate loss and hypophosphatasia are the main causes of vitamin-resistant osteomalacia. Diagnosis is based on clinical history, phosphocalcic metabolism assessment and, if necessary, molecular characterization, and must be rapid in order to initiate the most appropriate treatment and consider new treatments such as burosumab if necessary.Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone mass and strength, which increases the risk of fragility fracture. Fracture-related burden is expected to increase over the coming decades linked to the aging of population and a treatment gap. In order to reduce this treatment gap, it is important to develop two strategies: improvement of screening and of treatment. Systematic screening using the FRAX® fracture risk assessment tool could be useful to increase anti-osteoporosis medical treatment and reduce fracture rates. The question of treatment sequencing in osteoporosis is another challenge, notably after denosumab cessation, complicated by a decrease in bone mineral density and increased risk of fracture. New treatments are also available, including romosozumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody which promotes bone formation and inhibits bone resorption by inhibiting sclerostin. Romosozumab is approved in several countries, including France, for treating severe osteoporosis in postmenopausal women at high risk of fracture and free of cardiovascular comorbidity.Endocrinologists need to be aware of these fragilizing osteopathies in order to improve both diagnosis and treatment.
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21
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Yadav AM, Bagade MM, Ghumnani S, Raman S, Saha B, Kubatzky KF, Ashma R. The phytochemical plumbagin reciprocally modulates osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Biol Chem 2021; 403:211-229. [PMID: 34882360 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone metabolism is essential for maintaining bone mineral density and bone strength through a balance between bone formation and bone resorption. Bone formation is associated with osteoblast activity whereas bone resorption is linked to osteoclast differentiation. Osteoblast progenitors give rise to the formation of mature osteoblasts whereas monocytes are the precursors for multi-nucleated osteoclasts. Chronic inflammation, auto-inflammation, hormonal changes or adiposity have the potential to disturb the balance between bone formation and bone loss. Several plant-derived components are described to modulate bone metabolism and alleviate osteoporosis by enhancing bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption. The plant-derived naphthoquinone plumbagin is a bioactive compound that can be isolated from the roots of the Plumbago genus. It has been used as traditional medicine for treating infectious diseases, rheumatoid arthritis and dermatological diseases. Reportedly, plumbagin exerts its biological activities primarily through induction of reactive oxygen species and triggers osteoblast-mediated bone formation. It is plausible that plumbagin's reciprocal actions - inhibiting or inducing death in osteoclasts but promoting survival or growth of osteoblasts - are a function of the synergy with bone-metabolizing hormones calcitonin, Parathormone and vitamin D. Herein, we develop a framework for plausible molecular modus operandi of plumbagin in bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash M Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manali M Bagade
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Soni Ghumnani
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sujatha Raman
- Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (CCIH), Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences (ISHS), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Center for Cell Science, Pune-411007, Maharashtra, India
| | - Katharina F Kubatzky
- Zentrum für Infektiologie, Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richa Ashma
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, Maharashtra, India
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22
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Effects of Extracellular Osteoanabolic Agents on the Endogenous Response of Osteoblastic Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092383. [PMID: 34572032 PMCID: PMC8471159 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex multidimensional skeletal organization can adapt its structure in accordance with external contexts, demonstrating excellent self-renewal capacity. Thus, optimal extracellular environmental properties are critical for bone regeneration and inextricably linked to the mechanical and biological states of bone. It is interesting to note that the microstructure of bone depends not only on genetic determinants (which control the bone remodeling loop through autocrine and paracrine signals) but also, more importantly, on the continuous response of cells to external mechanical cues. In particular, bone cells sense mechanical signals such as shear, tensile, loading and vibration, and once activated, they react by regulating bone anabolism. Although several specific surrounding conditions needed for osteoblast cells to specifically augment bone formation have been empirically discovered, most of the underlying biomechanical cellular processes underneath remain largely unknown. Nevertheless, exogenous stimuli of endogenous osteogenesis can be applied to promote the mineral apposition rate, bone formation, bone mass and bone strength, as well as expediting fracture repair and bone regeneration. The following review summarizes the latest studies related to the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells, enhanced by mechanical forces or supplemental signaling factors (such as trace metals, nutraceuticals, vitamins and exosomes), providing a thorough overview of the exogenous osteogenic agents which can be exploited to modulate and influence the mechanically induced anabolism of bone. Furthermore, this review aims to discuss the emerging role of extracellular stimuli in skeletal metabolism as well as their potential roles and provide new perspectives for the treatment of bone disorders.
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Mora‐Raimundo P, Lozano D, Benito M, Mulero F, Manzano M, Vallet‐Regí M. Osteoporosis Remission and New Bone Formation with Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2101107. [PMID: 34096198 PMCID: PMC8373152 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202101107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology changed the concept of treatment for a variety of diseases, producing a huge impact regarding drug and gene delivery. Among the different targeted diseases, osteoporosis has devastating clinical and economic consequences. Since current osteoporosis treatments present several side effects, new treatment approaches are needed. Recently, the application of small interfering RNA (siRNA) has become a promising alternative. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway controls bone development and formation. This pathway is negatively regulated by sclerostin, which knock-down through siRNA application would potentially promote bone formation. However, the major bottleneck for siRNA-based treatments is the necessity of a delivery vector, bringing nanotechnology as a potential solution. Among the available nanocarriers, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have attracted great attention for intracellular delivery of siRNAs. The mesoporous structure of MSNs permits the delivery of siRNAs together with another biomolecule, achieving a combination therapy. Here, the effectiveness of a new potential osteoporosis treatment based on MSNs is evaluated. The proposed system is effective in delivering SOST siRNA and osteostatin through systemic injection to bone tissue. The nanoparticle administration produced an increase expression of osteogenic related genes improving the bone microarchitecture. The treated osteoporotic mice recovered values of a healthy situation approaching to osteoporosis remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Mora‐Raimundo
- Chemistry in Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversidad Complutense de MadridInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/nMadridE‐28040Spain
- Networking Research Center on BioengineeringBiomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)MadridE‐28034Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Chemistry in Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversidad Complutense de MadridInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/nMadridE‐28040Spain
- Networking Research Center on BioengineeringBiomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)MadridE‐28034Spain
| | - Manuel Benito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySchool of PharmacyUniversidad Complutense de MadridPlaza de Ramón y Cajal s/nMadridE‐28040Spain
- Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM)Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIMadrid28040Spain
| | - Francisca Mulero
- Molecular Imaging UnitSpanish National Cancer Research Center (CNIO)MadridE‐28029Spain
| | - Miguel Manzano
- Chemistry in Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversidad Complutense de MadridInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/nMadridE‐28040Spain
- Networking Research Center on BioengineeringBiomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)MadridE‐28034Spain
| | - María Vallet‐Regí
- Chemistry in Pharmaceutical SciencesSchool of PharmacyUniversidad Complutense de MadridInstituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12Plaza de Ramón y Cajal s/nMadridE‐28040Spain
- Networking Research Center on BioengineeringBiomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)MadridE‐28034Spain
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24
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Morrell AE, Robinson ST, Ke HZ, Holdsworth G, Guo XE. Osteocyte mechanosensing following short-term and long-term treatment with sclerostin antibody. Bone 2021; 149:115967. [PMID: 33892178 PMCID: PMC8217200 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sclerostin antibody romosozumab (EVENITY™, romosozumab-aqqg) has a dual mechanism of action on bone, increasing bone formation and decreasing bone resorption, leading to increases in bone mass and strength, and a decreased risk of fracture, and has been approved for osteoporosis treatment in patients with high risk of fragility fractures. The bone formation aspect of the response to sclerostin antibody treatment has thus far been best described as having two phases: an immediate and robust phase of anabolic bone formation, followed by a long-term response characterized by attenuated bone accrual. We herein test the hypothesis that following the immediate pharmacologic anabolic response, the changes in bone morphology result in altered (lesser) mechanical stimulation of the resident osteocytes, initiating a negative feedback signal quantifiable by a reduced osteocyte signaling response to load. This potential desensitization of the osteocytic network is probed via a novel ex vivo assessment of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) oscillations in osteocytes below the anteromedial surface of murine tibiae subjected to load after short-term (2 weeks) or long-term (8 weeks) treatment with sclerostin antibody or vehicle control. We found that for both equivalent load levels and equivalent strain levels, osteocyte Ca2+ dynamics are maintained between tibiae from the control mice and the mice that received long-term sclerostin antibody treatment. Furthermore, under matched strain environments, we found that short-term sclerostin antibody treatment results in a reduction of both the number of responsive cells and the speed of their responses, which we attribute largely to the probability that the observed cells in the short-term group are relatively immature osteocytes embedded during initial pharmacologic anabolism. Within this study, we demonstrate that osteocytes embedded following long-term sclerostin antibody treatment exhibit localized Ca2+ signaling akin to those of mature osteocytes from the vehicle group, and thus, systemic attenuation of responses such as circulating P1NP and bone formation rates likely occur as a result of processes downstream of osteocyte Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea E Morrell
- Bone Bioengineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 365 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America.
| | - Samuel T Robinson
- Bone Bioengineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 365 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America.
| | - Hua Zhu Ke
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK; Angitia Biopharmaceuticals, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | | | - X Edward Guo
- Bone Bioengineering Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 365 Engineering Terrace, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States of America.
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25
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Mizoguchi T, Ono N. The diverse origin of bone-forming osteoblasts. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1432-1447. [PMID: 34213032 PMCID: PMC8338797 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts are the only cells that can give rise to bones in vertebrates. Thus, one of the most important functions of these metabolically active cells is mineralized matrix production. Because osteoblasts have a limited lifespan, they must be constantly replenished by preosteoblasts, their immediate precursors. Because disruption of the regulation of bone-forming osteoblasts results in a variety of bone diseases, a better understanding of the origin of these cells by defining the mechanisms of bone development, remodeling, and regeneration is central to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. In recent years, substantial new insights into the origin of osteoblasts-largely owing to rapid technological advances in murine lineage-tracing approaches and other single-cell technologies-have been obtained. Collectively, these findings indicate that osteoblasts involved in bone formation under various physiological, pathological, and therapeutic conditions can be obtained from numerous sources. The origins of osteoblasts include, but are not limited to, chondrocytes in the growth plate, stromal cells in the bone marrow, quiescent bone-lining cells on the bone surface, and specialized fibroblasts in the craniofacial structures, such as sutures and periodontal ligaments. Because osteoblasts can be generated from local cellular sources, bones can flexibly respond to regenerative and anabolic cues. However, whether osteoblasts derived from different cellular sources have distinct functions remains to be investigated. Currently, we are at the initial stage to aptly unravel the incredible diversity of the origins of bone-forming osteoblasts. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriaki Ono
- University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston School of Dentistry, Houston, TX, USA
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26
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Wang W, Tseng WJ, Zhao H, Azar T, Pei S, Jiang X, Dyment N, Liu XS. Activation, development, and attenuation of modeling- and remodeling-based bone formation in adult rats. Biomaterials 2021; 276:121015. [PMID: 34273687 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Activation of modeling-based bone formation (MBF - bone formation without prior activation of bone resorption), has been identified as an important mechanism by which anabolic agents, such as intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH), rapidly elicit new bone formation. Using a novel cryohistology imaging platform, coupled with sequential multicolor fluorochrome injections, we demonstrated that MBF and remodeling-based bone formation (RBF) in the adult rat tibia model have similar contributions to trabecular bone homeostasis. PTH treatment resulted in a 2.4-4.9 fold greater bone formation rate over bone surface (BFR/BS) by RBF and a 4.3-8.5 fold greater BFR/BS by MBF in male, intact female, and ovariectomized female rats. Moreover, regardless of bone formation type, once a formation site is activated by PTH, mineral deposition continues throughout the entire treatment duration. Furthermore, by tracking the sequence of multicolor fluorochrome labels, we discovered that MBF, a highly efficient but often overlooked regenerative mechanism, is activated more rapidly but attenuated faster than RBF in response to PTH. This suggests that MBF and RBF contribute differently to PTH's anabolic effect in rats: MBF has a greater contribution to the acute elevation in bone mass at the early stage of treatment while RBF contributes to the sustained treatment effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Wang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei-Ju Tseng
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Hongbo Zhao
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Tala Azar
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shaopeng Pei
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Xi Jiang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - X Sherry Liu
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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27
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Zhang J, Cohen A, Shen B, Du L, Tasdogan A, Zhao Z, Shane EJ, Morrison SJ. The effect of parathyroid hormone on osteogenesis is mediated partly by osteolectin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2026176118. [PMID: 34140410 PMCID: PMC8237660 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2026176118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously described a new osteogenic growth factor, osteolectin/Clec11a, which is required for the maintenance of skeletal bone mass during adulthood. Osteolectin binds to Integrin α11 (Itga11), promoting Wnt pathway activation and osteogenic differentiation by leptin receptor+ (LepR+) stromal cells in the bone marrow. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and sclerostin inhibitor (SOSTi) are bone anabolic agents that are administered to patients with osteoporosis. Here we tested whether osteolectin mediates the effects of PTH or SOSTi on bone formation. We discovered that PTH promoted Osteolectin expression by bone marrow stromal cells within hours of administration and that PTH treatment increased serum osteolectin levels in mice and humans. Osteolectin deficiency in mice attenuated Wnt pathway activation by PTH in bone marrow stromal cells and reduced the osteogenic response to PTH in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, SOSTi did not affect serum osteolectin levels and osteolectin was not required for SOSTi-induced bone formation. Combined administration of osteolectin and PTH, but not osteolectin and SOSTi, additively increased bone volume. PTH thus promotes osteolectin expression and osteolectin mediates part of the effect of PTH on bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhu Zhang
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Adi Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Bo Shen
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Liming Du
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Alpaslan Tasdogan
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
| | - Elizabeth J Shane
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235;
- HHMI, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235
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Costa S, Fairfield H, Farrell M, Murphy CS, Soucy A, Vary C, Holdsworth G, Reagan MR. Sclerostin antibody increases trabecular bone and bone mechanical properties by increasing osteoblast activity damaged by whole-body irradiation in mice. Bone 2021; 147:115918. [PMID: 33737193 PMCID: PMC8076093 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.115918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation therapy causes bone deterioration and increased risk for skeletal-related events. Irradiation interferes with trabecular architecture through increased osteoclastic activity, decreased osteoblastic activity, and increased adipocyte expansion in the bone marrow (BM), which further compounds bone-related disease. Neutralizing antibodies to sclerostin (Scl-Ab) increase bone mass and strength by increasing bone formation and reducing bone resorption. We hypothesized that treatment with Scl-Ab would attenuate the adverse effects of irradiation by increasing bone volume and decreasing BM adipose tissue (BMAT), resulting in better quality bone. In this study, 12-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 6 Gy whole-body irradiation or were non-irradiated, then administered Scl-Ab (25 mg/kg) or vehicle weekly for 5 weeks. Femoral μCT analysis confirmed that the overall effect of IR significantly decreased trabecular bone volume/total volume (Tb.BV/TV) (2-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001) with a -43.8% loss in Tb.BV/TV in the IR control group. Scl-Ab independently increased Tb.BV/TV by 3.07-fold in non-irradiated and 3.6-fold in irradiated mice (2-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001). Irradiation did not affect cortical parameters, although Scl-Ab increased cortical thickness and area significantly in both irradiated and non-irradiated mice (2-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001). Femoral mechanical testing confirmed Scl-Ab significantly increased bending rigidity and ultimate moment independently of irradiation (2-way ANOVA, p < 0.0001). Static and dynamic histomorphometry of the femoral metaphysis revealed osteoblast vigor, not number, was significantly increased in the irradiated mice treated with Scl-Ab. Systemic alterations were assessed through serum lipidomic analysis, which showed that Scl-Ab normalized lipid profiles in the irradiated group. This data supports the theory of sclerostin as a novel contributor to the regulation of osteoblast activity after irradiation. Overall, our data support the hypothesis that Scl-Ab ameliorates the deleterious effects of whole-body irradiation on bone and adipose tissue in a mouse model. Our findings suggest that future research into localized and systemic therapies after irradiation exposure is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Costa
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather Fairfield
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariah Farrell
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Connor S Murphy
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ashley Soucy
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Calvin Vary
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Michaela R Reagan
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME, USA; University of Maine Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Orono, ME, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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29
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Donsante S, Palmisano B, Serafini M, Robey PG, Corsi A, Riminucci M. From Stem Cells to Bone-Forming Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083989. [PMID: 33924333 PMCID: PMC8070464 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation starts near the end of the embryonic stage of development and continues throughout life during bone modeling and growth, remodeling, and when needed, regeneration. Bone-forming cells, traditionally termed osteoblasts, produce, assemble, and control the mineralization of the type I collagen-enriched bone matrix while participating in the regulation of other cell processes, such as osteoclastogenesis, and metabolic activities, such as phosphate homeostasis. Osteoblasts are generated by different cohorts of skeletal stem cells that arise from different embryonic specifications, which operate in the pre-natal and/or adult skeleton under the control of multiple regulators. In this review, we briefly define the cellular identity and function of osteoblasts and discuss the main populations of osteoprogenitor cells identified to date. We also provide examples of long-known and recently recognized regulatory pathways and mechanisms involved in the specification of the osteogenic lineage, as assessed by studies on mice models and human genetic skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Biagio Palmisano
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Marta Serafini
- Centro Ricerca M. Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Pamela G. Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina 324, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.D.); (B.P.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence:
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30
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Balani DH, Trinh S, Xu M, Kronenberg HM. Sclerostin Antibody Administration Increases the Numbers of Sox9creER+ Skeletal Precursors and Their Progeny. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:757-767. [PMID: 33400836 PMCID: PMC8140551 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Blocking the Wnt inhibitor, sclerostin, increases the rate of bone formation in rodents and in humans. On a cellular level, the antibody against sclerostin acts by increasing osteoblast numbers partly by activating the quiescent bone-lining cells in vivo. No evidence currently exists, to determine whether blocking sclerostin affects early cells of the osteoblast lineage. Here we use a lineage-tracing strategy that uses a tamoxifen-dependent cre recombinase, driven by the Sox9 promoter to mark early cells of the osteoblast lineage. We show that, when adult mice are treated with the rat-13C7, an antibody that blocks sclerostin action in rodents, it increases the numbers of osteoblast precursors and their differentiation into mature osteoblasts in vivo. We also show that rat-13C7 administration suppresses adipogenesis by suppressing the differentiation of Sox9creER+ skeletal precursors into bone marrow adipocytes in vivo. Using floxed alleles of the CTNNB1 gene encoding β-catenin, we show that these precursor cells express the canonical Wnt signaling mediator, β-catenin, and that the actions of the rat-13C7 antibody to increase the number of early precursors is dependent on direct stimulation of Wnt signaling. The increase in osteoblast precursors and their progeny after the administration of the antibody leads to a robust suppression of apoptosis without affecting the rate of their proliferation. Thus, neutralizing the Wnt-inhibitor sclerostin increases the numbers of early cells of the osteoblast lineage osteoblasts and suppresses their differentiation into adipocytes in vivo. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak H Balani
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sophia Trinh
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingxin Xu
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Morris EV, Edwards CM. Morphogens and growth factor signalling in the myeloma bone-lining niche. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4085-4093. [PMID: 33570672 PMCID: PMC8164571 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03767-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a malignancy caused by the clonal expansion of abnormal plasma cells. Myeloma cells have proven to be incredibly successful at manipulating their microenvironment to promote growth and to evade modern therapies. They have evolved to utilise the integral signalling pathways of the bone and bone marrow to drive disease progression. The bone marrow is often described in the context of a single structure that fills the bone cavity and supports normal haematopoiesis. However, within that structure exists two anatomically different niches, the perivascular niche and the endosteal niche. These contain different cell types functioning to support normal immune and blood cell production as well as healthy bone. These cells secrete numerous signalling molecules that can influence myeloma cell biology and behaviour. The endosteal niche is home to specific bone cell lineages and plays a pivotal role in myeloma cell establishment and survival. This review will concentrate on some of the signalling pathways that are hijacked by myeloma cells to shape a favourable environment, and the different influences myeloma cells are exposed to depending on their spatial location within the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Morris
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire M Edwards
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Old Road, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK.
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32
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Gerbaix M, Ammann P, Ferrari S. Mechanically Driven Counter-Regulation of Cortical Bone Formation in Response to Sclerostin-Neutralizing Antibodies. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:385-399. [PMID: 33049076 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sclerostin (Scl) antibodies (Scl-Ab) potently stimulate bone formation, but these effects are transient. Whether the rapid inhibition of Scl-Ab anabolic effects is due to a loss of bone cells' capacity to form new bone or to a mechanostatic downregulation of Wnt signaling once bone strength exceeds stress remains unclear. We hypothesized that bone formation under Scl-Ab could be reactivated by increasing the dose of Scl-Ab and/or by adding mechanical stimuli, and investigated the molecular mechanisms involved in this response, in particular the role of periostin (Postn), a co-activator of the Wnt pathway in bone. For this purpose, C57Bl/6, Postn-/- and Postn+/+ mice were treated with vehicle or Scl-Ab (50 to 100 mg/kg/wk) for various durations and subsequently subjected to tibia axial compressive loading. In wild-type (WT) mice, Scl-Ab anabolic effects peaked between 2 and 4 weeks and declined thereafter, with no further increase in bone volume and strength between 7 and 10 weeks. Doubling the dose of Scl-Ab did not rescue the decline in bone formation. In contrast, mechanical stimulation was able to restore cortical bone formation concomitantly to Scl-Ab treatment at both doses. Several Wnt inhibitors, including Dkk1, Sost, and Twist1, were upregulated, whereas Postn was markedly downregulated by 2 to 4 weeks of Scl-Ab. Mechanical loading specifically upregulated Postn gene expression. In turn, Scl-Ab effects on cortical bone were more rapidly downregulated in Postn-/- mice. These results indicate that bone formation is not exhausted by Scl-Ab but inhibited by a mechanically driven downregulation of Wnt signaling. Hence, increasing mechanical loads restores bone formation on cortical surfaces, in parallel with Postn upregulation. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Gerbaix
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Ammann
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Ferrari
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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33
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Lim KE, Bullock WA, Horan DJ, Williams BO, Warman ML, Robling AG. Co-deletion of Lrp5 and Lrp6 in the skeleton severely diminishes bone gain from sclerostin antibody administration. Bone 2021; 143:115708. [PMID: 33164872 PMCID: PMC7770084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The cysteine knot protein sclerostin is an osteocyte-derived secreted inhibitor of the Wnt co-receptors LRP5 and LRP6. LRP5 plays a dominant role in bone homeostasis, but we previously reported that Sost/sclerostin suppression significantly increased osteogenesis regardless of Lrp5 presence or absence. Those observations suggested that the bone forming effects of sclerostin inhibition can occur through Lrp6 (when Lrp5 is suppressed), or through other yet undiscovered mechanisms independent of Lrp5/6. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we generated mice with compound deletion of Lrp5 and Lrp6 selectively in bone, and treated them with sclerostin monoclonal antibody (Scl-mAb). All mice were homozygous flox for both Lrp5 and Lrp6 (Lrp5f/f; Lrp6f/f), and varied only in whether or not they carried the Dmp1-Cre transgene. Positive (Cre+) and negative (Cre-) mice were injected with Scl-mAb or vehicle from 4.5 to 14 weeks of age. Vehicle-treated Cre+ mice exhibited significantly reduced skeletal properties compared to vehicle-treated Cre- mice, as assessed by DXA, μCT, pQCT, and histology, indicating that Lrp5/6 deletions were effective and efficient. Scl-mAb treatment improved nearly every bone-related parameter among Cre- mice, but the same treatment in Cre+ mice resulted in little to no improvement in skeletal properties. For the few endpoints where Cre+ mice responded to Scl-mAb, it is likely that antibody-induced promotion of Wnt signaling occurred in cell types earlier in the mesenchymal/osteoblast differentiation pathway than the Dmp1-expressing stage. This latter conclusion was supported by changes in some histomorphometric parameters. In conclusion, unlike with the deletion of Lrp5 alone, the bone-selective late-stage co-deletion of Lrp5 and Lrp6 significantly impairs or completely nullifies the osteogenic action of Scl-mAb, and highlights a major role for both Lrp5 and Lrp6 in the mechanism of action for the bone-building effects of sclerostin antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Eun Lim
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Whitney A Bullock
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Daniel J Horan
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bart O Williams
- Program for Skeletal Disease and Tumor Microenvironment, Center for Cancer and Cell Biology, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Matthew L Warman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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34
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Tang CC, Castro Andrade CD, O'Meara MJ, Yoon SH, Sato T, Brooks DJ, Bouxsein ML, Martins JDS, Wang J, Gray NS, Misof B, Roschger P, Blouin S, Klaushofer K, Velduis-Vlug A, Vegting Y, Rosen CJ, O'Connell D, Sundberg TB, Xavier RJ, Ung P, Schlessinger A, Kronenberg HM, Berdeaux R, Foretz M, Wein MN. Dual targeting of salt inducible kinases and CSF1R uncouples bone formation and bone resorption. eLife 2021; 10:67772. [PMID: 34160349 PMCID: PMC8238509 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone formation and resorption are typically coupled, such that the efficacy of anabolic osteoporosis treatments may be limited by bone destruction. The multi-kinase inhibitor YKL-05-099 potently inhibits salt inducible kinases (SIKs) and may represent a promising new class of bone anabolic agents. Here, we report that YKL-05-099 increases bone formation in hypogonadal female mice without increasing bone resorption. Postnatal mice with inducible, global deletion of SIK2 and SIK3 show increased bone mass, increased bone formation, and, distinct from the effects of YKL-05-099, increased bone resorption. No cell-intrinsic role of SIKs in osteoclasts was noted. In addition to blocking SIKs, YKL-05-099 also binds and inhibits CSF1R, the receptor for the osteoclastogenic cytokine M-CSF. Modeling reveals that YKL-05-099 binds to SIK2 and CSF1R in a similar manner. Dual targeting of SIK2/3 and CSF1R induces bone formation without concomitantly increasing bone resorption and thereby may overcome limitations of most current anabolic osteoporosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chia Tang
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Maureen J O'Meara
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Sung-Hee Yoon
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Tadatoshi Sato
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Daniel J Brooks
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | | | - Jinhua Wang
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Barbara Misof
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre, Meidling, 1st Medical Department Hanusch HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Paul Roschger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre, Meidling, 1st Medical Department Hanusch HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Stephane Blouin
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre, Meidling, 1st Medical Department Hanusch HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Klaus Klaushofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at Hanusch Hospital of OEGK and AUVA Trauma Centre, Meidling, 1st Medical Department Hanusch HospitalViennaAustria
| | - Annegreet Velduis-Vlug
- Center for Bone Quality, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughCanada
| | - Yosta Vegting
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Maine Medical Center Research InstituteScarboroughCanada
| | | | | | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States,Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General HospitalBostonUnited States
| | - Peter Ung
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkUnited States
| | - Henry M Kronenberg
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)HoustonUnited States
| | - Marc Foretz
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Marc N Wein
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Broad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeUnited States,Harvard Stem Cell InstituteCambridgeUnited States
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35
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Lee JY, Yang JY, Kim SW. Bone Lining Cells Could Be Sources of Bone Marrow Adipocytes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:766254. [PMID: 34925236 PMCID: PMC8678613 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.766254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, lineage-tracing studies demonstrated that parathyroid hormone and anti-sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) can convert bone lining cells (BLCs) into active osteoblasts. However, BLCs might also be differentiated into other lineages. Here we investigated whether BLCs could differentiate into bone marrow adipocytes (BMAds) and whether Scl-Ab could suppress this process. METHODS Dmp1-CreERt2:mTmG mice were injected with 0.5 mg of 4-hydroxytamoxifen once weekly from postnatal week 4 to week 8. The mice were treated with either vehicle or rosiglitazone for 8 weeks (weeks 12-20). Moreover, they were administered either vehicle or Scl-Ab (50 mg/kg) twice weekly for 4 weeks (weeks 16-20, N = 4-6/group). We chased the GFP+ cells from the endosteal surface to the bone marrow (BM) of the femur. Using immunohistochemical staining, the numbers of perilipin+ or GFP+/perilipin double+ cells in the BM were quantified. In addition, serum N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP) levels were measured at each time point, and bone mass was analyzed at 20 weeks using micro-computed tomography. RESULTS Scl-Ab administration significantly reversed the decreases in bone parameters induced by rosiglitazone. Plump GFP+ cells, presumably active osteoblasts, and extremely flat GFP+ cells, presumably BLCs, were present on the endosteal surface of the femur at 8 and 12 weeks, respectively, in line with prior findings. When we chased the GFP+ cells, rosiglitazone significantly increased the number of GFP/perilipin double+ BMAds compared to the effects of the vehicle (P < 0.001), and overlapping Scl-Ab administration decreased the number of GFP/perilipin double + BMAd compared to rosiglitazone alone (P < 0.001). In addition, we found that osteoblast lineage cells such as BLCs might express PPARγ on immunohistochemical staining. When rosiglitazone was administered to Rip-Cre:mTmG mice, GFP+ cells were not present on the endosteal surface or in the BM of the femur; however, they were present in the pancreas. CONCLUSION BLCs could be sources of BMAds, and rosiglitazone could stimulate the differentiation of osteoblast lineage cells into BMAds. Suppression of the differentiation of osteoblast lineage cells into BMAds might contribute to anabolic effects resulting from the pharmacologic inhibition of sclerostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Research and Experiment, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Research and Experiment, Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang Wan Kim,
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36
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He C, He W, Hou J, Chen K, Huang M, Yang M, Luo X, Li C. Bone and Muscle Crosstalk in Aging. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:585644. [PMID: 33363144 PMCID: PMC7758235 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.585644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are two age-related diseases that affect the quality of life in the elderly. Initially, they were thought to be two independent diseases; however, recently, increasing basic and clinical data suggest that skeletal muscle and bone are both spatially and metabolically connected. The term "osteosarcopenia" is used to define a condition of synergy of low bone mineral density with muscle atrophy and hypofunction. Bone and muscle cells secrete several factors, such as cytokines, myokines, and osteokines, into the circulation to influence the biological and pathological activities in local and distant organs and cells. Recent studies reveal that extracellular vesicles containing microRNAs derived from senescent skeletal muscle and bone cells can also be transported and aid in regulating bone-muscle crosstalk. In this review, we summarize the age-related changes in the secretome and extracellular vesicle-microRNAs secreted by the muscle and bone, and discuss their interactions between muscle and bone cells during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen He
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenzhen He
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kaixuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianghang Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Changjun Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Endocrinology Research Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
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37
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Delaisse JM, Andersen TL, Kristensen HB, Jensen PR, Andreasen CM, Søe K. Re-thinking the bone remodeling cycle mechanism and the origin of bone loss. Bone 2020; 141:115628. [PMID: 32919109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proper bone remodeling necessarily requires that osteoblasts reconstruct the bone that osteoclasts have resorbed. However, the cellular events connecting resorption to reconstruction have remained poorly known. The consequence is a fragmentary understanding of the remodeling cycle where only the resorption and formation steps are taken into account. New tools have recently made possible to elucidate how resorption shifts to formation, thereby allowing to comprehend the remodeling cycle as a whole. This new knowledge is reviewed herein. It shows how teams of osteoclasts and osteoblast lineage cells are progressively established and how they are subjected therein to reciprocal interactions. Contrary to the common view, osteoclasts and osteoprogenitors are intermingled on the eroded surfaces. The analysis of the resorption and cell population dynamics shows that osteoprogenitor cell expansion and resorption proceed as an integrated mechanism; that a threshold cell density of osteoprogenitors on the eroded surface is mandatory for onset of bone formation; that the cell initiating osteoprogenitor cell expansion is the osteoclast; and that the osteoclast therefore triggers putative osteoprogenitor reservoirs positioned at proximity of the eroded bone surface (bone lining cells, canopy cells, pericytes). The interplay between magnitude of resorption and rate of cell expansion governs how soon bone reconstruction is initiated and may determine uncoupling and permanent bone loss if a threshold cell density is not reached. The clinical perspectives opened by these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Levin Andersen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Helene Bjoerg Kristensen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Lillebælt Hospital, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.
| | - Pia Rosgaard Jensen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Lillebælt Hospital, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark.
| | - Christina Møller Andreasen
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Kent Søe
- Clinical Cell Biology, Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Department of Clinical Research, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Cao Y, Buckels EJ, Matthews BG. Markers for Identification of Postnatal Skeletal Stem Cells In Vivo. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:655-665. [PMID: 33034805 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-020-00622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The adult skeleton contains stem cells involved in growth, homeostasis, and healing. Mesenchymal or skeletal stem cells are proposed to provide precursors to osteoblasts, chondrocytes, marrow adipocytes, and stromal cells. We review the evidence for existence and functionality of different skeletal stem cell pools, and the tools available for identifying or targeting these populations in mouse and human tissues. RECENT FINDINGS Lineage tracing and single cell-based techniques in mouse models indicate that multiple pools of stem cells exist in postnatal bone. These include growth plate stem cells, stem and progenitor cells in the diaphysis, reticular cells that only form bone in response to injury, and injury-responsive periosteal stem cells. New staining protocols have also been described for prospective isolation of human skeletal stem cells. Several populations of postnatal skeletal stem and progenitor cells have been identified in mice, and we have an increasing array of tools to target these cells. Most Cre models lack a high degree of specificity to define single populations. Human studies are less advanced and require further efforts to refine methods for identifying stem and progenitor cells in adult bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cao
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Emma J Buckels
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Brya G Matthews
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92-019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
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Anti-Sclerostin Antibodies in Osteoporosis and Other Bone Diseases. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113439. [PMID: 33114755 PMCID: PMC7694131 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is a key element of bone remodeling; its activation stimulates bone formation and inhibits bone resorption. The discovery of sclerostin, a natural antagonist of the Wnt pathway, promoted the development of romosozumab, a human monoclonal antibody directed against sclerostin, as well as other anti-sclerostin antibodies. Phase 3 studies have shown the efficacy of romosozumab in the prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women, against placebo but also against alendronate or teriparatide and this treatment also allows bone mineral density (BMD) increase in men. Romosozumab induces the uncoupling of bone remodeling, leading to both an increase in bone formation and a decrease in bone resorption during the first months of treatment. The effect is attenuated over time and reversible when stopped but transition with anti-resorbing agents allows the maintenance or reinforcement of BMD improvements. Some concerns were raised about cardiovascular events. Therefore, romosozumab was recently approved in several countries for the treatment of severe osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with high fracture risk and without a history of heart attack, myocardial infarction or stroke. This review aims to outline the role of sclerostin, the efficacy and safety of anti-sclerostin therapies and in particular romosozumab and their place in therapeutic strategies against osteoporosis or other bone diseases.
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40
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Yao Y, Kauffmann F, Maekawa S, Sarment LV, Sugai JV, Schmiedeler CA, Doherty EJ, Holdsworth G, Kostenuik PJ, Giannobile WV. Sclerostin antibody stimulates periodontal regeneration in large alveolar bone defects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16217. [PMID: 33004873 PMCID: PMC7530715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Destruction of the alveolar bone in the jaws can occur due to periodontitis, trauma or following tumor resection. Common reconstructive therapy can include the use of bone grafts with limited predictability and efficacy. Romosozumab, approved by the FDA in 2019, is a humanized sclerostin-neutralizing antibody (Scl-Ab) indicated in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis at high risk for fracture. Preclinical models show that Scl-Ab administration preserves bone volume during periodontal disease, repairs bone defects surrounding dental implants, and reverses alveolar bone loss following extraction socket remodeling. To date, there are no studies evaluating Scl-Ab to repair osseous defects around teeth or to identify the efficacy of locally-delivered Scl-Ab for targeted drug delivery. In this investigation, the use of systemically-delivered versus low dose locally-delivered Scl-Ab via poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) microspheres (MSs) was compared at experimentally-created alveolar bone defects in rats. Systemic Scl-Ab administration improved bone regeneration and tended to increase cementogenesis measured by histology and microcomputed tomography, while Scl-Ab delivered by MSs did not result in enhancements in bone or cemental repair compared to MSs alone or control. In conclusion, systemic administration of Scl-Ab promotes bone and cemental regeneration while local, low dose delivery did not heal periodontal osseous defects in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA
| | - Frederic Kauffmann
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Surgery, Center for Dental Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Shogo Maekawa
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Lea V Sarment
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA
| | - James V Sugai
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA
| | - Caroline A Schmiedeler
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA
| | - Edward J Doherty
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | - Paul J Kostenuik
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - William V Giannobile
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48019, USA.
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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41
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Ayturk UM, Scollan JP, Goz Ayturk D, Suh ES, Vesprey A, Jacobsen CM, Divieti Pajevic P, Warman ML. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Calvarial and Long-Bone Endocortical Cells. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:1981-1991. [PMID: 32427356 PMCID: PMC8265023 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) is emerging as a powerful technology to examine transcriptomes of individual cells. We determined whether scRNA-Seq could be used to detect the effect of environmental and pharmacologic perturbations on osteoblasts. We began with a commonly used in vitro system in which freshly isolated neonatal mouse calvarial cells are expanded and induced to produce a mineralized matrix. We used scRNA-Seq to compare the relative cell type abundances and the transcriptomes of freshly isolated cells to those that had been cultured for 12 days in vitro. We observed that the percentage of macrophage-like cells increased from 6% in freshly isolated calvarial cells to 34% in cultured cells. We also found that Bglap transcripts were abundant in freshly isolated osteoblasts but nearly undetectable in the cultured calvarial cells. Thus, scRNA-Seq revealed significant differences between heterogeneity of cells in vivo and in vitro. We next performed scRNA-Seq on freshly recovered long bone endocortical cells from mice that received either vehicle or sclerostin-neutralizing antibody for 1 week. We were unable to detect significant changes in bone anabolism-associated transcripts in immature and mature osteoblasts recovered from mice treated with sclerostin-neutralizing antibody; this might be a consequence of being underpowered to detect modest changes in gene expression, because only 7% of the sequenced endocortical cells were osteoblasts and a limited portion of their transcriptomes were sampled. We conclude that scRNA-Seq can detect changes in cell abundance, identity, and gene expression in skeletally derived cells. In order to detect modest changes in osteoblast gene expression at the single-cell level in the appendicular skeleton, larger numbers of osteoblasts from endocortical bone are required. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugur M Ayturk
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph P Scollan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Didem Goz Ayturk
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eun Sung Suh
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Vesprey
- Musculoskeletal Integrity Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina M Jacobsen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola Divieti Pajevic
- Department of Translational Dental Medicine, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew L Warman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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42
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Surowiec RK, Battle LF, Schlecht SH, Wojtys EM, Caird MS, Kozloff KM. Gene Expression Profile and Acute Gene Expression Response to Sclerostin Inhibition in Osteogenesis Imperfecta Bone. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10377. [PMID: 32803109 PMCID: PMC7422710 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin antibody (SclAb) therapy has been suggested as a novel therapeutic approach toward addressing the fragility phenotypic of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Observations of cellular and transcriptional responses to SclAb in OI have been limited to mouse models of the disorder, leaving a paucity of data on the human OI osteoblastic cellular response to the treatment. Here, we explore factors associated with response to SclAb therapy in vitro and in a novel xenograft model using OI bone tissue derived from pediatric patients. Bone isolates (approximately 2 mm3) from OI patients (OI type III, type III/IV, and type IV, n = 7; non-OI control, n = 5) were collected to media, randomly assigned to an untreated (UN), low-dose SclAb (TRL, 2.5 μg/mL), or high-dose SclAb (TRH, 25 μg/mL) group, and maintained in vitro at 37°C. Treatment occurred on days 2 and 4 and was removed on day 5 for TaqMan qPCR analysis of genes related to the Wnt pathway. A subset of bone was implanted s.c. into an athymic mouse, representing our xenograft model, and treated (25 mg/kg s.c. 2×/week for 2/4 weeks). Implanted OI bone was evaluated using μCT and histomorphometry. Expression of Wnt/Wnt-related targets varied among untreated OI bone isolates. When treated with SclAb, OI bone showed an upregulation in osteoblast and osteoblast progenitor markers, which was heterogeneous across tissue. Interestingly, the greatest magnitude of response generally corresponded to samples with low untreated expression of progenitor markers. Conversely, samples with high untreated expression of these markers showed a lower response to treatment. in vivo implanted OI bone showed a bone-forming response to SclAb via μCT, which was corroborated by histomorphometry. SclAb induced downstream Wnt targets WISP1 and TWIST1, and elicited a compensatory response in Wnt inhibitors SOST and DKK1 in OI bone with the greatest magnitude from OI cortical bone. Understanding patients' genetic, cellular, and morphological bone phenotypes may play an important role in predicting treatment response. This information may aid in clinical decision-making for pharmacological interventions designed to address fragility in OI. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Surowiec
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Lauren F Battle
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Stephen H Schlecht
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Edward M Wojtys
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Michelle S Caird
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - Kenneth M Kozloff
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
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43
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Elmansi AM, Hussein KA, Herrero SM, Periyasamy-Thandavan S, Aguilar-Pérez A, Kondrikova G, Kondrikov D, Eisa NH, Pierce JL, Kaiser H, Ding KH, Walker AL, Jiang X, Bollag WB, Elsalanty M, Zhong Q, Shi XM, Su Y, Johnson M, Hunter M, Reitman C, Volkman BF, Hamrick MW, Isales CM, Fulzele S, McGee-Lawrence ME, Hill WD. Age-related increase of kynurenine enhances miR29b-1-5p to decrease both CXCL12 signaling and the epigenetic enzyme Hdac3 in bone marrow stromal cells. Bone Rep 2020; 12:100270. [PMID: 32395570 PMCID: PMC7210406 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms leading to age-related reductions in bone formation and subsequent osteoporosis are still incompletely understood. We recently demonstrated that kynurenine (KYN), a tryptophan metabolite, accumulates in serum of aged mice and induces bone loss. Here, we report on novel mechanisms underlying KYN's detrimental effect on bone aging. We show that KYN is increased with aging in murine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). KYN reduces bone formation via modulating levels of CXCL12 and its receptors as well as histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3). BMSCs responded to KYN by significantly decreasing mRNA expression levels of CXCL12 and its cognate receptors, CXCR4 and ACKR3, as well as downregulating osteogenic gene RUNX2 expression, resulting in a significant inhibition in BMSCs osteogenic differentiation. KYN's effects on these targets occur by increasing regulatory miRNAs that target osteogenesis, specifically miR29b-1-5p. Thus, KYN significantly upregulated the anti-osteogenic miRNA miR29b-1-5p in BMSCs, mimicking the up-regulation of miR-29b-1-5p in human and murine BMSCs with age. Direct inhibition of miR29b-1-5p by antagomirs rescued CXCL12 protein levels downregulated by KYN, while a miR29b-1-5p mimic further decreased CXCL12 levels. KYN also significantly downregulated mRNA levels of Hdac3, a target of miR-29b-1-5p, as well as its cofactor NCoR1. KYN is a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). We hypothesized that AhR mediates KYN's effects in BMSCs. Indeed, AhR inhibitors (CH-223191 and 3',4'-dimethoxyflavone [DMF]) partially rescued secreted CXCL12 protein levels in BMSCs treated with KYN. Importantly, we found that treatment with CXCL12, or transfection with an miR29b-1-5p antagomir, downregulated the AhR mRNA level, while transfection with miR29b-1-5p mimic significantly upregulated its level. Further, CXCL12 treatment downregulated IDO, an enzyme responsible for generating KYN. Our findings reveal novel molecular pathways involved in KYN's age-associated effects in the bone microenvironment that may be useful translational targets for treating osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Elmansi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America
| | - Khaled A Hussein
- Department of Oral Surgery and Medicine, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | - Alexandra Aguilar-Pérez
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine in Indianapolis, IN, United States of America.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon 00956, Puerto Rico.,Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Galina Kondrikova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America
| | - Dmitry Kondrikov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America
| | - Nada H Eisa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jessica L Pierce
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Helen Kaiser
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Ke-Hong Ding
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Aisha L Walker
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburg School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA 15261, United States of America
| | - Xue Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, United States of America.,Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Elsalanty
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Qing Zhong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Xing-Ming Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Maribeth Johnson
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Department of Population Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Monte Hunter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Charles Reitman
- Orthopaedics and Physical Medicine Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America
| | - Brian F Volkman
- Biochemistry Department, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States of America
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America.,Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America
| | - Meghan E McGee-Lawrence
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Aueusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America
| | - William D Hill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403, United States of America.,Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States of America.,Center for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, United States of America.,Charlie Norwood Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, United States of America
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44
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Hong AR, Kim K, Lee JY, Yang JY, Kim JH, Shin CS, Kim SW. Transformation of Mature Osteoblasts into Bone Lining Cells and RNA Sequencing-Based Transcriptome Profiling of Mouse Bone during Mechanical Unloading. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:456-469. [PMID: 32615730 PMCID: PMC7386115 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.35.2.456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated RNA sequencing-based transcriptome profiling and the transformation of mature osteoblasts into bone lining cells (BLCs) through a lineage tracing study to better understand the effect of mechanical unloading on bone loss. METHODS Dmp1-CreERt2(+):Rosa26R mice were injected with 1 mg of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen three times a week starting at postnatal week 7, and subjected to a combination of botulinum toxin injection with left hindlimb tenotomy starting at postnatal week 8 to 10. The animals were euthanized at postnatal weeks 8, 9, 10, and 12. We quantified the number and thickness of X-gal(+) cells on the periosteum of the right and left femoral bones at each time point. RESULTS Two weeks after unloading, a significant decrease in the number and a subtle change in the thickness of X-gal(+) cells were observed in the left hindlimbs compared with the right hindlimbs. At 4 weeks after unloading, the decrease in the thickness was accelerated in the left hindlimbs, although the number of labeled cells was comparable. RNA sequencing analysis showed downregulation of 315 genes in the left hindlimbs at 2 and 4 weeks after unloading. Of these, Xirp2, AMPD1, Mettl11b, NEXN, CYP2E1, Bche, Ppp1r3c, Tceal7, and Gadl1 were upregulated during osteoblastogenic/osteocytic and myogenic differentiation in vitro. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that mechanical unloading can accelerate the transformation of mature osteoblasts into BLCs in the early stages of bone loss in vivo. Furthermore, some of the genes involved in this process may have a pleiotropic effect on both bone and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ram Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju,
Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Kim
- Seoul National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jae-Yeon Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Chan Soo Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sang Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul,
Korea
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45
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De Maré A, D’Haese PC, Verhulst A. The Role of Sclerostin in Bone and Ectopic Calcification. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093199. [PMID: 32366042 PMCID: PMC7246472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin, a 22-kDa glycoprotein that is mainly secreted by the osteocytes, is a soluble inhibitor of canonical Wnt signaling. Therefore, when present at increased concentrations, it leads to an increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation. Serum sclerostin levels are known to be increased in the elderly and in patients with chronic kidney disease. In these patient populations, there is a high incidence of ectopic cardiovascular calcification. These calcifications are strongly associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although data are still controversial, it is likely that there is a link between ectopic calcification and serum sclerostin levels. The main question, however, remains whether sclerostin exerts either a protective or deleterious role in the ectopic calcification process.
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46
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Carpenter KA, Ross RD. Sclerostin Antibody Treatment Increases Bone Mass and Normalizes Circulating Phosphate Levels in Growing Hyp Mice. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:596-607. [PMID: 31743490 PMCID: PMC7370944 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the phosphate regulating gene with homology to endopeptidase located on the X chromosome (PHEX), is the most common form of vitamin D-resistant rickets. Loss of functional PHEX results in elevated fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels, impaired phosphate reabsorption, and inhibited skeletal mineralization. Sclerostin, a protein produced primarily in osteocytes, suppresses bone formation by antagonizing Wnt signaling and is reported to be elevated in XLH patients. This study used the Hyp mouse model to investigate sclerostin's role in the pathophysiology of XLH by evaluating the use of a monoclonal antibody to sclerostin in a mouse model of XLH, the Hyp mouse. Male and female wild-type and Hyp littermates were injected with 25 mg/kg of vehicle or sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) twice weekly, beginning at 4 weeks of age and euthanized at 8 weeks of age. Scl-Ab treatment increased serum phosphate levels and suppressed circulating levels of intact FGF23 in treated wild-type and Hyp mice of both sexes. Cortical area, trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), metaphyseal apparent density, and the peak load increased with Scl-Ab treatment in both sexes. This short-term treatment study suggests that Scl-Ab treatment can effectively improve some of the pathologies associated with XLH, including normalization of phosphate, and that sclerostin may play a role in regulating FGF23 and phosphate metabolism in XLH. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey A Carpenter
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ryan D Ross
- Department of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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47
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Abstract
Post-natal bone development is characterized by substantial longitudinal bone growth and changes in skeletal size and shape. Bone is in a dynamic process of continuous remodeling which helps to regulate calcium homeostasis, repair micro-damage to bones from everyday stress, and to shape the skeleton during growth. Bone growth is regulated by systemic hormones and locally generated factors. Understanding their mechanisms of action enables us to obtain a better appreciation of the cellular and molecular basis of bone remodeling and could therefore be valuable in approaches to new therapies. This article will review molecular and cellular control of skeletal growth in the post-natal period, the physiology of each bone cell with their systemic and local regulators, as well as the physiology of bone remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Ali El-Farrash
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassya Square, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Radwa Hassan Ali
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassya Square, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noha Mokhtar Barakat
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassya Square, 11566, Cairo, Egypt.
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48
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Matthews BG, Wee NKY, Widjaja VN, Price JS, Kalajzic I, Windahl SH. αSMA Osteoprogenitor Cells Contribute to the Increase in Osteoblast Numbers in Response to Mechanical Loading. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 106:208-217. [PMID: 31673746 PMCID: PMC6995756 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue that site-specifically adapts to the load that it experiences. In response to increasing load, the cortical bone area is increased, mainly through enhanced periosteal bone formation. This increase in area is associated with an increase in the number of bone-forming osteoblasts; however, the origin of the cells involved remains unclear. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) is a marker of early osteoprogenitor cells in the periosteum, and we hypothesized that the new osteoblasts that are activated by loading could originate from αSMA-expressing cells. Therefore, we used an in vivo fate-mapping approach in an established axial loading model to investigate the role of αSMA-expressing cells in the load-induced increase in osteoblasts. Histomorphometric analysis was applied to measure the number of cells of different origin on the periosteal surface in the most load-responsive region of the mouse tibia. A single loading session failed to increase the number of periosteal αSMA-expressing cells and osteoblasts. However, in response to multiple episodes of loading, the caudal, but not the cranial, periosteal surface was lined with an increased number of osteoblasts originating from αSMA-expressing cells 5 days after the initial loading session. The proportion of osteoblasts derived from αSMA-labeled progenitors increased by 70% (p < 0.05), and the proportion of αSMA-labeled cells that had differentiated into osteoblasts was doubled. We conclude that αSMA-expressing osteoprogenitors can differentiate and contribute to the increase in periosteal osteoblasts induced by mechanical loading in a site-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Matthews
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N K Y Wee
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - V N Widjaja
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - J S Price
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Royal Agricultural University, Cirencester, UK
| | - I Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - S H Windahl
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Division of Pathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.
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Gingery A, Subramaniam M, Pitel KS, Li X, Ke HZ, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT, Hawse JR. Sclerostin antibody treatment rescues the osteopenic bone phenotype of TGFβ inducible early gene-1 knockout female mice. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:5679-5688. [PMID: 31975377 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Deletion of TGFβ inducible early gene-1 (TIEG) in mice results in an osteopenic phenotype that exists only in female animals. Molecular analyses on female TIEG knockout (KO) mouse bones identified increased expression of sclerostin, an effect that was confirmed at the protein level in serum. Sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) therapy has been shown to elicit bone beneficial effects in multiple animal model systems and human clinical trials. For these reasons, we hypothesized that Scl-Ab therapy would reverse the low bone mass phenotype of female TIEG KO mice. In this study, wildtype (WT) and TIEG KO female mice were randomized to either vehicle control (Veh, n = 12/group) or Scl-Ab therapy (10 mg/kg, 1×/wk, s.c.; n = 12/group) and treated for 6 weeks. Following treatment, bone imaging analyses revealed that Scl-Ab therapy significantly increased cancellous and cortical bone in the femur of both WT and TIEG KO mice. Similar effects also occurred in the vertebra of both WT and TIEG KO animals. Additionally, histomorphometric analyses revealed that Scl-Ab therapy resulted in increased osteoblast perimeter/bone perimeter in both WT and TIEG KO animals, with a concomitant increase in P1NP, a serum marker of bone formation. In contrast, osteoclast perimeter/bone perimeter and CTX-1 serum levels were unaffected by Scl-Ab therapy, irrespective of mouse genotype. Overall, our findings demonstrate that Scl-Ab therapy elicits potent bone-forming effects in both WT and TIEG KO mice and effectively increases bone mass in female TIEG KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Gingery
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Kevin S Pitel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Amgen, Inc., Thousand Oaks, California
| | | | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - John R Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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50
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Abstract
The 11 existing FDA-approved osteoporosis drug treatments include hormone replacement therapy, 2 SERMs (raloxifene and bazedoxifene), 5 inhibitors of bone-resorbing osteoclasts (4 bisphosphonates and anti-RANKL denosumab), 2 parathyroid hormone analogues (teriparatide and abaloparatide), and 1 WNT signaling enhancer (romosozumab). These therapies are effective and provide multiple options for patients and physicians. As the genomic revolution continues, potential novel targets for future drug development are identified. This review takes a wide perspective to describe potentially rewarding topics to explore, including knowledge of genes and pathways involved in bone cell metabolism, the utility of animal models, targeting drugs to bone, and ongoing advances in drug design and delivery.
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