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Pinheiro Maux Lessa M, Soares Ferreira Junior A, Graton M, Simon E, Ledbetter L, A Onwuemene O. De-novo immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura following surgical and non-surgical procedures: A systematic review. Blood Rev 2024; 66:101197. [PMID: 38614840 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2024.101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
When de-novo immune-mediated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is diagnosed following an invasive procedure, clinical presentation patterns and outcomes are poorly defined. Therefore, in a systematic literature review of patients diagnosed with TTP following an invasive surgical or non-surgical procedure, we identified 19 studies reporting data on 25 patients. These data suggest that 1) TTP pathogenesis likely begins prior to the invasive procedure, 2) patients experience significant diagnostic delays, and 3) there is a high incidence of renal replacement therapy. Although invasive procedures may trigger TTP, further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgana Pinheiro Maux Lessa
- Department of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Erin Simon
- Duke University Medical Center Library, Durham, NC, USA.
| | | | - Oluwatoyosi A Onwuemene
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Tsuda R, Kido T, Okada I, Kobiyama A, Kawataka M, Yamazaki M, Asano R, Hounoki H, Shinoda K, Tobe K. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura that developed 3 years after systemic lupus erythematosus had remitted with rituximab therapy. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep 2023; 8:57-62. [PMID: 37341710 DOI: 10.1093/mrcr/rxad032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) occasionally develop thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), which can be fatal. Here, we report a case of TTP developing 3 years after SLE remitted with rituximab (RTX) therapy. A 50-year-old woman was treated with RTX for marked immune thrombocytopenic purpura and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia due to SLE relapse. After induction of remission, she was treated with prednisolone alone without maintenance therapy with RTX. Approximately 3 years later, she was readmitted with marked thrombocytopenia and severe renal dysfunction. On admission, she was diagnosed with TTP for the first time based on severe reduction in a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13) activity and detection of ADAMTS13 inhibitors. CD19+ B cells in the patient's serum increased to 34%, suggesting that B cells had reactivated once the effect of RTX had subsided. The patient was successfully treated with plasmapheresis, glucocorticoid pulse therapy, and RTX. There are no previous reports of newly diagnosed TTP with ADAMTS13 inhibitor production after having achieved remission of SLE with RTX. Therefore, our report also discusses the potential mechanisms of production of new autoantibodies after B-cell depletion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina Tsuda
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kido
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ikuma Okada
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Aoi Kobiyama
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kawataka
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Miho Yamazaki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Ryoko Asano
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hounoki
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Shinoda
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Tobe
- First Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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3
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Imanifard Z, Liguori L, Remuzzi G. TMA in Kidney Transplantation. Transplantation 2023; 107:2329-2340. [PMID: 36944606 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a rare and devastating complication of kidney transplantation, which often leads to graft failure. Posttransplant TMA (PT-TMA) may occur either de novo or as a recurrence of the disease. De novo TMA can be triggered by immunosuppressant drugs, antibody-mediated rejection, viral infections, and ischemia/reperfusion injury in patients with no evidence of the disease before transplantation. Recurrent TMA may occur in the kidney grafts of patients with a history of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) in the native kidneys. Studies have shown that some patients with aHUS carry genetic abnormalities that affect genes that code for complement regulators (CFH, MCP, CFI) and components (C3 and CFB), whereas in 10% of patients (mostly children), anti-FH autoantibodies have been reported. The incidence of aHUS recurrence is determined by the underlying genetic or acquired complement abnormality. Although treatment of the causative agents is usually the first line of treatment for de novo PT-TMA, this approach might be insufficient. Plasma exchange typically resolves hematologic abnormalities but does not improve kidney function. Targeted complement inhibition is an effective treatment for recurrent TMA and may be effective in de novo PT-TMA as well, but it is necessary to establish which patients can benefit from different therapeutic options and when and how these can be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Imanifard
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases Aldo e Cele Daccò, Ranica, Italy
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Lakra R, Lopez J, Graham C. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Without Evidence of Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia: A Case Report. Cureus 2023; 15:e35927. [PMID: 37038584 PMCID: PMC10082550 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnosis of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is challenging due to varied clinical presentations and is primarily based on ADAMTS13 activity assay, however clinical suspicion to include TTP as a potential diagnosis relies on multiple scoring systems all involving hemolysis as a prime feature. Here, we report a case of TTP without any evidence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA). A 65-year-old male admitted with a Glasglow come scale of 3 was intubated and sedated on admission. Complete blood count was concerning for a hemoglobin (Hb) of 5.8 g/dL, and a platelet count of 76 k/µL. The patient had a bleeding episode while placing a central line; the repeat platelet count was found to be 35 k/µL, further dropping to 14 k/µL the next day. Coagulation studies now reflected PT of 19.8 sec, aPTT of 38.7 sec, and fibrinogen of 212 mg/dL. The peripheral smear showed no evidence of hemolysis. TTP was kept low on the differential and haematological anomalies were attributed to possible disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) from sepsis and liver disease. ADAMSTS13 was incidentally checked upon admission, later resulting in <5% activity with a Bethesda titer inhibitor of 3.2. The patient was immediately initiated on plasmapheresis along with prednisone. Additionally, rituximab and caplacizumab were added. Plasmapheresis was continued for ten sessions until the platelet count reached 167 k/µL. At the time of discharge, laboratory values revealed platelets of 251 k/µL and hemoglobin of 8.8 g/dL. We recognize that the diagnosis of TTP is challenging because of its diverse clinical manifestations and constrained availability of ADAMTS13 testing. Clinical prediction scores have been developed to estimate the pretest probability of severe ADAMTS13 deficiency, however, they all include the presence of MAHA. Atypical presentation of TTP has been previously acknowledged however continues to remain under-recognized.
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5
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Differentiating and Managing Rare Thrombotic Microangiopathies During Pregnancy and Postpartum. Obstet Gynecol 2023; 141:85-108. [PMID: 36455925 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000005024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The most common thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) of pregnancy is the well-recognized syndrome of preeclampsia with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome. However, rare TMAs, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, complement-mediated hemolytic-uremic syndrome, and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, may occur during pregnancy or postpartum and present with features similar to those of preeclampsia with severe features. Early recognition and treatment of these infrequently encountered conditions are key for avoiding serious maternal morbidities with long-term sequelae and possible maternal or fetal death. Differentiating between preeclampsia with severe features and these rare TMAs is diagnostically challenging as there is significant overlap in their clinical and laboratory presentation. Given the rarity of these TMAs, high-quality evidence-based recommendations on diagnosis and management during pregnancy are lacking. Using current objective information and recommendations from working groups, this report provides practical clinical approaches to diagnose and manage these rare TMAs. This report also discusses how to manage individuals with a history of these rare TMAs who are planning to conceive. To optimize favorable outcomes, a multidisciplinary approach including obstetricians, maternal-fetal medicine specialists, hematologists, and nephrologists alongside close clinical and laboratory monitoring is vital.
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Onomura H, Shimizu T, Suzuki J, Nakai N, Teramachi Y, Tomonori K, Akiguchi I, Ito Y. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome presenting with thrombotic microangiopathy triggered by malignant hypertension: a case report and literature review. BMJ Neurol Open 2022; 4:e000296. [PMID: 36101544 PMCID: PMC9413191 DOI: 10.1136/bmjno-2022-000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a disease characterised by reversible subcortical vasogenic oedema, neurological symptoms and abnormal findings on head imaging. It is recognised as one of the most prominent organ disorders in hypertensive emergencies but is rarely associated with thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Case presentation A woman in her 40s with untreated hypertension had occasional headaches in the past 4 months. The headaches worsened during the 3 weeks prior to admission. On the day of admission, the patient presented with severe headache accompanied by frequent vomiting. MRI of the head revealed oedematous changes in the brainstem, including the subcortical, cerebellum and pons. Fundus examination revealed hypertensive retinopathy with papilloedema. Blood tests indicated thrombocytopenia, renal dysfunction and haemolytic anaemia, and a blood smear confirmed fragmented erythrocytes. Coombs’ test, and tests for ADAMTS13 activity and infectious and autoimmune diseases were negative. The patient was diagnosed with PRES, secondary to malignant hypertension (MH) and associated with TMA. Antihypertensive therapy promptly improved the clinical symptoms, blood pressure, and the abnormal MRI and blood test findings. The patient was discharged from the hospital 20 days after admission. Conclusions We report a rare case of PRES that was associated with TMA and triggered by MH. Antihypertensive therapy was effective in alleviating the associated adverse clinical symptoms. Differentiation of underlying diseases is essential for early intervention, since treatment depends on factors causing TMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Onomura
- Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Junichiro Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Nakai
- Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuri Teramachi
- Department of Nephrology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kato Tomonori
- Department of Hematology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ichiro Akiguchi
- Center of Neurological and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Takeda Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ito
- Department of Neurology, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
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Severe Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) with Organ Failure in Critically Ill Patients. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11041103. [PMID: 35207375 PMCID: PMC8874413 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11041103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a multiorgan disorder. Organ dysfunction occurs as a consequence of widespread microvascular thrombosis, especially in the heart, brain and kidney, causing transient or partial occlusion of vessels, resulting in organ ischemia. Intensive care unit (ICU) admission varies between 40% and 100% of patients with TTP, either because of severe organ failure or in order to initiate emergency plasma exchange (PEx). Severe neurologic manifestations and cardiac involvement have been associated with higher mortality. Acute kidney injury, although usually less severe than that in hemolytic and uremic syndrome, is common during TTP. Initial management in the ICU should always be considered in TTP patients. The current treatment of TTP in the acute phase is based on urgent PEx, combined with corticosteroid therapy, B-cell-targeted immunotherapy, rituximab and inhibition of the interaction between ultra-large Von Willebrand factor multimers and platelets, using caplacizumab, a monoclonal antibody. ICU management permits close monitoring and the rapid introduction of life-sustaining therapies. This review details the epidemiology of TTP in the ICU, organ failures of critically ill patients with TTP, and the initial management of TTP patients in the ICU.
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8
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Jung JY, Kim JW, Suh CH, Kim HA. Successful treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with plasmapheresis and anti-CD20 antibodies in a patient with immune thrombocytopenia and systemic lupus erythematosus: Case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28908. [PMID: 35363211 PMCID: PMC9282078 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology with diverse clinical and laboratory manifestations, including thrombocytopenia. About 25% of patients with SLE may be affected by thrombocytopenia, many of whom are asymptomatic. Some patients, however, experience platelet counts that drop quite low and predispose them to bleeding. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is defined with a classic pentad of clinical features, such as thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, neurological symptoms and signs, renal symptoms and signs, and fever. The association of TTP and SLE has been sporadically reported in the literature. PATIENT CONCERNS AND DIAGNOSIS We describe a 16-year-old girl with SLE and immune thrombocytopenia, in whom TTP was diagnosed. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES She was treated with pulse methylprednisolone, whose platelet counts normalized after therapy with plasmapheresis and an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (rituximab). CONCLUSION A pediatric patient with SLE and immune thrombocytopenia in whom TTP developed was treated with plasmapheresis and rituximab therapy successfully, though the patient experienced a disease relapsed after 18 months, which was controlled by the same management.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Anemia, Hemolytic/complications
- Child
- Female
- Humans
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/complications
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/diagnosis
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/therapy
- Plasmapheresis
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/complications
- Purpura, Thrombocytopenic, Idiopathic/therapy
- Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic/complications
- Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic/diagnosis
- Purpura, Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yang Jung
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University of Medical School, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University of Medical School, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University of Medical School, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hyoun-Ah Kim
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University of Medical School, Suwon, Korea
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AlHejazi A, AlBeihany A, AlHashmi H, Alzahrani H, Motabi I, El-Hemaidi I, Alsaleh K, El Tayeb K, Rabea M, Khallaf M, Qari M. Approaches to acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura management in Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF APPLIED HEMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/joah.joah_46_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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10
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Long B, Bridwell RE, Manchanda S, Gottlieb M. Evaluation and Management of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Med 2021; 61:674-682. [PMID: 34518045 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a dangerous condition that can be misdiagnosed in the emergency department. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this narrative review article is to provide a summary of the background, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of TTP, with a focus on emergency clinicians. DISCUSSION TTP is a disorder with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, and multiorgan ischemic injury. It may be acquired or hereditary, and is caused by a reduced amount or function of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13), which is an enzyme involved in cleaving von Willebrand factor. The classic presentation of TTP includes fever, neurologic abnormalities, thrombocytopenia with purpura, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and acute renal injury. However, < 7% of cases have all of these findings present. Testing should include a complete blood count, complete metabolic panel, blood smear, coagulation panel, fibrinogen, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, ADAMTS13 level, troponin, human immunodeficiency virus assessment, urinalysis, pregnancy test as appropriate, and electrocardiogram. Management includes hematology consultation if available, plasma exchange and corticosteroids, and treatment of end-organ complications. All patients require admission for treatment and close monitoring. CONCLUSION TTP is a potentially dangerous medical condition requiring rapid diagnosis and management. It is essential for emergency clinicians to know how to diagnose and treat this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brit Long
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Rachel E Bridwell
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Shivon Manchanda
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Michael Gottlieb
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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11
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Issa A, Kouli M, Awwameh R, Alasadi L, Alrstom A, Arssan Alshadid O, Alsuliman T, Sulaiman A. Endocarditis-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura mimicking preeclampsia: A case report. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04364. [PMID: 34257975 PMCID: PMC8259797 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TTP, Preeclampsia have similar manifestations in pregnancy. Establishing the right diagnosis is essential as the treatment is different. Endocarditis-induced TTP should be suspected when neurological symptoms, thrombocytopenia are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmoez Issa
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of RadiologyDamascus UniversityDamascusSyria
| | - Moudar Kouli
- Faculty of MedicineDamascus UniversityDamascusSyria
| | - Randa Awwameh
- Department of Internal Medicine, HematologyAl‐ Mouwasat HospitalDamascus UniversityDamascusSyria
| | - Lugien Alasadi
- Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDamascus UniversityDamascusSyria
| | - Ali Alrstom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious DiseasesAl‐Mouwasat HospitalDamascus UniversityDamascusSyria
| | - Omar Arssan Alshadid
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious DiseasesAl‐Mouwasat HospitalDamascus UniversityDamascusSyria
| | - Tamim Alsuliman
- Service d'HématologieHôpital Saint‐AntoineAP‐HPSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
| | - Ameen Sulaiman
- Department of Internal Medicine, HematologyAl‐ Mouwasat HospitalDamascus UniversityDamascusSyria
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Sukumar S, Lämmle B, Cataland SR. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. J Clin Med 2021; 10:536. [PMID: 33540569 PMCID: PMC7867179 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare thrombotic microangiopathy characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, severe thrombocytopenia, and ischemic end organ injury due to microvascular platelet-rich thrombi. TTP results from a severe deficiency of the specific von Willebrand factor (VWF)-cleaving protease, ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 repeats, member 13). ADAMTS13 deficiency is most commonly acquired due to anti-ADAMTS13 autoantibodies. It can also be inherited in the congenital form as a result of biallelic mutations in the ADAMTS13 gene. In adults, the condition is most often immune-mediated (iTTP) whereas congenital TTP (cTTP) is often detected in childhood or during pregnancy. iTTP occurs more often in women and is potentially lethal without prompt recognition and treatment. Front-line therapy includes daily plasma exchange with fresh frozen plasma replacement and immunosuppression with corticosteroids. Immunosuppression targeting ADAMTS13 autoantibodies with the humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab is frequently added to the initial therapy. If available, anti-VWF therapy with caplacizumab is also added to the front-line setting. While it is hypothesized that refractory TTP will be less common in the era of caplacizumab, in relapsed or refractory cases cyclosporine A, N-acetylcysteine, bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, or splenectomy can be considered. Novel agents, such as recombinant ADAMTS13, are also currently under investigation and show promise for the treatment of TTP. Long-term follow-up after the acute episode is critical to monitor for relapse and to diagnose and manage chronic sequelae of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthil Sukumar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Bernhard Lämmle
- Department of Hematology and Central Hematology Laboratory, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, CH 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Haemostasis Research Unit, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Spero R. Cataland
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
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Kalpatthi R, Kiss JE. Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura, Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia, and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation. Crit Care Clin 2020; 36:357-377. [PMID: 32172818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hemostatic abnormalities are common among critically ill patients and are associated with a high risk of bleeding. The abnormalities range from isolated thrombocytopenia or prolongation of global coagulation assays to complex disease states, such as thrombotic microangiopathic syndromes, and can be associated with a wide range of conditions, including trauma, surgery, acute disease processes, cardiopulmonary bypass, and exposure to drugs and blood products. Prompt identification of underlying causes is important because treatment strategies vary. Moreover, prompt initiation of both supportive and specific treatments is vital to decrease the morbidity and mortality in the intensive care unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Kalpatthi
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Suite 501A, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Joseph E Kiss
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Medicine, Clinical Apheresis and Blood Services, Vitalant Northeast Division, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3636 Boulevard of the Allies, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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14
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Choi M, Butler E, Clarke A, Girard LP, Gibson P, Skeith L. Managing pregnancy-associated clinical emergencies in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-based approach. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2019; 16:5-22. [PMID: 31791152 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2019.1699057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)-related thrombocytopenia during pregnancy and the postpartum period have been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes and perinatal complications. In this case report, we present two SLE patients with thrombocytopenia emergencies secondary to HELLP (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets) syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP).Areas covered: The first case involved a 26-year-old woman, G1P0 at 26 weeks gestation (GA), with high-titer antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) (positive lupus anticoagulant, anti-beta 2 glycoprotein-1 (aβ2GP1), anti-cardiolipin) and non-criteria aPL to phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex and anti-domain 1 β2GP1. This case highlights the risks associated with aPL in pregnancy, considers management issues relating to anticoagulation during pregnancy and highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for diagnosis of HELLP in SLE patients. The second case was a 36-year-old female, G3P2 at 32 weeks GA, with class III lupus nephritis (LN) who developed severe pre-eclampsia, which included mild thrombocytopenia. This case illustrates the challenges in identifying and differentiating between three pregnancy emergencies that can be seen in SLE patients (pre-eclampsia, LN, and TTP) and presents the management of TTP in peripartum SLE.Expert opinion: These two cases remind us of the importance of timely diagnosis and management of thrombocytopenia in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Choi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erin Butler
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ann Clarke
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Louis Phillipe Girard
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul Gibson
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leslie Skeith
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Prodan CI, Vijayvargiya P, Feisal JK, Khawandanah MO, Jiang Y, George JN. Embolic stroke of undetermined source in a young woman. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:1044-1048. [PMID: 31197838 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Calin I. Prodan
- Section of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of NeurologyVeterans Administration Medical Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
| | - Pooja Vijayvargiya
- Hematology‐Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
| | - James K. Feisal
- Hematology‐Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
| | - Mohamad O. Khawandanah
- Hematology‐Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public HealthUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
| | - James N. George
- Hematology‐Oncology Section, Department of Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City Oklahoma
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Texas at Houston Houston Texas
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16
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Di M, Bian J, Butera JN. A new onset of thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia in the healthcare setting: A challenge for diagnosis. Am J Hematol 2019; 94:145-148. [PMID: 30264862 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.25298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Di
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital; The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence Rhode Island
| | - Jessica Bian
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence Rhode Island
- Lifespan Cancer Institute, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence Rhode Island
| | - James N. Butera
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Rhode Island Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence Rhode Island
- Lifespan Cancer Institute, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Providence Rhode Island
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Wiernek SL, Jiang B, Gustafson GM, Dai X. Cardiac implications of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. World J Cardiol 2018; 10:254-266. [PMID: 30622684 PMCID: PMC6314883 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v10.i12.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a multisystem disorder that essentially can affect any organ in the human body. The hallmark of the pathogenesis in TTP is the large von Willebrand factor multimers on platelet-mediated micro-thrombi formation, leading to microvascular thrombosis. Autopsy studies showed that cardiac arrest and myocardial infarction are the most common immediate causes of death in these patients. Clinical manifestations of cardiac involvement in TTP vary dramatically, from asymptomatic elevation of cardiac biomarkers, to heart failure, MI and sudden cardiac death. There is limited knowledge about optimal cardiac evaluation and management in patients with TTP. The absence of typical cardiac symptoms, combined with complicated multi-organ involvement in TTP, may contribute to the under-utilization of cardiac evaluation and treatment. Prompt diagnosis and timely initiation of effective therapy could be critically important in selected cases. Based on our experience and this review of the literature, we developed several recommendations for focused cardiac evaluation for patients with acute TTP: (1) patients with suspected or confirmed TTP should be screened for the potential presence of cardiac involvement with detailed history and physical, electrocardiogram and cardiac enzymes; (2) clinical deterioration of TTP patients warrants immediate cardiac reevaluation; (3) TTP patients with clinical evidence of cardiac involvement should be monitored for telemetry, cardiac biomarkers and evaluated with transthoracic echocardiography. These patients require urgent targeted TTP treatment as well as cardiac-specific treatment. Aspirin therapy is indicated for all TTP patients. Since epicardial coronary artery involvement is rare, cardiac catheterization is usually not required, given the high risk for hemorrhage and kidney injury; (4) we recommend evidence-based medical therapy for ischemic symptoms and heart failure. TTP patients with evidence of cardiac involvement would also benefit from routine cardiology follow up during remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon L Wiernek
- Division of Cardiology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Bo Jiang
- Division of Cardiology, McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Gregory M Gustafson
- Division of Cardiology, Lang Research Center, New York Presbyterian Medical Group – Queens Hospital, Flushing, NY 11355, United States
| | - Xuming Dai
- Division of Cardiology, Lang Research Center, New York Presbyterian Medical Group – Queens Hospital, Flushing, NY 11355, United States
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18
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Chiasakul T, Cuker A. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of TTP: an integrated approach. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2018; 2018:530-538. [PMID: 30504354 PMCID: PMC6246034 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2018.1.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP) is a rare, life-threatening disease with an incidence of approximately 2 persons per million per year. It is characterized by severe deficiency of the von Willebrand cleaving protease, ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13), leading to formation of platelet-rich thrombi in the microvasculature. Prompt initiation of appropriate therapy, particularly plasma exchange, may be life-saving. Diagnosis of TTP is challenging because of its diverse clinical manifestations, overlap in clinical presentation with other thrombotic microangiopathies, and limited availability of ADAMTS13 testing. Clinical prediction scores have been developed to estimate the pretest probability of severe ADAMTS13 deficiency and may be used as an adjunct to clinical judgment to guide initial management decisions. An ADAMTS13 activity level of less than 10% supports the diagnosis of TTP in appropriate clinical contexts, but many centers do not offer testing in-house and must send out the test to a reference laboratory with a turnaround time of several days. In such instances, initial management decisions must be made without the benefit of laboratory testing. In patients with TTP, inhibitor tests may be useful for distinguishing immune-mediated from congenital TTP. In this article, we review the epidemiology, natural history, and clinical presentation of TTP and laboratory assays for TTP including ADAMTS13 activity and inhibitor assays. We also describe an evidence-based approach to the evaluation of a patient with suspected TTP that integrates clinical and laboratory assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thita Chiasakul
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand; and
| | - Adam Cuker
- Department of Medicine and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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19
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Bugarin-Estrada E, Gómez-De León A, López-García YK, Díaz-Chuc EA, Priesca-Marín JM, Ruiz-Argüelles GJ, Jaime-Pérez JC, Gómez-Almaguer D. Clinical presentation in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Real-world data from two Mexican institutions. J Clin Apher 2018; 33:645-653. [DOI: 10.1002/jca.21659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Bugarin-Estrada
- Hematology Service, Department of Internal Medicine; Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Andrés Gómez-De León
- Hematology Service, Department of Internal Medicine; Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Yadith Karina López-García
- Hematology Service, Department of Internal Medicine; Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - Erik Alejandro Díaz-Chuc
- Department of Clinical Pathology; Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - José Manuel Priesca-Marín
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Centro de Medicina Interna y Hematología; Clínica Ruiz; Puebla Puebla Mexico
| | - Guillermo J. Ruiz-Argüelles
- Department of Internal Medicine and Hematology, Centro de Medicina Interna y Hematología; Clínica Ruiz; Puebla Puebla Mexico
| | - José Carlos Jaime-Pérez
- Hematology Service, Department of Internal Medicine; Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
| | - David Gómez-Almaguer
- Hematology Service, Department of Internal Medicine; Hospital Universitario “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León; Monterrey Nuevo León Mexico
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22
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Dhaliwal G, Mojtahed A, Fogerty AE, Kadauke S, Mack JP. Case 36-2017. A 30-Year-Old Man with Fatigue, Rash, Anemia, and Thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:2074-2083. [PMID: 29166229 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1710565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Dhaliwal
- From the Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine - both in San Francisco (G.D.); and the Departments of Radiology (A.M.), Medicine (A.E.F.), and Pathology (S.K., J.P.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (A.M.), Medicine (A.E.F.), and Pathology (S.K., J.P.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Amirkasra Mojtahed
- From the Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine - both in San Francisco (G.D.); and the Departments of Radiology (A.M.), Medicine (A.E.F.), and Pathology (S.K., J.P.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (A.M.), Medicine (A.E.F.), and Pathology (S.K., J.P.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Annemarie E Fogerty
- From the Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine - both in San Francisco (G.D.); and the Departments of Radiology (A.M.), Medicine (A.E.F.), and Pathology (S.K., J.P.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (A.M.), Medicine (A.E.F.), and Pathology (S.K., J.P.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Stephan Kadauke
- From the Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine - both in San Francisco (G.D.); and the Departments of Radiology (A.M.), Medicine (A.E.F.), and Pathology (S.K., J.P.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (A.M.), Medicine (A.E.F.), and Pathology (S.K., J.P.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Johnathan P Mack
- From the Medical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine - both in San Francisco (G.D.); and the Departments of Radiology (A.M.), Medicine (A.E.F.), and Pathology (S.K., J.P.M.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Radiology (A.M.), Medicine (A.E.F.), and Pathology (S.K., J.P.M.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
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23
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Kalish Y, Rottenstreich A, Rund D, Hochberg-Klein S. Atypical presentations of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a diagnostic role for ADAMTS13. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2017; 42:155-60. [PMID: 26867546 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-016-1342-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is an acute, life threatening disease. Only a minority of patients expresses the complete clinical presentation and unusual manifestations can occur. Demonstration of low activity levels of ADAMTS13 (<5 %) is highly specific for the diagnosis of TTP. This study reports a series of five cases of TTP presenting with a thrombotic event and no hematological findings. Detailed chart reviews on these patients were conducted. We identified two patients whose first attack of TTP presented as a thrombotic episode without microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia, only to be diagnosed as TTP days later, after the appearance of hematological signs. We also describe three cases of classical TTP relapsing atypically as cerebrovascular accidents without hematological signs. Low levels of ADAMTS13 activity were detected and facilitated the diagnosis. The neurological manifestations disappeared concurrent with normalization of ADAMTS13 activity level after plasma exchange. This study underscores the importance of having a high clinical suspicion of TTP in cases of thrombosis even without hematological abnormalities in patients with previous attacks of TTP. In this clinical scenario, measurement of ADAMTS13 activity is important for diagnosis and early administration of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Kalish
- Hematology Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Amihai Rottenstreich
- Hematology Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Deborah Rund
- Hematology Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sarit Hochberg-Klein
- Hematology Department, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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24
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Abu-Hishmeh M, Sattar A, Zarlasht F, Ramadan M, Abdel-Rahman A, Hinson S, Hwang C. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Presenting as Refractory Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Diagnostic and Management Challenge. A Case Report and Concise Review of the Literature. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CASE REPORTS 2016; 17:782-787. [PMID: 27777394 PMCID: PMC5083062 DOI: 10.12659/ajcr.898955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is one of the thrombotic microangiopathic (TMA) syndromes, caused by severely reduced activity of the vWF-cleaving protease ADAMTS13. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), on the other hand, is an autoimmune disease that affects various organs in the body, including the hematopoietic system. SLE can present with TMA, and differentiating between SLE and TTP in those cases can be very challenging, particularly in patients with no prior history of SLE. Furthermore, an association between these 2 diseases has been described in the literature, with most of the TTP cases occurring after the diagnosis of SLE. In rare cases, TTP may precede the diagnosis of SLE or occur concurrently. CASE REPORT We present a case of a previously healthy 34-year-old female who presented with dizziness and flu-like symptoms and was found to have thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and schistocytes in the peripheral smear. She was subsequently diagnosed with TTP and started on plasmapheresis and high-dose steroids, but without a sustained response. A diagnosis of refractory TTP was made, and she was transferred to our facility for further management. Initially, the patient was started on rituximab, but her condition continued to deteriorate, with worsening thrombocytopenia. Later, she also fulfilled the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) criteria for diagnosis of SLE. Treatment of TTP in SLE patients is generally similar to that in the general population, but in refractory cases there are few reports in the literature that show the efficacy of cyclophosphamide. We started our patient on cyclophosphamide and noticed a sustained improvement in the platelet count in the following weeks. CONCLUSIONS Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a life-threatening hematological emergency which must be diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. Refractory cases of TTP have been described in the literature, but without clear evidence-based guidelines for its management, and is solely based on expert opinion and previous case reports. Further studies are needed to establish guidelines for its management. We present this case to highlight the role that cyclophosphamide might carry in those cases and to be a foundation for these future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abu-Hishmeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alamgir Sattar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Fnu Zarlasht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Mohamed Ramadan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Aisha Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Shante Hinson
- Internal Medicine, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, USA
| | - Caroline Hwang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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25
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Arnold DM, Patriquin CJ, Nazy I. Thrombotic microangiopathies: a general approach to diagnosis and management. CMAJ 2016; 189:E153-E159. [PMID: 27754896 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.160142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Arnold
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Arnold, Patriquin, Nazy), McMaster University; Canadian Blood Services (Arnold), Hamilton, Ont.
| | - Christopher J Patriquin
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Arnold, Patriquin, Nazy), McMaster University; Canadian Blood Services (Arnold), Hamilton, Ont
| | - Ishac Nazy
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Department of Medicine (Arnold, Patriquin, Nazy), McMaster University; Canadian Blood Services (Arnold), Hamilton, Ont
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26
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Zenno A, Richardson M. Coombs Positive Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in a Male Pediatric Patient: An Urgent Diagnostic Challenge. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1860-2. [PMID: 27195703 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy often caused by deficiency of von Willebrand (vW) factor cleaving protease, ADAMTS-13, leading to large vW multimers and intravascular platelet aggregation. Hemolysis in TTP is mechanical and nonimmune mediated, thus Coombs testing is usually negative. We report a case of an adolescent with thrombocytopenia and Coombs positive anemia, diagnosed with Evans syndrome, but ultimately found to have TTP. TTP should be considered in children with thrombocytopenia and Coombs positive anemia who are refractory to steroids or develop signs of microangiopathy. Recognition of this presentation can lead to life-saving treatment with plasma exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Zenno
- Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Richardson
- Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts
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A 35-year-old woman with influenza A-associated thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2016; 26:469-72. [PMID: 25688460 DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0000000000000255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A previously healthy 35-year-old woman presented with severe thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) affecting several organs and concomitant influenza A infection. On admission to hospital, haemoglobin was 5.4 g/dl, platelet count 6 × 10/l, Schistocyte count in peripheral blood 5%, and throat swab positive for influenza A RNA. The patient was treated with antiviral medication and transfusions of fresh frozen plasma before plasma exchange therapy with excellent response. Plasmaphereses were attenuated after 5 days, resulting in TTP relapse 3 days later. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13) protein was very low (<0.04 U/l) and anti-ADAMTS13 elevated (>2 U/l), consistent with acquired TTP. Platelet counts normalized after five additional plasma exchanges and oral corticosteroids. Antinuclear antibodies and subgroup anti-Ro/Sjögren's syndrome A antigen (SSA) were detected in serum and have remained borderline-elevated, although evaluation during TTP, recovery and follow-up have lacked clinical manifestations of connective tissue disease. Influenza A infection induced production of ADAMTS13 inhibitor, which resulted in TTP in a patient with circulating antinuclear antibodies, lacking other manifestations of connective tissue disease.
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28
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Delgado-García G, Cámara-Lemarroy C, Infante-Valenzuela A, Colunga-Pedraza P, Alarcón-Galván G, Armenta-González A, Villarreal-Velázquez HJ. Pure lupus podocytopathy first presenting as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-like syndrome. Clin Rheumatol 2015; 35:2131-2136. [PMID: 26384822 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-015-3069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lupus podocytopathy (LP) is an uncommon proteinuric disorder in the spectrum of lupus nephropathy. Its histological features are similar to those described in minimal change disease (MCD) with or without mesangial immune deposits. Although infrequent, a close relationship between systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is well accepted. Proteinuria in the setting of SLE has previously been associated with the development of TTP-like syndrome. As far as we know, LP first presenting as a TTP-like syndrome has never been reported. Here, we describe the case of a previously healthy 45-year-old woman who developed simultaneously these two conditions and then we briefly review the literature on the topic, emphasizing the previous cases of concurrent initial diagnosis of both SLE and MCD (n = 7) and SLE and TTP (n = 72). In conclusion, renal biopsy is central to the management of SLE patients with nephrotic syndrome. Furthermore, in a SLE patient with anemia and thrombocytopenia, TTP should be part of the differential diagnosis, even when no schistocytes were detected in peripheral blood smear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Delgado-García
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Madero y Gonzalitos s/n, Col. Mitras Centro, C.P. 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Carlos Cámara-Lemarroy
- Division of Neurology, University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Adrián Infante-Valenzuela
- Division of Neurology, University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Perla Colunga-Pedraza
- Division of Hematology, University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Alarcón-Galván
- Service of Anatomic Pathology, University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Arian Armenta-González
- Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
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How I treat catastrophic thrombotic syndromes. Blood 2015; 126:1285-93. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-09-551978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Catastrophic thrombotic syndromes are characterized by rapid onset of multiple thromboembolic occlusions affecting diverse vascular beds. Patients may have multiple events on presentation, or develop them rapidly over days to weeks. Several disorders can present with this extreme clinical phenotype, including catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), atypical presentations of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), and Trousseau syndrome, but some patients present with multiple thrombotic events in the absence of associated prothrombotic disorders. Diagnostic workup must rapidly determine which, if any, of these syndromes are present because therapeutic management is driven by the underlying disorder. With the exception of atypical presentations of TTP, which are treated with plasma exchange, anticoagulation is the most important therapeutic intervention in these patients. Effective anticoagulation may require laboratory confirmation with anti–factor Xa levels in patients treated with heparin, especially if the baseline (pretreatment) activated partial thromboplastin time is prolonged. Patients with catastrophic APS also benefit from immunosuppressive therapy and/or plasma exchange, whereas patients with HIT need an alternative anticoagulant to replace heparin. Progressive thrombotic events despite therapeutic anticoagulation may necessitate an alternative therapeutic strategy. If the thrombotic process can be controlled, these patients can recover, but indefinite anticoagulant therapy may be appropriate to prevent recurrent events.
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30
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George JN. Measuring ADAMTS13 activity in patients with suspected thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: when, how, and why? Transfusion 2015; 55:11-3. [PMID: 25582234 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James N George
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK.
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31
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Parekh HD, Reese JA, Cobb PW, George JN. Bone marrow necrosis discovered in a patient with suspected thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 2015; 90:264-6. [PMID: 25196665 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.23840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiral D. Parekh
- Department of Medicine; College of Medicine, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma Oklahoma
| | - Jessica A. Reese
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology; College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma Oklahoma
| | | | - James N. George
- Department of Medicine; College of Medicine, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma Oklahoma
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology; College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma Oklahoma
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Abstract
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a clinicopathological condition associated with a wide variety of medical conditions. TMA is classically characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and microvascular thrombi that cause end-organ damage. The most prominent diagnoses associated with TMA are thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Although TTP and HUS can have similar clinical and laboratory features and are often lumped together as a combined entity referred to as “TTP/HUS,” the pathologic processes causing TMA and optimal therapies for these conditions are different. Empiric use of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in the setting of TMA is common. The high risk of morbidity and mortality associated with some causes of TMA justify rapid institution of this relatively low-risk procedure. However, many causes of TMA do not respond to TPE and prolonged courses of exchange in the absence of an underlying diagnosis may cause a detrimental delay in appropriate medical therapy. The American Society of Apheresis has published guidelines for the use of TPE for several distinct conditions associated with TMA. This list is not comprehensive and the use of TPE for other causes of TMA may be considered if the mechanism of the underlying disease process provides a clear rationale for this intervention.
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Nichols L, Berg A, Rollins-Raval MA, Raval JS. Cardiac Injury Is a Common Postmortem Finding in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Patients: Is Empiric Cardiac Monitoring and Protection Needed? Ther Apher Dial 2014; 19:87-92. [DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larry Nichols
- Department of Pathology; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | - Aaron Berg
- Department of Pathology; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
| | | | - Jay S Raval
- Department of Pathology; University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
- The Institute for Transfusion Medicine; Pittsburgh PA USA
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Abstract
This review article covers the diverse pathophysiological pathways that can lead to microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and a procoagulant state with or without damage to the kidneys and other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N George
- From the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, and the Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (J.N.G.); and the Stead Family Department of Pediatrics and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (C.M.N.)
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Nokes T, George JN, Vesely SK, Awab A. Pulmonary involvement in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Eur J Haematol 2013; 92:156-63. [DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Nokes
- Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine Section; Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - James N. George
- Hematology-Oncology Section; Department of Medicine; College of Medicine; Oklahoma City OK USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology; College of Public Health; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Sara K. Vesely
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology; College of Public Health; University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; Oklahoma City OK USA
| | - Ahmed Awab
- Pulmonary Diseases, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine Section; Oklahoma City OK USA
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