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Aghanasir F, Aghaei H, Imani Fooladi AA, Ebrahimi M, Bagherpour G, Nourani MR. Expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) in peripheral nerve repair. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2016; 36:429-34. [PMID: 27087673 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2015.1132238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trauma is one of the causes of peripheral nerve injuries. Free radicals increase after tissue damage. Free radicals are usually scavenged and detoxified by antioxidants. In this study, we assessed the antioxidative role of the NGAL molecule in sciatic nerve repair in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sciatic nerves of 40 rats were crushed and the total mRNA of samples from day 1 and 3 and week 1, 3, 5 post injury was extracted. The expression of the NGAL gene was confirmed by RT-PCR. For immunohistochemistry analysis, the samples were fixed in paraformaldehyde and cut in 20 micrometer slices by cryostat. RESULTS The expression of NGAL significantly upregulated in day 1, 3 and week 1 following the crushing of sciatic nerves in comparison with the intact nerves. Immunohistochemistry results also confirmed the protein expression of this gene. DISCUSSION The NGAL molecule showed upregulation in the degeneration process after nerve injury, so it may play an important role in nerve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Aghanasir
- a Department of Physiology and Biophysics , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Aghaei
- b Department of Physiology , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Imani Fooladi
- c Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Majid Ebrahimi
- d Organ Anatomy Department, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan
| | - Ghasem Bagherpour
- e Department of Medical Biotechnology , Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Nourani
- f Tissue Engineering Division, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran , and.,g Genomics Division, Systems Biology Institute, Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Hougland MT, Harrison BJ, Magnuson DSK, Rouchka EC, Petruska JC. The Transcriptional Response of Neurotrophins and Their Tyrosine Kinase Receptors in Lumbar Sensorimotor Circuits to Spinal Cord Contusion is Affected by Injury Severity and Survival Time. Front Physiol 2013; 3:478. [PMID: 23316162 PMCID: PMC3540763 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) results in changes to the anatomical, neurochemical, and physiological properties of cells in the central and peripheral nervous system. Neurotrophins, acting by binding to their cognate Trk receptors on target cell membranes, contribute to modulation of anatomical, neurochemical, and physiological properties of neurons in sensorimotor circuits in both the intact and injured spinal cord. Neurotrophin signaling is associated with many post-SCI changes including maladaptive plasticity leading to pain and autonomic dysreflexia, but also therapeutic approaches such as training-induced locomotor improvement. Here we characterize expression of mRNA for neurotrophins and Trk receptors in lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord after two different severities of mid-thoracic injury and at 6 and 12 weeks post-SCI. There was complex regulation that differed with tissue, injury severity, and survival time, including reversals of regulation between 6 and 12 weeks, and the data suggest that natural regulation of neurotrophins in the spinal cord may continue for months after birth. Our assessments determined that a coordination of gene expression emerged at the 12-week post-SCI time point and bioinformatic analyses address possible mechanisms. These data can inform studies meant to determine the role of the neurotrophin signaling system in post-SCI function and plasticity, and studies using this signaling system as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tyler Hougland
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA ; Laboratory of Neural Physiology and Plasticity, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Department of Neurological Surgery Louisville, KY, USA
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Verhaagen J, Van Kesteren RE, Bossers KAM, Macgillavry HD, Mason MR, Smit AB. Molecular target discovery for neural repair in the functional genomics era. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2012; 109:595-616. [PMID: 23098739 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52137-8.00037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathways activated by traumatic neural injury is of major importance for the development of treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI). High-throughput gene expression profiling is a powerful approach to reveal genome-wide changes in gene expression during a specific biological process. Microarray analysis of injured nerves or neurons would ideally generate new hypotheses concerning the progression or deregulation of injury- and repair-related biological processes, such as neural scar formation and axon regeneration. These hypotheses should subsequently be tested experimentally and would eventually provide the molecular substrates for the development of novel therapeutics. Over the last decade, this approach has elucidated numerous extrinsic (mostly neural scar-associated) as well as neuron-intrinsic genes that are regulated following an injury. To date, the main challenge is to translate the observed injury-induced gene expression changes into a mechanistic framework to understand their functional implications. To achieve this, research on neural repair will have to adopt the conceptual advances and analytical tools provided by the functional genomics and systems biology revolution. Based on progress made in bioinformatics, high-throughput and high-content functional cellular screening, and in vivo gene transfer technology, we propose a multistep "roadmap" that provides an integrated strategy for molecular target discovery for repair of the injured spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Verhaagen
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Neville CM, Huang AY, Shyu JY, Snyder EY, Hadlock TA, Sundback CA. Neural Precursor Cell Lines Promote Neurite Branching. Int J Neurosci 2009; 119:15-39. [DOI: 10.1080/00207450802480218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Navarro X. Chapter 27: Neural plasticity after nerve injury and regeneration. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 87:483-505. [PMID: 19682656 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)87027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Injuries to the peripheral nerves result in partial or total loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions in the denervated segments of the body due to the interruption of axons, degeneration of distal nerve fibers, and eventual death of axotomized neurons. Functional deficits caused by nerve injuries can be compensated by reinnervation of denervated targets by regenerating injured axons or by collateral branching of undamaged axons, and remodeling of nervous system circuitry related to the lost functions. Plasticity of central connections may compensate functionally for the lack of adequate target reinnervation; however, plasticity has limited effects on disturbed sensory localization or fine motor control after injuries, and may even result in maladaptive changes, such as neuropathic pain and hyperreflexia. After axotomy, neurons shift from a transmitter to a regenerative phenotype, activating molecular pathways that promote neuronal survival and axonal regeneration. Peripheral nerve injuries also induce a cascade of events, at the molecular, cellular, and system levels, initiated by the injury and progressing throughout plastic changes at the spinal cord, brainstem nuclei, thalamus, and brain cortex. Mechanisms involved in these changes include neurochemical changes, functional alterations of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections, sprouting of new connections, and reorganization of sensory and motor central maps. An important direction for research is the development of therapeutic strategies that enhance axonal regeneration, promote selective target reinnervation, and are also able to modulate central nervous system reorganization, amplifying positive adaptive changes that improve functional recovery and also reducing undesirable effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Navarro
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Tonge D, Chan K, Zhu N, Panjwani A, Arno M, Lynham S, Ward M, Snape A, Pizzey J. Enhancement of axonal regeneration by in vitro conditioning and its inhibition by cyclopentenone prostaglandins. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:2565-77. [PMID: 18650498 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.024943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration is enhanced by the prior ;conditioning' of peripheral nerve lesions. Here we show that Xenopus dorsal root ganglia (DRG) with attached peripheral nerves (PN-DRG) can be conditioned in vitro, thereafter showing enhanced neurotrophin-induced axonal growth similar to preparations conditioned by axotomy in vivo. Actinomycin D inhibits axonal outgrowth from freshly dissected PN-DRG, but not from conditioned preparations. Synthesis of mRNAs that encode proteins necessary for axonal elongation might therefore occur during the conditioning period, a suggestion that was confirmed by oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Culturing PN-DRG in a compartmentalized system showed that inhibition of protein synthesis (but not RNA synthesis) in the distal nerve impaired the conditioning response, suggesting that changes in gene expression in cultured DRG depend on the synthesis and retrograde transport of protein(s) in peripheral nerves. The culture system was also used to demonstrate retrograde axonal transport of several proteins, including thioredoxin (Trx). Cyclopentenone prostaglandins, which react with Trx, blocked the in vitro conditioning effect, whereas inhibition of other signalling pathways thought to be involved in axonal regeneration did not. This suggests that Trx and/or other targets of these electrophilic prostaglandins regulate axonal regeneration. Consistent with this hypothesis, morpholino-induced suppression of Trx expression in dissociated DRG neurons was associated with reduced neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tonge
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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7
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Serarslan Y, Bal R, Altug ME, Kontaş T, Keleş ON, Unal D, Unal B. Effects of trimetazidine on crush injury of the sciatic nerve in rats: a biochemical and stereological study. Brain Res 2008; 1247:11-20. [PMID: 18983835 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Trimetazidine (TMZ) is an anti-ischemic agent which has been used for years as an effective anti-anginal agent in cardiac patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of TMZ on the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), histopathological changes and the number of myelinated axons in a crush injury model of sciatic nerve in rats. In this study, 50 Wistar albino rats were used and the right sciatic nerves of all animals were injured. They were randomly divided into two groups equal in number, called treatment and non-treatment groups. The animals were subdivided into four subgroups, non-injury/non-treatment (left sciatic nerves of non-treatment animals, NI-NT) and non-injury/treatment (left sciatic nerves of treatment animals, NI-T) and injury/non-treatment (right sciatic nerves of non-treatment animals, I-NT) and injury/treatment (right sciatic nerves of treatment animals, I-T). At the end of the experiment, the bilateral sciatic nerves and blood samples collected from these animals were analyzed using histological, stereological and biochemical methods. There was a progressive increase in the serum level of GSH and progressive decrease in serum MDA levels in the treatment group. Progressive decrease in serum NO levels was observed in the treatment groups and it was statistically significant on day 14 (p<0.05) compared to the non-treatment group. The activities of CAT were low in the treatment groups on days 21 (p<0.05) and 42 (p<0.05). In the NI-NT group, some unimportant degenerative changes such as irregularity in myelin sheets were observed. Many pathologic changes in the I-NT group and some minimal degeneration in the I-T group were observed. TMZ treatment resulted in increases in the myelinated axon numbers by a range of 223 to 604 in the I-NT group compared to the I-T. In conclusion, TMZ appears to be beneficial for induction of axonal regeneration and myelination in healthy nerves as well as injured nerves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurdal Serarslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tayfur Ata Sokmen Medical Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, 31100 Hatay, Turkey.
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8
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Navarro X, Vivó M, Valero-Cabré A. Neural plasticity after peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2007; 82:163-201. [PMID: 17643733 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2007.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 02/18/2007] [Accepted: 06/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Injuries to the peripheral nerves result in partial or total loss of motor, sensory and autonomic functions conveyed by the lesioned nerves to the denervated segments of the body, due to the interruption of axons continuity, degeneration of nerve fibers distal to the lesion and eventual death of axotomized neurons. Injuries to the peripheral nervous system may thus result in considerable disability. After axotomy, neuronal phenotype switches from a transmitter to a regenerative state, inducing the down- and up-regulation of numerous cellular components as well as the synthesis de novo of some molecules normally not expressed in adult neurons. These changes in gene expression activate and regulate the pathways responsible for neuronal survival and axonal regeneration. Functional deficits caused by nerve injuries can be compensated by three neural mechanisms: the reinnervation of denervated targets by regeneration of injured axons, the reinnervation by collateral branching of undamaged axons, and the remodeling of nervous system circuitry related to the lost functions. Plasticity of central connections may compensate functionally for the lack of specificity in target reinnervation; plasticity in human has, however, limited effects on disturbed sensory localization or fine motor control after injuries, and may even result in maladaptive changes, such as neuropathic pain, hyperreflexia and dystonia. Recent research has uncovered that peripheral nerve injuries induce a concurrent cascade of events, at the systemic, cellular and molecular levels, initiated by the nerve injury and progressing throughout plastic changes at the spinal cord, brainstem relay nuclei, thalamus and brain cortex. Mechanisms for these changes are ubiquitous in central substrates and include neurochemical changes, functional alterations of excitatory and inhibitory connections, atrophy and degeneration of normal substrates, sprouting of new connections, and reorganization of somatosensory and motor maps. An important direction for ongoing research is the development of therapeutic strategies that enhance axonal regeneration, promote selective target reinnervation, but are also able to modulate central nervous system reorganization, amplifying those positive adaptive changes that help to improve functional recovery but also diminishing undesirable consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Navarro
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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Zhou FQ, Walzer M, Wu YH, Zhou J, Dedhar S, Snider WD. Neurotrophins support regenerative axon assembly over CSPGs by an ECM-integrin-independent mechanism. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:2787-96. [PMID: 16772333 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and myelin-based inhibitors are the most studied inhibitory molecules in the adult central nervous system. Unlike myelin-based inhibitors, few studies have reported ways to overcome the inhibitory effect of CSPGs. Here, by using regenerating adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, we show that chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans inhibit axon assembly by a different mechanism from myelin-based inhibitors. Furthermore, we show that neither Rho inhibition nor cAMP elevation rescues extracellular factor-induced axon assembly inhibited by CSPGs. Instead, our data suggest that CSPGs block axon assembly by interfering with integrin signaling. Surprisingly, we find that nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes robust axon growth of regenerating DRG neurons over CSPGs. We have found that, unlike naive neurons that require simultaneous activation of neurotrophin and integrin pathways for axon assembly, either neurotrophin or integrin signaling alone is sufficient to induce axon assembly of regenerating neurons. Thus, our results suggest that the ability of NGF to overcome CSPG inhibition in regenerating neurons is probably due to the ability of regenerating neurons to assemble axons using an integrin-independent pathway. Finally, our data show that the GSK-3β-APC pathway, previously shown to mediate developing axon growth, is also necessary for axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Quan Zhou
- Neuroscience Center, 8109 Neuroscience Research Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Bosse F, Hasenpusch-Theil K, Küry P, Müller HW. Gene expression profiling reveals that peripheral nerve regeneration is a consequence of both novel injury-dependent and reactivated developmental processes. J Neurochem 2006; 96:1441-57. [PMID: 16478531 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03635.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the most striking features of the injured mature peripheral nervous system is the ability to regenerate. The lesioned peripheral nervous system displays stereotypic histopathological reactions indicating the activation of a co-ordinated lesion-induced gene expression programme. Previous research has already identified molecular components of this axonal switch from a mature transmitting to a regenerative growth mode. The observed alterations in gene expression within the lesioned distal nerve stump were largely attributed to recapitulated developmental processes. However, to our knowledge, this hypothesis has not been proven systematically. Most of the stereotypic molecular and cellular reactions during nerve development and repair can be assigned to specific time windows. Consequently, we have compared gene expression profiles of both paradigms at six different time-points each by means of cDNA array hybridization. Our data identified injury-specific molecular reactions and revealed to what extent developmental mechanisms are reactivated in response to nerve lesion. Ninety-one genes (47% of the regeneration-associated genes) were found to be significantly regulated in both paradigms, suggesting that regeneration only partially recapitulates development and that approximately half of the regulated genes are part of a regeneration-dependent programme. Interestingly, mainly genes encoding signal transducers or factors involved in processes such as cell death, immune response, transport and transcriptional regulation showed injury-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Bosse
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Zujovic V, Luo D, Baker HV, Lopez MC, Miller KR, Streit WJ, Harrison JK. The facial motor nucleus transcriptional program in response to peripheral nerve injury identifies Hn1 as a regeneration-associated gene. J Neurosci Res 2005; 82:581-91. [PMID: 16267826 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Facial nerve axotomy (FNA) is a well-established experimental model of motoneuron regeneration. After peripheral nerve axotomy, a sequence of events including glial activation and axonal regrowth leads to functional recovery of the afflicted pool of motoneurons. Using microarray analysis we identified an increase in the expression of 60 genes (at a false discovery rate of 0.1, genes were significant P < 0.004) within the facial nucleus as a consequence of nerve injury. In situ hybridization analysis validated the increased expression of many of these axotomy-induced genes. One specific gene, encoding a unique primary amino acid sequence, termed hemopoietic- and neurologic-expressed sequence-1 (Hn1), was evaluated more extensively using several additional nerve injury paradigms. Hn1 mRNA was upregulated in injured facial motoneurons in both rats and mice. Sustained upregulation of Hn1 mRNA was evident after nerve resection whereas levels of Hn1 mRNA returned to baseline in animals subjected to nerve crush or nerve transection. Hn1 was also increased in the dorsal motor nucleus and the nucleus ambiguous after vagus nerve axotomy, another regeneration model. No upregulation of Hn1 expression was observed, however, in two nonregeneration models: FNA in newborn rats and rubrospinal tractotomy. Hn1 mRNA was ubiquitous in the developing central nervous system whereas its expression in adult brain was confined to neurons of the hippocampus, cortex and cerebellum. These findings identify Hn1 as a gene associated with nervous system development and nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Zujovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine,Gainesville, Florida 32610-0267, USA
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Verpoorten N, Verhoeven K, Weckx S, Jacobs A, Serneels S, Del Favero J, Ceuterick C, Van Bockstaele DR, Berneman ZN, Van den Bosch L, Robberecht W, Nobbio L, Schenone A, Dessaud E, deLapeyrière O, Huylebroeck D, Zwijsen A, De Jonghe P, Timmerman V. Synaptopodin and 4 novel genes identified in primary sensory neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 30:316-25. [PMID: 16139508 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2005] [Revised: 06/14/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed differential gene expression profiling in the peripheral nervous system by comparing the transcriptome of sensory neurons with the transcriptome of lower motor neurons. Using suppression subtractive cDNA hybridization, we identified 5 anonymous transcripts with a predominant expression in sensory neurons. We determined the gene structures and predicted the functional protein domains. The 4930579P15Rik gene encodes for a novel inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 and 9030217H17Rik was found to be the mouse gene synaptopodin. We performed in situ hybridization for all genes in mouse embryos, and found expression predominantly in the primary class of sensory neurons. Expression of 4930579P15Rik and synaptopodin was restricted to craniospinal sensory ganglia. Neither synaptopodin, nor any known family member of 4930579P15Rik, has ever been described in sensory neurons. The identification of protein domains and expression patterns allows further functional analysis of these novel genes in relation to the development and biology of sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Verpoorten
- Peripheral Neuropathy Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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Vigo T, Nobbio L, Hummelen PV, Abbruzzese M, Mancardi G, Verpoorten N, Verhoeven K, Sereda MW, Nave KA, Timmerman V, Schenone A. Experimental Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A: a cDNA microarrays analysis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2005; 28:703-14. [PMID: 15797717 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2004.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2004] [Revised: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 11/30/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the spectrum of genes that are modulated in Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy type 1A (CMT1A), which is due to overexpression of the gene coding for the peripheral myelin protein 22 (pmp22), we performed a cDNA microarray experiment with cDNA from sciatic nerves of a rat model of the disease. In homozygous pmp22 overexpressing animals, we found a significant down-regulation of 86 genes, while only 23 known genes were up-regulated, suggesting that the increased dosage of pmp22 induces a general down-regulation of gene expression in peripheral nerve tissue. Classification of the modulated genes into functional categories leads to the identification of some pathways altered by overexpression of pmp22. In particular, a selective down-regulation of the ciliary neurotrophic factor transcript and of genes coding for proteins involved in cell cycle regulation, for cytoskeletal components and for proteins of the extracellular matrix, was observed. Cntf expression was further studied by real-time PCR and ELISA technique in pmp22 transgenic sciatic nerves, human CMT1A sural nerve biopsies, and primary cultures of transgenic Schwann cells. According to the results of cDNA microarray analysis, a down-regulation of cntf, both at the mRNA and protein level, was found in all the conditions tested. These results are relevant to reveal the molecular function of PMP22 and the pathogenic mechanism of CMT1A. In particular, finding a specific reduction of cntf expression in CMT1A Schwann cells suggests that overexpression of pmp22 significantly affects the ability of Schwann cells to offer a trophic support to the axon, which could be a factor, among other, responsible for the development of axonal atrophy in human and experimental CMT1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Vigo
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology and Genetics, University of Genova, Italy, via De Toni 5, 16132 Genova, Italy
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Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is normally followed by a robust regenerative response. Here we describe the early changes associated with injury from the initial rise in intracellular calcium and the subsequent activation of transcription factors and cytokines leading to an inflammatory reaction, and the expression of growth factors, cytokines, neuropeptides, and other secreted molecules involved in cell-to-cell communication promoting regeneration and neurite outgrowth. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular mechanisms that play a part in executing successful regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Makwana
- Centre for Perinatal Brain Protection & Repair, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London, UK
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Nilsson A, Moller K, Dahlin L, Lundborg G, Kanje M. Early changes in gene expression in the dorsal root ganglia after transection of the sciatic nerve; effects of amphiregulin and PAI-1 on regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 136:65-74. [PMID: 15893588 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 12/29/2004] [Accepted: 01/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the gene activity that may be required for neuronal survival and regeneration, we used the Affymetrix GeneChip Mu74A to screen 12000 genes and expressed sequence tag (EST) mRNA from L4 and L5 mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) 12 h and 24 h after sciatic nerve transection. At 12 h, we found 17 upregulated transcripts, and at 24 h, 49 that met our criteria of a significant 2-fold increase in expression. The alterations included a total of eight transcription factors and several genes associated with TGF-beta- and IL-6-mediated signaling. Two of the changes, amphiregulin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR (QPCR). Addition of amphiregulin (20 ng/ml) to organ-cultured DRG stimulated axonal outgrowth while PAI-1 (20 nM) inhibited migration of Schwann cells from the ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nilsson
- Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Helgonav3 B, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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Dubé GR, Kohlhaas KL, Rueter LE, Surowy CS, Meyer MD, Briggs CA. Loss of functional neuronal nicotinic receptors in dorsal root ganglion neurons in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2004; 376:29-34. [PMID: 15694269 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2004] [Revised: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/11/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that the anti-allodynic effect of neuronal acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists may have a peripheral component [L.E. Rueter, K.L. Kohlhaas, P. Curzon, C.S. Surowy, M.D. Meyer, Peripheral and central sites of action for A-85380 in the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain, Pain 103 (2003) 269-276]. In further studies of the peripheral anti-allodynic mechanisms of nAChR agonists, we investigated the function of nAChRs in acutely isolated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons from allodynic [L5-L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL)] and naive adult rats. Following determination of cell diameter and membrane capacitance, responses to rapid applications of nAChR agonists were recorded under whole cell patch clamp. nAChR inward currents were observed in approximately 60% of naive neurons, across small, medium, and large diameter cells. Evoked nAChR currents could be clustered into three broad classes: fast transient, biphasic, and slow desensitizing currents, consistent with multiple subtypes of nAChR expressed in DRG [J.R. Genzen, W. Van Cleve, D.S. McGehee, Dorsal root ganglion neurons express multiple nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes, J. Neurophysiol. 86 (2001) 1773-1782]. In contrast, in neurons from allodynic animals, the occurrence and amplitude of responses to nAChR agonists were significantly reduced. Reduced responsiveness to nAChR agonists covered the range of DRG neuron sizes. The decrease in the responsiveness to nAChR agonists was not seen in neighboring uninjured L4 neurons. The significant decrease in the number of cells with nAChR agonist responses, compounded with the significant decrease in response amplitude, indicates that there is a marked down regulation of functional nAChRs in DRG somata associated with SNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles R Dubé
- Neuroscience Research, Global Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abbott Laboratories, AP9/1125, 100 Abbott Park Rd., Abbott Park, IL 60064-6118, USA.
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Weigel AL, Ida H, Boylan SA, Hjelmeland LM. Acute hyperoxia-induced transcriptional response in the mouse RPE/choroid. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35:465-74. [PMID: 12927596 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been studied in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) in vitro but not in vivo. Our purpose, therefore, was to develop an in vivo model of acute oxidative stress in the C57BL/6J mouse. Mice were exposed to > or = 98% oxygen for 0, 2, or 6 h, and amplified total RNA from the RPE/choroid was applied to microarrays examining about 2200 unique genes. Statistical analysis determined that 642 genes, out of a total of 1349 expressed, were significantly downregulated at only 2 h, only 6 h, or both 2 and 6 h, and a single gene, ubiquitin, was upregulated. These genes are involved in all aspects of cellular functions, and there are no major differences among the three groups. The effect of hyperoxia on the RPE/choroid in vivo appears to be very similar to oxidative stress studies performed with an RPE cell line in vitro. All 11 genes identified as being regulated by all three oxidants in our previous study, and were expressed by mouse, were also differentially regulated by hyperoxia. At least for the initial response to an oxidative challenge, the in vitro ARPE-19 cell line is a reasonable model for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Weigel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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