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Kalli M, Stylianopoulos T. Toward innovative approaches for exploring the mechanically regulated tumor-immune microenvironment. APL Bioeng 2024; 8:011501. [PMID: 38390314 PMCID: PMC10883717 DOI: 10.1063/5.0183302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Within the complex tumor microenvironment, cells experience mechanical cues-such as extracellular matrix stiffening and elevation of solid stress, interstitial fluid pressure, and fluid shear stress-that significantly impact cancer cell behavior and immune responses. Recognizing the significance of these mechanical cues not only sheds light on cancer progression but also holds promise for identifying potential biomarkers that would predict therapeutic outcomes. However, standardizing methods for studying how mechanical cues affect tumor progression is challenging. This challenge stems from the limitations of traditional in vitro cell culture systems, which fail to encompass the critical contextual cues present in vivo. To address this, 3D tumor spheroids have been established as a preferred model, more closely mimicking cancer progression, but they usually lack reproduction of the mechanical microenvironment encountered in actual solid tumors. Here, we review the role of mechanical forces in modulating tumor- and immune-cell responses and discuss how grasping the importance of these mechanical cues could revolutionize in vitro tumor tissue engineering. The creation of more physiologically relevant environments that better replicate in vivo conditions will eventually increase the efficacy of currently available treatments, including immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kalli
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Triantafyllos Stylianopoulos
- Cancer Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
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2
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Zhou M, Li K, Luo KQ. Shear Stress Drives the Cleavage Activation of Protease-Activated Receptor 2 by PRSS3/Mesotrypsin to Promote Invasion and Metastasis of Circulating Lung Cancer Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2301059. [PMID: 37395651 PMCID: PMC10477893 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
When circulating tumor cells (CTCs) travel in circulation, they can be killed by detachment-induced anoikis and fluidic shear stress (SS)-mediated apoptosis. Circulatory treatment, which can make CTCs detached but also generate SS, can increase metastasis of cancer cells. To identify SS-specific mechanosensors without detachment impacts, a microfluidic circulatory system is used to generate arteriosus SS and compare transcriptome profiles of circulating lung cancer cells with suspended cells. Half of the cancer cells can survive SS damage and show higher invasion ability. Mesotrypsin (PRSS3), protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), and the subunit of activating protein 1, Fos-related antigen 1 (FOSL1), are upregulated by SS, and their high expression is responsible for promoting invasion and metastasis. SS triggers PRSS3 to cleave the N-terminal inhibitory domain of PAR2 within 2 h. As a G protein-coupled receptor, PAR2 further activates the Gαi protein to turn on the Src-ERK/p38/JNK-FRA1/cJUN axis to promote the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, and also PRSS3, which facilitates metastasis. Enriched PRSS3, PAR2, and FOSL1 in human tumor samples and their correlations with worse outcomes reveal their clinical significance. PAR2 may serve as an SS-specific mechanosensor cleavable by PRSS3 in circulation, which provides new insights for targeting metastasis-initiating CTCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muya Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
| | - Koukou Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
- Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision OncologyUniversity of MacauTaipaMacao SAR999078China
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Clevenger AJ, McFarlin MK, Collier CA, Sheshadri VS, Madyastha AK, Gorley JPM, Solberg SC, Stratman AN, Raghavan SA. Peristalsis-Associated Mechanotransduction Drives Malignant Progression of Colorectal Cancer. Cell Mol Bioeng 2023; 16:261-281. [PMID: 37811008 PMCID: PMC10550901 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-023-00776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor microenvironment, cancerous and precancerous cells continuously experience mechanical forces associated with peristalsis. Given that mechanical forces like shear stress and strain can positively impact cancer progression, we explored the hypothesis that peristalsis may also contribute to malignant progression in CRC. We defined malignant progression as enrichment of cancer stem cells and the acquisition of invasive behaviors, both vital to CRC progression. Methods We leveraged our peristalsis bioreactor to expose CRC cell lines (HCT116), patient-derived xenograft (PDX1,2) lines, or non-cancerous intestinal cells (HIEC-6) to forces associated with peristalsis in vitro. Cells were maintained in static control conditions or exposed to peristalsis for 24 h prior to assessment of cancer stem cell (CSC) emergence or the acquisition of invasive phenotypes. Results Exposure of HCT116 cells to peristalsis significantly increased the emergence of LGR5+ CSCs by 1.8-fold compared to static controls. Peristalsis enriched LGR5 positivity in several CRC cell lines, notably significant in KRAS mutant lines. In contrast, peristalsis failed to increase LGR5+ in non-cancerous intestinal cells, HIEC-6. LGR5+ emergence downstream of peristalsis was dependent on ROCK and Wnt activity, and not YAP1 activation. Additionally, HCT116 cells adopted invasive morphologies when exposed to peristalsis, with increased filopodia density and epithelial to mesenchymal gene expression, in a Wnt dependent manner. Conclusions Peristalsis associated forces drive malignant progression of CRC via ROCK, YAP1, and Wnt-related mechanotransduction. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12195-023-00776-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail J. Clevenger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Maygan K. McFarlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Claudia A. Collier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Vibha S. Sheshadri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Anirudh K. Madyastha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - John Paul M. Gorley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Spencer C. Solberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
| | - Amber N. Stratman
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Shreya A. Raghavan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 5016 Emerging Technologies Building, 3120 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843 USA
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX USA
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4
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Li K, Wu R, Zhou M, Tong H, Luo KQ. Desmosomal proteins of DSC2 and PKP1 promote cancer cells survival and metastasis by increasing cluster formation in circulatory system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg7265. [PMID: 34586853 PMCID: PMC8480931 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To study how cancer cells can withstand fluid shear stress (SS), we isolated SS-resistant breast and lung cancer cells using a microfluidic circulatory system. These SS-resistant cells showed higher abilities to form clusters, survive in circulation, and metastasize in mice. These SS-resistant cells expressed 4.2- to 5.3-fold more desmocollin-2 (DSC2) and plakophilin-1 (PKP1) proteins. The high expression of DSC2 and PKP1 facilitated cancer cells to form clusters in circulation, and also activated PI3K/AKT/Bcl-2–mediated pathway to increase cell survival. The high levels of DSC2 and PKP1 are also important for maintaining high expression of vimentin, which stimulates fibronectin/integrin β1/FAK/Src/MEK/ERK/ZEB1–mediated metastasis. Moreover, higher levels of DSC2 and PKP1 were detected in tumor samples from patients with breast and lung cancer, and their high expression was correlated with lower overall survival and worse disease progression. DSC2 and PKP1 may serve as new biomarkers for detecting and targeting metastatic circulating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koukou Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Renfei Wu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Muya Zhou
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Haibo Tong
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Kathy Q. Luo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
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5
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Inside-out signaling through FAK-integrin axis may regulate circulating cancer cell metastatic adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:19795-19796. [PMID: 31488711 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904767116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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6
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More SK, Vomhof-Dekrey EE, Basson MD. ZINC4085554 inhibits cancer cell adhesion by interfering with the interaction of Akt1 and FAK. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:5251-5260. [PMID: 31186741 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Perioperative or circulatory forces enhance disseminated cancer cell adhesiveness by modulating focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-Akt1 interaction. Selectively blocking FAK-Akt1 interaction by a peptide derived from the FAK-Four-point-one, ezrin, radixin, moesin (FERM) domain reduces colon cancer cell adhesion in vitro and in mice. A preliminary in silico screening identified two small molecules resembling a peptide that may inhibit pressure-stimulated SW620 cancer cell adhesion to collagen I. The present study selected ZINC4085554 for further study to validate its proposed mechanism of action, using human SW620 colon cancer cells as a model system. At 25 and 50 µM, ZINC4085554 inhibited the pressure-stimulated adhesion of SW620 colon cancer cells to collagen I. This molecule prevented pressure-stimulated FAK-Tyr-397 phosphorylation; however, it did not affect Akt1-Ser-473 phosphorylation, indicating that ZINC4085554 acts downstream of Akt1, while Akt-Thr-308 remains unchanged in the presence of pressure and or ZINC4085554. Indeed, ZINC4085554 inhibited FAK-Akt1 interaction in response to increased extracellular pressure, consistent with the proposed mechanism. ZINC4085554 did not inhibit FAK-Tyr-397 phosphorylation in response to cell adhesion to collagen I, indicating the specificity of the inhibitory effects towards force-stimulated pathways. Finally, the present study confirmed that ZINC4085554 at 50 µM prevented pressure-activation of adhesion to surgical wounds in vivo in parallel to its ablation of intracellular signaling. In summary, ZINC4085554 is a small molecule mimicking part of the structure of FAK that reduces cancer cell adhesion by impairing pressure-stimulated FAK-Akt1 interaction and its downstream consequences. ZINC4085554 does not inhibit conventional outside-in FAK signaling and may be less toxic than global FAK inhibitors, and ZINC4085554 may be an important step towards the inhibition of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam K More
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Emilie E Vomhof-Dekrey
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
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Zeng B, Devadoss D, Wang S, Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Kuhn LA, Basson MD. Inhibition of pressure-activated cancer cell adhesion by FAK-derived peptides. Oncotarget 2017; 8:98051-98067. [PMID: 29228673 PMCID: PMC5716713 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Forces within the surgical milieu or circulation activate cancer cell adhesion and potentiate metastasis through signaling requiring FAK-Akt1 interaction. Impeding FAK-Akt1 interaction might inhibit perioperative tumor dissemination, facilitating curative cancer surgery without global FAK or AKT inhibitor toxicity. Serial truncation and structurally designed mutants of FAK identified a seven amino acid, short helical structure within FAK that effectively competes with Akt1-FAK interaction. Adenoviral overexpression of this FAK-derived peptide inhibited pressure-induced FAK phosphorylation and AKT-FAK coimmunoprecipitation in human SW620 colon cancer cells briefly exposed to 15mmHg increased pressure, consistent with laparoscopic or post-surgical pressures. Adenoviral FAK-derived peptide expression prevented pressure-activation of SW620 adhesion not only to collagen-I-coated plates but also to murine surgical wounds. A scrambled peptide did not. Finally, we modeled operative shedding of tumor cells before irrigation and closure by transient cancer cell adhesion to murine surgical wounds before irrigation and closure. Thirty minute preincubation of SW620 cells at 15mmHg increased pressure impaired subsequent tumor free survival in mice exposed to cells expressing the scrambled peptide. The FAK-derived sequence prevented this. These results suggest that blocking FAK-Akt1 interaction may prevent perioperative tumor dissemination and that analogs or mimics of this 7 amino acid FAK-derived peptide could impair metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bixi Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Dinesh Devadoss
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States
| | - Shouye Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States
| | - Emilie E Vomhof-DeKrey
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States
| | - Leslie A Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States.,Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Marc D Basson
- Department of Surgery, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States
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Investigation of biomimetic shear stress on cellular uptake and mechanism of polystyrene nanoparticles in various cancer cell lines. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1663-1670. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0847-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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9
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Kang T, Cho Y, Park C, Kim SD, Oh E, Cui JH, Cao QR, Lee BJ. Effect of biomimetic shear stress on intracellular uptake and cell-killing efficiency of doxorubicin in a free and liposomal formulation. Int J Pharm 2016; 510:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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10
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Fan R, Emery T, Zhang Y, Xia Y, Sun J, Wan J. Circulatory shear flow alters the viability and proliferation of circulating colon cancer cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27073. [PMID: 27255403 PMCID: PMC4891768 DOI: 10.1038/srep27073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
During cancer metastasis, circulating tumor cells constantly experience hemodynamic shear stress in the circulation. Cellular responses to shear stress including cell viability and proliferation thus play critical roles in cancer metastasis. Here, we developed a microfluidic approach to establish a circulatory microenvironment and studied circulating human colon cancer HCT116 cells in response to a variety of magnitude of shear stress and circulating time. Our results showed that cell viability decreased with the increase of circulating time, but increased with the magnitude of wall shear stress. Proliferation of cells survived from circulation could be maintained when physiologically relevant wall shear stresses were applied. High wall shear stress (60.5 dyne/cm(2)), however, led to decreased cell proliferation at long circulating time (1 h). We further showed that the expression levels of β-catenin and c-myc, proliferation regulators, were significantly enhanced by increasing wall shear stress. The presented study provides a new insight to the roles of circulatory shear stress in cellular responses of circulating tumor cells in a physiologically relevant model, and thus will be of interest for the study of cancer cell mechanosensing and cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Fan
- Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Travis Emery
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Yongguo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yuxuan Xia
- Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics/Materials Science and Engineering Program, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jiandi Wan
- Microsystems Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York, USA
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Baker-Groberg SM, Itakura A, Gruber A, McCarty OJT. Role of coagulation in the recruitment of colon adenocarcinoma cells to thrombus under shear. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 305:C951-9. [PMID: 23903698 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00185.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer metastases can appear on the peritoneum and in lymph nodes, liver, and lungs, suggesting both hematogenous and lymphatic spreading of the primary tumor. While antithrombotic agents have been shown to reduce both long-term incidence and metastasis, the role of coagulation in facilitating metastasis is ill defined. We investigated the kinetics and molecular mechanisms of metastatic colon adenocarcinoma cell recruitment to thrombi under shear flow, ex vivo. Platelet aggregates were formed by perfusing citrated anticoagulated whole blood over immobilized fibrinogen or fibrillar collagen. Thrombi were formed by perfusing recalcified whole blood over fibrinogen or fibrillar collagen in the presence of coagulation. Cultured colon adenocarcinoma cells (SW620) were perfused either during or following platelet aggregate or thrombus formation. The degree of transient tumor cell interactions (recruitment, rolling, and release) and the number of firmly adhered tumor cells were quantified using fluorescence microscopy. Platelet aggregates and thrombi formed on either fibrinogen- or fibrillar-collagen supported SW620 cell interactions and adhesion under shear. Thrombi or fibrin supported a greater degree of SW620 cell interactions and adhesion compared with platelet aggregates or fibrinogen, respectively, demonstrating that coagulation promoted SW620 cell recruitment under shear. Interestingly, in the absence of anticoagulation, we observed SW620 preferentially binding to thrombus-bound polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). The addition of purified PMNs to thrombi resulted in a doubling of the number of interacting and bound SW620 cells. Since thrombi often accumulate and activate leukocytes, our findings suggest that leukocytes may play a role in localizing metastases to sites of thrombogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Baker-Groberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; and
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12
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Avraham-Chakim L, Elad D, Zaretsky U, Kloog Y, Jaffa A, Grisaru D. Fluid-flow induced wall shear stress and epithelial ovarian cancer peritoneal spreading. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60965. [PMID: 23593358 PMCID: PMC3622607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is usually discovered after extensive metastasis have developed in the peritoneal cavity. The ovarian surface is exposed to peritoneal fluid pressures and shear forces due to the continuous peristaltic motions of the gastro-intestinal system, creating a mechanical micro-environment for the cells. An in vitro experimental model was developed to expose EOC cells to steady fluid flow induced wall shear stresses (WSS). The EOC cells were cultured from OVCAR-3 cell line on denuded amniotic membranes in special wells. Wall shear stresses of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 dyne/cm2 were applied on the surface of the cells under conditions that mimic the physiological environment, followed by fluorescent stains of actin and β-tubulin fibers. The cytoskeleton response to WSS included cell elongation, stress fibers formation and generation of microtubules. More cytoskeletal components were produced by the cells and arranged in a denser and more organized structure within the cytoplasm. This suggests that WSS may have a significant role in the mechanical regulation of EOC peritoneal spreading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Avraham-Chakim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Elad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Zaretsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoel Kloog
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ariel Jaffa
- Ultrasound Unit in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dan Grisaru
- Oncogynecology Unit, Lis Maternity Hospital, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail:
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13
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Barnes JM, Nauseef JT, Henry MD. Resistance to fluid shear stress is a conserved biophysical property of malignant cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50973. [PMID: 23226552 PMCID: PMC3513308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During metastasis, cancer cells enter the circulation in order to gain access to distant tissues, but how this fluid microenvironment influences cancer cell biology is poorly understood. A longstanding view is that circulating cancer cells derived from solid tissues may be susceptible to damage from hemodynamic shear forces, contributing to metastatic inefficiency. Here we report that compared to non-transformed epithelial cells, transformed cells are remarkably resistant to fluid shear stress (FSS) in a microfluidic protocol, exhibiting a biphasic decrease in viability when subjected to a series of millisecond pulses of high FSS. We show that magnitude of FSS resistance is influenced by several oncogenes, is an adaptive and transient response triggered by plasma membrane damage and requires extracellular calcium and actin cytoskeletal dynamics. This novel property of malignant cancer cells may facilitate hematogenous metastasis and indicates, contrary to expectations, that cancer cells are quite resistant to destruction by hemodynamic shear forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Matthew Barnes
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine and The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jones T. Nauseef
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine and The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine and The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Michael D. Henry
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine and The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine and The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine and The Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ishikawa T, Fujiwara H, Matsuki N, Yoshimoto T, Imai Y, Ueno H, Yamaguchi T. Asymmetry of blood flow and cancer cell adhesion in a microchannel with symmetric bifurcation and confluence. Biomed Microdevices 2011; 13:159-67. [PMID: 20960063 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-010-9481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bifurcations and confluences are very common geometries in biomedical microdevices. Blood flow at microchannel bifurcations has different characteristics from that at confluences because of the multiphase properties of blood. Using a confocal micro-PIV system, we investigated the behaviour of red blood cells (RBCs) and cancer cells in microchannels with geometrically symmetric bifurcations and confluences. The behaviour of RBCs and cancer cells was strongly asymmetric at bifurcations and confluences whilst the trajectories of tracer particles in pure water were almost symmetric. The cell-free layer disappeared on the inner wall of the bifurcation but increased in size on the inner wall of the confluence. Cancer cells frequently adhered to the inner wall of the bifurcation but rarely to other locations. Because the wall surface coating and the wall shear stress were almost symmetric for the bifurcation and the confluence, the result indicates that not only chemical mediation and wall shear stress but also microscale haemodynamics play important roles in the adhesion of cancer cells to the microchannel walls. These results provide the fundamental basis for a better understanding of blood flow and cell adhesion in biomedical microdevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Ishikawa
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan.
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15
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Wang S, Basson MD. Akt directly regulates focal adhesion kinase through association and serine phosphorylation: implication for pressure-induced colon cancer metastasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 300:C657-70. [PMID: 21209368 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00377.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Although focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is typically considered upstream of Akt, extracellular pressure stimulates cancer cell adhesion via Akt-dependent FAK activation. How Akt regulates FAK is unknown. We studied Akt-FAK interaction in colon cancer cells under 15 mmHg increased extracellular pressure. Pressure enhanced Akt-FAK association, blocked by inhibiting FAK or silencing Akt1 but not Akt2, and stimulated FAK serine phosphorylation in Caco-2 and human colon cancer cells from surgical specimens Akt1-dependently. FAK includes three serine (S517/601/695) and one threonine (T600)-containing consensus sequences for Akt phosphorylation. Studying S->A nonphosphorylatable point mutants suggests that these sites coordinately upregulate FAK Y397 tyrosine phosphorylation, which conventionally initiates FAK activation, and mediate pressure-induced cancer cell adhesion. FAK(T600A) mutation did not prevent pressure-induced FAK(Y397) phosphorylation or adhesion. Akt1 appeared to directly bind FAK, and this binding did not depend on the FAK autophosphorylation site (Y397). In addition, our results demonstrated that Akt phosphorylated FAK at three novel serine phosphorylation sites, which were also not required for FAK-Akt binding. This novel interaction suggests that FAK and Akt may be dual kinase targets to prevent cancer cell adhesion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouye Wang
- Dept. of Surgery, Michigan State Univ., 1200 East Michigan Ave., Suite No. 655, Lansing, MI 48912, USA
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Perry BC, Wang S, Basson MD. Extracellular pressure stimulates adhesion of sarcoma cells via activation of focal adhesion kinase and Akt. Am J Surg 2011; 200:610-4. [PMID: 21056138 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of extracellular pressure on adhesion and adhesiogenic focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Akt signaling in sarcomas was investigated. METHODS Human sarcoma cells (HT-1080 fibrosarcoma, KHOS-240S osteosarcoma, and A-673 rhabdomyosarcoma) were subjected to increased pressure followed by adhesion assay. Two cell lines were pretreated with the FAK inhibitor 1,2,4,5-benzenetetraamine tetrahydrochloride (Y15) or Akt IV inhibitor, followed by Western analysis for activated FAK and Akt. Parallel studies were conducted in cells from a resected human fibrous histiosarcoma. RESULTS Pressure increased adhesion in all 3 sarcoma lines and primary histosarcoma cells by 7% to 18% (n = 6; P < .01 each). Pressure activated FAK and Akt (n = 5; P < .01). Inhibiting FAK or Akt inhibited FAK or Akt phosphorylation and the stimulation of adhesion by increased pressure (n = 5 each; P < .01 each). CONCLUSIONS Pressure increases sarcoma cell adhesiveness via Akt and FAK. Perioperative manipulation or forces in lymphatic or circulatory systems may potentiate local recurrence or distant metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Perry
- Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, Lansing, 48912, USA
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Shen S, Fan J, Cai B, Lv Y, Zeng M, Hao Y, Giancotti FG, Fu BM. Vascular endothelial growth factor enhances cancer cell adhesion to microvascular endothelium in vivo. Exp Physiol 2009; 95:369-79. [PMID: 19880535 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2009.050260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) enhances cancer cell adhesion to normal microvessels, we used in vivo video microscopy to measure adhesion rates of MDA-MB-435s human breast cancer cells and ErbB2-transformed mouse mammary carcinomas in the postcapillary venules of rat mesentery. An individual postcapillary venule in the mesentery was injected via a glass micropipette with cancer cells either in a perfusate of mammalian Ringer solution containing 1% bovine serum albumin as a control, or with the addition of 1 nm VEGF for test measurements. Cell adhesion was measured as either the number of adherent cells or the fluorescence intensity of adherent cells in a vessel segment for 60 min. Our results showed that during both control and VEGF treatments, the number of adherent cells increased almost linearly with time over 60 min. The VEGF treatment increased the adhesion rates of human tumour cells and mouse carcinomas 1.9-fold and 1.8-fold, respectively, over those in control conditions. We also measured cancer cell adhesion after pretreatment of cells with an antibody blocking VEGF or an antibody blocking alpha 6 integrin, and pretreatment of the microvessel with VEGF receptor (KDR/Flk-1) inhibitor, SU1498, or anti-integrin extracellular matrix ligand antibody, anti-laminin-5. All antibodies and inhibitor significantly reduced adhesion, with anti-VEGF and SU1498 reducing it the most. Our results indicate that VEGF enhances cancer cell adhesion to the normal microvessel wall, and further suggest that VEGF and its receptor, KDR/Flk-1, as well as integrins of tumour cells and their ligands at the endothelium, contribute to mammary cancer cell adhesion to vascular endothelium in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454027, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
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Gayer CP, Basson MD. The effects of mechanical forces on intestinal physiology and pathology. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1237-44. [PMID: 19249356 PMCID: PMC2715958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial and non-epithelial cells of the intestinal wall experience a myriad of physical forces including strain, shear, and villous motility during normal gut function. Pathologic conditions alter these forces, leading to changes in the biology of these cells. The responses of intestinal epithelial cells to forces vary with both the applied force and the extracellular matrix proteins with which the cells interact, with differing effects on proliferation, differentiation, and motility, and the regulation of these effects involves similar but distinctly different signal transduction mechanisms. Although normal epithelial cells respond to mechanical forces, malignant gastrointestinal epithelial cells also respond to forces, most notably by increased cell adhesion, a critical step in tumor metastasis. This review will focus on the phenomenon of mechanical forces influencing cell biology and the mechanisms by which the gut responds these forces in both the normal as well as pathophysiologic states when forces are altered. Although more is known about epithelial responses to force, information regarding mechanosensitivity of vascular, neural, and endocrine cells within the gut wall will also be discussed, as will, the mechanism by which forces can regulate epithelial tumor cell adhesion.
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Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests tumor cell exposure to mechanical stimuli during the perioperative period as well as throughout the normal disease process may have a discernable impact on tumor metastasis and patient outcome. In vitro studies have demonstrated that transient exposure to increased extracellular pressure and shear forces modulates integrin binding affinity and stimulates cancer cell adhesion through a cytoskeleton- and focal adhesion complex-dependent signaling mechanism. More prolonged exposure to elevated pressures stimulates tumor cell proliferation by a distinct signaling pathway. Whether pressure effects on cell adhesion and proliferation pose biological ramifications in vivo remained unknown. We recently reported that pressure activation of malignant cells does indeed have a biological impact on surgical wound implantation, tumor development and tumor-free survival in a murine colon tumor model. Moreover, this effect can be disrupted by preoperative administration of colchicine. Taken together with previous work from our laboratory and others, these findings suggest that further elucidation of the mechanical signaling pathways governing pressure-stimulated tumor cell adhesion and proliferation may identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Craig
- Department of Surgery; Michigan State University; Lansing, Michigan USA
| | - Marc D. Basson
- Department of Surgery; Michigan State University; Lansing, Michigan USA
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Craig DH, Gayer CP, Schaubert KL, Wei Y, Li J, Laouar Y, Basson MD. Increased extracellular pressure enhances cancer cell integrin-binding affinity through phosphorylation of beta1-integrin at threonine 788/789. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 296:C193-204. [PMID: 19005162 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00355.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased extracellular pressure stimulates beta1-integrin-dependent cancer cell adhesion. We asked whether pressure-induced adhesion is mediated by changes in beta1-integrin binding affinity or avidity and whether these changes are phosphorylation dependent. We evaluated integrin affinity and clustering in human SW620 colon cancer cells by measuring differences in binding between soluble Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-Fc ligands and RGD-Fc-F(ab')2 multimeric complexes under ambient and 15-mmHg increased pressures. Phosphorylation of beta1-integrin S785 and T788/9 residues in SW620 and primary malignant colonocytes was assessed in parallel. We further used GD25-beta1-integrin-null murine fibroblasts stably transfected with either wild-type beta1A-integrin, S785A, TT788/9AA, or T788D mutants to investigate the role of beta1-integrin site-specific phosphorylation. SW620 binding of RGD-Fc-F(ab')2 multimeric complexes, but not soluble RGD-Fc ligands, was sensitive to integrin clustering. RGD-Fc ligand binding was significantly increased under elevated pressure, suggesting that pressure modulates beta1-integrin affinity. Pressure stimulated both beta1-integrin S785 and T788/9 phosphorylation. GD25-beta1A-integrin wild-type and S785A cells displayed an increase in adhesion to fibronectin under elevated pressure, an effect absent in beta1-integrin-null and TT788/9AA cells. T788D substitution significantly elevated basal cell adhesion but displayed no further increase under pressure. These results suggest pressure-induced cell adhesion is mediated by beta1-integrin T788/9 phosphorylation-dependent changes in integrin binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Craig
- Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, 4646 John R. Street, Detroit, MI 48201-1932, USA
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Craig DH, Owen CR, Conway WC, Walsh MF, Downey C, Basson MD. Colchicine inhibits pressure-induced tumor cell implantation within surgical wounds and enhances tumor-free survival in mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:3170-80. [PMID: 18704196 DOI: 10.1172/jci34279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Iatrogenic tumor cell implantation within surgical wounds can compromise curative cancer surgery. Adhesion of cancer cells, in particular colon cancer cells, is stimulated by exposure to increased extracellular pressure through a cytoskeleton-dependent signaling mechanism requiring FAK, Src, Akt, and paxillin. Mechanical stimuli during tumor resection may therefore negatively impact patient outcome. We hypothesized that perioperative administration of colchicine, which prevents microtubule polymerization, could disrupt pressure-stimulated tumor cell adhesion to surgical wounds and enhance tumor-free survival. Ex vivo treatment of Co26 and Co51 colon cancer cells with colchicine inhibited pressure-stimulated cell adhesion to murine surgical wounds and blocked pressure-induced FAK and Akt phosphorylation. Surgical wound contamination with pressure-activated Co26 and Co51 cells significantly reduced tumor-free survival compared with contamination with tumor cells under ambient pressure. Mice treated with pressure-activated Co26 and Co51 cells from tumors preoperatively treated with colchicine in vivo displayed reduced surgical site implantation and significantly increased tumor-free survival compared with mice exposed to pressure-activated cells from tumors not pretreated with colchicine. Our data suggest that pressure activation of malignant cells promotes tumor development and impairs tumor-free survival and that perioperative colchicine administration or similar interventions may inhibit this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Craig
- Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1932, USA
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Abstract
This article reviews recent advances in surgical techniques and adjuvant therapies for colorectal cancer, including total mesorectal excision, the resection of liver and lung metastasis and advances in chemoradiation and foreshadows some interventions that may lie just beyond the frontier. In particular, little is known about the intracellular and extracellular cascades that may influence colorectal cancer cell adhesion and metastasis. Although the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinases and focal adhesion associated proteins in response to integrin-mediated cell matrix binding (”outside in integrin signaling”) is well described, the stimulation of cell adhesion by intracellular signals activated by pressure prior to adhesion represents a different signal paradigm. However, several studies have suggested that increased pressure and shear stress activate cancer cell adhesion. Further studies of the pathways that regulate integrin-driven cancer cell adhesion may identify ways to disrupt these signals or block integrin-mediated adhesion so that adhesion and eventual metastasis can be prevented in the future.
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Is Src the key to understanding metastasis and developing new treatments for colon cancer? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:306-7. [PMID: 18477987 DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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SiRNA-mediated reduction of alpha-actinin-1 inhibits pressure-induced murine tumor cell wound implantation and enhances tumor-free survival. Neoplasia 2008; 10:217-22. [PMID: 18320066 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 12/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viable cancer cells can commonly be recovered from surgical sites and venous blood during tumor resection. The adhesion of these cells to surrounding tissues may impact patient outcomes. Iatrogenic exposure to increased extracellular pressure modulates integrin binding affinity and stimulates colon cancer cell adhesion in vitro through an alpha-actinin-1-dependent signaling pathway. We hypothesized that preoperative small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of alpha-actinin-1 in tumor tissue could disrupt pressure-stimulated cancer cell adhesion to murine surgical wounds and thereby enhance subsequent tumor-free survival. Reducing alpha-actinin-1 in CT26 murine adenocarcinoma cells blocked cell adhesion to collagen in vitro and similarly inhibited pressure-induced CT26 implantation in murine surgical wounds in vivo. Surgical wound contamination with pressure-activated CT26 cells significantly reduced tumor-free survival compared to contamination with tumor cells maintained under ambient pressure. However, mice treated with pressure-activated CT26 cells preoperatively transfected with alpha-actinin-1-specific small interfering RNA displayed reduced surgical site implantation and increased tumor-free survival compared to mice exposed to pressure-activated cells expressing normal levels of alpha-actinin-1 protein. These results suggest that pressure activation of malignant cells promotes tumor development and impairs tumor-free survival. alpha-Actinin-1 may be an effective therapeutic target to inhibit perioperative pressure-stimulated tumor cell implantation.
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Basson MD. An intracellular signal pathway that regulates cancer cell adhesion in response to extracellular forces. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2-4. [PMID: 18172287 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that tumor cells can regulate their own adhesion via intracellular signals that modulate integrin binding affinity. Although the full pathway has not yet been elucidated, the effects of pressure seem likely to require cytoskeletal mechanosensing, Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, focal adhesion kinase, and Akt-1 activation. Ultimately, activated focal adhesion kinase accumulates at the membrane in association with beta(1)-integrin heterodimers and may modulate integrin binding affinity. This pathway may be a promising target for manipulation to inhibit metastatic cancer cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Basson
- Surgical Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Department of Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1932, USA.
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Conway WC, Van der Voort van Zyp J, Thamilselvan V, Walsh MF, Crowe DL, Basson MD. Paxillin modulates squamous cancer cell adhesion and is important in pressure-augmented adhesion. J Cell Biochem 2006; 98:1507-16. [PMID: 16552730 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Paxillin is an adapter protein regulating signaling and focal adhesion assembly that has been linked to malignant potential in many malignancies. Overexpression of paxillin has been noted in aggressive tumors. Integrin-mediated binding through the focal adhesion complex is important in metastatic adhesion and is upregulated by extracellular pressure in malignant colonocytes through FAK and Src activation. Neither head and neck cancers nor paxillin have been studied in this regard. We hypothesized that paxillin would play a role in modulating squamous cancer adhesion both at baseline and under conditions of increased extracellular pressure. Using SCC25 tongue squamous cancer cells stably transfected with either an empty selection vector or paxillin expression and selection vectors, we studied adhesion to collagen, paxillin, FAK, and Src expression and phosphorylation in cells maintained for 30 min under ambient or 15 mmHg increased pressure conditions. Paxillin-overexpressing cells exhibited adhesion 121 +/- 2.9% of that observed in vector-only cells (n = 6, P < 0.001) under ambient pressure. Paxillin-overexpression reduced FAK phosphorylation. Pressure stimulated adhesion to 118 +/- 2.3% (n = 6, P < 0.001) of baseline in vector-only cells, similar to its effect in the parental line, and induced paxillin, FAK, and Src phosphorylation. However, increased pressure did not stimulate adhesion or phosphorylate paxillin, FAK, or Src further in paxillin-overexpressing cells. Metastasizing squamous cancer cell adhesiveness may be increased by paxillin-overexpression or by paxillin activation by extracellular pressure during surgical manipulation or growth within a constraining compartment. Targeting paxillin in patients with malignancy and minimal tumor manipulation during surgical resection may be important therapeutic adjuncts.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Conway
- Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center and Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201-1932, USA
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Downey C, Alwan K, Thamilselvan V, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Rishi AK, Basson MD. Pressure stimulates breast cancer cell adhesion independently of cell cycle and apoptosis regulatory protein (CARP)-1 regulation of focal adhesion kinase. Am J Surg 2006; 192:631-5. [PMID: 17071197 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2006] [Revised: 08/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pressure stimulates colon cancer adhesion via focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Extracellular pressures reaching 29 mm Hg have been reported in rapidly growing breast cancers, and tumors experience pressure during surgical manipulation. We hypothesized that pressure stimulates breast cancer adhesion and that CARP-1, which influences cancer biology, inhibits FAK, and modulates pressure effects. METHODS We compared MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells under ambient or 15-mm Hg increased pressure. We studied FAK-397 autophosphorylation, which parallels activation, after CARP-1 overexpression, and investigated whether CARP-1 stable overexpression or reduction alters pressure-stimulated adhesion. RESULTS Pressure increased MDA-MB-468 adhesion 25% (n = 30, P < .05). CARP-1 overexpression inhibited FAK-397 phosphorylation. However, pressure stimulated adhesion equivalently in CARP-1-overexpressing and CARP-1-reduced lines (n = 6, P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Pressure within proliferative tumors or during manipulation may activate breast cancer cells. Thus, inhibiting pressure signaling in rapidly growing breast tumors may be beneficial. CARP-1 does regulate FAK, but CARP-1 modulation does not alter pressure-stimulated adhesion. Targeting CARP-1 is unlikely to manipulate this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Downey
- Department of Surgery, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Wayne State University, 4646 John R Street, Detroit, MI 48201-1932, USA
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van der Voort van Zyp J, Conway WC, Thamilselvan V, Polin L, Basson MD. Divalent cations influence colon cancer cell adhesion in a murine transplantable tumor model. Am J Surg 2005; 190:701-7. [PMID: 16226943 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells adhere principally by integrins, matrix receptors that may be influenced by divalent cations. Surgical wound fluid is high in Mg2+ and low in Ca2+. We hypothesized that Mg+ and Mn2+ promote perioperative adhesion of shed cancer cells to surgical sites and that washing surgical wounds with Ca2+ inhibits implantation. METHODS We tested our hypothesis in a murine colon 26 adenocarcinoma model. We added 10 mmol/L CaCl2, 0.25 mmol/L MgCl2, or 0.5 mmol/L MnCl2 to suspended murine colon 26 cancer cells and placed these suspensions into wounds in anesthetized mice. After 30 minutes, we washed away nonadherent cells. In some studies, we 51Cr-labeled the cells and assayed tumor adhesion by wound radioactivity. In parallel studies, we closed the wounds and observed the mice for 90 days. RESULTS Mg2+ increased adhesion to 188% +/- 15% of control (n = 10, P < .001) and Mn2+ to 130% +/- 6% (n = 7, P < .001). However, Ca2+ inhibited adhesion to 61% +/- 12% (n = 7, P = .006) of control. Seventy-two percent of survival controls developed tumors during follow-up. Mg2+ and Mn2+ stimulated tumor formation to 96% and 92%, respectively, but adding Ca2+ to the wounds reduced subsequent tumor formation to 56% without altering serum Ca2+. The survival curves each differed significantly by log-rank test (P < .01 each). All pair-wise multiple comparisons were significant (Holm-Sidak, P < .05 each). CONCLUSION Thus, the high Mg2+ in endogenous wound fluid may potentiate tumor cell adhesion. However, 10 micromol/L Ca2+ inhibits cancer cell adhesion to murine wounds and subsequent tumor development. Irrigating with dilute CaCl2 could decrease local tumor recurrence by inhibiting the adhesion of shed tumor cells.
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Thamilselvan V, Basson MD. The role of the cytoskeleton in differentially regulating pressure-mediated effects on malignant colonocyte focal adhesion signaling and cell adhesion. Carcinogenesis 2005; 26:1687-97. [PMID: 15917311 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased extracellular pressure stimulates colon cancer cell adhesion by activating focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src. We investigated the role of the cytoskeleton in pressure-induced inside-out FAK and Src phosphorylation and pressure-stimulated adhesion. We perturbed actin polymerization with phalloidin, cytochalasin D and latrunculin B, and microtubule organization with colchicine and paclitaxol. We compared the effects of these agents on pressure-induced SW620 and human primary colon cancer cell adhesion and inside-out FAK/Src activation with outside-in adhesion-dependent FAK/Src activation. Cells pretreated with cytoskeletal inhibitors were subjected to 15 mmHg increased pressure and allowed to adhere to collagen I coated plates or prevented from adhesion to pacificated plates for 30 min. Phalloidin, cytochalasin D, latrunculin B and colchicine pretreatment completely prevented pressure-stimulated and significantly inhibited basal SW620 cell adhesion. Taxol did not inhibit pressure-induced colon cancer cell adhesion, but significantly lowered basal adhesion. Cytochalasin D and colchicine had similar effects in pressure-stimulated primary human malignant colonocytes. Phalloidin, cytochalasin D, latrunculin B and colchicine prevented pressure-induced SW620 FAK phosphorylation but not Src phosphorylation. FAK phosphorylation in response to collagen I adhesion was significantly attenuated but not completely prevented by these inhibitors. Although Src phosphorylation was not increased on adhesion, the cytoskeleton disrupting agents significantly lowered basal Src phosphorylation in adherent cells. These results suggest that both cytoskeleton-dependent FAK activation and cytoskeleton-independent Src activation may be required for extracellular pressure to stimulate colon cancer cell adhesion. Furthermore, the cytoskeleton plays a different role in pressure-activated FAK and Src signaling than in FAK and Src activation in adherent cells. We, therefore, hypothesize that cytoskeletal interactions with focal adhesion signals mediate the effects of extracellular pressure on colon cancer cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayalakshmi Thamilselvan
- Department of Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine and John D.Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4646 John R. Street, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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