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Abstract
Angiogenesis and inflammation are hallmarks of cancer. Arachidonic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are primarily metabolized by three distinct enzymatic systems initiated by cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) to generate bioactive eicosanoids, including prostanoids, leukotrienes, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. As some of the PUFA metabolites playing essential roles in inflammatory processes, these pathways have been widely studied as therapeutic targets of inflammation. Because of their anti-inflammatory effects, these pathways were also proposed as anti-cancer targets. However, although the eicosanoids were linked to endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis almost two decades ago, it is only recently PUFA metabolites, especially those generated by CYP enzymes and the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), have been recognized as important signaling mediators in physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Despite the fact that tumor growth and invasion are heavily dependent on inner-tumor angiogenesis and influenced by vascular stability, the role played by PUFA metabolites in tumor angiogenesis and vessel integrity has been largely overlooked. This review highlights current knowledge on the function of PUFA metabolites generated by the CYP/sEH pathway in angiogenesis and vascular stability as well as their potential involvement in cancer development.
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Nakayama Y, Takai H, Matsui S, Matsumura H, Zhou L, Kato A, Ganss B, Ogata Y. Proinflammatory cytokines induce amelotin transcription in human gingival fibroblasts. J Oral Sci 2016; 56:261-8. [PMID: 25500923 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.56.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Amelotin (AMTN) is a secreted protein transcribed predominantly during the maturation stage of enamel formation and localized in the junctional epithelium. We investigated differences in the levels of AMTN gene expression between non-inflamed gingiva and inflamed gingiva from patients with chronic periodontitis. Total RNAs were isolated from these tissues and their gene expression profiles were monitored by DNA microarray. The observed induction of AMTN mRNA in inflamed gingiva and cultured human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) was confirmed by real-time PCR. Transient transfection assays were performed using chimeric constructs of mouse AMTN gene promoter fragments linked to a luciferase reporter gene. Immunohistochemical localization of AMTN in inflamed and non-inflamed gingiva was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Among many differentially expressed genes, the level of AMTN mRNA was significantly increased in inflamed gingiva. Treatment of HGF with interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induced the expression of AMTN mRNA, and increased the luciferase activities of the AMTN promoter constructs. AMTN protein was detected in inflamed gingival connective tissue and junctional epithelium. These findings demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines induce AMTN gene expression in human gingival fibroblasts and suggest a role for AMTN in gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
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Ogata Y, Matsui S, Kato A, Zhou L, Nakayama Y, Takai H. MicroRNA expression in inflamed and noninflamed gingival tissues from Japanese patients. J Oral Sci 2014; 56:253-60. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.56.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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PARK YUKYOUNG, JANG BYEONGCHURL, CHOI MISUN. Platelet-derived growth factor-D induces expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat mesangial cells through activation of PI3K/PKB and PKCs. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:447-52. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Mallawaaratchy DM, Mactier S, Kaufman KL, Blomfield K, Christopherson RI. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002, decreases aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, chaperones and glycolytic enzymes in human HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. J Proteomics 2011; 75:1590-9. [PMID: 22172953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The proposed anticancer drug LY294002, inhibits phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) that initiates a signalling pathway often activated in colorectal cancer (CRC). The effects of LY294002 (10 μM, 48 h) on the cytosolic, mitochondrial and nuclear proteomes of human HT-29 CRC cells have been determined using iTRAQ (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Analysis of cells treated with LY294002 identified 26 differentially abundant proteins that indicate several mechanisms of action. The majority of protein changes were directly or indirectly associated with Myc and TNF-α, previously implicated in CRC progression. LY294002 decreased the levels of 6 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (average 0.39-fold) required for protein translation, 5 glycolytic enzymes (average 0.37-fold) required for ATP synthesis, and 3 chaperones required for protein folding. There was a 3.2-fold increase in lysozyme C involved in protein-glycoside hydrolysis. LY294002 increased cytosolic p53 with a concomitant decrease in nuclear p53, suggesting transfer of p53 to the cytosol where apoptosis might be initiated via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway. Protein changes described here suggest that the anti-angiogenic effects of LY294002 may be related to p53; the mutational status of p53 in CRC may be an important determinant of the efficacy of PI3K inhibitors for treatment.
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Bradykinin promotes TLR2 expression in human gingival fibroblasts. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:2079-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Histamine promotes the expression of receptors TLR2 and TLR4 and amplifies sensitivity to lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid treatment in human gingival fibroblasts. Cell Biol Int 2011; 35:1009-17. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20100624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nakao S, Moriyama S, Segawa M, Guo MY, Sugiya H. C2-ceramide inhibits the prostaglandin E2-induced accumulation of cAMP in human gingival fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 31:97-103. [PMID: 20460737 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.31.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ceramide is generated by the hydrolysis of membrane sphingomyelin by sphingomyelinase and is implicated in multiple signaling pathways, including those regulating differentiation, inflammation and immune responses. Excess formation of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) is thought to increase susceptibility to infection, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammation, including periodontal diseases. We investigated the inhibitory effect of C(2)-ceramide, a short-chain ceramide analog, on the PGE(2)-stimulated accumulation of cAMP in human gingival fibroblasts. In human gingival fibroblasts pre-treated with C(2)-ceramide for 18 h, the PGE(2)-stimulated accumulation of cAMP was reduced, but an inactive C(2)-ceramide analog had no such effect. The accumulation of cAMP induced by EP2 and EP4 receptor agonists (ONO-AE1-259 and ONO-AE1-329, respectively) was inhibited in cells treated with C(2)-ceramide. However, treatment with C(2)-ceramide had no effect on the expression of mRNAs encoding the EP2 and EP4 receptors. Accumulation of cAMP could be induced by cAMP-elevating agents (forskolin, isobutylmethylxanthine and mastparan) but was not reduced by treatment with C(2)-ceramide. These observations suggest that C(2)-ceramide attenuates PGE(2) receptor function and consequently inhibits the accumulation of cAMP in human gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Nakao
- Department of Oral Molecular Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan.
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Nakao S, Inoue D. Involvement of protein kinase C in IL-1beta-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human gingival fibroblasts. J Oral Sci 2010; 51:417-23. [PMID: 19776509 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.51.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) stimulates expression of the highly inducible enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) via activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NFkappaB), and consequently provokes prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis, which induces inflammatory responses. In this study, the contribution of protein kinase C (PKC) to IL-1beta-induced PGE(2) synthesis in human gingival fibroblasts was investigated. The PKC activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) stimulated PGE(2) release and COX-2 mRNA expression, as shown in human gingival fibroblasts stimulated by IL-1beta. However, PMA showed only a weak effect on the formation of COX-2-NFkappaB DNA-protein complex, whereas IL-1beta had a clearly stimulatory effect. In cells in which PMA-dependent PKC was down-regulated, PMA failed to induce the formation of NFkappaB DNA-protein complex and reduced the release of PMA-induced PGE(2), whereas IL-1beta stimulated the formation of COX-2-NFkappaB DNA-protein complex and PGE(2) release. The atypical PKC (aPKC) inhibitor Gö6983 clearly suppressed the formation of COX-2-NFkappaB DNA-protein complex and PGE(2) release stimulated by IL-1beta but not the inhibitor of conventional PKC (cPKC) and the novel PKC (nPKC) inhibitor Gö6976. These observations suggest that aPKC is involved in IL-1beta-induced PGE(2) synthesis, which is controlled by transcription of the COX-2 gene via the NFkappaB-dependent pathway in human gingival fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Nakao
- Department of Oral Molecular Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Japan.
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Baglole CJ, Ray DM, Bernstein SH, Feldon SE, Smith TJ, Sime PJ, Phipps RP. More Than Structural Cells, Fibroblasts Create and Orchestrate the Tumor Microenvironment. Immunol Invest 2009; 35:297-325. [PMID: 16916756 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600754960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment comprises many cell types including infiltrating immune cells such as lymphocytes, endothelial cells and a complex stroma consisting mainly of fibroblasts. Fibroblasts are heterogeneous and consist of Thy-1+ and Thy-1- subsets that define different biosynthetic and differentiation potential. They produce mediators linked to carcinogenesis and metastasis, including Cox-2 and PGE2, both of which are also increased in most cancers. This review will highlight the emerging role of the complex fibroblastic stroma in establishing a microenvironment supporting malignant transformation, tumor growth and attenuation of host anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Baglole
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, and Lymphoma Biology Program, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Nakao S, Ogata Y, Sugiya H. Nicotine stimulates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA via NFkappaB activation in human gingival fibroblasts. Arch Oral Biol 2009; 54:251-7. [PMID: 19147120 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 11/18/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, a major component in tobacco smoke, stimulates the synthesis of prostaglandin E(2). We investigated the involvement of the transcription nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) in the nicotine-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme for prostaglandin synthesis, in human gingival fibroblasts. Nicotine-stimulated release of prostaglandin E(2) and expression of COX-2 mRNA in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The nicotine-stimulated release of prostaglandin E(2) and expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein were inhibited by an NFkappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), by approximately 50%. Nicotine stimulation of IkappaBalpha, an inhibitor of NFkappaB degradation, was also characterized by Western blotting. Mecamylamine, a specific antagonist of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, failed to inhibit the effect of nicotine on prostaglandin E(2) release. When human gingival fibroblasts were incubated with [3H]-nicotine, uptake of nicotine was observed. These results suggest that nicotine is taken up by human gingival fibroblasts and that it then stimulates COX-2 expression via the activation of NFkappaB and the subsequent release of prostaglandin E(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumi Nakao
- Department of Oral Molecular Pharmacology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan.
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Siegel B, Weihe E, Bette M, Nüsing RM, Flores-de-Jacoby L, Mengel R. The effect of age on prostaglandin-synthesizing enzymes in the development of gingivitis. J Periodontal Res 2007; 42:259-66. [PMID: 17451546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2006.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the expression of cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, cyclooxygenase-3, and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 in young and elderly subjects. MATERIAL AND METHODS Periodontally healthy subjects were divided into young (18-30 years, n = 7) and elderly (46-77 years, n = 7). A gingival biopsy was taken at baseline. After experimental gingivitis, clinical examination was repeated and a second biopsy was taken. The expression of cyclooxygenase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, cyclooxygenase-3, and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 was analyzed by means of immunohistochemistry. RESULTS In both healthy age groups, cyclooxygenase-1 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 were expressed in epithelial cells, endothelial cells and fibroblast-like connective tissue cells. Cyclooxygenase-1 was found in Langerhans' cells of the epithelium. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression was observed in cells exhibiting the morphology of epithelial mitosis cells, and the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in periodontally healthy elderly subjects was significantly lower (p < or = 0.05). Following experimental gingivitis, cyclooxygenase-1 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 expression did not change. However, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 was significantly increased in both age groups (p < or = 0.05). Cyclooxygenase-3 was not detected in any group investigated. CONCLUSION Cyclooxygenase-1 and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 were expressed constitutively in gingival tissue, and expression was unaffected by age or inflammation states. In contrast, the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 was weaker in elderly subjects. In the course of experimental gingivitis, cyclooxygenase-2 was induced in both age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Siegel
- Department of Periodontology, Philips University, Maarburg, Germany
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Tammali R, Ramana KV, Srivastava SK. Aldose reductase regulates TNF-alpha-induced PGE2 production in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2007; 252:299-306. [PMID: 17300864 PMCID: PMC1945127 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha play an important role in the pathophysiology of diseases such as Crohn's and ulcerative colitis which cause increased risk of colorectal cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying colon carcinogenesis are not well understood. Herein we report that inhibition/antisense abolition of polyol pathway enzyme, aldose reductase (AR) inhibited the TNF-alpha-induced synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and the activity of cyclooxygenase (Cox) in human colon cancer cells, Caco-2. Inhibition of AR prevented TNF-alpha-induced activation of PKC and NF-kappaB which resulted in the abrogation of Cox-2 mRNA and protein expression. These results suggest that inhibition of AR could be a novel chemopreventive approach to colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Tammali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd. 6.644 Basic Science Bldg., Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA
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KAMIO N, HASHIZUME H, NAKAO S, MATSUSHIMA K, SUGIYA H. IL-1β stimulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator expression and secretion in human dental pulp cells. Biomed Res 2007; 28:315-22. [DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.28.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tammali R, Ramana KV, Singhal SS, Awasthi S, Srivastava SK. Aldose Reductase Regulates Growth Factor-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression and Prostaglandin E2 Production in Human Colon Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9705-13. [PMID: 17018629 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs reduces the progression of colon cancer. Inhibition of aldose reductase (AR; EC. 1.1.1.21.) by sorbinil or by antisense ablation prevented fibroblast growth factor-induced and platelet-derived growth factor-induced up-regulation of PGE(2) synthesis in human colon cancer cells, Caco-2. AR besides reducing aldo-sugars efficiently reduces toxic lipid aldehydes and their conjugates with glutathione. Inhibition of AR prevented growth factor-induced COX-2 activity, protein, and mRNA and significantly decreased activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and protein kinase C (PKC) and phosphorylation of PKC-beta2 as well as progression of Caco-2 cell growth but had no effect on COX-1 activity. Cell cycle analysis suggests that inhibition of AR prevents growth factor-induced proliferation of Caco-2 cells at S phase. Treatment of Caco-2 cells with the most abundant and toxic lipid aldehyde 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal (HNE) or its glutathione-conjugate [glutathionyl-HNE (GS-HNE)] or AR-catalyzed product of GS-HNE, glutathionyl-1,4-dihydroxynonane (GS-DHN), resulted in increased COX-2 expression and PGE(2) production. Inhibition of AR prevented HNE- or GS-HNE-induced but not GS-DHN-induced up-regulation of COX-2 and PGE(2). More importantly, in vivo studies showed that administration of AR-small interfering RNA (siRNA), but not control siRNA, to nude mice bearing SW480 human colon adenocarcinoma cells completely arrested tumor progression. Collectively, these observations suggest that AR is an obligatory mediator of growth factor-induced up-regulation of COX-2, PGE(2), and growth of Caco-2 cells, indicating that inhibition of AR may be a novel therapeutic approach in preventing the progression of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Tammali
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0647, USA
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