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Olson WJ, Jakic B, Hermann‐Kleiter N. Regulation of the germinal center response by nuclear receptors and implications for autoimmune diseases. FEBS J 2020; 287:2866-2890. [PMID: 32246891 PMCID: PMC7497069 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The immune system plays an essential role in protecting the host from infectious diseases and cancer. Notably, B and T lymphocytes from the adaptive arm of the immune system can co-operate to form long-lived antibody responses and are therefore the main target in vaccination approaches. Nevertheless, protective immune responses must be tightly regulated to avoid hyper-responsiveness and responses against self that can result in autoimmunity. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are perfectly adapted to rapidly alter transcriptional cellular responses to altered environmental settings. Their functional role is associated with both immune deficiencies and autoimmunity. Despite extensive linking of nuclear receptor function with specific CD4 T helper subsets, research on the functional roles and mechanisms of specific NRs in CD4 follicular T helper cells (Tfh) and germinal center (GC) B cells during the germinal center reaction is just emerging. We review recent advances in our understanding of NR regulation in specific cell types of the GC response and discuss their implications for autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Olson
- Translational Cell GeneticsDepartment of Pharmacology and GeneticsMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
| | - Bojana Jakic
- Translational Cell GeneticsDepartment of Pharmacology and GeneticsMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and PathologyUppsala UniversitySweden
| | - Natascha Hermann‐Kleiter
- Translational Cell GeneticsDepartment of Pharmacology and GeneticsMedical University of InnsbruckAustria
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2
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Yamamoto EA, Nguyen JK, Liu J, Keller E, Campbell N, Zhang CJ, Smith HR, Li X, Jørgensen TN. Low Levels of Vitamin D Promote Memory B Cells in Lupus. Nutrients 2020; 12:E291. [PMID: 31978964 PMCID: PMC7070834 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a known risk factor for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), yet clinical trials have not demonstrated efficacy and few studies have utilized lupus models to understand the mechanism underlying this relationship. The Act1-/- mouse is a spontaneous model of lupus and Sjögren's syndrome, characterized by increased Th17 cells and peripheral B cell expansion. Vitamin D3 has anti-inflammatory properties, reduces Th17 cells and impairs B cell differentiation/activation. Therefore, we assessed how varying amounts of vitamin D3 affected lupus-like disease in the Act1-/- mouse. Methods: Act1-/- mice were fed either low/restricted (0 IU/kg), normal (2 IU/kg), or high/supplemented (10 IU/kg) vitamin D3 chow for 9 weeks, after which lupus-like features were analyzed. Results: While we found no differences in Th17 cells between vitamin D3 groups, vitamin D3 restriction specifically promoted memory B cell development, accompanied by elevated levels of serum IgM, IgG1, IgG3, and anti-dsDNA IgG. A similar significant negative association between serum vitamin D and memory B cells was confirmed in a cohort of SLE patients. Conclusion: Low levels of vitamin D3 are associated with elevated levels of memory B cells in an animal model of lupus and well-controlled SLE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin A. Yamamoto
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jane K. Nguyen
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jessica Liu
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Emma Keller
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Nicole Campbell
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Cun-Jin Zhang
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Howard R. Smith
- Department of Rheumatologic and Immunologic Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Li
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Trine N Jørgensen
- Lerner Research Institute, Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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3
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Yamamoto E, Jørgensen TN. Immunological effects of vitamin D and their relations to autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2019; 100:7-16. [PMID: 30853311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is an established risk factor for many autoimmune diseases and the anti-inflammatory properties of vitamin D underscore its potential therapeutic value for these diseases. However, results of vitamin D3 supplementation clinical trials have been varied. To understand the clinical heterogeneity, we reviewed the pre-clinical data on vitamin D activity in four common autoimmune diseases: multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), in which patients are commonly maintained on oral vitamin D3 supplementation. In contrast, many pre-clinical studies utilize other methods of manipulation (i.e. genetic, injection). Given the many actions of vitamin D3 and data supporting a vitamin D-independent role of the Vitamin D receptor (VDR), a more detailed mechanistic understanding of vitamin D3 activity is needed to properly translate pre-clinical findings into the clinic. Therefore, we assessed studies based on route of vitamin D3 administration, and identified where discrepancies in results exist and where more research is needed to establish the benefit of vitamin D supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Yamamoto
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Trine N Jørgensen
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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4
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Miura Y, Morooka M, Sax N, Roychoudhuri R, Itoh-Nakadai A, Brydun A, Funayama R, Nakayama K, Satomi S, Matsumoto M, Igarashi K, Muto A. Bach2 Promotes B Cell Receptor-Induced Proliferation of B Lymphocytes and Represses Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:2882-2893. [PMID: 29540581 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BTB and CNC homology 2 (Bach2) is a transcriptional repressor that is required for the formation of the germinal center (GC) and reactions, including class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation of Ig genes in B cells, within the GC. Although BCR-induced proliferation is essential for GC reactions, the function of Bach2 in regulating B cell proliferation has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate that Bach2 is required to sustain high levels of B cell proliferation in response to BCR signaling. Following BCR engagement in vitro, B cells from Bach2-deficient (Bach2-/-) mice showed lower incorporation of BrdU and reduced cell cycle progression compared with wild-type cells. Bach2-/- B cells also underwent increased apoptosis, as evidenced by an elevated frequency of sub-G1 cells and early apoptotic cells. Transcriptome analysis of BCR-engaged B cells from Bach2-/- mice revealed reduced expression of the antiapoptotic gene Bcl2l1 encoding Bcl-xL and elevated expression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) family genes, including Cdkn1a, Cdkn2a, and Cdkn2b Reconstitution of Bcl-xL expression partially rescued the proliferation defect of Bach2-/- B cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Bach2 bound to the CKI family genes, indicating that these genes are direct repression targets of Bach2. These findings identify Bach2 as a requisite factor for sustaining high levels of BCR-induced proliferation, survival, and cell cycle progression, and it promotes expression of Bcl-xL and repression of CKI genes. BCR-induced proliferation defects may contribute to the impaired GC formation observed in Bach2-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mizuho Morooka
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nicolas Sax
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, The Babraham Institute, CB22 3AT Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ari Itoh-Nakadai
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Andrey Brydun
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Department of Cell Proliferation, United Center for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Susumu Satomi
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; and
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Akihiko Muto
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan;
- Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; and
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5
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Afzali B, Grönholm J, Vandrovcova J, O’Brien C, Sun HW, Vanderleyden I, Davis FP, Khoder A, Zhang Y, Hegazy AN, Villarino AV, Palmer IW, Kaufman J, Watts NR, Kazemian M, Kamenyeva O, Keith J, Sayed A, Kasperaviciute D, Mueller M, Hughes JD, Fuss IJ, Sadiyah MF, Montgomery-Recht K, McElwee J, Restifo NP, Strober W, Linterman MA, Wingfield PT, Uhlig HH, Roychoudhuri R, Aitman TJ, Kelleher P, Lenardo MJ, O’Shea JJ, Cooper N, Laurence ADJ. BACH2 immunodeficiency illustrates an association between super-enhancers and haploinsufficiency. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:813-823. [PMID: 28530713 PMCID: PMC5593426 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional programs that guide lymphocyte differentiation depend on the precise expression and timing of transcription factors (TFs). The TF BACH2 is essential for T and B lymphocytes and is associated with an archetypal super-enhancer (SE). Single-nucleotide variants in the BACH2 locus are associated with several autoimmune diseases, but BACH2 mutations that cause Mendelian monogenic primary immunodeficiency have not previously been identified. Here we describe a syndrome of BACH2-related immunodeficiency and autoimmunity (BRIDA) that results from BACH2 haploinsufficiency. Affected subjects had lymphocyte-maturation defects that caused immunoglobulin deficiency and intestinal inflammation. The mutations disrupted protein stability by interfering with homodimerization or by causing aggregation. We observed analogous lymphocyte defects in Bach2-heterozygous mice. More generally, we observed that genes that cause monogenic haploinsufficient diseases were substantially enriched for TFs and SE architecture. These findings reveal a previously unrecognized feature of SE architecture in Mendelian diseases of immunity: heterozygous mutations in SE-regulated genes identified by whole-exome/genome sequencing may have greater significance than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behdad Afzali
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section (Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch), Biodata Mining and Discovery Section and Protein Expression Laboratory, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King’s College London, UK
| | - Juha Grönholm
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, Biological Imaging Section (Research Technologies Branch) and Mucosal Immunity Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jana Vandrovcova
- Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section (Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch), Biodata Mining and Discovery Section and Protein Expression Laboratory, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ine Vanderleyden
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Fred P Davis
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section (Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch), Biodata Mining and Discovery Section and Protein Expression Laboratory, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ahmad Khoder
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Yu Zhang
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, Biological Imaging Section (Research Technologies Branch) and Mucosal Immunity Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Ahmed N Hegazy
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Alejandro V Villarino
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section (Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch), Biodata Mining and Discovery Section and Protein Expression Laboratory, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ira W Palmer
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section (Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch), Biodata Mining and Discovery Section and Protein Expression Laboratory, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Kaufman
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section (Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch), Biodata Mining and Discovery Section and Protein Expression Laboratory, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Norman R Watts
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section (Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch), Biodata Mining and Discovery Section and Protein Expression Laboratory, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, Biological Imaging Section (Research Technologies Branch) and Mucosal Immunity Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Julia Keith
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Anwar Sayed
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Michael Mueller
- Imperial BRC Genomics Facility Hammersmith hospital, Du Cane road, London, UK
| | - Jason D. Hughes
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ivan J. Fuss
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, Biological Imaging Section (Research Technologies Branch) and Mucosal Immunity Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Mohammed F Sadiyah
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kim Montgomery-Recht
- Clinical Research Directorate/CMRP, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., NCI at Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Joshua McElwee
- Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Restifo
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Warren Strober
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, Biological Imaging Section (Research Technologies Branch) and Mucosal Immunity Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul T Wingfield
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section (Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch), Biodata Mining and Discovery Section and Protein Expression Laboratory, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Holm H Uhlig
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Rahul Roychoudhuri
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signaling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Timothy J. Aitman
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, NIAID Clinical Genomics Program, Biological Imaging Section (Research Technologies Branch) and Mucosal Immunity Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - John J O’Shea
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section (Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch), Biodata Mining and Discovery Section and Protein Expression Laboratory, National Institutes of Arthritis, and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Arian DJ Laurence
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Department of Haematology Northern Centre for Cancer Care, Freeman road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Ruer-Laventie J, Simoni L, Schickel JN, Soley A, Duval M, Knapp AM, Marcellin L, Lamon D, Korganow AS, Martin T, Pasquali JL, Soulas-Sprauel P. Overexpression of Fkbp11, a feature of lupus B cells, leads to B cell tolerance breakdown and initiates plasma cell differentiation. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2015; 3:265-79. [PMID: 26417441 PMCID: PMC4578525 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a severe systemic autoimmune disease, characterized by multi-organ damages, triggered by an autoantibody-mediated inflammation, and with a complex genetic influence. It is today accepted that adult SLE arises from the building up of many subtle gene variations, each one adding a new brick on the SLE susceptibility and contributing to a phenotypic trait to the disease. One of the ways to find these gene variations consists in comprehensive analysis of gene expression variation in a precise cell type, which can constitute a good complementary strategy to genome wide association studies. Using this strategy, and considering the central role of B cells in SLE, we analyzed the B cell transcriptome of quiescent SLE patients, and identified an overexpression of FKBP11, coding for a cytoplasmic putative peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase and chaperone enzyme. To understand the consequences of FKBP11 overexpression on B cell function and on autoimmunity's development, we created lentiviral transgenic mice reproducing this gene expression variation. We showed that high expression of Fkbp11 reproduces by itself two phenotypic traits of SLE in mice: breakdown of B cell tolerance against DNA and initiation of plasma cell differentiation by acting upstream of Pax5 master regulator gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Ruer-Laventie
- CNRS UPR3572, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis Strasbourg, F-67084, France
| | - Léa Simoni
- CNRS UPR3572, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis Strasbourg, F-67084, France
| | - Jean-Nicolas Schickel
- CNRS UPR3572, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis Strasbourg, F-67084, France
| | - Anne Soley
- CNRS UPR3572, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis Strasbourg, F-67084, France ; Université de Strasbourg, UFR Médecine Strasbourg, F-67085, France
| | - Monique Duval
- CNRS UPR3572, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis Strasbourg, F-67084, France
| | - Anne-Marie Knapp
- CNRS UPR3572, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis Strasbourg, F-67084, France ; Université de Strasbourg, UFR Médecine Strasbourg, F-67085, France
| | - Luc Marcellin
- Department of Anatomopathology, H, ô, pitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg F-67085, France
| | - Delphine Lamon
- CNRS UPR3572, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis Strasbourg, F-67084, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Korganow
- CNRS UPR3572, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis Strasbourg, F-67084, France ; Université de Strasbourg, UFR Médecine Strasbourg, F-67085, France ; Department of Clinical Immunology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg F-67085, France
| | - Thierry Martin
- CNRS UPR3572, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis Strasbourg, F-67084, France ; Université de Strasbourg, UFR Médecine Strasbourg, F-67085, France ; Department of Clinical Immunology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg F-67085, France
| | - Jean-Louis Pasquali
- CNRS UPR3572, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis Strasbourg, F-67084, France ; Université de Strasbourg, UFR Médecine Strasbourg, F-67085, France ; Department of Clinical Immunology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg F-67085, France
| | - Pauline Soulas-Sprauel
- CNRS UPR3572, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Immunopathologie et Chimie Thérapeutique/Laboratory of Excellence Medalis Strasbourg, F-67084, France ; Department of Clinical Immunology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg F-67085, France ; Université de Strasbourg, UFR Sciences Pharmaceutiques Illkirch, F-67401, France
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7
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Chun RF, Liu PT, Modlin RL, Adams JS, Hewison M. Impact of vitamin D on immune function: lessons learned from genome-wide analysis. Front Physiol 2014; 5:151. [PMID: 24795646 PMCID: PMC4000998 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulatory responses to the active form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 1,25D) have been recognized for many years, but it is only in the last 5 years that the potential role of this in normal human immune function has been recognized. Genome-wide analyses have played a pivotal role in redefining our perspective on vitamin D and immunity. The description of increased vitamin D receptor (VDR) and 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) expression in macrophages following a pathogen challenge, has underlined the importance of intracrine vitamin D as key mediator of innate immune function. It is now clear that both macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) are able to respond to 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D), the major circulating vitamin D metabolite, thereby providing a link between the function of these cells and the variations in vitamin D status common to many humans. The identification of hundreds of primary 1,25D target genes in immune cells has also provided new insight into the role of vitamin D in the adaptive immune system, such as the modulation of antigen-presentation and T cells proliferation and phenotype, with the over-arching effects being to suppress inflammation and promote immune tolerance. In macrophages 1,25D promotes antimicrobial responses through the induction of antibacterial proteins, and stimulation of autophagy and autophagosome activity. In this way variations in 25D levels have the potential to influence both innate and adaptive immune responses. More recent genome-wide analyses have highlighted how cytokine signaling pathways can influence the intracrine vitamin D system and either enhance or abrogate responses to 25D. The current review will discuss the impact of intracrine vitamin D metabolism on both innate and adaptive immunity, whilst introducing the concept of disease-specific corruption of vitamin D metabolism and how this may alter the requirements for vitamin D in maintaining a healthy immune system in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene F. Chun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Philip T. Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John S. Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin Hewison
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Bergkvist KS, Nyegaard M, Bøgsted M, Schmitz A, Bødker JS, Rasmussen SM, Perez-Andres M, Falgreen S, Bilgrau AE, Kjeldsen MK, Gaihede M, Nørgaard MA, Bæch J, Grønholdt ML, Jensen FS, Johansen P, Dybkær K, Johnsen HE. Validation and implementation of a method for microarray gene expression profiling of minor B-cell subpopulations in man. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:3. [PMID: 24483235 PMCID: PMC3937209 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-15-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This report describes a method for the generation of global gene expression profiles from low frequent B-cell subsets by using fluorescence-activated cell sorting and RNA amplification. However, some of the differentiating compartments involve a low number of cells and therefore it is important to optimize and validate each step in the procedure. METHODS Normal lymphoid tissues from blood, tonsils, thymus and bone marrow were immunophenotyped by the 8-colour Euroflow panel using multiparametric flow cytometry. Subsets of B-cells containing cell numbers ranging from 800 to 33,000 and with frequencies varying between 0.1 and 10 percent were sorted, subjected to mRNA purification, amplified by the NuGEN protocol and finally analysed by the Affymetrix platform. RESULTS Following a step by step strategy, each step in the workflow was validated and the sorting/storage conditions optimized as described in this report. First, an analysis of four cancer cell lines on Affymetrix arrays, using either 100 ng RNA labelled with the Ambion standard protocol or 1 ng RNA amplified and labelled by the NuGEN protocol, revealed a significant correlation of gene expressions (r ≥ 0.9 for all). Comparison of qPCR data in samples with or without amplification for 8 genes showed that a relative difference between six cell lines was preserved (r ≥ 0.9). Second, a comparison of cells sorted into PrepProtect, RNAlater or directly into lysis/binding buffer showed a higher yield of purified mRNA following storage in lysis/binding buffer (p < 0.001). Third, the identity of the B-cell subsets validated by the cluster of differentiation (CD) membrane profile was highly concordant with the transcriptional gene expression (p-values <0.001). Finally, in normal bone marrow and tonsil samples, eight evaluated genes were expressed in accordance with the biology of lymphopoiesis (p-values < 0.001), which enabled the generation of a gene-specific B-cell atlas. CONCLUSION A description of the implementation and validation of commercially available kits in the laboratory has been examined. This included steps for cell sorting, cell lysis/stabilization, RNA isolation, RNA concentration and amplification for microarray analysis. The workflow described in this report will enable the generation of microarray data from minor sorted B-cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hans Erik Johnsen
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital Science and Innovation Center, Sdr Skovvej 15, DK-9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
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9
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Lugar PL, Love C, Grammer AC, Dave SS, Lipsky PE. Molecular characterization of circulating plasma cells in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44362. [PMID: 23028528 PMCID: PMC3448624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a generalized autoimmune disease characterized by abnormal B cell activation and the occurrence of increased frequencies of circulating plasma cells (PC). The molecular characteristics and nature of circulating PC and B cells in SLE have not been completely characterized. Microarray analysis of gene expression was used to characterize circulating PC in subjects with active SLE. Flow cytometry was used to sort PC and comparator B cell populations from active SLE blood, normal blood and normal tonsil. The gene expression profiles of the sorted B cell populations were then compared. SLE PC exhibited a similar gene expression signature as tonsil PC. The differences in gene expression between SLE PC and normal tonsil PC and tonsil plasmablasts (PB) suggest a mature Ig secreting cell phenotype in the former population. Despite this, SLE PC differed in expression of about half the genes from previously published gene expression profiles of normal bone marrow PC, indicating that these cells had not achieved a fully mature status. Abnormal expression of several genes, including CXCR4 and S1P1, suggests a mechanism for the persistence of SLE PC in the circulation. All SLE B cell populations revealed an interferon (IFN) gene signature previously only reported in unseparated SLE peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These data indicate that SLE PC are a unique population of Ig secreting cells with a gene expression profile indicative of a mature, but not fully differentiated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Lugar
- National Institutes of Health, Autoimmunity Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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10
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Victora GD, Dominguez-Sola D, Holmes AB, Deroubaix S, Dalla-Favera R, Nussenzweig MC. Identification of human germinal center light and dark zone cells and their relationship to human B-cell lymphomas. Blood 2012; 120:2240-8. [PMID: 22740445 PMCID: PMC3447782 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-03-415380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are sites of B-cell clonal expansion, hypermutation, and selection. GCs are polarized into dark (DZ) and light zones (LZ), a distinction that is of key importance to GC selection. However, the difference between the B cells in each of these zones in humans remains unclear. We show that, as in mice, CXCR4 and CD83 can be used to distinguish human LZ and DZ cells. Using these markers, we show that LZ and DZ cells in mice and humans differ only in the expression of characteristic "activation" and "proliferation" programs, suggesting that these populations represent alternating states of a single-cell type rather than distinct differentiation stages. In addition, LZ/DZ transcriptional profiling shows that, with the exception of "molecular" Burkitt lymphomas, nearly all human B-cell malignancies closely resemble LZ cells, which has important implications for our understanding of the molecular programs of lymphomagenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Burkitt Lymphoma/immunology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/metabolism
- Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Child
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Germinal Center/immunology
- Germinal Center/metabolism
- Germinal Center/pathology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins/genetics
- Immunoglobulins/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Palatine Tonsil/immunology
- Palatine Tonsil/metabolism
- Palatine Tonsil/pathology
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Species Specificity
- CD83 Antigen
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D. Victora
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142;
| | - Michel C. Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
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12
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Kjeldsen MK, Perez-Andres M, Schmitz A, Johansen P, Boegsted M, Nyegaard M, Gaihede M, Bukh A, Johnsen HE, Orfao A, Dybkaer K. Multiparametric flow cytometry for identification and fluorescence activated cell sorting of five distinct B-cell subpopulations in normal tonsil tissue. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 136:960-9. [PMID: 22095383 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpdqnp2u5dzhvv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish a procedure capable of isolating distinct B-cell subpopulations from human tonsils as a basis for subsequent molecular analyses. Overall, 5 distinct B-cell subpopulations were purified from fresh tonsils based on their fluorescence surface marker expression: naive B cells, centroblasts, centrocytes, memory B cells, and plasmablasts. The immunophenotypic identity of the subpopulations was verified by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using the proliferation marker MKI-67 and 6 B-cell-associated differentiation markers (BACH2, BCL6, PAX5, IRF4, PRDM1, and XBP1). Furthermore, within the centroblast compartment, large and small centroblasts could be distinguished and large centroblasts were shown to proliferate with a morphologic appearance of a "centroblast"-like cell but with lower gene expression of the germinal center markers BCL6 and BACH2 vs small centroblasts. This study has established a detailed and fast procedure for simultaneous sorting of up to 5 distinct maturation-associated B-cell subpopulations from human tonsils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Krag Kjeldsen
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Perez-Andres
- Service of Cytometry and Department of Medicine, CIC Cancer-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alexander Schmitz
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Preben Johansen
- Department of Pathology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Boegsted
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Gaihede
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Bukh
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans E. Johnsen
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Service of Cytometry and Department of Medicine, CIC Cancer-University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Karen Dybkaer
- Department of Haematology, Head & Neck Surgery, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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13
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Milovanovic M, Heine G, Hallatschek W, Opitz B, Radbruch A, Worm M. Vitamin D receptor binds to the ε germline gene promoter and exhibits transrepressive activity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 126:1016-23, 1023.e1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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M’Hidi H, Thibult ML, Chetaille B, Rey F, Bouadallah R, Nicollas R, Olive D, Xerri L. High expression of the inhibitory receptor BTLA in T-follicular helper cells and in B-cell small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 2009; 132:589-96. [PMID: 19762537 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpphkgyyggl39c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) is a lymphoid receptor that inhibits lymphocyte activation on interaction with its ligand, herpesvirus entry mediator (HVEM). We developed monoclonal antibodies against BTLA and HVEM to study their expression using immunohistochemical and flow cytometric analyses in human tissues. In reactive lymph nodes, they were both expressed in interfollicular T cells and in B cells from mantle and marginal zones. Within germinal centers, B cells were negative, whereas T follicular helper (TFH) cells were BTLA+ and follicular dendritic cells were HVEM+. BTLA was strongly expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (B-CLL/SLL, 19 of 19 positive) when compared with other small B-cell lymphomas, including follicular lymphoma (0 of 24 positive), mantle cell lymphoma (0 of 10 positive), and marginal zone lymphoma (0 of 5 positive). Our results suggest that down-regulation of the BTLA-HVEM pathway may be involved in germinal center B-cell activation. The specific high expression of BTLA in B-CLL/SLL represents a new potential diagnostic tool. The BTLA positivity of TFH cells may be a basis for designing future immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Reda Bouadallah
- Department of Hematology, Paoli-Calmettes Institute, Marseille, France
| | - Richard Nicollas
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- From INSERM UMR 891, Marseille, France
- University of the Mediterranean, Marseille, France
- IFR137, Cancerology and Immunology Institute of Marseille, Marseille, France
- IBiSA Cancer Immunomonitoring Platform, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Xerri
- Department of Bio-pathology, Marseille, France
- University of the Mediterranean, Marseille, France
- IFR137, Cancerology and Immunology Institute of Marseille, Marseille, France
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15
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Caron G, Le Gallou S, Lamy T, Tarte K, Fest T. CXCR4 expression functionally discriminates centroblasts versus centrocytes within human germinal center B cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7595-602. [PMID: 19494283 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human germinal center is a highly dynamic structure where B cells conduct their terminal differentiation and traffic following chemokine gradients. The rapidly dividing centroblasts and the nondividing centrocytes represent the two major B cell subsets present in germinal center and also the most common normal counterparts for a majority of lymphomas. CD77 expression was previously associated to proliferating centroblasts undergoing somatic hypermutation, but data from transcriptional studies demonstrate that CD77 is not a reliable marker to discriminate human centroblasts from centrocytes. Herein we were able for the first time to separate these two subpopulations based on the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 allowing their characterization. Phenotypic and functional features were especially explored, giving an accurate definition of CXCR4(+) centroblasts compared with CXCR4(-) centrocytes. We show that CXCR4(+) and CXCR4(-) germinal center B cells present a clear dichotomy in terms of proliferation, transcription factor expression, Ig production, and somatic hypermutation regulation. Microarray analysis identified an extensive gene list segregating these B cells, including highly relevant genes according to previous knowledge. By gene set enrichment analysis we demonstrated that the centroblastic gene expression signature was significantly enriched in Burkitt's lymphomas. Collectively, our findings show that CXCR4 expression can properly separate human centroblasts from centrocytes and offer now the possibility to have purified normal counterparts of mature B cell-derived malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gersende Caron
- Unité 917, Faculté de Médecine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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16
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Maestre L, Tooze R, Cañamero M, Montes-Moreno S, Ramos R, Doody G, Boll M, Barrans S, Baena S, Piris MA, Roncador G. Expression pattern of XBP1(S) in human B-cell lymphomas. Haematologica 2009; 94:419-22. [PMID: 19176362 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2008.001156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor XBP1 (X-box-binding protein 1) is essential for plasma cell (PC) differentiation and immunoglobulin secretion. XBP1 is widely expressed, but its activity is precisely controlled by mRNA splicing in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. It is the active form of XBP1, XBP1(S), which is required for PC differentiation. The relationship between XBP1(S) expression and PC differentiation in human tissue and its expression in hematologic malignancies has eluded assessment. With a novel antibody, we now define XBP1(S) expression in a large series of normal and neoplastic lymphoid tissues. We establish that XBP1(S) provides a specific marker of advanced plasma differentiation and in lymphoid malignancies is restricted to PC-derived neoplasms and plasmablastic diffuse large B-cell lymphomas. XBP1(S) expression delineates heterogeneity amongst plasmablastic diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, identifying a distinct tumor sub-group. Furthermore, our results establish a direct and practical means of assessing ER stress in human tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Maestre
- Monoclonal Antibodies Unit, Biotechnology Program, Spanish National Cancer Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
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17
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Abstract
Cytoplasmic splicing is one of the major regulatory mechanisms of the unfolded protein response (UPR). The molecular mechanism of cytoplasmic splicing is unique and completely different from that of conventional nuclear splicing. The mammalian substrate of cytoplasmic splicing is XBP1 pre-mRNA, which is converted to spliced mRNA in response to UPR, leading to the production of an active transcription factor [pXBP1(S)] responsible for UPR. Interestingly, XBP1 pre-mRNA is also translated into a functional protein [pXBP1(U)] that negatively regulates the UPR. Thus, mammalian cells can quickly adapt to a change in conditions in the endoplasmic reticulum by switching proteins encoded in the mRNA from a negative regulator to an activator. This elaborate system contributes to various cellular functions, including plasma cell differentiation, viral infections, and carcinogenesis. In this short review, I briefly summarize research on cytoplasmic splicing and focus on current hot topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiderou Yoshida
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan., PRESTO-SORST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kyoto, Japan.
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18
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Jackson SM, Harp N, Patel D, Henderson M, Roy NM, Courtney MA, Johnson A, Capra JD. CD45RO: A Marker for BCR-mediated Selection. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:249-60. [PMID: 17635802 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that IgH sequence alone minimally influenced germinal centre (GC) B-cell survival fate. As end-stage effector B cells are typically more mutated than founder GC B cells, we worked to develop an assay that would enrich for populations of GC B cells with progressively increasing numbers of somatic mutations, which could potentially be used as an indicator of positive selection. We targeted CD45 as it has been shown to influence activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) expression. In this study, anti-CD77 and anti-CD45RO (RO) were used to subdivide CD19(+)IgD(-)CD38(+)CD77(+) centroblasts (CB) and CD19(+)IgD(-)CD38(+)CD77(-) centrocytes (CC) into three contiguous RO fractions (RO(-), RO(+/-) and RO(+)) and assessed whether mutation frequency and characteristics associated with selection varied with respect to increasing RO expression. Here, we show that the average number of mutations per IgV(H)4 transcript increased concordantly with RO for CC, but not for CB. CC also exhibited an RO-associated increase in replacement mutations. Comparative analysis of clonally related sequences revealed that increased mutations were not due to the exclusive persistence of surface RO on highly mutated cells. RO-expressing CC and CB pools showed increased signs of activation (CD69(+)) and were enriched for surface Ig(+) cells. BCR-crosslinking induced a significant increase in surface RO on total tonsillar and GC B cells, which collectively suggests that the RO-associated increase in mutations is attributable, at least in part, to the cycling of cells that may have recently undergone BCR-mediated selection, or are potentially in developmental transition between CC and CB stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Jackson
- Molecular Immunogenetics Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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19
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Allen CDC, Okada T, Cyster JG. Germinal-center organization and cellular dynamics. Immunity 2007; 27:190-202. [PMID: 17723214 PMCID: PMC2242846 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 696] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Germinal centers (GCs) are important sites of antibody affinity maturation. In the classical model, the GC dark zone contains large centroblasts that are rapidly proliferating and undergoing somatic hypermutation of their antibody variable-region genes. Centroblasts give rise to smaller nonproliferating centrocytes in the light zone that compete for binding antigen on follicular dendritic cells. Recently, the approach of real-time imaging of GCs by two-photon microscopy of intact lymph nodes has provided new insights into GC dynamics that both support and challenge fundamental aspects of this model. Here we review recent and older findings on cell migration, proliferation, and interaction dynamics in the GC and discuss a model in which dark- and light-zone cells are morphologically similar, proliferation occurs in both zones, and GC B cells compete for T cell help as well as antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D C Allen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0414, USA.
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20
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Ochiai K, Katoh Y, Ikura T, Hoshikawa Y, Noda T, Karasuyama H, Tashiro S, Muto A, Igarashi K. Plasmacytic transcription factor Blimp-1 is repressed by Bach2 in B cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:38226-34. [PMID: 17046816 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m607592200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bach2 is a B cell-specific transcription repressor whose deficiency in mice causes a reduced class switch recombination and a reduced somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes. Little is known about the direct target genes of Bach2 in B cells. By analyzing various B cell and plasma cell lines, we showed that the expression patterns of Bach2 and Blimp-1 (B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1), a master regulator of plasma cell differentiation, are mutually exclusive. The reporter gene of the Blimp-1 gene (Prdm1) was repressed by the overexpression of Bach2 in B cell lines. The heterodimer of Bach2/MafK bound to the Maf recognition element located upstream of the Prdm1 promoter in an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The binding of MafK in B cells to the Prdm1 Maf recognition element was confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. When MafK was purified from the BAL17 B cell line, a significant portion of it was present as a heterodimer with Bach2, with no apparent formation of MafK homodimer. These results strongly suggest that Bach2 represses the expression of Blimp-1 together with MafK in B cells prior to plasma cell differentiation. Accordingly, the knockdown of Bach2 mRNA using short hairpin RNA in BAL17 cells resulted in higher levels of Prdm1 expression after the stimulation of B cell receptor by surface IgM cross-linking. Induction of Prdm1 was more robust and faster in primary Bach2-deficient B cells than in wild-type control B cells upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Therefore, the Prdm1 regulation in B cells involves the repression by Bach2, which may be cancelled upon terminal plasma cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ochiai
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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