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Deng L, Costa F, Blake KJ, Choi S, Chandrabalan A, Yousuf MS, Shiers S, Dubreuil D, Vega-Mendoza D, Rolland C, Deraison C, Voisin T, Bagood MD, Wesemann L, Frey AM, Palumbo JS, Wainger BJ, Gallo RL, Leyva-Castillo JM, Vergnolle N, Price TJ, Ramachandran R, Horswill AR, Chiu IM. S. aureus drives itch and scratch-induced skin damage through a V8 protease-PAR1 axis. Cell 2023; 186:5375-5393.e25. [PMID: 37995657 PMCID: PMC10669764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Itch is an unpleasant sensation that evokes a desire to scratch. The skin barrier is constantly exposed to microbes and their products. However, the role of microbes in itch generation is unknown. Here, we show that Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterial pathogen associated with itchy skin diseases, directly activates pruriceptor sensory neurons to drive itch. Epicutaneous S. aureus exposure causes robust itch and scratch-induced damage. By testing multiple isogenic bacterial mutants for virulence factors, we identify the S. aureus serine protease V8 as a critical mediator in evoking spontaneous itch and alloknesis. V8 cleaves proteinase-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) on mouse and human sensory neurons. Targeting PAR1 through genetic deficiency, small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown, or pharmacological blockade decreases itch and skin damage caused by V8 and S. aureus exposure. Thus, we identify a mechanism of action for a pruritogenic bacterial factor and demonstrate the potential of inhibiting V8-PAR1 signaling to treat itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Deng
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Flavia Costa
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kimbria J Blake
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Samantha Choi
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Arundhasa Chandrabalan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Stephanie Shiers
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Daniel Dubreuil
- Departments of Neurology and Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Daniela Vega-Mendoza
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Corinne Rolland
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Celine Deraison
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Tiphaine Voisin
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michelle D Bagood
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lucia Wesemann
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Abigail M Frey
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Joseph S Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian J Wainger
- Departments of Neurology and Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Richard L Gallo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Nathalie Vergnolle
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRAe, ENVT, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Theodore J Price
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Rithwik Ramachandran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Isaac M Chiu
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Wang W, Guo H, Wu S, Xian S, Zhang W, Zhang R, Chen Z, Su K, Zhang Y, Zhu Y, Chu D, Zhao M, Tang Z, Zheng C, Huang Z, Ma Q, Guo R. Construction of Metastasis-Specific Regulation Network in Ovarian Cancer Based on Prognostic Stemness-Related Signatures. Reprod Sci 2023; 30:2634-2654. [PMID: 36940084 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-01134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
WE aimed to reveal the correlation between ovarian cancer (OV) metastasis and cancer stemness in OV. RNA-seq data and clinical information of 591 OV samples (551 without metastasis and 40 with metastasis) were obtained from TCGA. The edgeR method was used to determine differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and transcription factors (DETFs). Then, mRNA expression-based stemness index was calculated using one-class logistic regression (OCLR). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was used to define stemness-related genes (SRGs). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression were conducted to identify the prognostic SRGs (PSRGs). PSRGs, DETFs, and 50 hallmark pathways quantified by gene set variation analysis (GSVA) were integrated into Pearson co-expression analysis. Significant co-expression interactions were utilized to construct an OV metastasis-specific regulation network. Cell communication analysis was carried out based on single cell RNA sequencing data to explore the molecular regulation mechanism of OV. Eventually, assay for targeting accessible-chromatin with high throughout sequencing (ATAC), chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) validation, and multiple data sets were used to validate the expression levels and prognostic values of key stemness-related signatures. Moreover, connectivity map (CMap) was used to identify potential inhibitors of stemness-related signatures. Based on edgeR, WGCNA, and Cox proportional hazard regression, 22 PSRGs were defined to construct a prognostic prediction model for metastatic OV. In the metastasis-specific regulation network, key TF-PSRS interaction pair was NR4A1-EGR3 (correlation coefficient = 0.81, p < 0.05, positive), and key PSRG-hallmark pathway interaction pair was EGR3-TNFα signaling via NFκB (correlation coefficient = 0.44, p < 0.05, positive), which were validated in multi-omics databases. Thioridazine was postulated to be the most significant compound in treatment of OV metastasis. PSRGs played critical roles in OV metastasis. Specifically, EGR3 was the most significant PSRG, which was positively regulated by DETF NR4A1, inducing metastasis via TNFα signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Hongjun Guo
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Shengyu Wu
- Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shuyuan Xian
- Tongji University School of Medicine, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ruitao Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zhihua Chen
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ke Su
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Danxia Chu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Mengling Zhao
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zhihua Tang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Chunlan Zheng
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Zongqiang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Ruixia Guo
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 1 East Jianshe Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
- Medical Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Malignant Gynecological Tumor, Henan Province, Henan, 450052, China.
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Machado PDA, Gomes PS, Carneiro MPD, Midlej V, Coimbra ES, de Matos Guedes HL. Effects of a Serine Protease Inhibitor N-p-Tosyl-L-phenylalanine Chloromethyl Ketone (TPCK) on Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania infantum. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071373. [PMID: 35890269 PMCID: PMC9320531 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have previously demonstrated the importance of serine proteases in Leishmania. A well-known serine protease inhibitor, TPCK, was used in the present study to evaluate its in vitro and in vivo antileishmanial effects and determine its mechanism of action. Despite slight toxicity against mammalian cells (CC50 = 138.8 µM), TPCK was selective for the parasite due to significant activity against L. amazonensis and L. infantum promastigote forms (IC50 = 14.6 and 31.7 µM for L. amazonensis PH8 and Josefa strains, respectively, and 11.3 µM for L. infantum) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50 values = 14.2 and 16.6 µM for PH8 and Josefa strains, respectively, and 21.7 µM for L. infantum). Leishmania parasites treated with TPCK presented mitochondrial alterations, oxidative stress, modifications in lipid content, flagellar alterations, and cytoplasmic vacuoles, all of which are factors that could be considered as contributing to the death of the parasites. Furthermore, BALB/c mice infected with L. amazonensis and treated with TPCK had a reduction in lesion size and parasite loads in the footpad and spleen. In BALB/c mice infected with L. infantum, TPCK also caused a reduction in the parasite loads in the liver and spleen. Therefore, we highlight the antileishmanial effect of the assessed serine protease inhibitor, proposing a potential therapeutic target in Leishmania as well as a possible new alternative treatment for leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia de A. Machado
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.A.M.); (P.S.G.)
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Parasitologia (NUPEP), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Pollyanna S. Gomes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.A.M.); (P.S.G.)
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Monique P. D. Carneiro
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
| | - Victor Midlej
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Elaine S. Coimbra
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Parasitologia (NUPEP), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: (E.S.C.); or (H.L.d.M.G.)
| | - Herbert L. de Matos Guedes
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz—Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil; (P.d.A.M.); (P.S.G.)
- Laboratório de Imunobiotecnologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho (IBCCF), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence: (E.S.C.); or (H.L.d.M.G.)
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Mlejnek P, Dolezel P, Kriegova E, Pastvova N. N-acetylcysteine Can Induce Massive Oxidative Stress, Resulting in Cell Death with Apoptotic Features in Human Leukemia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312635. [PMID: 34884437 PMCID: PMC8657769 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), often used as an antioxidant-scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro, was recently shown to increase the cytotoxicity of other compounds through ROS-dependent and ROS-independent mechanisms. In this study, NAC itself was found to induce extensive ROS production in human leukemia HL-60 and U937 cells. The cytotoxicity depends on ROS-modulating enzyme expression. In HL-60 cells, NAC activated NOX2 to produce superoxide (O2•−). Its subsequent conversion into H2O2 by superoxide dismutase 1 and 3 (SOD1, SOD3) and production of ClO− from H2O2 by myeloperoxidase (MPO) was necessary for cell death induction. While the addition of extracellular SOD potentiated NAC-induced cell death, extracellular catalase (CAT) prevented cell death in HL-60 cells. The MPO inhibitor partially reduced the number of dying HL-60 cells. In U937 cells, the weak cytotoxicity of NAC is probably caused by lower expression of NOX2, SOD1, SOD3, and by the absence of MOP expression. However, even here, the addition of extracellular SOD induced cell death in U937 cells, and this effect could be reversed by extracellular CAT. NAC-induced cell death exhibited predominantly apoptotic features in both cell lines. Conclusions: NAC itself can induce extensive production of O2•− in HL-60 and U937 cell lines. The fate of the cells then depends on the expression of enzymes that control the formation and conversion of ROS: NOX, SOD, and MPO. The mode of cell death in response to NAC treatment bears apoptotic and apoptotic-like features in both cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Mlejnek
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 77715 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (P.D.); (N.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Petr Dolezel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 77715 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (P.D.); (N.P.)
| | - Eva Kriegova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 77715 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Nikola Pastvova
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 77715 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (P.D.); (N.P.)
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The Crystal Structure of Nα-p-tosyl-lysyl Chloromethylketone-Bound Oligopeptidase B from Serratia Proteamaculans Revealed a New Type of Inhibitor Binding. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11111438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A covalent serine protease inhibitor—Na-p-Tosyl-Lysyl Chloromethylketone (TCK) is a modified lysine residue tosylated at the N-terminus and chloromethylated at the C-terminus, one molecule of which is capable of forming two covalent bonds with both Ser and His catalytic residues, was co-crystallized with modified oligopeptidase B (OpB) from Serratia proteomaculans (PSPmod). The kinetics study, which preceded crystallization, shows that the stoichiometry of TCK-dependent inhibition of PSPmod was 1:2 (protein:inhibitor). The crystal structure of the PSPmod-TCK complex, solved at a resolution of 2.3 Å, confirmed a new type of inhibitor binding. Two TCK molecules were bound to one enzyme molecule: one with the catalytic Ser, the other with the catalytic His. Due to this mode of binding, the intermediate state of PSPmod and the disturbed conformation of the catalytic triad were preserved in the PSPmod-TCK complex. Nevertheless, the analysis of the amino acid surroundings of the inhibitor molecule bound to the catalytic Ser and its comparison with that of antipain-bound OpB from Trypanosoma brucei provided an insight in the structure of the PSPmod substrate-binding pocket. Supposedly, the new type of binding is typical for the interaction of chloromethylketone derivatives with two-domain OpBs. In the open conformational state that these enzymes are assumed in solution, the disordered configuration of the catalytic triad prevents simultaneous interaction of one inhibitor molecule with two catalytic residues.
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Pastvova N, Dolezel P, Mlejnek P. Heat Shock Protein Inhibitor 17-Allyamino-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin, a Potent Inductor of Apoptosis in Human Glioma Tumor Cell Lines, Is a Weak Substrate for ABCB1 and ABCG2 Transporters. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020107. [PMID: 33573093 PMCID: PMC7912456 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults and has a poor prognosis. Complex genetic alterations and the protective effect of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) have so far hampered effective treatment. Here, we investigated the cytotoxic effects of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitors, geldanamycin (GDN) and 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG, tanespimycin), in a panel of glioma tumor cell lines with various genetic alterations. We also assessed the ability of the main drug transporters, ABCB1 and ABCG2, to efflux GDN and 17-AAG. We found that GDN and 17-AAG induced extensive cell death with the morphological and biochemical hallmarks of apoptosis in all studied glioma cell lines at sub-micro-molar and nanomolar concentrations. Moderate efflux efficacy of GDN and 17-AAG mediated by ABCB1 was observed. There was an insignificant and low efflux efficacy of GDN and 17-AAG mediated by ABCG2. Conclusion: GDN and 17-AAG, in particular, exhibited strong proapoptotic effects in glioma tumor cell lines irrespective of genetic alterations. GDN and 17-AAG appeared to be weak substrates of ABCB1 and ABCG2. Therefore, the BBB would compromise their cytotoxic effects only partially. We hypothesize that GBM patients may benefit from 17-AAG either as a single agent or in combination with other drugs.
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Azarkan M, Maquoi E, Delbrassine F, Herman R, M'Rabet N, Calvo Esposito R, Charlier P, Kerff F. Structures of the free and inhibitors-bound forms of bromelain and ananain from Ananas comosus stem and in vitro study of their cytotoxicity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19570. [PMID: 33177555 PMCID: PMC7658999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76172-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ananas comosus stem extract is a complex mixture containing various cysteine proteases of the C1A subfamily, such as bromelain and ananain. This mixture used for centuries in Chinese medicine, has several potential therapeutic applications as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and ecchymosis degradation agent. In the present work we determined the structures of bromelain and ananain, both in their free forms and in complex with the inhibitors E64 and TLCK. These structures combined with protease-substrate complexes modeling clearly identified the Glu68 as responsible for the high discrimination of bromelain in favor of substrates with positively charged residues at P2, and unveil the reasons for its weak inhibition by cystatins and E64. Our results with purified and fully active bromelain, ananain and papain show a strong reduction of cell proliferation with MDA-MB231 and A2058 cancer cell lines at a concentration of about 1 μM, control experiments clearly emphasizing the need for proteolytic activity. In contrast, while bromelain and ananain had a strong effect on the proliferation of the OCI-LY19 and HL-60 non-adherent cell lines, papain, the archetypal member of the C1A subfamily, had none. This indicates that, in this case, sequence/structure identity beyond the active site of bromelain and ananain is more important than substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Azarkan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Générale (Unité de Chimie Des Protéines), Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Erik Maquoi
- Laboratoire de Biologie Des Tumeurs Et du Développement, GIGA-Cancer, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Delbrassine
- UR InBioS, Centre D'Ingénierie Des Protéines, Université de Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Raphael Herman
- UR InBioS, Centre D'Ingénierie Des Protéines, Université de Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nasiha M'Rabet
- Laboratoire de Chimie Générale (Unité de Chimie Des Protéines), Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Rafaèle Calvo Esposito
- Laboratoire de Chimie Générale (Unité de Chimie Des Protéines), Faculté de Médecine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Erasme (CP 609), 1070, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Paulette Charlier
- UR InBioS, Centre D'Ingénierie Des Protéines, Université de Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Kerff
- UR InBioS, Centre D'Ingénierie Des Protéines, Université de Liège, Sart Tilman, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
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da Silva Júnior NR, Vital CE, de Almeida Barros R, Faustino VA, Monteiro LP, Barros E, de Oliveira EE, de Oliveira Ramos HJ, de Almeida Oliveira MG. Intestinal proteolytic profile changes during larval development of Anticarsia gemmatalis caterpillars. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 103:e21631. [PMID: 31587381 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soybean is one of most consumed and produced grains in the world, and Anticarsia gemmatalis is a pest that causes great damage to this crop due to severe defoliation during its larval phase. Plants have mechanisms that lead to the inhibition of proteases in the intestine of these herbivores, hampering their development. Understanding this complex protease inhibitor is important for pest control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the enzymatic profiles of the intestinal proteases of the soybean caterpillar at different instars. For this, the proteolytic profile of the gut in the third, fourth, and fifth instars were analyzed. Irreversible inhibitors of proteases were separately incubated with A. gemmatalis enzyme extracts at the third, fourth, and fifth instar to assess the contribution of these proteases to total proteolytic activity. The enzymatic extracts were also evaluated with specific substrates to confirm changes in the specific activities of trypsin-like, chymotrypsin-like, and cysteine proteases at different instars. The results showed that the protease profile of A. gemmatalis gut changes throughout its larval development. The activity of cysteine proteases was more intense in the first instar. On the contrary, the serine proteases showed major activities in the late stages of the larval phase. Zymogram analysis and protein identification by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry indicated serine protease as the main protease class expressed in the fifth instar. These results may shift the focus from the rational development of the protease inhibitor to A. gemmatalis and other Lepidoptera, as the expression of major proteases is not constant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neilier R da Silva Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Camilo E Vital
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Center of Analysis of Biomolecules, NuBioMol, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Almeida Barros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Verônica A Faustino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Luana P Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Barros
- Center of Analysis of Biomolecules, NuBioMol, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Humberto J de Oliveira Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Center of Analysis of Biomolecules, NuBioMol, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Maria G de Almeida Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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9
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Mlejnek P, Dolezel P, Maier V, Kikalova K, Skoupa N. N-acetylcysteine dual and antagonistic effect on cadmium cytotoxicity in human leukemia cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 71:103213. [PMID: 31288199 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although cadmium (Cd2+) is unable to form reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly, many of its adverse effects are connected to increased ROS generation resulting in cell death. In support of this supposition, a large number of studies have shown protective effects of antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) against cadmium induced cytotoxicity. Here, we describe the cytotoxic effects of Cd2+ on human leukemia U937 and K562 cells that were not mediated by oxidative stress. Surprisingly, we observed that addition of low concentrations of NAC can drastically potentiate cadmium cytotoxicity solely via ROS production. However, all adverse effects of the metal were prevented by NAC at high concentrations. Detailed analysis indicated that the protective effect of NAC was mediated by its ability to form stable complex with cadmium [Cd(NAC)2]. In conclusion, NAC exhibits dual and antagonistic effects on Cd2+ cytotoxicity in human leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mlejnek
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic.
| | - P Dolezel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - V Maier
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - K Kikalova
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
| | - N Skoupa
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
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10
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Skoupa N, Dolezel P, Ruzickova E, Mlejnek P. Apoptosis Induced by the Curcumin Analogue EF-24 Is Neither Mediated by Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms nor Affected by Expression of Main Drug Transporters ABCB1 and ABCG2 in Human Leukemia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2289. [PMID: 29088066 PMCID: PMC5713259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic curcumin analogue, 3,5-bis[(2-fluorophenyl)methylene]-4-piperidinone (EF-24), suppresses NF-κB activity and exhibits antiproliferative effects against a variety of cancer cells in vitro. Recently, it was reported that EF-24-induced apoptosis was mediated by a redox-dependent mechanism. Here, we studied the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on EF-24-induced cell death. We also addressed the question of whether the main drug transporters, ABCB1 and ABCG2, affect the cytotoxic of EF-24. We observed that EF-24 induced cell death with apoptotic hallmarks in human leukemia K562 cells. Importantly, the loss of cell viability was preceded by production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and by a decrease of reduced glutathione (GSH). However, neither ROS production nor the decrease in GSH predominantly contributed to the EF-24-induced cell death. We found that EF-24 formed an adduct with GSH, which is likely the mechanism contributing to the decrease of GSH. Although NAC abrogated ROS production, decreased GSH and prevented cell death, its protective effect was mainly due to a rapid conversion of intra- and extra-cellular EF-24 into the EF-24-NAC adduct without cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, we found that neither overexpression of ABCB1 nor ABCG2 reduced the antiproliferative effects of EF-24. In conclusion, a redox-dependent-mediated mechanism only marginally contributes to the EF-24-induced apoptosis in K562 cells. The main mechanism of NAC protection against EF-24-induced apoptosis is conversion of cytotoxic EF-24 into the noncytotoxic EF-24-NAC adduct. Neither ABCB1 nor ABCG2 mediated resistance to EF-24.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Skoupa
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Dolezel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic.
| | - Eliska Ruzickova
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Mlejnek
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic.
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11
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Li H, Li Q, Yu Z, Zhou M, Xie J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE13 (Rv1195) manipulates the host cell fate via p38-ERK-NF-κB axis and apoptosis. Apoptosis 2016; 21:795-808. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-016-1249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Reuther C, Ganjam GK, Dolga AM, Culmsee C. The serine protease inhibitor TLCK attenuates intrinsic death pathways in neurons upstream of mitochondrial demise. Apoptosis 2015; 19:1545-58. [PMID: 25146045 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well-established that activation of proteases, such as caspases, calpains and cathepsins are essential components in signaling pathways of programmed cell death (PCD). Although these proteases have also been linked to mechanisms of neuronal cell death, they are dispensable in paradigms of intrinsic death pathways, e.g. induced by oxidative stress. However, emerging evidence implicated a particular role for serine proteases in mechanisms of PCD in neurons. Here, we investigated the role of trypsin-like serine proteases in a model of glutamate toxicity in HT-22 cells. In these cells glutamate induces oxytosis, a form of caspase-independent cell death that involves activation of the pro-apoptotic protein BH3 interacting-domain death agonist (Bid), leading to mitochondrial demise and ensuing cell death. In this model system, the trypsin-like serine protease inhibitor Nα-tosyl-l-lysine chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride (TLCK) inhibited mitochondrial damage and cell death. Mitochondrial morphology alterations, the impairment of the mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP depletion were prevented and, moreover, lipid peroxidation induced by glutamate was completely abolished. Strikingly, truncated Bid-induced cell death was not affected by TLCK, suggesting a detrimental activity of serine proteases upstream of Bid activation and mitochondrial demise. In summary, this study demonstrates the protective effect of serine protease inhibition by TLCK against oxytosis-induced mitochondrial damage and cell death. These findings indicate that TLCK-sensitive serine proteases play a crucial role in cell death mechanisms upstream of mitochondrial demise and thus, may serve as therapeutic targets in diseases, where oxidative stress and intrinsic pathways of PCD mediate neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reuther
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmazie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße 1, 35032, Marburg, Germany,
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13
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Mlejnek P, Dolezel P. Loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and glutathione depletion are not sufficient to account for induction of apoptosis by carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone in human leukemia K562 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 239:100-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Beek J, Maes D, Nauwynck H, Piepers S, Van Soom A. A critical assessment of the effect of serine protease inhibitors on porcine fertilization and quality parameters of porcine spermatozoa in vitro. Reprod Biol 2015; 15:9-19. [PMID: 25726372 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteases play an important role during mammalian fertilization. Their function is frequently investigated using specific inhibitors. We analyzed four serine protease inhibitors [4-(2-aminoethyl) benzene sulfonyl fluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF), soybean trypsin inhibitor from glycine max (STI), Nα-tosyl-L-lysine-chloromethyl ketone hydrochloride (TLCK) and N(p)-tosyl-L-phenylalanine-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK)] for their in vitro effect on fertilization and sperm quality in pigs. Inhibitor concentrations were chosen based on the reduction of fertilization rate during preliminary dose-response experiments with cryopreserved epididymal spermatozoa. The inhibitor effects on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and sperm parameters (membrane and acrosomal integrity, motility and mitochondrial membrane potential - MMP) were evaluated using diluted fresh semen. AEBSF (100 μM), TLCK (100 μM) and TPCK (100 μM) decreased total fertilization and polyspermy rates by at least 50%. STI (5 μM) lowered total fertilization rates but not the level of polyspermy. AEBSF and TPCK reduced fertilization parameters to a similar degree using cryopreserved epididymal spermatozoa (dose-response experiment) or diluted fresh semen. Inhibition by STI was more pronounced using cryopreserved epididymal spermatozoa, whereas TLCK inhibited IVF only with diluted fresh semen. AEBSF and STI had no effect on sperm parameters, and TLCK significantly reduced motility. TPCK diminished MMP and motility and affected membrane and acrosomal integrity in a negative way. In summary, serine protease inhibitors differed in the way they reduce the fertilization rate. These results emphasize the necessity of inhibitor testing before they can be applied in fertilization studies. AEBSF and STI can be used in the future IVF studies without compromising sperm quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Beek
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - D Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - H Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Piepers
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - A Van Soom
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics, and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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15
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Rakashanda S, Qazi AK, Majeed R, Andrabi SM, Hamid A, Sharma PR, Amin S. Plant-derived protease inhibitors LC-pi (Lavatera cashmeriana) inhibit human lung cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Nutr Cancer 2014; 67:156-66. [PMID: 25412192 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.967876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to check the anticancer activity of purified protease inhibitors of Lavatera cashmeriana viz LC-pi I, II, III, and IV (Lavatera cashmeriana protease inhibitors) on A549 (lung) cell. It was found that LC-pi I and II significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells with IC₅₀ value of 54 μg/ml and 38 μg/ml, respectively, whereas inhibition by LC-pi III and IV was negligible. LC-pi I and II were further found to inhibit formation of colonies in a dose-dependent manner. Also, both inhibitors were found to induce apoptosis causing chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation, without loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. Cell cycle revealed a significant increase of subG₀/G₁ phase cells that are apoptotic cells. We also demonstrated a dose-dependent decrease in migration of A549 cells on cell migration assay by both inhibitors. Taken together, we demonstrate that LC-pi I and II inhibited proliferation through arresting cells before apoptosis, inducing apoptosis and inhibiting cell migration in human lung cancer cells, but the study warrants further investigation. Our results support the notion that plant protease inhibitors may have the potential to advance as chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Rakashanda
- a Department of Biochemistry , The University of Kashmir , Srinagar , India
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16
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de Diego I, Veillard F, Sztukowska MN, Guevara T, Potempa B, Pomowski A, Huntington JA, Potempa J, Gomis-Rüth FX. Structure and mechanism of cysteine peptidase gingipain K (Kgp), a major virulence factor of Porphyromonas gingivalis in periodontitis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:32291-32302. [PMID: 25266723 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.602052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine peptidases are key proteolytic virulence factors of the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, which causes chronic periodontitis, the most prevalent dysbiosis-driven disease in humans. Two peptidases, gingipain K (Kgp) and R (RgpA and RgpB), which differ in their selectivity after lysines and arginines, respectively, collectively account for 85% of the extracellular proteolytic activity of P. gingivalis at the site of infection. Therefore, they are promising targets for the design of specific inhibitors. Although the structure of the catalytic domain of RgpB is known, little is known about Kgp, which shares only 27% sequence identity. We report the high resolution crystal structure of a competent fragment of Kgp encompassing the catalytic cysteine peptidase domain and a downstream immunoglobulin superfamily-like domain, which is required for folding and secretion of Kgp in vivo. The structure, which strikingly resembles a tooth, was serendipitously trapped with a fragment of a covalent inhibitor targeting the catalytic cysteine. This provided accurate insight into the active site and suggested that catalysis may require a catalytic triad, Cys(477)-His(444)-Asp(388), rather than the cysteine-histidine dyad normally found in cysteine peptidases. In addition, a 20-Å-long solvent-filled interior channel traverses the molecule and links the bottom of the specificity pocket with the molecular surface opposite the active site cleft. This channel, absent in RgpB, may enhance the plasticity of the enzyme, which would explain the much lower activity in vitro toward comparable specific synthetic substrates. Overall, the present results report the architecture and molecular determinants of the working mechanism of Kgp, including interaction with its substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki de Diego
- Proteolysis Lab, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Florian Veillard
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Maryta N Sztukowska
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- Proteolysis Lab, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Barbara Potempa
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Anja Pomowski
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - James A Huntington
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Wellcome Trust/Medical Research Council Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Potempa
- Oral Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, Kentucky 40202,; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland, and.
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Lab, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, Spanish Research Council (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas), Barcelona Science Park, Helix Building, Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain,.
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17
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Mlejnek P, Dolezel P. N-acetylcysteine prevents the geldanamycin cytotoxicity by forming geldanamycin-N-acetylcysteine adduct. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 220:248-54. [PMID: 24998639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Geldanamycin (GDN) is a benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotic with anti-proliferative activity on tumor cells. GDN cytotoxicity has been attributed to the disruption of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) binding and stabilizing client proteins, and by the induction of oxidative stress with concomitant glutathione (GSH) depletion. The later mechanism of cytotoxicity can be abrogated by N-acetylcysteine (NAC). It was suggested that NAC prevents GDN cytotoxicity mainly by the restoring of glutathione (GSH) level (Clark et al., 2009). Here we argue that NAC does not protect cells from the GDN cytotoxicity by restoring the level of GSH. A detailed LC/MS/MS analysis of cell extracts indicated formation of GDN adducts with GSH. The amount of the GDN-GSH adduct is proportional to the GDN concentration and increases with incubation time. While nanomolar and low micromolar GDN concentrations induce cell death without an apparent GSH decrease, only much higher micromolar GDN concentrations cause a significant GSH decrease. Therefore, only high micromolar GDN concentrations can cause cell death which might be related to GSH depletion. Addition of NAC leads to the formation of adducts with GDN which diminish formation of GDN adducts with GSH. NAC also forms stable adducts with GDN extracellularly. Although NAC induces an increase in the GSH pool, this effect is not crucial for abrogation of GDN cytotoxicity. Indeed, the presence of NAC in the growth medium causes a rapid conversion of GDN into the GDN-NAC adduct, which is the real cause of the abrogated GDN cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Mlejnek
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77715, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Dolezel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77715, Czech Republic; Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77715, Czech Republic
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18
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Chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases are involved in the maintenance of cell viability. Biochimie 2012; 94:2582-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Kondratyuk TP, Park EJ, Yu R, van Breemen RB, Asolkar RN, Murphy BT, Fenical W, Pezzuto JM. Novel marine phenazines as potential cancer chemopreventive and anti-inflammatory agents. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:451-464. [PMID: 22412812 PMCID: PMC3297008 DOI: 10.3390/md10020451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new (1 and 2) and one known phenazine derivative (lavanducyanin, 3) were isolated and identified from the fermentation broth of a marine-derived Streptomyces sp. (strain CNS284). In mammalian cell culture studies, compounds 1, 2 and 3 inhibited TNF-α-induced NFκB activity (IC50 values of 4.1, 24.2, and 16.3 μM, respectively) and LPS-induced nitric oxide production (IC50 values of >48.6, 15.1, and 8.0 μM, respectively). PGE2 production was blocked with greater efficacy (IC50 values of 7.5, 0.89, and 0.63 μM, respectively), possibly due to inhibition of cyclooxygenases in addition to the expression of COX-2. Treatment of cultured HL-60 cells led to dose-dependent accumulation in the subG1 compartment of the cell cycle, as a result of apoptosis. These data provide greater insight on the biological potential of phenazine derivatives, and some guidance on how various substituents may alter potential anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/isolation & purification
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/metabolism
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/chemistry
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/isolation & purification
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/metabolism
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/chemistry
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/isolation & purification
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/metabolism
- Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Aquatic Organisms/metabolism
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Drug Discovery
- Fermentation
- G1 Phase/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute/drug therapy
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Phenazines/chemistry
- Phenazines/isolation & purification
- Phenazines/metabolism
- Phenazines/pharmacology
- Streptomyces/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara P. Kondratyuk
- College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (T.P.K.); (E.-J.P.)
| | - Eun-Jung Park
- College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (T.P.K.); (E.-J.P.)
| | - Rui Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (R.Y.); (R.B.B.); (B.T.M.)
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (R.Y.); (R.B.B.); (B.T.M.)
| | - Ratnakar N. Asolkar
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (R.N.A.); (W.F.)
| | - Brian T. Murphy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (R.Y.); (R.B.B.); (B.T.M.)
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (R.N.A.); (W.F.)
| | - William Fenical
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (R.N.A.); (W.F.)
| | - John M. Pezzuto
- College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, 34 Rainbow Drive, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (T.P.K.); (E.-J.P.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-808-933-2909; Fax: +1-808-933-2981
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20
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Mlejnek P, Dolezel P, Kosztyu P. P-glycoprotein mediates resistance to A3 adenosine receptor agonist 2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-n-methyluronamide in human leukemia cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:676-85. [PMID: 21520073 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We studied effects of 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA) on apoptosis induction in the K562/Dox cell line, which overexpressed P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1). We found that the K562/Dox cell line was significantly more resistant to Cl-IB-MECA than the maternal cell line K562, which did not express P-gp. Although both cell lines expressed the A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR), cytotoxic effects of Cl-IB-MECA were not prevented by its selective antagonist MRS1523 (3-propyl-6-ethyl-5-[(ethylthio)carbonyl]-2 phenyl-4-propyl-3-pyridine carboxylate). Analysis of cell extracts revealed that the intracellular level of Cl-IB-MECA was significantly lower in the K562/Dox cell line than in the maternal cell line K562. The downregulation of P-gp expression using shRNA targeting ABCB1 gene led to increased intracellular level of Cl-IB-MECA and restored cell sensitivity to this drug. Similarly, valspodar (PSC-833), a specific inhibitor of P-gp, restored sensitivity of the K562/Dox cell line to Cl-IB-MECA with concomitant increase of intracellular level of Cl-IB-MECA in the resistant cell line, while it affected cytotoxicity of Cl-IB-MECA in the sensitive cell line only marginally. An enzyme based assay provided evidence for interaction of P-gp with Cl-IB-MECA. We further observed that cytotoxic effects of Cl-IB-MECA could be augmented by activation of extrinsic cell death pathway by Apo-2L (TRAIL) but not FasL or TNF-α. Our results revealed that Cl-IB-MECA induced an increase in expression of TRAIL receptors in K562 cells, which could sensitize cells to apoptosis induction via an extrinsic cell death pathway. Importantly, these effects were inversely related to P-gp expression. In addition, MRS1523 did not affect Cl-IB-MECA induced expression of TRAIL receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Mlejnek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Luqman S, Meena A, Marler LE, Kondratyuk TP, Pezzuto JM. Suppression of tumor necrosis factor-α-induced nuclear factor κB activation and aromatase activity by capsaicin and its analog capsazepine. J Med Food 2011; 14:1344-51. [PMID: 21663483 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Target-specific drugs, including natural products, offer promise for the amelioration of cancer and other human ailments. Capsaicin, the pungent ingredient present in chilies (Capsicum annuum L.), and capsazepine, a synthetic analog of capsaicin (collectively referred to as vanilloids), are known to possess a variety of pharmacological and physiological properties. In our continuous effort to discover and characterize cancer chemopreventive agents from natural products, we investigated the effect of vanilloids on nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) activation using stably transfected 293/NFκB-Luc human embryonic kidney cells induced by treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and on aromatase activity. Capsaicin and capsazepine blocked TNFα-induced NFκB activation in a dose-dependent manner with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of 0.68 and 4.2 μM, respectively. No significant cytotoxicity was observed at the highest concentrations tested (53.1 μM for capsazepine and 65.5 μM for capsaicin). In addition, these vanilloids inhibited aromatase activity with IC(50) values of 13.6 and 8.8 μM, respectively. Computer-aided molecular docking studies showed docking scores indicative of good binding affinity of vanilloids with aromatase and NFκB. The highly conserved residues for capsaicin and capsazepine binding with NFκB p50 were Ser299 and Ile278 (H-bond 2.81Å) and with NFκB p100 were Ser6, Arg82, Val86, Arg90 (H-bond 2.89Å), Gly4, and Ser2 (H-bond 2.81Å). The amino acids Trp224, Arg435, and Val373 (H-bond 2.80Å) were found to be important for the binding of capsaicin and capsazepine with aromatase. Based on these findings, aromatase and NFκB are suggested as valid targets for these compounds; additional investigation of chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic potential is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suaib Luqman
- Department of Molecular Bioprospection, Division of Biotechnology, Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lucknow, India
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Hadji A, Clybouw C, Auffredou MT, Alexia C, Poalas K, Burlion A, Feraud O, Leca G, Vazquez A. Caspase-3 triggers a TPCK-sensitive protease pathway leading to degradation of the BH3-only protein puma. Apoptosis 2011; 15:1529-39. [PMID: 20640889 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-010-0528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein Puma (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis) belongs to the BH3-only group of the Bcl-2 family and is a major regulator of apoptosis. Although the transcriptional regulation of Puma is clearly established, little is known about the regulation of its expression at the protein levels. We show here that various signals--including the cytokine TGFβ, the death effector TRAIL or chemical drugs such as anisomycin--downregulate Puma protein levels via a novel pathway based on the sequential activation of caspase-3 and a protease inhibited by the serpase inhibitor N-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone. This pathway is specific for Puma because (1) the levels of other BH3-only proteins, such as Bim and Noxa were not modified by these stimuli and (2) this caspase-mediated degradation was dependent on both the BH3 and C-terminal domains of Puma. Our data also show that Puma is regulated during the caspase-3-dependent differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells and suggest that this pathway may be relevant and important during caspase-mediated cell differentiation not associated with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Hadji
- INSERM U.1014, Batiment Lavoisier, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 14 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807 Villejuif, France
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Carmen JC, Sinai AP. The Differential Effect of Toxoplasma Gondii Infection on the Stability of BCL2-Family Members Involves Multiple Activities. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:1. [PMID: 21716958 PMCID: PMC3109420 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of mitochondrial permeability, a key event in the initiation of apoptosis is governed by the opposing actions of the pro- and anti-apoptotic members of the BCL2-family of proteins. The BCL2-family can be classified further based on the number of BCL-homology (BH) domains they encode. Pathogen mediated modulation of BCL2-family members play a significant role in their ability to affect the apoptotic pathways in the infected host cell. The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii establishes a profound blockade of apoptosis noted by a requirement for host NFκB activity and correlating with the selective degradation of pro-apoptotic BCL2-family members. In this study, we explore the potential activities associated with the inherent stability of the anti-apoptotic BCL2 as well as the selective degradation of the pro-apoptotic proteins BAX, BAD, and BID. We find that multiple activities govern the relative stability of BCL2-family members suggesting a complex and balanced network of stability-enhancing and–destabilizing activities are perturbed by parasite infection. The data leave open the possibility for both parasite induced host activities as well as the direct consequence of parasite effectors in governing the relative levels of BCL2-proteins in the course of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cherrington Carmen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine Lexington, KY, USA
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Halogenation of N6-benzyladenosine decreases its cytotoxicity in human leukemia cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:2079-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Morais MC, Luqman S, Kondratyuk TP, Petronio MS, Regasini LO, Silva DH, Bolzani VS, Soares CP, Pezzuto JM. Suppression of TNF-α induced NFκB activity by gallic acid and its semi-synthetic esters: possible role in cancer chemoprevention. Nat Prod Res 2010; 24:1758-65. [DOI: 10.1080/14786410903335232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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26
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Mlejnek P, Dolezel P. Induction of apoptosis by A3 adenosine receptor agonist N-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methylcarboxamide in human leukaemia cells: a possible involvement of intracellular mechanism. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2010; 199:171-9. [PMID: 20121715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2010.02087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM The sensitivity of cancer cells which exhibit multi-drug resistance phenotype to A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) agonist N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methylcarboxamide (IB-MECA) was studied. METHODS To establish direct relationship between P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1 and MDR1) expression and IB-MECA induced cell death, a straightforward method for precise estimation of intracellular level of this A3AR agonist was developed. RESULTS We subjected three human leukaemia cell lines HL-60, K562 and K562/HHT to treatment with micromolar concentrations of IB-MECA. Although all cell lines used expressed A3AR, there was a large difference in their sensitivity to IB-MECA. While HL-60 and K562 cells were almost equally sensitive, the K562/HHT cells, which exhibit a multi-drug resistance phenotype because of overexpression of P-gp, were significantly more resistant. We found that the intracellular level of IB-MECA in K562/HHT cells was approx. 10 times lower than those in HL-60 or K562 cells. Inhibitors of P-gp, including cyclosporine A (CsA) and verapamil (Vpa), increased the intracellular level of IB-MECA and reversed the resistance of K562/HHT cells to this drug. Accordingly, shRNA-mediated down-regulation of P-gp significantly increased the intracellular level of IB-MECA in K562/HHT cells which simultaneously exhibited reduced resistance to this A3AR agonist. In addition, an in vitro enzyme-based assay provided evidence that IB-MECA might serve as a substrate for P-gp. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that P-gp overexpression prevents cells from IB-MECA induced apoptosis despite the A3AR expression. Pro-apoptotic effect of IB-MECA seemed to strongly depend on its intracellular accumulation rather than on its interaction with A3AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mlejnek
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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Frydrych I, Mlejnek P, Dolezel P. Cyclosporin A sensitises Bcr-Abl positive cells to imatinib mesylate independently of P-glycoprotein expression. Toxicol In Vitro 2009; 23:1482-90. [PMID: 19735720 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The effect of cyclosporin A (CsA) on imatinib treated Bcr-Abl positive K562 cells was studied. Similarly to other authors we found that imatinib induced apoptosis and erythroid differentiation in K562 cells. While its low concentrations induced predominantly erythroid differentiation, higher concentrations induced apoptosis. We found that CsA significantly potentiated cytotoxic effects of imatinib. A detailed analysis revealed that CsA shifted the balance between differentiation and apoptosis in favour of apoptosis. Our findings indicated that the observed effect of CsA was mediated neither through inhibition of ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2), nor through inhibition of p38 MAPK. We further observed that CsA might sensitise cells to apoptosis due to a changed cellular redox status as combined treatment of cells with imatinib and CsA resulted in a dramatic decrease of the ratio between reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) glutathione GSH/GSSG and in a significant suppression of thioredoxin reductase enzymatic activity. Our results indicated that K562 cells did not express detectable level of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). In addition, CsA did not affect significantly the intracellular level of imatinib. Therefore we excluded the possibility that CsA increased sensitivity of cells to imatinib by the inhibition of P-gp-mediated drug efflux or by another mechanism involving modulation of intracellular drug concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Frydrych
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, Olomouc 77515, Czech Republic
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Jitkaew S, Trebinska A, Grzybowska E, Carlsson G, Nordström A, Lehtiö J, Fröjmark AS, Dahl N, Fadeel B. N(alpha)-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethyl ketone induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in transformed human B cell lines with transcriptional down-regulation of anti-apoptotic HS1-associated protein X-1. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:27827-27837. [PMID: 19679660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.027912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
N(alpha)-tosyl-L-phenylalanine chloromethylketone (TPCK) has been widely used to investigate signal transduction pathways that are involved in gene expression and cell survival/cell death. However, contradictory effects of TPCK on apoptosis have been reported, and the underlying signaling events leading to TPCK-induced promotion or prevention of apoptosis are not fully understood. Here, we show that TPCK induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed human B cell lines with release of pro-apoptotic proteins from mitochondria. TPCK treatment also results in down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins, cIAP1, cIAP2, and HAX-1, and caspase-dependent cleavage of the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and XIAP. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed that the TPCK-induced down-regulation of HAX-1 occurred at the transcriptional level, and experiments using the specific pharmacological inhibitor, Bay 11-7082, suggested that HAX-1 expression is subject to regulation by the transcription factor, NF-kappaB. B cell lines derived from patients with homozygous HAX1 mutations were more sensitive to TPCK-induced apoptosis when compared with normal donor cell lines. Furthermore, N-acetylcysteine effectively blocked TPCK-induced apoptosis in EBV-transformed B cell lines and prevented the down-regulation or cleavage of anti-apoptotic proteins. Taken together, our studies demonstrate that TPCK induces apoptosis in human B cell lines and exerts multiple effects on pro- and anti-apoptotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriporn Jitkaew
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Science and Technology for Research and Development, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Alicja Trebinska
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw 02-781, Poland
| | - Ewa Grzybowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw 02-781, Poland
| | - Göran Carlsson
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Anders Nordström
- Karolinska Biomics Center, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Karolinska Biomics Center, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
| | - Anne-Sophie Fröjmark
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Dahl
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, The Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden.
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Frydrych I, Mlejnek P. Serine protease inhibitorsN-α-tosyl-L-lysinyl-chloromethylketone (TLCK) andN-tosyl-L-phenylalaninyl-chloromethylketone (TPCK) do not inhibit caspase-3 and caspase-7 processing in cells exposed to pro-apoptotic inducing stimuli. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:1501-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Frydrych I, Mlejnek P, Dolezel P, Zoumpourlis V, Krumpochova P. The broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor Boc-Asp-CMK induces cell death in human leukaemia cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1356-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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