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Rehman A, Fatima I, Noor F, Qasim M, Wang P, Jia J, Alshabrmi FM, Liao M. Role of small molecules as drug candidates for reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells: A comprehensive review. Comput Biol Med 2024; 177:108661. [PMID: 38810477 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
With the use of specific genetic factors and recent developments in cellular reprogramming, it is now possible to generate lineage-committed cells or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from readily available and common somatic cell types. However, there are still significant doubts regarding the safety and effectiveness of the current genetic methods for reprogramming cells, as well as the conventional culture methods for maintaining stem cells. Small molecules that target specific epigenetic processes, signaling pathways, and other cellular processes can be used as a complementary approach to manipulate cell fate to achieve a desired objective. It has been discovered that a growing number of small molecules can support lineage differentiation, maintain stem cell self-renewal potential, and facilitate reprogramming by either increasing the efficiency of reprogramming or acting as a genetic reprogramming factor substitute. However, ongoing challenges include improving reprogramming efficiency, ensuring the safety of small molecules, and addressing issues with incomplete epigenetic resetting. Small molecule iPSCs have significant clinical applications in regenerative medicine and personalized therapies. This review emphasizes the versatility and potential safety benefits of small molecules in overcoming challenges associated with the iPSCs reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rehman
- Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Israr Fatima
- Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Fatima Noor
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University of Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University of Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Peng Wang
- Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Jinrui Jia
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition and Muscle Development, Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Fahad M Alshabrmi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mingzhi Liao
- Center of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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Lim C, Roh YH, Yoo SJ, Jeong DK, Nam KW. Identification of Stem Cell Related Gene Expression from the Osteosarcoma Cell Core Side. J Cancer Prev 2022; 27:122-128. [PMID: 35864855 PMCID: PMC9271406 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2022.27.2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary malignant bone tumor with higher incidences in children and adolescents. Despite clinical evolutions, patients with osteosacoma have had a poor prognosis. There has been increasing evidence that cancer is a stem cell disease. This study sought to isolate and characterize cancer stem cells from human osteosarcoma with relevant literature reviews. Here we show that the emerging evidence suggests osteosarcoma should be regarded as a differentiation disease such as stem cell disease. Two human osteosarcoma cell lines were cultured in non-adherent culture conditions as sarcospheres. Sarcospheres were observed using histomorphology and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining. Expression of the embryonic stem cell marker was analyzed with use of reverse transcriptase-PCR. Sarcospheres could be reproduced consistently throughout multiple passages and produced adherent osteosarcoma cell cultures. Expression of stem cell-associated genes such as those encoding Nanog, octamer-binding transcription factor 3/4, sex determining region Y box 2 , c-Myc and ALP indicated pluripotent stem-like cells. These results support the extension of the cancer stem cell theory to include osteosarcoma. Understanding the cancer stem cell derived from human osteosarcoma could lead to the evolution of diagnosis and treatment for osteosarcoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaemoon Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Young Ho Roh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Seung Jin Yoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jeju National University Hospital, Jeju, Korea
| | - Dong Kee Jeong
- Laboratory of Animal Genetic Engineering and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Animal Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
| | - Kwang Woo Nam
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Uijeongbu, Korea
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3
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LSD1: Expanding Functions in Stem Cells and Differentiation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113252. [PMID: 34831474 PMCID: PMC8624367 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) provide a powerful model system to uncover fundamental mechanisms that control cellular identity during mammalian development. Histone methylation governs gene expression programs that play a key role in the regulation of the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of ESCs. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1, also known as KDM1A), the first identified histone lysine demethylase, demethylates H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2 at target loci in a context-dependent manner. Moreover, it has also been shown to demethylate non-histone substrates playing a central role in the regulation of numerous cellular processes. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about LSD1 and the molecular mechanism by which LSD1 influences the stem cells state, including the regulatory circuitry underlying self-renewal and pluripotency.
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Das MK, Lunavat TR, Miletic H, Hossain JA. The Potentials and Pitfalls of Using Adult Stem Cells in Cancer Treatment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1326:139-157. [PMID: 33615422 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2021_619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells play a pivotal role in the developmental stages of an organism and in adulthood as well. Therefore, it is not surprising that stem cells constitute a focus of extensive research. Indeed, several decades of stem cell research have tremendously increased our knowledge on the mechanistic understandings of stem cell biology. Interestingly, revealing the fundamental principles of stem cell biology has also fostered its application for therapeutic purposes. Many of the attributes that the stem cells possess, some of which are unique, allow multifaceted exploitation of stem cells in the treatment of various diseases. Cancer, the leading cause of mortality worldwide, is one of the disease groups that has been benefited by the potentials of therapeutic applications of the stem cells. While the modi operandi of how stem cells contribute to cancer treatment are many-sided, two major principles can be conceived. One mode involves harnessing the regenerative power of the stem cells to promote the generation of blood-forming cells in cancer patients after cytotoxic regimens. A totally different kind of utility of stem cells has been exercised in another mode where the stem cells can potentially deliver a plethora of anti-cancer therapeutics in a tumor-specific manner. While both these approaches can improve the treatment of cancer patients, there exist several issues that warrant further research. This review summarizes the basic principles of the utility of the stem cells in cancer treatment along with the current trends and pinpoints the major obstacles to focus on in the future for further improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal K Das
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Taral R Lunavat
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hrvoje Miletic
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jubayer A Hossain
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. .,Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
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Zeng J, Li Y, Ma Z, Hu M. Advances in Small Molecules in Cellular Reprogramming: Effects, Structures, and Mechanisms. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 16:115-132. [PMID: 32564763 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200621172042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The method of cellular reprogramming using small molecules involves the manipulation of somatic cells to generate desired cell types under chemically limited conditions, thus avoiding the ethical controversy of embryonic stem cells and the potential hazards of gene manipulation. The combinations of small molecules and their effects on mouse and human somatic cells are similar. Several small molecules, including CHIR99021, 616452, A83-01, SB431542, forskolin, tranylcypromine and valproic acid [VPA], have been frequently used in reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells. This indicated that the reprogramming approaches related to these compounds were essential. These approaches were mainly divided into four classes: epigenetic modification, signal modulation, metabolic modulation and senescent suppression. The structures and functions of small molecules involved in these reprogramming approaches have been studied extensively. Molecular docking gave insights into the mechanisms and structural specificities of various small molecules in the epigenetic modification. The binding modes of RG108, Bix01294, tranylcypromine and VPA with their corresponding proteins clearly illustrated the interactions between these compounds and the active sites of the proteins. Glycogen synthase kinase 3β [CHIR99021], transforming growth factor β [616452, A83-01 and SB431542] and protein kinase A [forskolin] signaling pathway play important roles in signal modulation during reprogramming, however, the mechanisms and structural specificities of these inhibitors are still unknown. Further, the numbers of small molecules in the approaches of metabolic modulation and senescent suppression were too few to compare. This review aims to serve as a reference for reprogramming through small molecules in order to benefit future regenerative medicine and clinical drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zeng
- Yunnan Key laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Yanjiao Li
- Yunnan Key laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Zhaoxia Ma
- Yunnan Key laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Min Hu
- Yunnan Key laboratory for Basic Research on Bone and Joint Diseases & Yunnan Stem Cell Translational Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
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Alameda F, Velarde JM, Carrato C, Vidal N, Arumí M, Naranjo D, Martinez-Garcia M, Ribalta T, Balañá C. Prognostic value of stem cell markers in glioblastoma. Biomarkers 2019; 24:677-683. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1652345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Alameda
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José María Velarde
- Institute for Health Science Research Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carrato
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Noemí Vidal
- Department of Pathology, Hospital de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Teresa Ribalta
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Clinic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme Balañá
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona, Spain
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Pannangrong W, Sirichoat A, Wongsiri T, Wigmore P, Welbat JU. Valproic acid withdrawal ameliorates impairments of hippocampal-spatial working memory and neurogenesis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2019; 20:253-263. [PMID: 30829012 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1800340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA), an agent that is used to treat epileptic seizures, can cause spatial memory impairment in adults and children. This effect is thought to be due to the ability of VPA to inhibit neurogenesis in the hippocampus, which is required for learning. We have previously used an animal model to show that VPA significantly impairs hippocampal-spatial working memory and inhibits neuronal generation in the sub-granular zone of the dentate gyrus. As there are patient reports of improvements in memory after discontinuing VPA treatment, the present study investigated the recovery of both spatial memory and hippocampal neurogenesis at two time points after withdrawal of VPA. Male Wistar rats were given intraperitoneal injections of 0.9% normal saline or VPA (300 mg/kg) twice a day for 10 d. At 1, 30, or 45 d after the drug treatment, the novel object location (NOL) test was used to examine spatial memory; hippocampal cell division was counted using Ki67 immunohistochemistry, and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Notch1 were measured using western immunoblotting. Spatial working memory was impaired 1 and 30 d after the final administration, but was restored to control levels by 45 d. Cell proliferation had increased to control levels at 30 and 45 d. Both markers of neurogenesis (BDNF and Notch1 levels) had returned to control levels at 45 d. These results demonstrate that memory recovery occurs over a period of six weeks after discontinuing VPA treatment and is preceded by a return of hippocampal neurogenesis to control levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanassanun Pannangrong
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Apiwat Sirichoat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Trai Wongsiri
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Peter Wigmore
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Jariya Umka Welbat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.,Neuroscience Research and Development Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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8
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Ouyang X, Telli ML, Wu JC. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Cancer Vaccines. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1510. [PMID: 31338094 PMCID: PMC6628907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a century ago, it was reported that immunization with embryonic/fetal tissue could lead to the rejection of transplanted tumors in animals. Subsequent studies demonstrated that vaccination of embryonic materials in animals induced cellular and humoral immunity against transplantable tumors and carcinogen-induced tumors. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that the shared antigens between tumors and embryonic/fetal tissues (oncofetal antigens) are the key to anti-tumor immune responses in these studies. However, early oncofetal antigen-based cancer vaccines usually utilize xenogeneic or allogeneic embryonic stem cells or tissues, making it difficult to tease apart the anti-tumor immunity elicited by the oncofetal antigens vs. graft-vs.-host responses. Recently, one oncofetal antigen-based cancer vaccine using autologous induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) demonstrated marked prophylactic and therapeutic potential, suggesting critical roles of oncofetal antigens in inducing anti-tumor immunity. In this review, we present an overview of recent studies in the field of oncofetal antigen-based cancer vaccines, including single peptide-based cancer vaccines, embryonic stem cell (ESC)- and iPSC-based whole-cell vaccines, and provide insights on future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Ouyang
- Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Melinda L Telli
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Cardiovascular Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.,Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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9
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Liu Z, Che P, Mercado JJ, Hackney JR, Friedman GK, Zhang C, You Z, Zhao X, Ding Q, Kim K, Li H, Liu X, Markert JM, Nabors B, Gillespie GY, Zhao R, Han X. Characterization of iPSCs derived from low grade gliomas revealed early regional chromosomal amplifications during gliomagenesis. J Neurooncol 2019; 141:289-301. [PMID: 30460631 PMCID: PMC6344247 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-03047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IDH1 mutation has been identified as an early genetic event driving low grade gliomas (LGGs) and it has been proven to exerts a powerful epigenetic effect. Cells containing IDH1 mutation are refractory to epigenetical reprogramming to iPSC induced by expression of Yamanaka transcription factors, a feature that we employed to study early genetic amplifications or deletions in gliomagenesis. METHODS We made iPSC clones from freshly surgically resected IDH1 mutant LGGs by forced expression of Yamanaka transcription factors. We sequenced the IDH locus and analyzed the genetic composition of multiple iPSC clones by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH). RESULTS We hypothesize that the primary cell pool isolated from LGG tumor contains a heterogeneous population consisting tumor cells at various stages of tumor progression including cells with early genetic lesions if any prior to acquisition of IDH1 mutation. Because cells containing IDH1 mutation are refractory to reprogramming, we predict that iPSC clones should originate only from LGG cells without IDH1 mutation, i.e. cells prior to acquisition of IDH1 mutation. As expected, we found that none of the iPSC clones contains IDH1 mutation. Further analysis by aCGH of the iPSC clones reveals that they contain regional chromosomal amplifications which are also present in the primary LGG cells. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that there exists a subpopulation of cells harboring gene amplification but without IDH1 mutation in the LGG primary cell pool. Further analysis of TCGA LGG database demonstrates that these regional chromosomal amplifications are also present in some cases of low grade gliomas indicating they are reoccurring lesions in glioma albeit at a low frequency. Taken together, these data suggest that regional chromosomal alterations may exist prior to the acquisition of IDH mutations in at least some cases of LGGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Pulin Che
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Juan J Mercado
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - James R Hackney
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55904, USA
| | - Zhiying You
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Kitai Kim
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, The Center for Cell Engineering, The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55904, USA
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Burt Nabors
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Shelby 714, 1825 University Blvd., Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
| | - Xiaosi Han
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1020 Faculty Office Tower, 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA.
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Cochrane A, Kelaini S, Tsifaki M, Bojdo J, Vilà-González M, Drehmer D, Caines R, Magee C, Eleftheriadou M, Hu Y, Grieve D, Stitt AW, Zeng L, Xu Q, Margariti A. Quaking Is a Key Regulator of Endothelial Cell Differentiation, Neovascularization, and Angiogenesis. Stem Cells 2017; 35:952-966. [PMID: 28207177 PMCID: PMC5396345 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The capability to derive endothelial cell (ECs) from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) holds huge therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease. This study elucidates the precise role of the RNA‐binding protein Quaking isoform 5 (QKI‐5) during EC differentiation from both mouse and human iPSCs (hiPSCs) and dissects how RNA‐binding proteins can improve differentiation efficiency toward cell therapy for important vascular diseases. iPSCs represent an attractive cellular approach for regenerative medicine today as they can be used to generate patient‐specific therapeutic cells toward autologous cell therapy. In this study, using the model of iPSCs differentiation toward ECs, the QKI‐5 was found to be an important regulator of STAT3 stabilization and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) activation during the EC differentiation process. QKI‐5 was induced during EC differentiation, resulting in stabilization of STAT3 expression and modulation of VEGFR2 transcriptional activation as well as VEGF secretion through direct binding to the 3′ UTR of STAT3. Importantly, mouse iPS‐ECs overexpressing QKI‐5 significantly improved angiogenesis and neovascularization and blood flow recovery in experimental hind limb ischemia. Notably, hiPSCs overexpressing QKI‐5, induced angiogenesis on Matrigel plug assays in vivo only 7 days after subcutaneous injection in SCID mice. These results highlight a clear functional benefit of QKI‐5 in neovascularization, blood flow recovery, and angiogenesis. Thus, they provide support to the growing consensus that elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying EC differentiation will ultimately advance stem cell regenerative therapy and eventually make the treatment of cardiovascular disease a reality. The RNA binding protein QKI‐5 is induced during EC differentiation from iPSCs. RNA binding protein QKI‐5 was induced during EC differentiation in parallel with the EC marker CD144. Immunofluorescence staining showing that QKI‐5 is localized in the nucleus and stained in parallel with CD144 in differentiated ECs (scale bar = 50 µm). stemcells2017 Stem Cells2017;35:952–966
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Cochrane
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Kelaini
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Tsifaki
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - James Bojdo
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Vilà-González
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Daiana Drehmer
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Caines
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Corey Magee
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalini Eleftheriadou
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Yanhua Hu
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Grieve
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Alan W Stitt
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Lingfang Zeng
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qingbo Xu
- Cardiovascular Division, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andriana Margariti
- The Wellcome-Wolfson Building, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
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11
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Lee J, Xu L, Gibson TM, Gersbach CA, Sullenger BA. Differential effects of toll-like receptor stimulation on mRNA-driven myogenic conversion of human and mouse fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1484-90. [PMID: 27586271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Transfection with in vitro transcribed mRNAs is a safe and effective tool to convert somatic cells to any cell type of interest. One caveat of mRNA transfection is that mRNAs are recognized by multiple RNA-sensing toll like receptors (TLRs). These TLRs can both promote and inhibit cellular reprogramming. We demonstrated that mRNA transfection stimulated TLR3 and TLR7 and induced cytotoxicity and IFN-β expression in human and mouse fibroblasts. Furthermore, mRNA transfection induced paracrine inhibition of repeated mRNA transfection through type I IFNs. Modified mRNAs (mmRNAs) containing pseudouridine and 5-methycytosine reduced TLR stimulation, cytotoxicity and IFN-β expression in fibroblasts. Repeated liposomal transfection with MyoD mmRNAs significantly enhanced myogenic conversion of human and mouse fibroblasts compared with repeated transfection with MyoD mRNAs. Interestingly, electroporation of mRNAs and mmRNAs completely abrogated cytotoxicity and IFN-β expression and also abolished myogenic conversion of fibroblasts. At a low concentration, TLR7/8 agonist R848 enhanced MyoD mmRNA-driven conversion of human fibroblasts into skeletal muscle cells, whereas high concentrations of R848 inhibited myogenic conversion of fibroblasts. Our study suggests that deliberate control of TLR signaling is a key factor in the success of mRNA-driven cellular reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Lee
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, USA; Duke Translational Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, USA
| | - Tyler M Gibson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, USA
| | | | - Bruce A Sullenger
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, USA; Duke Translational Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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12
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Chen T, Margariti A, Kelaini S, Cochrane A, Guha ST, Hu Y, Stitt AW, Zhang L, Xu Q. MicroRNA-199b Modulates Vascular Cell Fate During iPS Cell Differentiation by Targeting the Notch Ligand Jagged1 and Enhancing VEGF Signaling. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1405-18. [PMID: 25535084 PMCID: PMC4737258 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Recent ability to derive endothelial cells (ECs) from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells holds a great therapeutic potential for personalized medicine and stem cell therapy. We aimed that better understanding of the complex molecular signals that are evoked during iPS cell differentiation toward ECs may allow specific targeting of their activities to enhance cell differentiation and promote tissue regeneration. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we have generated mouse iPS cells from fibroblasts using established protocol. When iPS cells were cultivated on type IV mouse collagen-coated dishes in differentiation medium, cell differentiation toward vascular lineages were observed. To study the molecular mechanisms of iPS cell differentiation, we found that miR-199b is involved in EC differentiation. A step-wise increase in expression of miR-199 was detected during EC differentiation. Notably, miR-199b targeted the Notch ligand JAG1, resulting in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) transcriptional activation and secretion through the transcription factor STAT3. Upon shRNA-mediated knockdown of the Notch ligand JAG1, the regulatory effect of miR-199b was ablated and there was robust induction of STAT3 and VEGF during EC differentiation. Knockdown of JAG1 also inhibited miR-199b-mediated inhibition of iPS cell differentiation toward smooth muscle markers. Using the in vitro tube formation assay and implanted Matrigel plugs, in vivo, miR-199b also regulated VEGF expression and angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates a novel role for miR-199b as a regulator of the phenotypic switch during vascular cell differentiation derived from iPS cells by regulating critical signaling angiogenic responses. Stem Cells 2015;33:1405-1418.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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13
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Trokovic R, Weltner J, Noisa P, Raivio T, Otonkoski T. Combined negative effect of donor age and time in culture on the reprogramming efficiency into induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2015; 15:254-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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14
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LI ZHOUBIN, MARGARITI ANDRIANA, WU YUTAO, YANG FENG, HU JIAN, ZHANG LI, CHEN TING. MicroRNA-199a induces differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells into endothelial cells by targeting sirtuin 1. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3711-3717. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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15
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Christ GJ, Siriwardane ML, de Coppi P. Engineering muscle tissue for the fetus: getting ready for a strong life. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:53. [PMID: 25914643 PMCID: PMC4392316 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital malformations frequently involve either skeletal, smooth or cardiac tissues. When large parts of those tissues are damaged, the repair of the malformations is challenged by the fact that so much autologous tissue is missing. Current treatments require the use of prostheses or other therapies and are associated with a significant morbidity and mortality. Nonetheless, affected children have generally good survival rates and mostly normal schooling. As such, new therapeutic modalities need to represent significant improvements with clear safety profiles. Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering technologies have the potential to dramatically improve the treatment of any disease or disorder involving a lack of viable tissue. With respect to congenital soft tissue anomalies, the development of, for example, implantable muscle constructs would provide not only the usual desired elasticity and contractile proprieties, but should also be able to grow with the fetus and/or in the postnatal life. Such an approach would eliminate the need for multiple surgeries. However, the more widespread clinical applications of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering technologies require identification of the optimal indications, as well as further elucidation of the precise mechanisms and best methods (cells, scaffolds/biomaterials) for achieving large functional tissue regeneration in those clinical indications. In short, despite some amazing scientific progress, significant safety and efficacy hurdles remain. However, the rapid preclinical advances in the field bode well for future applications. As such, translational researchers and clinicians alike need be informed and prepared to utilize these new techniques for the benefit of their patients, as soon as they are available. To this end, we review herein, the clinical need(s), potential applications, and the relevant preclinical studies that are currently guiding the field toward novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Christ
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine Winston-Salem, NC, USA ; Laboratory of Regenerative Therapeutics, Deptartment of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Paolo de Coppi
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street Hospital London, UK
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16
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Yin KJ, Hamblin M, Fan Y, Zhang J, Chen YE. Krüpple-like factors in the central nervous system: novel mediators in stroke. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:401-10. [PMID: 24338065 PMCID: PMC4113556 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors play an important role in the pathophysiology of many neurological disorders, including stroke. In the past three decades, an increasing number of transcription factors and their related gene signaling networks have been identified, and have become a research focus in the stroke field. Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) are members of the zinc finger family of transcription factors with diverse regulatory functions in cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, metabolism, and inflammation. KLFs are also abundantly expressed in the brain where they serve as critical regulators of neuronal development and regeneration to maintain normal brain function. Dysregulation of KLFs has been linked to various neurological disorders. Recently, there is emerging evidence that suggests KLFs have an important role in the pathogenesis of stroke and provide endogenous vaso-or neuro-protection in the brain's response to ischemic stimuli. In this review, we summarize the basic knowledge and advancement of these transcriptional mediators in the central nervous system, highlighting the novel roles of KLFs in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jie Yin
- Correspondence addressed to: Ke-Jie Yin, M.D., Ph.D., Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Phone: 734-647-8975, Fax: 734-936-2641, , Y. Eugene Chen, M.D., Ph.D., Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Phone: 734-763-7838, Fax: 734-936-2641,
| | | | | | | | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Correspondence addressed to: Ke-Jie Yin, M.D., Ph.D., Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Phone: 734-647-8975, Fax: 734-936-2641, , Y. Eugene Chen, M.D., Ph.D., Cardiovascular Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical Center, Phone: 734-763-7838, Fax: 734-936-2641,
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17
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Reprogramming with Small Molecules instead of Exogenous Transcription Factors. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:794632. [PMID: 25922608 PMCID: PMC4397468 DOI: 10.1155/2015/794632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could be employed in the creation of patient-specific stem cells, which could subsequently be used in various basic and clinical applications. However, current iPSC methodologies present significant hidden risks with respect to genetic mutations and abnormal expression which are a barrier in realizing the full potential of iPSCs. A chemical approach is thought to be a promising strategy for safety and efficiency of iPSC generation. Many small molecules have been identified that can be used in place of exogenous transcription factors and significantly improve iPSC reprogramming efficiency and quality. Recent studies have shown that the use of small molecules results in the generation of chemically induced pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic fibroblast cells. These studies might lead to new areas of stem cell research and medical applications, not only human iPSC by chemicals alone, but also safe generation of somatic stem cells for cell based clinical trials and other researches. In this paper, we have reviewed the recent advances in small molecule approaches for the generation of iPSCs.
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18
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Dai X, Liu P, Lau AW, Liu Y, Inuzuka H. Acetylation-dependent regulation of essential iPS-inducing factors: a regulatory crossroad for pluripotency and tumorigenesis. Cancer Med 2014; 3:1211-24. [PMID: 25116380 PMCID: PMC4302671 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be generated from somatic cells by coexpression of four transcription factors: Sox2, Oct4, Klf4, and c-Myc. However, the low efficiency in generating iPS cells and the tendency of tumorigenesis hinder the therapeutic applications for iPS cells in treatment of human diseases. To this end, it remains largely unknown how the iPS process is subjected to regulation by upstream signaling pathway(s). Here, we report that Akt regulates the iPS process by modulating posttranslational modifications of these iPS factors in both direct and indirect manners. Specifically, Akt directly phosphorylates Oct4 to modulate the Oct4/Sox2 heterodimer formation. Furthermore, Akt either facilitates the p300-mediated acetylation of Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4, or stabilizes Klf4 by inactivating GSK3, thus indirectly modulating stemness. As tumorigenesis shares possible common features and mechanisms with iPS, our study suggests that Akt inhibition might serve as a cancer therapeutic approach to target cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangpeng Dai
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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19
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Abstract
Congenital malformations are major causes of disease and death during the first years of life and, most of the time, functional replacement of the missing or damaged organs remains an unmet clinical need. Particularly relevant for the treatment of congenital malformation would be to collect the stem cells at diagnosis, before birth, to be able to intervene during the gestation or in the neonatal period. Human AFSCs (amniotic fluid stem cells), which have characteristics intermediate between those of embryonic and adult stem cells, have been isolated. c-Kit+Lin− cells derived from amniotic fluid display a multilineage haemopoietic potential and they can be easily reprogrammed to a pluripotent status. Although, in the future, we hope to use cells derived from the amniotic fluid, we and others have proved recently that simple organs such as the trachea can be engineered using adult progenitors utilizing decellularized cadaveric matrices. A similar approach could be used in the future for more complex organs such as the muscles, intestines or lungs.
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20
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Picanço-Castro V, Moreira LF, Kashima S, Covas DT. Can pluripotent stem cells be used in cell-based therapy? Cell Reprogram 2014; 16:98-107. [PMID: 24606201 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2013.0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells, both embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have the ability to differentiate into several cell types that can be used in drug testing and also in the study and treatment of diseases. These cells can be differentiated by in vitro systems, which may serve as models for human diseases and for cell transplantation. In this review, we address the pluripotent cell types, how to obtain and characterize these cells, and differentiation assays. We also focus on the potential of these cells in clinical trials, and we describe the clinical trials that are underway.
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21
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Riazifar H, Jia Y, Chen J, Lynch G, Huang T. Chemically induced specification of retinal ganglion cells from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:424-32. [PMID: 24493857 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is the primary pathological change for many retinal degenerative diseases. Although there is currently no effective treatment for this group of diseases, cell transplantation to replace lost RGCs holds great potential. However, for the development of cell replacement therapy, better understanding of the molecular details involved in differentiating stem cells into RGCs is essential. In this study, a novel, stepwise chemical protocol is described for the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells into functional RGCs. Briefly, stem cells were differentiated into neural rosettes, which were then cultured with the Notch inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-l-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butyl ester (DAPT). The expression of neural and RGC markers (BRN3A, BRN3B, ATOH7/Math5, γ-synuclein, Islet-1, and THY-1) was examined. Approximately 30% of the cell population obtained expressed the neuronal marker TUJ1 as well the RGC markers. Moreover, the differentiated RGCs generated action potentials and exhibited both spontaneous and evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents, indicating that functional and mature RGCs were generated. In combination, these data demonstrate that a single chemical (DAPT) can induce PAX6/RX-positive stem cells to undergo differentiation into functional RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Riazifar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, MitoMed Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, and Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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22
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Jung DW, Kim WH, Williams DR. Reprogram or reboot: small molecule approaches for the production of induced pluripotent stem cells and direct cell reprogramming. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:80-95. [PMID: 24245936 DOI: 10.1021/cb400754f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell transplantation is a potential therapy for regenerative medicine, which aims to restore tissues damaged by trauma, aging, and diseases. Since its conception in the late 1990s, chemical biology has provided powerful and diverse small molecule tools for modulating stem cell function. Embryonic stem cells could be an ideal source for transplantation, but ethical concerns restrict their development for cell therapy. The seminal advance of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology provided an attractive alternative to human embryonic stem cells. However, iPSCs are not yet considered an ideal stem cell source, due to limitations associated with the reprogramming process and their potential tumorigenic behavior. This is an area of research where chemical biology has made a significant contribution to facilitate the efficient production of high quality iPSCs and elucidate the biological mechanisms governing their phenotype. In this review, we summarize these advances and discuss the latest progress in developing small molecule modulators. Moreover, we also review a new trend in stem cell research, which is the direct reprogramming of readily accessible cell types into clinically useful cells, such as neurons and cardiac cells. This is a research area where chemical biology is making a pivotal contribution and illustrates the many advantages of using small molecules in stem cell research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Woon Jung
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Hee Kim
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Darren Reece Williams
- New Drug Targets Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 1 Oryong-Dong, Buk-Gu, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
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23
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Popowski M, Templeton TD, Lee BK, Rhee C, Li H, Miner C, Dekker JD, Orlanski S, Bergman Y, Iyer VR, Webb CF, Tucker H. Bright/Arid3A acts as a barrier to somatic cell reprogramming through direct regulation of Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:26-35. [PMID: 24511468 PMCID: PMC3916758 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We show here that singular loss of the Bright/Arid3A transcription factor leads to reprograming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and enhancement of standard four-factor (4F) reprogramming. Bright-deficient MEFs bypass senescence and, under standard embryonic stem cell (ESC) culture conditions, spontaneously form clones that in vitro express pluripotency markers, differentiate to all germ lineages, and in vivo form teratomas and chimeric mice. We demonstrate that BRIGHT binds directly to the promoter/enhancer regions of Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog to contribute to their repression in both MEFs and ESCs. Thus, elimination of the BRIGHT barrier may provide an approach for somatic cell reprogramming. Loss of Bright can alone reprogram or enhance conventional four-factor reprogramming Bright directly represses Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog Bright may function in somatic and embryonic stem cells to enforce differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Popowski
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Troy D Templeton
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Departments of Cell Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Bum-Kyu Lee
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Catherine Rhee
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - He Li
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Departments of Cell Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Cathrine Miner
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Departments of Cell Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Joseph D Dekker
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Shari Orlanski
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yehudit Bergman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Vishwanath R Iyer
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Carol F Webb
- Immunobiology and Cancer Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Departments of Cell Biology and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Haley Tucker
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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24
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Scheiner ZS, Talib S, Feigal EG. The potential for immunogenicity of autologous induced pluripotent stem cell-derived therapies. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:4571-7. [PMID: 24362036 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r113.509588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offers the promise of immune-matched cell therapies for a wide range of diseases and injuries. It is generally assumed that cells derived from autologous iPSCs will be immune-privileged. However, there are reasons to question this assumption, including recent studies that have tested iPSC immunogenicity in various ways with conflicting results. Understanding the risk of an immune response and developing strategies to minimize it will be important steps before clinical testing. Here, we review the evidence for autologous iPSC immunogenicity, its potential causes, and approaches for assessment and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Scheiner
- From the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, San Francisco, California 94107
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25
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Wierstra I. The transcription factor FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1): proliferation-specific expression, transcription factor function, target genes, mouse models, and normal biological roles. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 118:97-398. [PMID: 23768511 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407173-5.00004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor, which stimulates cell proliferation and exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern. Accordingly, both the expression and the transcriptional activity of FOXM1 are increased by proliferation signals, but decreased by antiproliferation signals, including the positive and negative regulation by protooncoproteins or tumor suppressors, respectively. FOXM1 stimulates cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Moreover, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. Accordingly, FOXM1 regulates the expression of genes, whose products control G1/S-transition, S-phase progression, G2/M-transition, and M-phase progression. Additionally, FOXM1 target genes encode proteins with functions in the execution of DNA replication and mitosis. FOXM1 is a transcriptional activator with a forkhead domain as DNA binding domain and with a very strong acidic transactivation domain. However, wild-type FOXM1 is (almost) inactive because the transactivation domain is repressed by three inhibitory domains. Inactive FOXM1 can be converted into a very potent transactivator by activating signals, which release the transactivation domain from its inhibition by the inhibitory domains. FOXM1 is essential for embryonic development and the foxm1 knockout is embryonically lethal. In adults, FOXM1 is important for tissue repair after injury. FOXM1 prevents premature senescence and interferes with contact inhibition. FOXM1 plays a role for maintenance of stem cell pluripotency and for self-renewal capacity of stem cells. The functions of FOXM1 in prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy and in homologous recombination repair of DNA-double-strand breaks suggest an importance of FOXM1 for the maintenance of genomic stability and chromosomal integrity.
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Ma Y, Zhang X, Ma H, Ren Y, Sun Y, Wang Q, Shi J. Bioinformatic analysis of the four transcription factors used to induce pluripotent stem cells. Cytotechnology 2013; 66:967-78. [PMID: 24129607 PMCID: PMC4235945 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-013-9649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are a type of pluripotent stem cell artificially derived from non-pluripotent cells by overexpressing the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Nanog. These transcription factors play a pivotal role in stem cells; however, the function of these factors are not fully characterized. In this study, we analyzed Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Nanog in ten different species using bioinformatics, to provide more knowledge of the function of these genes. Nanog does not exist in the invertebrates Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, indicating that the absence of Nanog may be responsible for the developmental differences between vertebrates and invertebrates. Construction of phylogenetic trees confirmed that the function of Nanog is conserved from fish to mammals. The effect of alternative splicing on the protein domains present in Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Nanog were also analyzed. Examination of the expression patterns in human stem cells, iPS cells and normal tissues showed that Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Nanog are expressed at similar levels in iPS cells and embryonic stem cells, and expression of all four transcription factors decreases after differentiation. Expression of Klf4 reduced to the least during differentiation, and Klf4 was found to be specifically expressed in several normal tissues, especially the salivary gland. In this paper, we systematically indentified the family proteins of the four transcription factors used to induce pluripotent stem cells, and then analyzed their evolution status, composed of those protein domains, alternative splicing translation, expression status and interaction networks. Those analysis could shed a light for further research of iPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Ma
- Centre of Reproductive Medicine, Inner Mongolia Hospital, Inner Mongolia, Huhhot, 010017, China
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27
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Pajonk F, Vlashi E. Characterization of the stem cell niche and its importance in radiobiological response. Semin Radiat Oncol 2013; 23:237-41. [PMID: 24012337 PMCID: PMC3768002 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Normal tissues are organized hierarchically with a small number of stem cells, able to self-renew and give rise to all the differentiated cells found in the respective specialized tissues. The undifferentiated, multipotent state of normal stem cells is codetermined by the constituents of a specific anatomical space that hosts the normal stem cell population, called the "stem cell niche." Radiation interferes not only with the stem cell population but also with the stem cell niche, thus modulating a complex regulatory network. There is now mounting experimental evidence that many solid cancers share this hierarchical organization with their tissue of origin, with the cancer stem cells also occupying specialized niches. In this review, we highlight some of the best-characterized aspects of normal tissue stem cells, cancer stem cells, and their niches in the bone marrow, gut, and brain, as well as their responses to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pajonk
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA.
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28
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Bayart E, Cohen-Haguenauer O. Technological overview of iPS induction from human adult somatic cells. Curr Gene Ther 2013; 13:73-92. [PMID: 23320476 PMCID: PMC3788326 DOI: 10.2174/1566523211313020002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The unlimited proliferation capacity of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) combined with their pluripotent differentiation potential in various lineages raised great interest in both the scientific community and the public at large with hope for future prospects of regenerative medicine. However, since ESCs are derived from human embryos, their use is associated with significant ethical issues preventing broad studies and therapeutic applications. To get around this bottleneck, Takahashi and Yamanaka have recently achieved the conversion of adult somatic cells into ES-like cells via the forced expression of four transcription factors: Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. This first demonstration attracted public attention and opened a new field of stem cells research with both cognitive - such as disease modeling - and therapeutic prospects. This pioneer work just received the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Many methods have been reported since 2006, for the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Most strategies currently under use are based on gene delivery via gamma-retroviral or lentiviral vectors; some experiments have also been successful using plasmids or transposons- based systems and few with adenovirus. However, most experiments involve integration in the host cell genome with an identified risk for insertional mutagenesis and oncogenic transformation. To circumvent such risks which are deemed incompatible with therapeutic prospects, significant progress has been made with transgene-free reprogramming methods based on e.g.: sendai virus or direct mRNA or protein delivery to achieve conversion of adult cells into iPS. In this review we aim to cover current knowledge relating to both delivery systems and combinations of inducing factors including chemicals which are used to generate human iPS cells. Finally, genetic instability resulting from the reprogramming process is also being considered as a safety bottleneck for future clinical translation and stem cell-therapy prospects based on iPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bayart
- Laboratoire de Biologie & Pharmacologie Appliquée LBPA CliniGene, ENS – Cachan CNRS UMR 8113, 94235 Cachan, Paris, France
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Nutt SE, Chang EA, Suhr ST, Schlosser LO, Mondello SE, Moritz CT, Cibelli JB, Horner PJ. Caudalized human iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells produce neurons and glia but fail to restore function in an early chronic spinal cord injury model. Exp Neurol 2013; 248:491-503. [PMID: 23891888 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have shown modest potential and some side effects (e.g. allodynia) for treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). In only a few cases, however, have NPCs shown promise at the chronic stage. Given the 1.275 million people living with chronic paralysis, there is a significant need to rigorously evaluate the cell types and methods for safe and efficacious treatment of this devastating condition. For the first time, we examined the pre-clinical potential of NPCs derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to repair chronic SCI. hiPSCs were differentiated into region-specific (i.e. caudal) NPCs, then transplanted into a new, clinically relevant model of early chronic cervical SCI. We established the conditions for successful transplantation of caudalized hiPSC-NPCs and demonstrate their remarkable ability to integrate and produce multiple neural lineages in the early chronic injury environment. In contrast to prior reports in acute and sub-acute injury models, survival and integration of hiPSC-derived neural cells in the early chronic cervical model did not lead to significant improvement in forelimb function or induce allodynia. These data indicate that while hiPSCs show promise, future work needs to focus on the specific hiPSC-derivatives or co-therapies that will restore function in the early chronic injury setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Nutt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Abstract
The conversion of somatic cells into pluripotent cells is transforming the way diseases are researched and treated. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells' promise may soon be realized in the field of hematology, as hematopoietic stem cell transplants are already commonplace in clinics around the world. We provide a current comparison between induced pluripotent and embryonic stem cells, describe progress toward modeling hematological disorders using iPS cells, and illustrate the hurdles that must be overcome before iPS cell therapies will be available in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne B C Cherry
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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31
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Meiser J, Weindl D, Hiller K. Complexity of dopamine metabolism. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:34. [PMID: 23683503 PMCID: PMC3693914 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
: Parkinson's disease (PD) coincides with a dramatic loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. A key player in the loss of dopaminergic neurons is oxidative stress. Dopamine (DA) metabolism itself is strongly linked to oxidative stress as its degradation generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DA oxidation can lead to endogenous neurotoxins whereas some DA derivatives show antioxidative effects. Therefore, DA metabolism is of special importance for neuronal redox-homeostasis and viability.In this review we highlight different aspects of dopamine metabolism in the context of PD and neurodegeneration. Since most reviews focus only on single aspects of the DA system, we will give a broader overview by looking at DA biosynthesis, sequestration, degradation and oxidation chemistry at the metabolic level, as well as at the transcriptional, translational and posttranslational regulation of all enzymes involved. This is followed by a short overview of cellular models currently used in PD research. Finally, we will address the topic from a medical point of view which directly aims to encounter PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Meiser
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Weindl
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Karsten Hiller
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, 7, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
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Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into nearly all types of cells in the body. This unique potential provides significant promise for cell-based therapies to restore tissues or organs destroyed by injuries, degenerative diseases, aging, or cancer. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology offers a possible strategy to generate patient-specific pluripotent stem cells. However, because of concerns about the specificity, efficiency, kinetics, and safety of iPSC reprogramming, improvements or fundamental changes in this process are required before their effective clinical use. A chemical approach is regarded as a promising strategy to improve and change the iPSC process. Dozens of small molecules have been identified that can functionally replace reprogramming factors and significantly improve iPSC reprogramming. In addition to the prospect of deriving patient-specific tissues and organs from iPSCs, another attractive strategy for regenerative medicine is transdifferentiation-the direct conversion of one somatic cell type to another. Recent studies revealed a new paradigm of transdifferentiation: using transcription factors used in iPSC generation to induce transdifferentiation or called iPSC transcription factor-based transdifferentiation. This type of transdifferentiation not only reveals and uses the developmentally plastic intermediates generated during iPSC reprogramming but also produces a wide range of cells, including expandable tissue-specific precursor cells. Here, we review recent progress of small molecule approaches in the generation of iPSCs. In addition, we summarize the new concept of iPSC transcription factor-based transdifferentiation and discuss its application in generating various lineage-specific cells, especially cardiovascular cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Züllig L, Roessle M, Weber C, Graf N, Haerle SK, Jochum W, Stoeckli SJ, Moch H, Huber GF. High sex determining region Y-box 2 expression is a negative predictor of occult lymph node metastasis in early squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity. Eur J Cancer 2013; 49:1915-22. [PMID: 23414798 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor sex determining region Y (SRY)-box 2 (SOX2) (3q26.3-q27) has been recently identified as a recurrently activated major oncogene in squamous cell carcinoma of various sites. Its prognostic value in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is currently unclear. AIM To correlate SOX2 protein expression with the occurrence of occult lymph node metastasis and relapse free survival in early oral SCC. METHODS SOX2 expression in 120 T1/T2 oral SCC patients was evaluated using a tissue microarray technique. Intensity of SOX2 expression was quantified by assessing the Intensity/Reactivity Scores (IRSs). These scores were correlated with the lymph node status of biopsied sentinel lymph nodes and recurrence. Log rank univariate and Cox regression multivariate analysis was used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS Twenty-six of 120 primary tumours (21.7%) showed high SOX2 expression. High expression levels of SOX2 significantly correlated with negative lymph node status in univariate (p=0.001) and multivariate analysis (p=0.003). Sensitivity was found to be 95.6% with a negative predictive value of 92.3%. Specificity was 32% with a positive predictive value of 45.7%. CONCLUSION SOX2 up-regulation is frequent in early SCC of the oral cavity and associated with decreased risk of lymphatic metastasis. SOX2 immunohistochemistry may be used as a predictor for lymph node metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Züllig
- Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Frauenklinikstrasse 24, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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Wierstra I. FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) in tumorigenesis: overexpression in human cancer, implication in tumorigenesis, oncogenic functions, tumor-suppressive properties, and target of anticancer therapy. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 119:191-419. [PMID: 23870513 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXM1 (Forkhead box M1) is a typical proliferation-associated transcription factor and is also intimately involved in tumorigenesis. FOXM1 stimulates cell proliferation and cell cycle progression by promoting the entry into S-phase and M-phase. Additionally, FOXM1 is required for proper execution of mitosis. In accordance with its role in stimulation of cell proliferation, FOXM1 exhibits a proliferation-specific expression pattern and its expression is regulated by proliferation and anti-proliferation signals as well as by proto-oncoproteins and tumor suppressors. Since these factors are often mutated, overexpressed, or lost in human cancer, the normal control of the foxm1 expression by them provides the basis for deregulated FOXM1 expression in tumors. Accordingly, FOXM1 is overexpressed in many types of human cancer. FOXM1 is intimately involved in tumorigenesis, because it contributes to oncogenic transformation and participates in tumor initiation, growth, and progression, including positive effects on angiogenesis, migration, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, metastasis, recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated lung inflammation, self-renewal capacity of cancer cells, prevention of premature cellular senescence, and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. However, in the context of urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis, FOXM1 has an unexpected tumor suppressor role in endothelial cells because it limits pulmonary inflammation and canonical Wnt signaling in epithelial lung cells, thereby restricting carcinogenesis. Accordingly, FOXM1 plays a role in homologous recombination repair of DNA double-strand breaks and maintenance of genomic stability, that is, prevention of polyploidy and aneuploidy. The implication of FOXM1 in tumorigenesis makes it an attractive target for anticancer therapy, and several antitumor drugs have been reported to decrease FOXM1 expression.
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Shah SN, Kerr C, Cope L, Zambidis E, Liu C, Hillion J, Belton A, Huso DL, Resar LMS. HMGA1 reprograms somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells by inducing stem cell transcriptional networks. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48533. [PMID: 23166588 PMCID: PMC3499526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although recent studies have identified genes expressed in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that induce pluripotency, the molecular underpinnings of normal stem cell function remain poorly understood. The high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) gene is highly expressed in hESCs and poorly differentiated, stem-like cancers; however, its role in these settings has been unclear. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that HMGA1 is highly expressed in fully reprogrammed iPSCs and hESCs, with intermediate levels in ECCs and low levels in fibroblasts. When hESCs are induced to differentiate, HMGA1 decreases and parallels that of other pluripotency factors. Conversely, forced expression of HMGA1 blocks differentiation of hESCs. We also discovered that HMGA1 enhances cellular reprogramming of somatic cells to iPSCs together with the Yamanaka factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, cMYC - OSKM). HMGA1 increases the number and size of iPSC colonies compared to OSKM controls. Surprisingly, there was normal differentiation in vitro and benign teratoma formation in vivo of the HMGA1-derived iPSCs. During the reprogramming process, HMGA1 induces the expression of pluripotency genes, including SOX2, LIN28, and cMYC, while knockdown of HMGA1 in hESCs results in the repression of these genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation shows that HMGA1 binds to the promoters of these pluripotency genes in vivo. In addition, interfering with HMGA1 function using a short hairpin RNA or a dominant-negative construct blocks cellular reprogramming to a pluripotent state. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate for the first time that HMGA1 enhances cellular reprogramming from a somatic cell to a fully pluripotent stem cell. These findings identify a novel role for HMGA1 as a key regulator of the stem cell state by inducing transcriptional networks that drive pluripotency. Although further studies are needed, these HMGA1 pathways could be exploited in regenerative medicine or as novel therapeutic targets for poorly differentiated, stem-like cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep N. Shah
- Hematology Division, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Candace Kerr
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Leslie Cope
- Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Biostatistics, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elias Zambidis
- Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Comparative Molecular & Pathobiology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Cyndi Liu
- Obstetrics & Gynecology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joelle Hillion
- Hematology Division, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amy Belton
- Hematology Division, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David L. Huso
- Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Comparative Molecular & Pathobiology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Pathology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Linda M. S. Resar
- Hematology Division, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Pediatrics, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Martinez C, Rath S, Van Gulden S, Pelaez D, Alfonso A, Fernandez N, Kos L, Cheung H, Ramaswamy S. Periodontal ligament cells cultured under steady-flow environments demonstrate potential for use in heart valve tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 19:458-66. [PMID: 22958144 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A major drawback of mechanical and prosthetic heart valves is their inability to permit somatic growth. By contrast, tissue-engineered pulmonary valves potentially have the capacity to remodel and integrate with the patient. For this purpose, adult stem cells may be suitable. Previously, human periodontal ligament cells (PDLs) have been explored as a reliable and robust progenitor cell source for cardiac muscle regeneration (Pelaez, D. Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Database, Coral Gables, FL, May 2011). Here, we investigate the potential of PDLs to support the valve lineage, specifically the concomitant differentiation to both endothelial cell (EC) and smooth muscle cell (SMC) types. We were able to successfully promote PDL differentiation to both SMC and EC phenotypes through a combination of stimulatory approaches using biochemical and mechanical flow conditioning (steady shear stress of 1 dyne/cm(2)), with flow-based mechanical conditioning having a predominant effect on PDL differentiation, particularly to ECs; in addition, strong expression of the marker FZD2 and an absence of the marker MLC1F point toward a unique manifestation of smooth muscle by PDLs after undergoing steady-flow mechanical conditioning alone, possible by only the heart valve and pericardium phenotypes. It was also determined that steady flow (which was performed using a physiologically relevant [for heart valves] magnitude of ~5-6 dynes/cm(2)) augmented the synthesis of the extracellular matrix collagen proteins. We conclude that under steady-flow dynamic culture environments, human PDLs can differentiate to heterogeneous cell populations that are relevant to heart valve tissue engineering. Further exploration of human PDLs for this purpose is thus warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Martinez
- Tissue Engineering Mechanics, Imaging and Materials Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Computing, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33174, USA
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Lagadec C, Vlashi E, Della Donna L, Dekmezian C, Pajonk F, Martín Durán R, Martín Lorente JL, López Morante A. Radiation-induced reprogramming of breast cancer cells. Stem Cells 2012; 30:833-44. [PMID: 22489015 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancers are thought to be organized hierarchically with a small number of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) able to regrow a tumor while their progeny lack this ability. Recently, several groups reported enrichment for BCSCs when breast cancers were subjected to classic anticancer treatment. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to this enrichment are incompletely understood. Using non-BCSCs sorted from patient samples, we found that ionizing radiation reprogrammed differentiated breast cancer cells into induced BCSCs (iBCSCs). iBCSCs showed increased mammosphere formation, increased tumorigenicity, and expressed the same stemness-related genes as BCSCs from nonirradiated samples. Reprogramming occurred in a polyploid subpopulation of cells, coincided with re-expression of the transcription factors Oct4, sex determining region Y-box 2, Nanog, and Klf4, and could be partially prevented by Notch inhibition. We conclude that radiation may induce a BCSC phenotype in differentiated breast cancer cells and that this mechanism contributes to increased BCSC numbers seen after classic anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chann Lagadec
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1714, USA
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38
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Oh SI, Lee CK, Cho KJ, Lee KO, Cho SG, Hong S. Technological progress in generation of induced pluripotent stem cells for clinical applications. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:417809. [PMID: 22536140 PMCID: PMC3317624 DOI: 10.1100/2012/417809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is achieved by viral-mediated transduction of defined transcription factors. Generation of iPSCs is of great medical interest as they have the potential to be a source of patient-specific cells. For the eventual goal of clinical application, it is necessary to overcome the limitations of low reprogramming efficiency and chromosomal abnormalities due to viral DNA integration. In this paper, we summarize the current state of reprogramming technology for generation of iPSCs and also discuss potential approaches to the development of safe iPSCs for personalized cell-based replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ick Oh
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, Jeongneung-dong, Sungbuk-gu, Seoul 136-703, Republic of Korea
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Haider KH, Ashraf M. Preconditioning approach in stem cell therapy for the treatment of infarcted heart. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 111:323-56. [PMID: 22917238 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-398459-3.00015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nearly two decades of research in regenerative medicine have been focused on the development of stem cells as a therapeutic option for treatment of the ischemic heart. Given the ability of stem cells to regenerate the damaged tissue, stem-cell-based therapy is an ideal approach for cardiovascular disorders. Preclinical studies in experimental animal models and clinical trials to determine the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy have produced encouraging results that promise angiomyogenic repair of the ischemically damaged heart. Despite these promising results, stem cell therapy is still confronted with issues ranging from uncertainty about the as-yet-undetermined "ideal" donor cell type to the nonoptimized cell delivery strategies to harness optimal clinical benefits. Moreover, these lacunae have significantly hampered the progress of the heart cell therapy approach from bench to bedside for routine clinical applications. Massive death of donor cells in the infarcted myocardium during acute phase postengraftment is one of the areas of prime concern, which immensely lowers the efficacy of the procedure. An overview of the published data relevant to stem cell therapy is provided here and the various strategies that have been adopted to develop and optimize the protocols to enhance donor stem cell survival posttransplantation are discussed, with special focus on the preconditioning approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khawaja Husnain Haider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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40
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Gattegno-Ho D, Argyle SA, Argyle DJ. Stem cells and veterinary medicine: Tools to understand diseases and enable tissue regeneration and drug discovery. Vet J 2012; 191:19-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Azevedo JL, Feldman RA. Tinkering with transcription factors uncovers plasticity of somatic cells. Genes Cancer 2011; 1:1089-99. [PMID: 21779433 DOI: 10.1177/1947601911401908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has brought the goal of using patient-derived cells for tissue repair closer to reality. However, the mechanisms involved in reprogramming to a pluripotent state are still not clear. It is understood that reprogramming to pluripotency involves epigenetic remodeling and the reactivation of "core" pluripotency factors. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved in overcoming senescence while avoiding oncogenesis, the maintenance of self-renewal, and the regulation of the balance between pluripotency and differentiation. Here, we review recent advances in reprogramming technology and what is currently known about the mechanism of reprogramming to pluripotency. Work with patient-derived iPSCs is already providing new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in human disease. Further advances in reprogramming technology should result in efficient methods to reprogram patient-derived cells into iPSCs for use in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judi L Azevedo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Singla DK, Long X, Glass C, Singla RD, Yan B. Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells repair and regenerate infarcted myocardium. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1573-81. [PMID: 21542647 PMCID: PMC6309322 DOI: 10.1021/mp2001704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac myocyte differentiation reported thus far is from iPS cells generated from mouse and human fibroblasts. However, there is no article on the generation of iPS cells from cardiac ventricular specific cell types such as H9c2 cells. Therefore, whether transduced H9c2 cells, originally isolated from embryonic cardiac ventricular tissue, will be able to generate iPS cells and have the potential to repair and regenerate infarcted myocardium remains completely elusive. We transduced H9c2 cells with four stemness factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc, and successfully reprogrammed them into iPS cells. These iPS cells were able to differentiate into beating cardiac myocytes and positively stained for cardiac specific sarcomeric α-actin and myosin heavy chain proteins. Following transplantation in the infarcted myocardium, there were newly differentiated cardiac myocytes and formation of gap junction proteins at 2 weeks post-myocardial infarction (MI), suggesting newly formed cardiac myocytes were integrated into the native myocardium. Furthermore, transplanted iPS cells significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited apoptosis and fibrosis and improved cardiac function compared with MI and MI+H9c2 cell groups. Moreover, our iPS cell derived cardiac myocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo was comparable to embryonic stem cells in the present study. In conclusion we report for the first time that we have H9c2 cell-derived iPS cells which contain the potential to differentiate into cardiac myocytes in the cell culture system and repair and regenerate infarcted myocardium with improved cardiac function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinender K Singla
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816, United States.
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Li H, Jin G, Qin J, Tian M, Shi J, Yang W, Tan X, Zhang X, Zou L. Characterization and identification of Sox2+ radial glia cells derived from rat embryonic cerebral cortex. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:515-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yan B, Abdelli LS, Singla DK. Transplanted Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Improve Cardiac Function and Induce Neovascularization in the Infarcted Hearts of db/db Mice. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1602-10. [DOI: 10.1021/mp2003576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Yan
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32817, United States
| | - Latifa S. Abdelli
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32817, United States
| | - Dinender K. Singla
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32817, United States
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Guan X, Furth ME, Childers MK. Stem cell use in musculoskeletal disorders. PM R 2011; 3:S95-9. [PMID: 21703588 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human stem cells derived from bone marrow are currently used in clinical medicine for bone and cartilage repair for injuries such as meniscal tears. New clinical stem cell studies underway include the treatment of patients with spinal cord injuries. Rapid advances in stem cell science are opening new avenues for drug discovery and may lead to new uses of stem cells for other musculoskeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Guan
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
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Hiroyama T, Miharada K, Kurita R, Nakamura Y. Plasticity of cells and ex vivo production of red blood cells. Stem Cells Int 2011; 2011:195780. [PMID: 21785608 PMCID: PMC3137953 DOI: 10.4061/2011/195780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The supply of transfusable red blood cells (RBCs) is not sufficient in many countries. If transfusable RBCs could be produced abundantly from certain resources, it would be very useful. Our group has developed a method to produce enucleated RBCs efficiently from hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells present in umbilical cord blood. More recently, it was reported that enucleated RBCs could be abundantly produced from human embryonic stem (ES) cells. The common obstacle for application of these methods is that they require very high cost to produce sufficient number of RBCs that are applicable in the clinic. If erythroid cell lines (immortalized cell lines) able to produce transfusable RBCs ex vivo were established, they would be valuable resources. Our group developed a robust method to obtain immortalized erythroid cell lines able to produce mature RBCs. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first paper to show the feasibility of establishing immortalized erythroid progenitor cell lines able to produce enucleated RBCs ex vivo. This result strongly suggests that immortalized human erythroid progenitor cell lines able to produce mature RBCs ex vivo can also be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hiroyama
- Cell Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Center, Koyadai 3-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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Taghizadeh RR, Cetrulo KJ, Cetrulo CL. Wharton's Jelly stem cells: future clinical applications. Placenta 2011; 32 Suppl 4:S311-5. [PMID: 21733573 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the therapeutic potential of stem cells harvested from the Wharton's Jelly of the human umbilical cord. Recently, investigators have found that a potent stem cell population exists within the Wharton's Jelly. In this review, the authors define a new subset of stem cells, termed perinatal stem cells, and compare them to other sources of stem cells. Furthermore, cryopreservation of Wharton's Jelly stem cells is described for potential use in future cell based therapies and/or regenerative medicine applications. Current evidence of the application of mesenchymal stem cells from various sources in both pre-clinical and clinical trials is reviewed in the context of potential indications of use for Wharton's Jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Taghizadeh
- AuxoCell Laboratories, Inc., 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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Zhang L, Zheng Y, Li D, Zhong Y. Self-organizing map of gene regulatory networks for cell phenotypes during reprogramming. Comput Biol Chem 2011; 35:211-7. [PMID: 21864790 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) are derived from somatic cells by reprogramming their genetic profiles. Such a process requires coordinated dynamic expression of hundreds of genes and proteins. As both deterministic and stochastic elements control the reprogramming process, it is not easy to have a way to reflect the status of gene regulatory network in those reprogramming cells. In this study, we applied self-organizing maps (SOMs) on those complex gene expression data from different pluripotent cells, including partially reprogrammed and fully reprogrammed induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and adult stem cells came from different tissues. We showed that our SOMs have good correlation with the previously reported PluriNet of stem cells and they are pictorial diagrams which can reflect the intrinsic status of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Moore DL, Apara A, Goldberg JL. Krüppel-like transcription factors in the nervous system: novel players in neurite outgrowth and axon regeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 47:233-43. [PMID: 21635952 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The Krüppel-like family of transcription factors (KLFs) have been widely studied in proliferating cells, though very little is known about their role in post-mitotic cells, such as neurons. We have recently found that the KLFs play a role in regulating intrinsic axon growth ability in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a type of central nervous system (CNS) neuron. Previous KLF studies in other cell types suggest that there may be cell-type specific KLF expression patterns, and that their relative expression allows them to compete for binding sites, or to act redundantly to compensate for another's function. With at least 15 of 17 KLF family members expressed in neurons, it will be important for us to determine how this complex family functions to regulate the intricate gene programs of axon growth and regeneration. By further characterizing the mechanisms of the KLF family in the nervous system, we may better understand how they regulate neurite growth and axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcie L Moore
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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50
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Piedrahita JA, Olby N. Perspectives on transgenic livestock in agriculture and biomedicine: an update. Reprod Fertil Dev 2011; 23:56-63. [PMID: 21366981 DOI: 10.1071/rd10246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been 30 years since the first transgenic mouse was generated and 26 years since the first example of transferring the technology to livestock was published. While there was tremendous optimism in those initial years, with most convinced that genetically modified animals would play a significant role in agricultural production, that has not come to be. So at first sight one could conclude that this technology has, to a large extent, failed. On the contrary, it is believed that it has succeeded beyond our original expectations, and we are now at what is perhaps the most exciting time in the development and implementation of these technologies. The original goals, however, have drastically changed and it is now biomedical applications that are playing a central role in pushing both technical and scientific developments. The combination of advances in somatic cell nuclear transfer, the development of induced pluripotent stem cells and the completion of the sequencing of most livestock genomes ensures a bright and exciting future for this field, not only in livestock but also in companion animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Piedrahita
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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