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Cancela ML, Laizé V, Conceição N, Kempf H, Murshed M. Keutel Syndrome, a Review of 50 Years of Literature. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642136. [PMID: 33996798 PMCID: PMC8117146 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Keutel syndrome (KS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder that was first identified in the beginning of the 1970s and nearly 30 years later attributed to loss-of-function mutations in the gene coding for the matrix Gla protein (MGP). Patients with KS are usually diagnosed during childhood (early onset of the disease), and the major traits include abnormal calcification of cartilaginous tissues resulting in or associated with malformations of skeletal tissues (e.g., midface hypoplasia and brachytelephalangism) and cardiovascular defects (e.g., congenital heart defect, peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis, and, in some cases, arterial calcification), and also hearing loss and mild developmental delay. While studies on Mgp -/- mouse, a faithful model of KS, show that pathologic mineral deposition (ectopic calcification) in cartilaginous and vascular tissues is the primary cause underlying many of these abnormalities, the mechanisms explaining how MGP prevents abnormal calcification remain poorly understood. This has negative implication for the development of a cure for KS. Indeed, at present, only symptomatic treatments are available to treat hypertension and respiratory complications occurring in the KS patients. In this review, we summarize the results published in the last 50 years on Keutel syndrome and present the current status of the knowledge on this rare pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Natércia Conceição
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Hervé Kempf
- UMR 7365 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, IMoPA, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Monzur Murshed
- Department of Medicine and Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Zhou H, Guo L, Yao W, Shi R, Yu G, Xu H, Ye Z. Silencing of tumor-suppressive NR_023387 in renal cell carcinoma via promoter hypermethylation and HNF4A deficiency. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:2113-2128. [PMID: 31432508 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the epigenetic status of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been linked to diverse human diseases including human cancers. However, the landscape of the whole-genome methylation profile of lncRNAs and the precise roles of these lncRNAs remain elusive in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We first examined lncRNA expression profiles in RCC tissues and corresponding adjacent normal tissues (NTs) to identify the lncRNA signature of RCC, then lncRNA Promoter Microarray was performed to depict the whole-genome methylation profile of lncRNAs in RCC. Combined analysis of the lncRNAs expression profiles and lncRNAs Promoter Microarray identified a series of downregulated lncRNAs with hypermethylated promoter regions, including NR_023387. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) implied that NR_023387 was significantly downregulated in RCC tissues and cell lines, and lower expression of NR_023387 was correlated with shorter overall survival. Methylation-specific PCR, MassARRAY, and demethylation drug treatment indicated that hypermethylation in the NR_023387 promoter contributed to its silencing in RCC. Besides, HNF4A regulated the expression of NR_023387 via transcriptional activation. Functional experiments demonstrated NR_023387 exerted tumor-suppressive roles in RCC via suppressing the proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor growth, and metastasis of RCC. Furthermore, we identified MGP as a putative downstream molecule of NR_023387, which promoted the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of RCC cells. Our study provides the first whole-genome lncRNA methylation profile in RCC. Our combined analysis identifies a tumor-suppressive and prognosis-related lncRNA NR_023387, which is silenced in RCC via promoter hypermethylation and HNF4A deficiency, and may exert its tumor-suppressive roles by downregulating the oncogenic MGP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Lu'an People's Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Lu'an, China
| | - Weimin Yao
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, China
| | - Runlin Shi
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gan Yu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Institute of Urology, Wuhan, China
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Caiado H, Conceição N, Tiago D, Marreiros A, Vicente S, Enriquez JL, Vaz AM, Antunes A, Guerreiro H, Caldeira P, Cancela ML. Evaluation of MGP gene expression in colorectal cancer. Gene 2020; 723:144120. [PMID: 31589964 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.144120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a vitamin K-dependent, γ-carboxylated protein that was initially found to be a physiological inhibitor of ectopic calcifications affecting mainly cartilage and the vascular system. Mutations in the MGP gene were found to be responsible for a human pathology, the Keutel syndrome, characterized by abnormal calcifications in cartilage, lungs, brain and vascular system. MGP was recently implicated in tumorigenic processes such as angiogenesis and shown to be abnormally regulated in several tumors, including cervical, ovarian, urogenital and breast. This fact has triggered our interest in analyzing the expression of MGP and of its regulator, the transcription factor runt related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS MGP and RUNX2 expression were analyzed in cancer and non-tumor biopsies samples from 33 CRC patients and 9 healthy controls by RT-qPCR. Consequently, statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the clinical-pathological significance of MGP and RUNX2 in CRC. MGP protein was also detected by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Showed an overall overexpression of MGP in the tumor mucosa of patients at mRNA level when compared to adjacent normal mucosa and healthy control tissues. In addition, analysis of the expression of RUNX2 mRNA demonstrated an overexpression in CRC tissue samples and a positive correlation with MGP expression (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.636; p ≤ 0.01) in tumor mucosa. However correlations between MGP gene expression and clinical-pathological characteristics, such as gender, age and pathology classification did not provide relevant information that may shed light towards the differences of MGP expression observed between normal and malignant tissue. CONCLUSIONS We were able to associate the high levels of MGP mRNA expression with a worse prognosis and survival rate lower than five years. These results contributed to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying MGP deregulation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Caiado
- ProRegeM PhD Programme in Mechanisms of Disease and Regenerative Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Natércia Conceição
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
| | - Daniel Tiago
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Ana Marreiros
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal
| | - Susana Vicente
- Pathology Department, University Hospital of Algarve, Faro 8000-386, Portugal
| | - Jose Luis Enriquez
- Pathology Department, University Hospital of Algarve, Faro 8000-386, Portugal
| | - Ana Margarida Vaz
- Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital of Algarve, Faro 8000-386, Portugal
| | - Artur Antunes
- Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital of Algarve, Faro 8000-386, Portugal
| | - Horácio Guerreiro
- Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital of Algarve, Faro 8000-386, Portugal
| | - Paulo Caldeira
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Gastroenterology Department, University Hospital of Algarve, Faro 8000-386, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal; Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro 8005-139, Portugal.
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Chiyoya M, Seya K, Yu Z, Daitoku K, Motomura S, Imaizumi T, Fukuda I, Furukawa KI. Matrix Gla protein negatively regulates calcification of human aortic valve interstitial cells isolated from calcified aortic valves. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 136:257-265. [PMID: 29653899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcified aortic valve stenosis (CAS) is a common heart valve disease in elderly people, and is mostly accompanied by ectopic valve calcification. We recently demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) induces calcification of human aortic valve interstitial cells (HAVICs) obtained from CAS patients. In this study, we investigated the role of matrix Gla protein (MGP), a known calcification inhibitor that antagonizes bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) in TNF-α-induced calcification of HAVICs. HAVICs isolated from aortic valves were cultured, and calcification was significantly induced with 30 ng/mL TNF-α. Gene expression of the calcigenic marker, BMP2, was significantly increased in response to TNF-α, while the gene and protein expression of MGP was strongly decreased. To confirm the role of MGP, MGP-knockdown HAVICs and HAVICs overexpressing MGP were generated. In HAVICs, in which MGP expression was inhibited by small interfering RNA, calcification and BMP2 gene expression were induced following long-term culture for 32 days in the absence of TNF-α. In contrast, HAVICs overexpressing MGP had significantly decreased TNF-α-induced calcification. These results suggest that MGP acts as a negative regulator of HAVIC calcification, and as such, may be helpful in the development of new therapies for ectopic calcification of the aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Chiyoya
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seya
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Zaiqiang Yu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Daitoku
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Shigeru Motomura
- Department of Pharmacology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Tadaatsu Imaizumi
- Department of Vascular Biology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ikuo Fukuda
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Furukawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, 036-8562, Japan.
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Lu X, Ding Y, Niu Q, Xuan S, Yang Y, Jin Y, Wang H. ClC-3 chloride channel mediates the role of parathyroid hormone [1-34] on osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176196. [PMID: 28437476 PMCID: PMC5402952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Different concentrations of parathyroid hormone [1-34] (PTH [1-34]) can have totally opposite effects on osteoblasts. Intermittent stimulation with PTH can significantly increase bone mineral density in vitro, mainly through the protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway, which phosphorylates runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2). The ClC-3 chloride channel, an important anion channel, can also promote osteogenesis via the Runx2 pathway based on recent studies. The purpose of our study, therefore, is to research whether the ClC-3 chloride channel has an effect on PTH osteodifferentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. METHODS AND RESULTS A cell counting kit (CCK-8) and real-time PCR were used to investigate the impact of different PTH stimulation modes on MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and osteogenesis-related gene expression, respectively. We found that the minimum inhibitory concentration of PTH was 10-9 M, and the expression of alkaline phosphatase (Alpl) and Runx2 were at the highest levels when treated with 10-9 M PTH. Next, we used real-time PCR and immunofluorescence technique to detect changes in ClC-3 in MC3T3-E1 cells under PTH treatment. The results showed higher expression of the ClC-3 chloride channel at 10-9 M intermittent PTH administration than in the other groups. Finally, we used the ClC-3 siRNA technique to examine the role of the ClC-3 chloride channel in the effect of PTH on the osteogenesis of osteoblasts, and we found an obvious decrease in the expression of bone sialoprotein (Ibsp), osteocalcin (Bglap), osterix (Sp7), Alpl and Runx2, the formation of mineralization nodules as well. CONCLUSIONS From the above data, we conclude that the expression of ClC-3 chloride channels in osteoblasts helps them respond to PTH stimulation, which mediates osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiannan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shijie Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yulong Jin
- Department of Hematology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail:
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Lai K, Xi Y, Miao X, Jiang Z, Wang Y, Wang H, Yang G. PTH coatings on titanium surfaces improved osteogenic integration by increasing expression levels of BMP-2/Runx2/Osterix. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09738g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to assemble parathyroid hormone (PTH) coatings on titanium surfaces and evaluate the effect on implant osseointegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichen Lai
- Department of Implantology
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Yue Xi
- Department of Implantology
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Xiaoyan Miao
- Department of Science and Education
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Department of Implantology
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Oral Medicine
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Huiming Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
| | - Guoli Yang
- Department of Implantology
- Stomatology Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
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Brauer VM, Wiarda-Bell JR, Desaulniers AT, Cederberg RA, White BR. Functional activity of the porcine Gnrhr2 gene promoter in testis-derived cells is partially conferred by nuclear factor-κB, specificity protein 1 and 3 (SP1/3) and overlapping early growth response 1/SP1/3 binding sites. Gene 2016; 587:137-46. [PMID: 27134031 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Unlike the classical gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH1), the second mammalian isoform (GnRH2) is ubiquitously expressed, suggesting a divergent function. Indeed, we demonstrated that GnRH2 governs LH-independent testosterone secretion in porcine testes via interaction with its receptor (GnRHR2) on Leydig cells. Transient transfections with luciferase reporter vectors containing 3009bp of 5' flanking sequence for the porcine Gnrhr2 gene (-3009pGL3) revealed promoter activity in all 15 cell lines examined, including swine testis-derived (ST) cells. Therefore, ST cells were utilized to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of the porcine Gnrhr2 gene in the testis. Reporter plasmids containing progressive 5' deletions of the Gnrhr2 promoter indicated that the -708/-490 region contained elements critical to promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) with radiolabeled oligonucleotides spanning the -708/-490bp region and ST nuclear extracts, identified specific binding complexes for the -513/-490, -591/-571 and -606/-581bp segments of promoter. Antibody addition to EMSAs indicated that the p65 and p52 subunits of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) comprised the specific complex bound to the oligonucleotide probe for the -513/-490bp promoter region, specificity protein (SP) 1 and 3 bound the -591/-571bp probe and early growth response 1 (EGR1), SP1 and SP3 bound the -606/-581 radiolabeled oligonucleotide. Transient transfections with vectors containing mutations of the NF-κB (-499/-493), SP1/3 (-582/-575) or overlapping EGR1/SP1/3 (-597/-587) binding sites reduced luciferase activity by 26%, 61% and 56%, respectively (P<0.05). Thus, NF-κB, SP1/3 and overlapping EGR1/SP1/3 binding sites are critical to expression of the porcine Gnrhr2 gene in ST cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Brauer
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - Jocelyn R Wiarda-Bell
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - Amy T Desaulniers
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - Rebecca A Cederberg
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | - Brett R White
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Department of Animal Science, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA.
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Presnell JS, Schnitzler CE, Browne WE. KLF/SP Transcription Factor Family Evolution: Expansion, Diversification, and Innovation in Eukaryotes. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:2289-309. [PMID: 26232396 PMCID: PMC4558859 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Krüppel-like factor and specificity protein (KLF/SP) genes play key roles in critical biological processes including stem cell maintenance, cell proliferation, embryonic development, tissue differentiation, and metabolism and their dysregulation has been implicated in a number of human diseases and cancers. Although many KLF/SP genes have been characterized in a handful of bilaterian lineages, little is known about the KLF/SP gene family in nonbilaterians and virtually nothing is known outside the metazoans. Here, we analyze and discuss the origins and evolutionary history of the KLF/SP transcription factor family and associated transactivation/repression domains. We have identified and characterized the complete KLF/SP gene complement from the genomes of 48 species spanning the Eukarya. We have also examined the phylogenetic distribution of transactivation/repression domains associated with this gene family. We report that the origin of the KLF/SP gene family predates the divergence of the Metazoa. Furthermore, the expansion of the KLF/SP gene family is paralleled by diversification of transactivation domains via both acquisitions of pre-existing ancient domains as well as by the appearance of novel domains exclusive to this gene family and is strongly associated with the expansion of cell type complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christine E Schnitzler
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health
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Hekmatnejad B, Gauthier C, St-Arnaud R. Control of Fiat (factor inhibiting ATF4-mediated transcription) expression by Sp family transcription factors in osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1863-70. [PMID: 23463631 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
FIAT (factor inhibiting ATF4-mediated transcription) represses Osteocalcin gene transcription and inhibits osteoblast activity by heterodimerizing with ATF4 to prevent it from binding DNA. It thus appears important to identify and characterize the molecular mechanisms that control Fiat gene expression in osteoblasts. In silico sequence analysis identified a canonical GC-box within a 1,400 bp region of the proximal Fiat gene promoter. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) with MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells nuclear extracts indicated that the transcription factors Sp1 and Sp3, but not Sp7/OSTERIX, bound this proximal GC-box. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed interaction of the two transcription factors with the Fiat promoter GC-element in living osteoblasts. Transient transfection studies showed that Sp1 dose-dependently activated the expression of a Fiat-luciferase reporter construct while both the long or short isoforms of Sp3 dose-dependently inhibited transcription from the Fiat reporter construct. Transfection of an Sp7/OSTERIX expression vector did not affect expression of the Fiat-luciferase reporter. Co-transfection of increasing amounts of the Sp3 expression vector in the context of maximal Sp1-dependent Fiat-luciferase activation led to dose-dependent repression of the expression of the reporter. Using RNA knockdown, we measured a reduction in steady-state Fiat expression when Sp1 was inhibited, and a reciprocal increase upon Sp3 knockdown. In parallel, treatment of osteoblasts with WP631, which prevents Sp1/DNA interactions, strongly inhibited the expression of Fiat and reduced the occupancy of the Fiat promoter proximal GC-box by Sp1. Taken together, our results suggest an interplay between Sp1 and Sp3 as a mechanism involved in the control of Fiat gene expression in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Hekmatnejad
- Genetics Unit, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1A6
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Kiss-Toth E, Harlock E, Lath D, Quertermous T, Wilkinson JM. A TNF variant that associates with susceptibility to musculoskeletal disease modulates thyroid hormone receptor binding to control promoter activation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76034. [PMID: 24069456 PMCID: PMC3777919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a powerful pro-inflammatory cytokine and immuno-regulatory molecule, and modulates susceptibility to musculoskeletal diseases. Several meta-analyses and replicated association studies have implicated the minor 'A' variant within the TNF promoter single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs361525 (-238A/G) as a risk allele in joint related disorders, including psoriatic and juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and osteolysis after joint arthroplasty. Here we characterized the effect of this variant on TNF promoter function. A transcriptional reporter, encoding the -238A variant of the TNF promoter, resulted in 2.2 to 2.8 times greater transcriptional activation versus the 'G' variant in murine macrophages when stimulated with pro-inflammatory stimuli. Bioinformatic analysis predicted a putative binding site for thyroid hormone receptor (TR) for the -238A but not the -238G allele. Overexpression of TR-α induced promoter expression 1.8-fold in the presence of the 'A' allele only. TR-α expression both potentiated and sensitized the -238A response to LPS or a titanium particulate stimulus, whilst siRNA knockdown of either THRA or THRB impaired transcriptional activation for the -238A variant only. This effect was independent of receptor-ligand binding of triiodothyronine. Immunohistochemical analysis of osteolysis interface membranes from patients undergoing revision surgery confirmed expression of TR-α within osteoclast nuclei at the resorption surface. The 'A' allele at rs361525 confers increased transcriptional activation of the TNF promoter and influences susceptibility to several arthritic conditions. This effect is modulated, at least in part, by binding of TR, which both sensitizes and potentiates transcriptional activation of the 'A' variant independent of its endogenous ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endre Kiss-Toth
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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Lampropoulos CE, Papaioannou I, D'Cruz DP. Osteoporosis--a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012; 8:587-98. [PMID: 22890244 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a serious health problem worldwide that is associated with an increased risk of fractures and mortality. Vascular calcification is a well-defined independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Major advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and vascular calcification indicate that these two processes share common pathogenetic mechanisms. Multiple factors including proteins (such as bone morphogenetic proteins, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand, osteoprotegerin, matrix Gla protein and cathepsins), parathyroid hormone, phosphate, oxidized lipids and vitamins D and K are implicated in both bone and vascular metabolism, illustrating the interaction of these two, seemingly unrelated, conditions. Many clinical studies have now confirmed the correlation between osteoporosis and vascular calcification as well as the increased risk of CVD in patients with osteoporosis. Here, we explore the proposed mechanistic similarities between osteoporosis and vascular calcification and present an overview of the clinical data that support the interaction between these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos E Lampropoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Nafplio, Kolokotroni and Asklipiou Streets, 21100 Nafplio, Greece
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Mendoza FJ, Martinez-Moreno J, Almaden Y, Rodriguez-Ortiz ME, Lopez I, Estepa JC, Henley C, Rodriguez M, Aguilera-Tejero E. Effect of calcium and the calcimimetic AMG 641 on matrix-Gla protein in vascular smooth muscle cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2011; 88:169-78. [PMID: 21161195 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-010-9442-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is frequently observed in patients with chronic renal failure and appears to be an active process involving transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to osteoblast-like cells. Reports of VC prevention in uremic rodents by calcimimetics coupled with identification of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in VSMCs led us to hypothesize that CaSR activation in arterial cells and VSMCs may elicit expression of an endogenous inhibitor of VC. Toward this end, we determined the effects of calcium and the calcimimetic AMG 641 on arterial wall and isolated VSMC expression of matrix-Gla protein (MGP). Bovine VSMCs were incubated with increasing calcium chloride or AMG 641 concentrations, while in vivo experiments were carried out on healthy and uremic rats. Both AMG 641 and hypercalcemia induced MGP expression in the arterial wall in healthy and uremic rats. The results obtained in vitro supported those from in vivo experiments. In conclusion, selective CaSR activation, either by extracellular calcium or AMG 641, increased MGP expression in vivo in the arterial wall and in vitro in bovine VSMCs. This local upregulation of MGP expression provides one potential mechanism by which calcimimetics prevent VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Mendoza
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugia Animal, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus Universitario Rabanales, Spain.
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13
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Fazenda C, Simões B, Kelsh RN, Cancela ML, Conceição N. Dual transcriptional regulation by runx2 of matrix Gla protein in Xenopus laevis. Gene 2010; 450:94-102. [PMID: 19896523 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is an extracellular mineral-binding protein expressed in several tissues but it only accumulates in bone and calcified cartilage under physiological conditions. Available evidence indicates that it acts as a physiological inhibitor of mineralization. Runx2 is a transcription factor essential for bone formation in mammals, affecting osteoblast and chondrocyte differentiation by regulating key genes crucial for bone and cartilage development. Being an important cartilage-associated gene, MGP is a potential target for Runx2, and thus we have investigated the possible functional interactions between them. In A6 cells, Runx2 was found to modulate MGP transcription and deletion analysis of MGP distal and proximal promoter-luciferase constructs identified cis-regulatory regions. Interestingly, we have also identified a runx2-binding site that mediates transcriptional repression of XlMGP. Mutation of this element, located between -54 and +33 bp, results in 18-fold up-regulation of transcription. Furthermore, and in addition to the previously reported Xlrunx2 types I and II, we have identified three transcripts encoding novel, truncated Xlrunx2 isoforms. Although only type I and type II could transactivate XlMGP, the truncated isoforms identified in this study, which result from alternative splicing, could be involved in negative regulation of MGP expression, as described for other RUNX2 truncated isoforms acting in other target genes. In vivo microinjection of XlMGP promoter constructs and runx2 mRNA confirmed that those promoters are targets for this transcription factor. These data also indicate that MGP is under dual regulation by runx2 through the use of various isoforms and context-dependent formation of transcriptional complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Fazenda
- University of Algarve, CCMAR, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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14
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Abstract
In recent years, much progress has been made in understanding the factors that regulate the gene expression program that underlies the induction, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of osteoblasts. A large and growing number of transcription factors make important contributions to the precise control of osteoblast formation and function. It has become increasingly clear that these diverse transcription factors and the signals that regulate their activity cannot be viewed as discrete, separate signaling pathways. Rather, they form a highly interconnected, cooperative network that permits gene expression to be closely regulated. There has also been a substantial increase in our understanding of the mechanistic control of gene expression by cofactors such as acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent progress in understanding the major transcription factors and epigenetic coregulators, including histone deacetylases and microRNAs, involved in osteoblastogenesis and the mechanisms that determine their functions as regulators of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Jensen
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Rajaram Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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