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Pan Y, Jiang Z, Ye Y, Zhu D, Li N, Yang G, Wang Y. Role and Mechanism of BMP4 in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2023:10.1007/s10439-023-03173-6. [PMID: 37014581 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03173-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is emerging as a promising cytokine for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. BMP4 has been shown to promote the regeneration of teeth, periodontal tissue, bone, cartilage, the thymus, hair, neurons, nucleus pulposus, and adipose tissue, as well as the formation of skeletal myotubes and vessels. BMP4 can also contribute to the formation of tissues in the heart, lung, and kidney. However, there are certain deficiencies, including the insufficiency of the mechanism of BMP4 in some fields and an appropriate carrier of BMP4 for clinical use. There has also been a lack of in vivo experiments and orthotopic transplantation studies in some fields. BMP4 has great distance from the clinical application. Therefore, there are many BMP4-related studies waiting to be explored. This review mainly discusses the effects, mechanisms, and applications of BMP4 in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering over the last 10 years in various domains and possible improvements. BMP4 has shown great potential in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. The research of BMP4 has broad development space and great value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Pan
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Yuer Ye
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Danji Zhu
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Na Li
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Guoli Yang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.
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2
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McDougall L, Kueh JTB, Ward J, Tyndall JDA, Woolley AG, Mehta S, Stayner C, Larsen DS, Eccles MR. Chemical Synthesis of the PAX Protein Inhibitor EG1 and Its Ability to Slow the Growth of Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells. Front Oncol 2021; 11:709540. [PMID: 34722257 PMCID: PMC8549845 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.709540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is primarily a disease of the developed world. The incidence rate has continued to increase over time, reflecting both demographic and lifestyle changes, which have resulted in genomic and epigenomic modifications. Many of the epigenetic modifications occur in genes known to be closely associated with embryonic development and cellular growth. In particular, the paired box (PAX) transcription factors are crucial for correct tissue development during embryogenesis due to their role in regulating genes involved in proliferation and cellular maintenance. In a number of cancers, including colorectal cancer, the PAX transcription factors are aberrantly expressed, driving proliferation and thus increased tumour growth. Here we have synthesized and used a small molecule PAX inhibitor, EG1, to inhibit PAX transcription factors in HCT116 colorectal cell cultures which resulted in reduced proliferation after three days of treatment. These results highlight PAX transcription factors as playing an important role in the proliferation of HCT116 colorectal cancer cells, suggesting there may be a potential therapeutic role for inhibition of PAX in limiting cancer cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorissa McDougall
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Jake Ward
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joel D A Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adele G Woolley
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sunali Mehta
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Stayner
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David S Larsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael R Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Qin K, Lei J, Yang J. The Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells towards Endothelial Progenitor Cells - Potential Application in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Int J Stem Cells 2021; 15:122-135. [PMID: 34711697 PMCID: PMC9148829 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) have been applied in the clinic to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a disease characterized by disordered pulmonary vasculature. However, the lack of sufficient transplantable cells before the deterioration of disease condition is a current limitation to apply cell therapy in patients. It is necessary to differentiate pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) into EPCs and identify their characteristics. Methods and Results Comparing previously reported methods of human PSCs-derived ECs, we optimized a highly efficient differentiation protocol to obtain cells that match the phenotype of isolated EPCs from healthy donors. The protocol is compatible with chemically defined medium (CDM), it could produce a large number of clinically applicable cells with low cost. Moreover, we also found PSCs-derived EPCs express CD133, have some characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells and are capable of homing to repair blood vessels in zebrafish xenograft assays. In addition, we further revealed that IPAH PSCs-derived EPCs have higher expression of proliferation-related genes and lower expression of immune-related genes than normal EPCs and PSCs-derived EPCs through microarray analysis. Conclusions In conclusion, we optimized a highly efficient differentiation protocol to obtain PSCs-derived EPCs with the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of EPCs from healthy donors which distinguished them from EPCs from PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhou Qin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Lei
- Department of Physiology, and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Physiology, and Department of Cardiology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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4
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Cheng L, Xie M, Qiao W, Song Y, Zhang Y, Geng Y, Xu W, Wang L, Wang Z, Huang K, Dong N, Sun Y. Generation and characterization of cardiac valve endothelial-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1039. [PMID: 34489520 PMCID: PMC8421482 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiac valvular endothelial cells (VECs) are an ideal cell source that could be used for making the valve organoids. However, few studies have been focused on the derivation of this important cell type. Here we describe a two-step chemically defined xeno-free method for generating VEC-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). HPSCs were specified to KDR+/ISL1+ multipotent cardiac progenitors (CPCs), followed by differentiation into valve endothelial-like cells (VELs) via an intermediate endocardial cushion cell (ECC) type. Mechanistically, administration of TGFb1 and BMP4 may specify VEC fate by activating the NOTCH/WNT signaling pathways and previously unidentified targets such as ATF3 and KLF family of transcription factors. When seeded onto the surface of the de-cellularized porcine aortic valve (DCV) matrix scaffolds, hPSC-derived VELs exhibit superior proliferative and clonogenic potential than the primary VECs and human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). Our results show that hPSC-derived valvular cells could be efficiently generated from hPSCs, which might be used as seed cells for construction of valve organoids or next generation tissue engineered heart valves. Cheng et al. provide a detailed characterization of the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to valve endothelial cells and their function. Their results show that the valve endothelial-like cells express key markers for valve endothelial cells, exhibiting proliferative and clonogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- LinXi Cheng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - MingHui Xie
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - WeiHua Qiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Song
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - YanYong Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - YingChao Geng
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - WeiLin Xu
- Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Internal Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - NianGuo Dong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - YuHua Sun
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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5
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Cho J, Kim S, Lee H, Rah W, Cho HC, Kim NK, Bae S, Shin DH, Lee MG, Park IH, Tanaka Y, Shin E, Yi H, Han JW, Hwang PTJ, Jun HW, Park HJ, Cho K, Lee SW, Jung JK, Levit RD, Sussman MA, Harvey RP, Yoon YS. Regeneration of infarcted mouse hearts by cardiovascular tissue formed via the direct reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:880-896. [PMID: 34426676 PMCID: PMC8809198 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00783-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblasts can be directly reprogrammed into cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells. Here we report the reprogramming of mouse tail-tip fibroblasts simultaneously into cells resembling these three cell types using the microRNA mimic miR-208b-3p, ascorbic acid and bone morphogenetic protein 4, as well as the formation of tissue-like structures formed by the directly reprogrammed cells. Implantation of the formed cardiovascular tissue into the infarcted hearts of mice led to the migration of reprogrammed cells to the injured tissue, reducing regional cardiac strain and improving cardiac function. The migrated endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells contributed to vessel formation, and the migrated cardiomyocytes, which initially displayed immature characteristics, became mature over time and formed gap junctions with host cardiomyocytes. Direct reprogramming of somatic cells to make cardiac tissue may aid the development of applications in cell therapy, disease modelling and drug discovery for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeyeaon Cho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsung Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyein Lee
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woongchan Rah
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Cheol Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nam Kyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Seongho Bae
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Eric Shin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hong Yi
- Robert P. Apkarian Integrated Electron Microscopy Core, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ji Woong Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Patrick Tae Joon Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ho-Wook Jun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hun-Jun Park
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuwon Cho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sang Wook Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jae Kyung Jung
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca D Levit
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark A Sussman
- San Diego State University Heart Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Young-Sup Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Abdelgawad ME, Desterke C, Uzan G, Naserian S. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling and characterization of endothelial progenitor cells: new approach for finding novel markers. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:145. [PMID: 33627177 PMCID: PMC7905656 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are promising candidates for the cellular therapy of peripheral arterial and cardiovascular diseases. However, hitherto there is no specific marker(s) defining precisely EPCs. Herein, we are proposing a new in silico approach for finding novel EPC markers. Methods We assembled five groups of chosen EPC-related genes/factors using PubMed literature and Gene Ontology databases. This shortened database of EPC factors was fed into publically published transcriptome matrix to compare their expression between endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs), HUVECs, and two adult endothelial cell types (ECs) from the skin and adipose tissue. Further, the database was used for functional enrichment on Mouse Phenotype database and protein-protein interaction network analyses. Moreover, we built a digital matrix of healthy donors’ PBMCs (33 thousand single-cell transcriptomes) and analyzed the expression of these EPC factors. Results Transcriptome analyses showed that BMP2, 4, and ephrinB2 were exclusively highly expressed in EPCs; the expression of neuropilin-1 and VEGF-C were significantly higher in EPCs and HUVECs compared with other ECs; Notch 1 was highly expressed in EPCs and skin-ECs; MIR21 was highly expressed in skin-ECs; PECAM-1 was significantly higher in EPCs and adipose ECs. Moreover, functional enrichment of EPC-related genes on Mouse Phenotype and STRING protein database has revealed significant relations between chosen EPC factors and endothelial and vascular functions, development, and morphogenesis, where ephrinB2, BMP2, and BMP4 were highly expressed in EPCs and were connected to abnormal vascular functions. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analyses have revealed that among the EPC-regulated markers in transcriptome analyses, (i) ICAM1 and Endoglin were weekly expressed in the monocyte compartment of the peripheral blood; (ii) CD163 and CD36 were highly expressed in the CD14+ monocyte compartment whereas CSF1R was highly expressed in the CD16+ monocyte compartment, (iii) L-selectin and IL6R were globally expressed in the lymphoid/myeloid compartments, and (iv) interestingly, PLAUR/UPAR and NOTCH2 were highly expressed in both CD14+ and CD16+ monocytic compartments. Conclusions The current study has identified novel EPC markers that could be used for better characterization of EPC subpopulation in adult peripheral blood and subsequent usage of EPCs for various cell therapy and regenerative medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Essameldin Abdelgawad
- Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science; Innovative Cellular Microenvironment Optimization Platform (ICMOP), Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt. .,Inserm UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse - Bâtiment Lavoisier, 12-14 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800, Villejuif, France. .,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France.
| | - Christophe Desterke
- Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France.,Inserm UMR-S-MD A9, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France
| | - Georges Uzan
- Inserm UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse - Bâtiment Lavoisier, 12-14 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800, Villejuif, France.,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France
| | - Sina Naserian
- Inserm UMR-S-MD 1197, Hôpital Paul Brousse - Bâtiment Lavoisier, 12-14 avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800, Villejuif, France. .,Paris-Saclay University, Villejuif, France. .,CellMedEx, Saint Maur des Fossés, France.
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7
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Guihard PJ, Guo Y, Wu X, Zhang L, Yao J, Jumabay M, Yao Y, Garfinkel A, Boström KI. Shaping Waves of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Inhibition During Vascular Growth. Circ Res 2020; 127:1288-1305. [PMID: 32854559 PMCID: PMC7987130 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.317439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) are essential morphogens in angiogenesis and vascular development. Disruption of BMP signaling can trigger cardiovascular diseases, such as arteriovenous malformations. OBJECTIVE A computational model predicted that BMP4 and BMP9 and their inhibitors MGP (matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid [Gla] protein) and CV2 (crossveinless-2) would form a regulatory system consisting of negative feedback loops with time delays and that BMP9 would trigger oscillatory expression of the 2 inhibitors. The goal was to investigate this regulatory system in endothelial differentiation and vascular growth. METHODS AND RESULTS Oscillations in the expression of MGP and CV2 were detected in endothelial cells in vitro, using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. These organized temporally downstream BMP-related activities, including expression of stalk-cell markers and cell proliferation, consistent with an integral role of BMP9 in vessel maturation. In vivo, the inhibitors were located in distinct zones in relation to the front of the expanding retinal network, as determined by immunofluorescence. Time-dependent changes of the CV2 location in the retina and the existence of an endothelial population with signs of oscillatory MGP expression in developing vasculature supported the in vitro findings. Loss of MGP or its BMP4-binding capacity disrupted the retinal vasculature, resulting in poorly formed networks, especially in the venous drainage areas, and arteriovenous malformations as determined by increased cell coverage and functional testing. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a previously unknown mechanism of temporal orchestration of BMP4 and BMP9 activities that utilize the tandem actions of the extracellular antagonists MGP and CV2. Disruption of this mechanism may contribute to vascular malformations and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J. Guihard
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yina Guo
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Xiuju Wu
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Lily Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jiayi Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Medet Jumabay
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yucheng Yao
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Alan Garfinkel
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Kristina I. Boström
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA
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8
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Bioactive Molecules for Skin Repair and Regeneration: Progress and Perspectives. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:6789823. [PMID: 32082386 PMCID: PMC7012201 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6789823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin regeneration is a vexing problem in the field of regenerative medicine. A bioactive molecule-based strategy has been frequently used in skin wound healing in recent years. Bioactive molecules are practical tools for regulating cellular processes and have been applied to control cellular differentiation, dedifferentiation, and reprogramming. In this review, we focus on recent progress in the use of bioactive molecules in skin regenerative medicine, by which desired cell types can be generated in vitro for cell therapy and conventional therapeutics can be developed to repair and regenerate skin in vivo through activation of the endogenous repairing potential. We further prospect that the bioactive molecule-base method might be one of the promising strategies to achieve in situ skin regeneration in the future.
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9
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Dorsey TB, Kim D, Grath A, James D, Dai G. Multivalent biomaterial platform to control the distinct arterial venous differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2018; 185:1-12. [PMID: 30216805 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) differentiated from pluripotent stem cells have enormous potential to be used in a variety of therapeutic areas such as tissue engineering of vascular grafts and re-vascularization of ischemic tissues. To date, various protocols have been developed to differentiate stem cells toward vascular ECs. However, current methods are still not sufficient to drive the distinct arterial venous differentiation. Therefore, developing refined method of arterial-venous differentiation is critically needed to address this gap. Here, we developed a biomaterial platform to mimic multivalent ephrin-B2/EphB4 signaling and investigated its role in the early arterial and venous specification of pluripotent stem cells. Our results show immobilized ephrinB2 or EphB4 on hydrogel substrates have a distinct effect on arterial venous differentiation by regulating several arterial venous markers. When in combination with Wnt pathway agonist or BMP4 signaling, the ephrin-B2/EphB4 biomaterial platform can create diverging EC progenitor populations, demonstrating differential gene expression pattern across a wide range of arterial and venous markers, as well as phenotypic markers such as anti-thrombotic, pro-atherogenic and osteogenic genes, that are consistent with the in vivo expression patterns of arterial and venous ECs. Importantly, this distinct EC progenitor population cannot be achieved by current methods of applying soluble factors or hemodynamic stimuli alone, illustrating that fine-tuning of developmental signals using the biomaterial platform offers a new approach to better control the arterial venous differentiation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor B Dorsey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180, United States; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, 1623 15th, St, Troy, NY 12180, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Diana Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180, United States; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, 1623 15th, St, Troy, NY 12180, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Alexander Grath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180, United States; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, 1623 15th, St, Troy, NY 12180, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Daylon James
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Infertility, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, United States
| | - Guohao Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th St., Troy, NY 12180, United States; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, 1623 15th, St, Troy, NY 12180, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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10
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Porcù E, Maule F, Boso D, Rampazzo E, Barbieri V, Zuccolotto G, Rosato A, Frasson C, Viola G, Della Puppa A, Basso G, Persano L. BMP9 counteracts the tumorigenic and pro-angiogenic potential of glioblastoma. Cell Death Differ 2018; 25:1808-1822. [PMID: 29977042 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly vascularized and aggressive brain tumor, with a strong ability to disseminate and invade the surrounding parenchyma. In addition, a subpopulation of GBM stem cells has been reported to possess the ability to transdifferentiate into tumor-derived endothelial cells (TDECs), supporting the resistance to anti-angiogenic treatments of newly formed blood vessels. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 9 (BMP9) is critically involved in the processes of cancer cell differentiation, invasion and metastasis, representing a potential tool in order to impair the intrinsic GBM aggressiveness. Here we demonstrate that BMP9 is able to trigger the activation of SMADs in patient-derived GBM cells, and to strongly inhibit proliferation and invasion by reducing the activation of PI3K/AKT/MAPK and RhoA/Cofilin pathways, respectively. Intriguingly, BMP9 treatment is sufficient to induce a strong differentiation of GBM stem-like cells and to significantly counteract the already reported process of GBM cell transdifferentiation into TDECs not only in in vitro mimicked TDEC models, but also in vivo in orthotopic xenografts in mice. Additionally, we describe a strong BMP9-mediated inhibition of the whole angiogenic process engaged during GBM tumor formation. Based on these results, we believe that BMP9, by acting at multiple levels against GBM cell aggressiveness, can be considered a promising candidate, to be further developed, for the future therapeutic management of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Porcù
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Maule
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniele Boso
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Rampazzo
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vito Barbieri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Gaia Zuccolotto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Frasson
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza - IRP, Padova, Italy
| | - Giampietro Viola
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Basso
- Department of Woman and Children Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Persano
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica - Città della Speranza - IRP, Padova, Italy.
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11
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Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute the largest subdivision of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family of ligands and exert most of their effects through the canonical effectors Smad1, 5, and 8. Appropriate regulation of BMP signaling is critical for the development and homeostasis of numerous human organ systems. Aberrations in BMP pathways or their regulation are increasingly associated with diverse human pathologies, and there is an urgent and growing need to develop effective approaches to modulate BMP signaling in the clinic. In this review, we provide a wide perspective on diseases and/or conditions associated with dysregulated BMP signal transduction, outline the current strategies available to modulate BMP pathways, highlight emerging second-generation technologies, and postulate prospective avenues for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lowery
- Division of Biomedical Science, Marian University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46222
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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12
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The utility of stem cells in pediatric urinary bladder regeneration. Pediatr Res 2018; 83:258-266. [PMID: 28915233 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric patients with a neurogenic urinary bladder, caused by developmental abnormalities including spina bifida, exhibit chronic urological problems. Surgical management in the form of enterocystoplasty is used to enlarge the bladder, but is associated with significant clinical complications. Thus, alternative methods to enterocystoplasty have been explored through the incorporation of stem cells with tissue engineering strategies. Within the context of this review, we will examine the use of bone marrow stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), as they relate to bladder regeneration at the anatomic and molecular levels. The use of bone marrow stem cells has demonstrated significant advances in bladder tissue regeneration as multiple aspects of bladder tissue have been recapitulated including the urothelium, bladder smooth muscle, vasculature, and peripheral nerves. iPSCs, on the other hand, have been well characterized and used in multiple tissue-regenerative settings, yet iPSC research is still in its infancy with regards to bladder tissue regeneration with recent studies describing the differentiation of iPSCs to the bladder urothelium. Finally, we examine the role of the Sonic Hedgehog signaling cascade that mediates the proliferative response during regeneration between bladder smooth muscle and urothelium. Taken together, this review provides a current, comprehensive perspective on bladder regeneration.
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13
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Zhang J, Chu LF, Hou Z, Schwartz MP, Hacker T, Vickerman V, Swanson S, Leng N, Nguyen BK, Elwell A, Bolin J, Brown ME, Stewart R, Burlingham WJ, Murphy WL, Thomson JA. Functional characterization of human pluripotent stem cell-derived arterial endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E6072-E6078. [PMID: 28696312 PMCID: PMC5544294 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1702295114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the derivation of arterial endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells that exhibit arterial-specific functions in vitro and in vivo. We combine single-cell RNA sequencing of embryonic mouse endothelial cells with an EFNB2-tdTomato/EPHB4-EGFP dual reporter human embryonic stem cell line to identify factors that regulate arterial endothelial cell specification. The resulting xeno-free protocol produces cells with gene expression profiles, oxygen consumption rates, nitric oxide production levels, shear stress responses, and TNFα-induced leukocyte adhesion rates characteristic of arterial endothelial cells. Arterial endothelial cells were robustly generated from multiple human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cell lines and have potential applications for both disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Zhang
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Li-Fang Chu
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Zhonggang Hou
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Michael P Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Timothy Hacker
- Cardiovascular Physiology Core Facility, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Vernella Vickerman
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Scott Swanson
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Ning Leng
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
- Biostatistics, Genentech, San Francisco, CA 94080
| | - Bao Kim Nguyen
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Angela Elwell
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Jennifer Bolin
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Matthew E Brown
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - Ron Stewart
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715
| | - William J Burlingham
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, 53705
| | - James A Thomson
- Regenerative Biology, Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715;
- Department of Cell & Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, & Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93117
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14
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Li Y, Wen Y, Green M, Cabral EK, Wani P, Zhang F, Wei Y, Baer TM, Chen B. Cell sex affects extracellular matrix protein expression and proliferation of smooth muscle progenitor cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:156. [PMID: 28676082 PMCID: PMC5496346 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Smooth muscle progenitor cells (pSMCs) differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) hold great promise for treating diseases or degenerative conditions involving smooth muscle pathologies. However, the therapeutic potential of pSMCs derived from men and women may be very different. Cell sex can exert a profound impact on the differentiation process of stem cells into somatic cells. In spite of advances in translation of stem cell technologies, the role of cell sex and the effect of sex hormones on the differentiation towards mesenchymal lineage pSMCs remain largely unexplored. Methods Using a standard differentiation protocol, two human embryonic stem cell lines (one male line and one female line) and three induced pluripotent stem cell lines (one male line and two female lines) were differentiated into pSMCs. We examined differences in the differentiation of male and female hPSCs into pSMCs, and investigated the effect of 17β-estradiol (E2) on the extracellular matrix (ECM) metabolisms and cell proliferation rates of the pSMCs. Statistical analyses were performed by using Student’s t test or two-way ANOVA, p < 0.05. Results Male and female hPSCs had similar differentiation efficiencies and generated morphologically comparable pSMCs under a standard differentiation protocol, but the derived pSMCs showed sex differences in expression of ECM proteins, such as MMP-2 and TIMP-1, and cell proliferation rates. E2 treatment induced the expression of myogenic gene markers and suppressed ECM degradation activities through reduction of MMP activity and increased expression of TIMP-1 in female pSMCs, but not in male pSMCs. Conclusions hPSC-derived pSMCs from different sexes show differential expression of ECM proteins and proliferation rates. Estrogen appears to promote maturation and ECM protein expression in female pSMCs, but not in male pSMCs. These data suggest that intrinsic cell-sex differences may influence progenitor cell biology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0606-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Li
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive HH-333, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wen
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive HH-333, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Morgaine Green
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive HH-333, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Elise K Cabral
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive HH-333, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Prachi Wani
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive HH-333, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive HH-333, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive HH-333, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Thomas M Baer
- Stanford Photonics Research Center, Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bertha Chen
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive HH-333, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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15
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Aryl hydrocarbon receptor inhibition promotes hematolymphoid development from human pluripotent stem cells. Blood 2017; 129:3428-3439. [PMID: 28533309 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-07-730440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
deletion, we further demonstrate a marked enhancement of hematopoietic differentiation relative to wild-type hESCs. We also evaluated whether AHR antagonism could promote innate lymphoid cell differentiation from hESCs. SR-1 increased conventional natural killer (cNK) cell differentiation, whereas TCDD treatment blocked cNK development and supported group 3 innate lymphoid cell (ILC3) differentiation. Collectively, these results demonstrate that AHR regulates early human hematolymphoid cell development and may be targeted to enhance production of specific cell populations derived from human pluripotent stem cells.
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16
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide a broad overview of current trends in stem cell research and its applications in cardiovascular medicine. Researches on different stem cell sources, their inherent characteristics, and the limitations they have in medical applications are discussed. Additionally, uses of stem cells for both modeling and treating cardiovascular disease are discussed, taking note of the obstacles these engineered interventions must overcome to be clinically viable. RECENT FINDINGS Tissue engineering aims to replace dysfunctional tissues with engineered constructs. Stem cell technologies have been a great enabling factor in working toward this goal. Many tissue-engineered products are in development that utilize stem cell technology. Although promising, some refinement must be made to these constructs with respect to safety and functionality. A deeper understanding of basic differentiation and tissue developmental mechanisms is required to allow these engineered tissues to be translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Anderson
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Molecular Cell Genetics and Developmental Biology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Nicole Boardman
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Ste 773A, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jiesi Luo
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Ste 773A, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jinkyu Park
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Ste 773A, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Yibing Qyang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Yale School of Medicine, 300 George Street, Ste 773A, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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17
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Bai H, Gao Y, Hoyle DL, Cheng T, Wang ZZ. Suppression of Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling Delays Cellular Senescence and Preserves the Function of Endothelial Cells Derived from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:589-600. [PMID: 28191769 PMCID: PMC5442820 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of vascular cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offers an attractive noninvasive method for repairing the ischemic tissues and for preventing the progression of vascular diseases. Here, we found that in a serum‐free condition, the proliferation rate of hPSC‐derived endothelial cells is quickly decreased, accompanied with an increased cellular senescence, resulting in impaired gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and impaired vessel forming capability in vitro and in vivo. To overcome the limited expansion of hPSC‐derived endothelial cells, we screened small molecules for specific signaling pathways and found that inhibition of transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling significantly retarded cellular senescence and increased a proliferative index of hPSC‐derived endothelial cells. Inhibition of TGF‐β signaling extended the life span of hPSC‐derived endothelial and improved endothelial functions, including vascular network formation on Matrigel, acetylated low‐density lipoprotein uptake, and eNOS expression. Exogenous transforming growth factor‐β1 increased the gene expression of cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors, p15Ink4b, p16Ink4a, and p21CIP1, in endothelial cells. Conversely, inhibition of TGF‐β reduced the gene expression of p15Ink4b, p16Ink4a, and p21CIP1. Our findings demonstrate that the senescence of newly generated endothelial cells from hPSCs is mediated by TGF‐β signaling, and manipulation of TGF‐β signaling offers a potential target to prevent vascular aging. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:589–600
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bai
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yongxing Gao
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dixie L. Hoyle
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Blood Cell Therapy and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zack Z. Wang
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Blood Cell Therapy and Technology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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18
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A Survey of Strategies to Modulate the Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Pathway: Current and Future Perspectives. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:7290686. [PMID: 27433166 PMCID: PMC4940573 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7290686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) constitute the largest subdivision of the TGF-β family of ligands and are unequivocally involved in regulating stem cell behavior. Appropriate regulation of canonical BMP signaling is critical for the development and homeostasis of numerous human organ systems, as aberrations in the BMP pathway or its regulation are increasingly associated with diverse human pathologies. In this review, we provide a wide-perspective on strategies that increase or decrease BMP signaling. We briefly outline the current FDA-approved approaches, highlight emerging next-generation technologies, and postulate prospective avenues for future investigation. We also detail how activating other pathways may indirectly modulate BMP signaling, with a particular emphasis on the relationship between the BMP and Activin/TGF-β pathways.
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19
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Li B, Liu W, Zhuang M, Li N, Wu S, Pan S, Hua J. Overexpression of CD61 promotes hUC-MSC differentiation into male germ-like cells. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:36-47. [PMID: 26840189 PMCID: PMC6496844 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Previous studies have shown that germ-like cells can be induced from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSCs) in vitro. However, induction efficiency was low and a stable system had not been built. CD61, also called integrin-β3, plays a significant role in cell differentiation, in that CD61-positive-cell-derived pluripotent stem cells easily differentiate into primordial germ-like cells (PGC). Here, we have explored whether overexpression of CD61 would promote hUC-MSC differentiation into PGC and male germ-like cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS hUC-MSCs were cultured and transduced using pCD61-CAGG-TRIP-pur (oCD61) and pTRIP-CAGG plasmid (Control), and hUC-MSCs overexpressed CD61 were induced by bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4, 12.5 ng/ml), to differentiate into PGC and male germ cells. Quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine PGC- and germ cell-specific markers. RESULTS High expression levels of PGC-specific markers were detected in oCD61 hUC-MSCs compared to controls. After BMP4 induction, expression levels of male germ cell markers such as Acrosin (ACR), Prm1 and meiotic markers including Stra8, Scp3 in oCD61 were significantly higher than those of the Control group. CONCLUSIONS Under induction of BMP4, CD61-overexpressing hUC-MSCs, which had turned into PGC-like cells, could be further differentiated into male germ-like cells. Thus, a simple and efficient approach to study male germ cell development by using hUC-MSCs has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Weishuai Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yangling Demonstration Zone Hospital, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Mengru Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Siyu Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shaohui Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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20
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Sriram G, Tan JY, Islam I, Rufaihah AJ, Cao T. Efficient differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to arterial and venous endothelial cells under feeder- and serum-free conditions. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:261. [PMID: 26718617 PMCID: PMC4697311 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0260-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterogeneity of endothelial cells (ECs) is a hallmark of the vascular system which may impact the development and management of vascular disorders. Despite the tremendous progress in differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) towards endothelial lineage, differentiation into arterial and venous endothelial phenotypes remains elusive. Additionally, current differentiation strategies are hampered by inefficiency, lack of reproducibility, and use of animal-derived products. Methods To direct the differentiation of hESCs to endothelial subtypes, H1- and H9-hESCs were seeded on human plasma fibronectin and differentiated under chemically defined conditions by sequential modulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling pathways for 5 days. Following the initial differentiation, the endothelial progenitor cells (CD34+CD31+ cells) were sorted and terminally differentiated under serum-free conditions to arterial and venous ECs. The transcriptome and secretome profiles of the two distinct populations of hESC-derived arterial and venous ECs were characterized. Furthermore, the safety and functionality of these cells upon in vivo transplantation were characterized. Results Sequential modulation of hESCs with GSK-3 inhibitor, bFGF, BMP4 and VEGF resulted in stages reminiscent of primitive streak, early mesoderm/lateral plate mesoderm, and endothelial progenitors under feeder- and serum-free conditions. Furthermore, these endothelial progenitors demonstrated differentiation potential to almost pure populations of arterial and venous endothelial phenotypes under serum-free conditions. Specifically, the endothelial progenitors differentiated to venous ECs in the absence of VEGF, and to arterial phenotype under low concentrations of VEGF. Additionally, these hESC-derived arterial and venous ECs showed distinct molecular and functional profiles in vitro. Furthermore, these hESC-derived arterial and venous ECs were nontumorigenic and were functional in terms of forming perfused microvascular channels upon subcutaneous implantation in the mouse. Conclusions We report a simple, rapid, and efficient protocol for directed differentiation of hESCs into endothelial progenitor cells capable of differentiation to arterial and venous ECs under feeder-free and serum-free conditions. This could offer a human platform to study arterial–venous specification for various applications related to drug discovery, disease modeling and regenerative medicine in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-015-0260-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopu Sriram
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119083, Singapore. .,Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Groove, #06-06 Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
| | - Jia Yong Tan
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119083, Singapore.
| | - Intekhab Islam
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119083, Singapore.
| | - Abdul Jalil Rufaihah
- Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery (CTVS) Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117510, Singapore. .,Singapore-Technion Alliance For Research and Technology (START) Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Campus for Research Excellence And Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore.
| | - Tong Cao
- Oral Sciences Disciplines, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119083, Singapore. .,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, Singapore, 117456, Singapore. .,Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117456, Singapore.
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21
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Bai H, Liu Y, Xie Y, Hoyle DL, Brodsky RA, Cheng L, Cheng T, Wang ZZ. Definitive Hematopoietic Multipotent Progenitor Cells Are Transiently Generated From Hemogenic Endothelial Cells in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1065-76. [PMID: 26395760 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Generation of fully functional hematopoietic multipotent progenitor (MPP) cells from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has a great therapeutic potential to provide an unlimited cell source for treatment of hematological disorders. We previously demonstrated that CD34(+) CD31(+) CD144(+) population derived from hPSCs contain hemato-endothelial progenitors (HEPs) that give rise to hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Here, we report a differentiation system to generate definitive hematopoietic MPP cells from HEPs via endothelial monolayer. In the presence of angiogenic factors, HEPs formed an endothelial monolayer, from which hematopoietic clusters emerged through the process of endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT). EHT was significantly enhanced by hematopoietic growth factors. The definitive MPP cells generated from endothelial monolayer were capable of forming multilineage hematopoietic colonies, giving rise to T lymphoid cells, and differentiating into enucleated erythrocytes. Emergence of hematopoietic cells from endothelial monolayer occurred transiently. Hematopoietic potential was lost during prolonged culture of HEPs in endothelial growth conditions. Our study demonstrated that CD34(+) CD31(+) CD144(+) HEPs gave rise to hematopoietic MPP cells via hemogenic endothelial cells that exist transiently. The established differentiation system provides a platform for future investigation of regulatory factors involved in de novo generation of hematopoietic MPP cells and their applications in transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bai
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yanfeng Liu
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yinliang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Dixie L Hoyle
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert A Brodsky
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Linzhao Cheng
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Zack Z Wang
- Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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22
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Dowell KG, Simons AK, Bai H, Kell B, Wang ZZ, Yun K, Hibbs MA. Novel insights into embryonic stem cell self-renewal revealed through comparative human and mouse systems biology networks. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1161-72. [PMID: 24307629 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), characterized by their ability to both self-renew and differentiate into multiple cell lineages, are a powerful model for biomedical research and developmental biology. Human and mouse ESCs share many features, yet have distinctive aspects, including fundamental differences in the signaling pathways and cell cycle controls that support self-renewal. Here, we explore the molecular basis of human ESC self-renewal using Bayesian network machine learning to integrate cell-type-specific, high-throughput data for gene function discovery. We integrated high-throughput ESC data from 83 human studies (~1.8 million data points collected under 1,100 conditions) and 62 mouse studies (~2.4 million data points collected under 1,085 conditions) into separate human and mouse predictive networks focused on ESC self-renewal to analyze shared and distinct functional relationships among protein-coding gene orthologs. Computational evaluations show that these networks are highly accurate, literature validation confirms their biological relevance, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) validation supports our predictions. Our results reflect the importance of key regulatory genes known to be strongly associated with self-renewal and pluripotency in both species (e.g., POU5F1, SOX2, and NANOG), identify metabolic differences between species (e.g., threonine metabolism), clarify differences between human and mouse ESC developmental signaling pathways (e.g., leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)-activated JAK/STAT in mouse; NODAL/ACTIVIN-A-activated fibroblast growth factor in human), and reveal many novel genes and pathways predicted to be functionally associated with self-renewal in each species. These interactive networks are available online at www.StemSight.org for stem cell researchers to develop new hypotheses, discover potential mechanisms involving sparsely annotated genes, and prioritize genes of interest for experimental validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G Dowell
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA
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23
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Lian X, Bao X, Al-Ahmad A, Liu J, Wu Y, Dong W, Dunn KK, Shusta EV, Palecek SP. Efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to endothelial progenitors via small-molecule activation of WNT signaling. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:804-16. [PMID: 25418725 PMCID: PMC4235141 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived endothelial cells and their progenitors may provide the means for vascularization of tissue-engineered constructs and can serve as models to study vascular development and disease. Here, we report a method to efficiently produce endothelial cells from hPSCs via GSK3 inhibition and culture in defined media to direct hPSC differentiation to CD34+CD31+ endothelial progenitors. Exogenous vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment was dispensable, and endothelial progenitor differentiation was β-catenin dependent. Furthermore, by clonal analysis, we showed that CD34+CD31+CD117+TIE-2+ endothelial progenitors were multipotent, capable of differentiating into calponin-expressing smooth muscle cells and CD31+CD144+vWF+I-CAM1+ endothelial cells. These endothelial cells were capable of 20 population doublings, formed tube-like structures, imported acetylated low-density lipoprotein, and maintained a dynamic barrier function. This study provides a rapid and efficient method for production of hPSC-derived endothelial progenitors and endothelial cells and identifies WNT/β-catenin signaling as a primary regulator for generating vascular cells from hPSCs. WNT pathway activation directs hPSC differentiation to endothelial progenitors hPSC-derived endothelial progenitors can differentiate to endothelial cells Purified hPSC-derived endothelial cells are capable of 20 population doublings WNT pathway activation permits defined production of endothelial cells from hPSCs
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Lian
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xiaoping Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jialu Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Wentao Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Kaitlin K Dunn
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sean P Palecek
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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24
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Sahara M, Hansson EM, Wernet O, Lui KO, Später D, Chien KR. Manipulation of a VEGF-Notch signaling circuit drives formation of functional vascular endothelial progenitors from human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Res 2014; 24:820-41. [PMID: 24810299 PMCID: PMC4085760 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2014.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived endothelial lineage cells constitutes a promising source for therapeutic revascularization, but progress in this arena has been hampered by a lack of clinically-scalable differentiation protocols and inefficient formation of a functional vessel network integrating with the host circulation upon transplantation. Using a human embryonic stem cell reporter cell line, where green fluorescent protein expression is driven by an endothelial cell-specific VE-cadherin (VEC) promoter, we screened for > 60 bioactive small molecules that would promote endothelial differentiation, and found that administration of BMP4 and a GSK-3β inhibitor in an early phase and treatment with VEGF-A and inhibition of the Notch signaling pathway in a later phase led to efficient differentiation of hPSCs to the endothelial lineage within six days. This sequential approach generated > 50% conversion of hPSCs to endothelial cells (ECs), specifically VEC+CD31+CD34+CD14−KDRhigh endothelial progenitors (EPs) that exhibited higher angiogenic and clonogenic proliferation potential among endothelial lineage cells. Pharmaceutical inhibition or genetical knockdown of Notch signaling, in combination with VEGF-A treatment, resulted in efficient formation of EPs via KDR+ mesodermal precursors and blockade of the conversion of EPs to mature ECs. The generated EPs successfully formed functional capillary vessels in vivo with anastomosis to the host vessels when transplanted into immunocompromised mice. Manipulation of this VEGF-A-Notch signaling circuit in our protocol leads to rapid large-scale production of the hPSC-derived EPs by 12- to 20-fold vs current methods, which may serve as an attractive cell population for regenerative vascularization with superior vessel forming capability compared to mature ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sahara
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 021141, USA [4] Department of Medicine-Cardiology/Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emil M Hansson
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Oliver Wernet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité-University Medicine Berlin, Campus Charité Mitte, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathy O Lui
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 021141, USA
| | - Daniela Später
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 021141, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [2] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA [3] Department of Medicine-Cardiology/Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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25
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Kusuma S, Peijnenburg E, Patel P, Gerecht S. Low oxygen tension enhances endothelial fate of human pluripotent stem cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:913-20. [PMID: 24526696 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A critical regulator of the developing or regenerating vasculature is low oxygen tension. Precise elucidation of the role of low oxygen environments on endothelial commitment from human pluripotent stem cells necessitates controlled in vitro differentiation environments. APPROACH AND RESULTS We used a feeder-free, 2-dimensional differentiation system in which we could monitor accurately dissolved oxygen levels during human pluripotent stem cell differentiation toward early vascular cells (EVCs). We found that oxygen uptake rate of differentiating human pluripotent stem cells is lower in 5% O2 compared with atmospheric conditions. EVCs differentiated in 5% O2 had an increased vascular endothelial cadherin expression with clusters of vascular endothelial cadherin+ cells surrounded by platelet-derived growth factor β+ cells. When we assessed the temporal effects of low oxygen differentiation environments, we determined that low oxygen environments during the early stages of EVC differentiation enhance endothelial lineage commitment. EVCs differentiated in 5% O2 exhibited an increased expression of vascular endothelial cadherin and CD31 along with their localization to the membrane, enhanced lectin binding and acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake, rapid cord-like structure formation, and increased expression of arterial endothelial cell markers. Inhibition of reactive oxygen species generation during the early stages of differentiation abrogated the endothelial inductive effects of the low oxygen environments. CONCLUSIONS Low oxygen tension during early stages of EVC derivation induces endothelial commitment and maturation through the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, highlighting the importance of regulating oxygen tensions during human pluripotent stem cell-vascular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravanti Kusuma
- From the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Institute for NanoBioTechnology (S.K., P.P., S.G.), Department of Biomedical Engineering (S.K.), Cellular and Molecular Biology (E.P.), and Department of Materials Science and Engineering (S.G.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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26
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Marchand M, Anderson EK, Phadnis SM, Longaker MT, Cooke JP, Chen B, Reijo Pera RA. Concurrent generation of functional smooth muscle and endothelial cells via a vascular progenitor. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 3:91-7. [PMID: 24311701 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs) are typically derived separately, with low efficiencies, from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs). The concurrent generation of these cell types might lead to potential applications in regenerative medicine to model, elucidate, and eventually treat vascular diseases. Here we report a robust two-step protocol that can be used to simultaneously generate large numbers of functional SMCs and ECs from a common proliferative vascular progenitor population via a two-dimensional culture system. We show here that coculturing hPSCs with OP9 cells in media supplemented with vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and bone morphogenetic protein 4 yields a higher percentage of CD31(+)CD34(+) cells on day 8 of differentiation. Upon exposure to endothelial differentiation media and SM differentiation media, these vascular progenitors were able to differentiate and mature into functional endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, respectively. Furthermore, we were able to expand the intermediate population more than a billion fold to generate sufficient numbers of ECs and SMCs in parallel for potential therapeutic transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Marchand
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Department of Surgery, and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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27
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Kim HY, Yang DH, Shin SW, Kim MY, Yoon JH, Kim S, Park HC, Kang DW, Min D, Hur MW, Choi KY. CXXC5 is a transcriptional activator of Flk-1 and mediates bone morphogenic protein-induced endothelial cell differentiation and vessel formation. FASEB J 2013; 28:615-26. [PMID: 24136587 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-236216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CXXC5 is a member of a small subset of proteins containing CXXC-type zinc-finger domain. Here, we show that CXXC5 is a transcription factor activating Flk-1, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. CXXC5 and Flk-1 were accumulated in nucli and membrane of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), respectively, during their endothelial differentiation. CXXC5 overexpression induced Flk-1 transcription in both endothelium-differentiated mESCs and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In vitro DNA binding assay showed direct interaction of CXXC5 on the Flk-1 promoter region, and mutation on its DNA-binding motif abolished transcriptional activity. We showed that bone morphorgenetic protein 4 (BMP4) induced CXXC5 transcription in the cells, and inhibitors of BMP signaling suppressed the CXXC5 induction and the consequent Flk-1 induction by BMP4 treatment. CXXC5 knockdown resulted in suppression of BMP4-induced stress fiber formation (56.8 ± 1.3% decrease, P<0.05) and migration (54.6 ± 1.9% decrease, P<0.05) in HUVECs. The in vivo roles of CXXC5 in BMP-signaling-specific vascular development and angiogenesis were shown by specific defect of caudal vein plex vessel formation (57.9 ± 11.8% decrease, P<0.05) in cxxc5 morpholino-injected zebrafish embryos and by suppression of BMP4-induced angiogenesis in subcutaneously injected Matrigel plugs in CXXC5(-/-) mice. Overall, CXXC5 is a transcriptional activator for Flk-1, mediating BMP signaling for differentiation and migration of endothelial cell and vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Yi Kim
- 2Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 120-749, South Korea.
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28
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Bai H, Xie YL, Gao YX, Cheng T, Wang ZZ. The balance of positive and negative effects of TGF-β signaling regulates the development of hematopoietic and endothelial progenitors in human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2765-76. [PMID: 23758278 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Derived from mesoderm precursors, hemangioblasts are bipotential common progenitors of hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. The regulatory events controlling hematopoietic and endothelial lineage specification are largely unknown, especially in humans. In this study, we establish a serum-free and feeder-free system with a high-efficient embryoid body (EB) generation to investigate the signals that direct differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Consistent with previous studies, the CD34(+)CD31(+)VE-cadherin(+) (VEC(+)) cells derived from hPSCs contain hematopoietic and endothelial progenitors. In the presence of hematopoietic and endothelial growth factors, some of CD34(+)CD31(+)VEC(+) cells give rise to blast colony-forming cells (BL-CFCs), which have been used to characterize bipotential hemangioblasts. We found that the level of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) 1 protein is increased during hPSC differentiation, and that TGF-β signaling has the double-edged effect on hematopoietic and endothelial lineage differentiation in hPSCs. An addition of TGF-β to hPSC differentiation before mesoderm induction promotes the development of mesoderm and the generation of CD34(+)CD31(+)VEC(+) cells. An addition of TGF-β inhibitor, SB431542, before mesoderm induction downregulates the expression of mesodermal markers and reduces the number of CD34(+)CD31(+)VEC(+) progenitor cells. However, inhibition of TGF-β signaling after mesoderm induction increases CD34(+)CD31(+)VEC(+) progenitors and BL-CFCs. These data provide evidence that a balance of positive and negative effects of TGF-β signaling at the appropriate timing is critical, and potential means to improve hematopoiesis and vasculogenesis from hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bai
- 1 Division of Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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29
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Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that regulate the proliferation and differentiation of human stem and progenitor cells is critically important for the development and optimization of regenerative medicine strategies. For vascular regeneration studies, specifically, a true "vascular stem cell" population has not yet been identified. However, a number of cell types that exist endogenously, or can be generated or propagated ex vivo, function as vascular precursor cells and can participate in and/or promote vascular regeneration. Herein, we provide an overview of what is known about the regulation of their differentiation specifically toward a vascular endothelial cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hera Chaudhury
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, USA
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30
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Ashton RS, Keung AJ, Peltier J, Schaffer DV. Progress and prospects for stem cell engineering. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2012; 2:479-502. [PMID: 22432628 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-061010-114105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells offer tremendous biomedical potential owing to their abilities to self-renew and differentiate into cell types of multiple adult tissues. Researchers and engineers have increasingly developed novel discovery technologies, theoretical approaches, and cell culture systems to investigate microenvironmental cues and cellular signaling events that control stem cell fate. Many of these technologies facilitate high-throughput investigation of microenvironmental signals and the intracellular signaling networks and machinery processing those signals into cell fate decisions. As our aggregate empirical knowledge of stem cell regulation grows, theoretical modeling with systems and computational biology methods has and will continue to be important for developing our ability to analyze and extract important conceptual features of stem cell regulation from complex data. Based on this body of knowledge, stem cell engineers will continue to develop technologies that predictably control stem cell fate with the ultimate goal of being able to accurately and economically scale up these systems for clinical-grade production of stem cell therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randolph S Ashton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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31
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Chaudhury H, Raborn E, Goldie LC, Hirschi KK. Stem cell-derived vascular endothelial cells and their potential application in regenerative medicine. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 195:41-7. [PMID: 22005724 DOI: 10.1159/000331423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a 'vascular stem cell' population has not been identified or generated, vascular endothelial and mural cells (smooth muscle cells and pericytes) can be derived from currently known pluripotent stem cell sources including human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. We review the vascular potential of these human pluripotent stem cells, the mechanisms by which they are induced to differentiate toward a vascular endothelial cell fate, and their applications in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hera Chaudhury
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex., USA
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32
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Garriock RJ, Mikawa T. Early arterial differentiation and patterning in the avian embryo model. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:985-92. [PMID: 22020129 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Of the many models to study vascular biology the avian embryo remains an informative and powerful model system that has provided important insights into endothelial cell recruitment, assembly and remodeling during development of the circulatory system. This review highlights several discoveries in the avian system that show how arterial patterning is regulated using the model of dorsal aortae development along the embryo midline during gastrulation and neurulation. These discoveries were made possible through spatially and temporally controlled gain-of-function experiments that provided direct evidence that BMP signaling plays a pivotal role in vascular recruitment, patterning and remodeling and that Notch-signaling recruits vascular precursor cells to the dorsal aortae. Importantly, BMP ligands are broadly expressed throughout embryos but BMP signaling activation region is spatially defined by precisely regulated expression of BMP antagonists. These discoveries provide insight into how signaling, both positive and negative, regulate vascular patterning. This review also illustrates similarities of early arterial patterning along the embryonic midline in amniotes both avian and mammalians including human, evolutionarily specialized from non-amniotes such as fish and frog.
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33
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Bai H, Chen K, Gao YX, Arzigian M, Xie YL, Malcosky C, Yang YG, Wu WS, Wang ZZ. Bcl-xL enhances single-cell survival and expansion of human embryonic stem cells without affecting self-renewal. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:26-37. [PMID: 22099018 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust expansion and genetic manipulation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are limited by poor cell survival after enzymatic dissociation into single cells. Although inhibition of apoptosis is implicated for the single-cell survival of hESCs, the protective role of attenuation of apoptosis in hESC survival has not been elucidated. Bcl-xL is one of several anti-apoptotic proteins, which are members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins. Using an inducible system, we ectopically expressed Bcl-xL gene in hESCs, and found a significant increase of hESC colonies in the single-cell suspension cultures. Overexpression of Bcl-xL in hESCs decreased apoptotic caspase-3(+) cells, suggesting attenuation of apoptosis in hESCs. Without altering the kinetics of pluripotent gene expression, the efficiency to generate embryoid bodies (EBs) in vitro and the formation of teratoma in vivo were significantly increased in Bcl-xL-overexpressing hESCs after single-cell dissociation. Interestingly, the number and size of hESC colonies from cluster cultures were not affected by Bcl-xL overexpression. Several genes of extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules were upregulated by Bcl-xL in hESCs without single-cell dissociation, suggesting that Bcl-xL regulates adhesion molecular expression independent of cell dissociation. In addition, the gene expressions of FAS and several TNF signaling mediators were downregulated by Bcl-xL. These data support a model in which Bcl-xL promotes cell survival and increases cloning efficiency of dissociated hESCs without altering hESC self-renewal by i) attenuation of apoptosis, and ii) upregulation of adhesion molecules to facilitate cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Bai
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
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34
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Cannon JE, Upton PD, Smith JC, Morrell NW. Intersegmental vessel formation in zebrafish: requirement for VEGF but not BMP signalling revealed by selective and non-selective BMP antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 161:140-9. [PMID: 20718746 PMCID: PMC2962823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00871.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first identified through their role in inducing bone and cartilage formation, but many other important functions have since been ascribed to BMPs, including dorsoventral patterning, angiogenesis and tissue homeostasis. Using dorsomorphin and LDN193189, selective small molecule inhibitors of BMP signalling, we investigated the role of BMP signalling in early vascular patterning in zebrafish. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of dorsomorphin and LDN193189 on vascular endothelial growth factor-a (VEGF) and BMP signalling in developing zebrafish and in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells were determined using confocal microscopy, Western blotting and quantitative PCR. KEY RESULTS We showed that dorsomorphin, similar to the VEGF inhibitor SU5416, strongly inhibits intersegmental vessel formation in zebrafish and that this is due to inhibition of VEGF activation of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2), leading to reduced VEGF-induced phospho-ERK (extracellular regulated kinase) 1/2 and VEGF target gene transcription. These effects occurred at concentrations of dorsomorphin that block BMP signalling. We also showed that LDN193189, an analogue of dorsomorphin, more potently blocks BMP signalling but has no effect on VEGF signalling in zebrafish and does not disrupt early vascular patterning. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Dorsomorphin inhibits both BMP and VEGF signalling, whereas LDN193189 is a more selective BMP antagonist. Results obtained in cardiovascular studies using dorsomorphin need to be interpreted with caution, and use of LDN193189 would be preferable due to its selectivity. Our data also suggest that BMP signalling is dispensable for early patterning of intersegmental vessels in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- JE Cannon
- Wellcome Trust/CR-UK Gurdon Institute and Department of Zoology, The University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge, Department of MedicineCambridge, UK
| | - PD Upton
- University of Cambridge, Department of MedicineCambridge, UK
| | - JC Smith
- MRC National Institute for Medical ResearchThe Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - NW Morrell
- University of Cambridge, Department of MedicineCambridge, UK
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35
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James D, Nam HS, Seandel M, Nolan D, Janovitz T, Tomishima M, Studer L, Lee G, Lyden D, Benezra R, Zaninovic N, Rosenwaks Z, Rabbany SY, Rafii S. Expansion and maintenance of human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells by TGFbeta inhibition is Id1 dependent. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:161-6. [PMID: 20081865 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous efforts to differentiate human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into endothelial cells have not achieved sustained expansion and stability of vascular cells. To define vasculogenic developmental pathways and enhance differentiation, we used an endothelial cell-specific VE-cadherin promoter driving green fluorescent protein (GFP) (hVPr-GFP) to screen for factors that promote vascular commitment. In phase 1 of our method, inhibition of transforming growth factor (TGF)beta at day 7 of differentiation increases hVPr-GFP(+) cells by tenfold. In phase 2, TGFbeta inhibition maintains the proliferation and vascular identity of purified endothelial cells, resulting in a net 36-fold expansion of endothelial cells in homogenous monolayers, which exhibited a transcriptional profile of Id1(high)VEGFR2(high)VE-cadherin(+) ephrinB2(+). Using an Id1-YFP hESC reporter line, we showed that TGFbeta inhibition sustains Id1 expression in hESC-derived endothelial cells and that Id1 is required for increased proliferation and preservation of endothelial cell commitment. Our approach provides a serum-free method for differentiation and long-term maintenance of hESC-derived endothelial cells at a scale relevant to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daylon James
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ansary Stem Cell Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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