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Nagao Y, Hisanaga T, Utsumi T, Egami H, Kawato Y, Hamashima Y. Enantioselective Synthesis of Nelfinavir via Asymmetric Bromocyclization of Bisallylic Amide. J Org Chem 2018; 83:7290-7295. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Nagao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Tatsunari Hisanaga
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Takahiro Utsumi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Egami
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuji Kawato
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hamashima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
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Choi H, Jin UH, Kang SK, Abekura F, Park JY, Kwon KM, Suh SJ, Cho SH, Ha KT, Lee YC, Chung TW, Kim CH. Monosialyl Ganglioside GM3 Decreases Apolipoprotein B-100 Secretion in Liver Cells. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2168-2181. [PMID: 28019668 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Some sialic acid-containing glycolipids are known to regulate development of atherosclerosis with accumulated plasma apolipoprotein B-100 (Apo-B)-containing lipoproteins, because Apo-B as an atherogenic apolipoprotein is assembled mainly in VLDL and LDL. Previously, we have elucidated that disialyl GD3 promotes the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) gene expression and secretion of triglyceride (TG)-assembled ApoB, claiming the GD3 role in ApoB lipoprotein secretion in liver cells. In the synthetic pathway of gangliosides, GD3 is synthesized by addition of a sialic acid residue to GM3. Thus, there should be some regulatory links between GM3 and GD3. In this study, exogenous and endogenous monosialyl GM3 has been examined how GM3 plays a role in ApoB secretion in Chang liver cells in a view point of MTP and ApoB degradation in the same cells. The level of GM3 ganglioside in the GM3 synthase gene-transfected cells was increased in the cell extract, but not in the medium. In addition, GM3 synthase gene-transfected cells showed a diminished secretion of TG-enriched ApoB with a lower content of TG in the medium. Exogenous GM3 treatment for 24 h exerted a dose dependent inhibitory effect on ApoB secretion together with TG, while a liver-specific albumin was unchanged, indicating that GM3 effect is limited to ApoB secretion. GM3 decreased the mRNA level of MTP gene, too. ApoB protein assembly dysregulated by GM3 indicates the impaired ApoB secretion is caused by a proteasome-dependent pathway. Treatment with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) decreased ApoB secretion, but GM3-specific antibody did not. These results indicate that plasma membrane associated GM3 inhibits ApoB secretion, lowers development of atherosclerosis by decreasing the secretion of TG-enriched ApoB containing lipoproteins, suggesting that GM3 is an inhibitor of ApoB and TG secretion in liver cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2168-2181, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunju Choi
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea
| | - Un-Ho Jin
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea
| | - Sung-Koo Kang
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea
| | - Fukushi Abekura
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kwon
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea.,Research Institute, Davinch-K Co., Ltd., Geumcheon-gu, Seoul 153-719, Korea
| | - Seok-Jong Suh
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea
| | - Seung-Hak Cho
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases Research, Korea National Institute of Health, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 363-951, Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Ha
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, Korea
| | - Young-Coon Lee
- Faculty of Medicinal Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea
| | - Tae-Wook Chung
- Division of Applied Medicine, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan City, Korea
| | - Cheorl-Ho Kim
- Molecular and Cellular Glycobiology Unit, Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Kyunggi-Do 440-746, Korea.,Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea
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Pereira PAT, Bini D, Bovo F, Faccioli LH, Monteiro MC. Neutrophils influx and proinflammatory cytokines inhibition by sodium salicylate, unlike aspirin, in Candida albicans-induced peritonitis model. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2016; 61:337-46. [PMID: 26762336 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-016-0443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sodium salicylate (NaS) and aspirin (ASA) are known to have a variety of effects on microorganisms, such as fungus (C. albicans and C. neoformans), moreover, it have effects in leukocyte adhesion and migration in vitro. In this report, we investigated the effect of ASA and NaS in neutrophil migration and cytokine production in C. albicans-induced peritonitis murine model. For this, mice were treated intraperitoneally (i.p) or orally (po) with NaS or ASA; after they were stimulated i.p. with C. albicans, the cellular migration was evaluated 24 h after stimulation. NaS, in mice treated i.p., unlike ASA, was able to inhibit the neutrophil migration and proinflammatory cytokine production induced by C. albicans, such as TNF-α, IL-1, IFN-γ, IL-12, and IL-10, but did not alter the IL-4 levels in these animals. However, the po treatment with same the dose of NaS or ASA did not affect the influx of this cell for inflammatory site. These results suggest that the NaS inhibits cellular migration and proinflammatory cytokine by different anti-inflammatory mechanism compared to ASA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Aparecida Tártari Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, USP-SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP-SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel Bini
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste/UNICENTRO, Guarapuava, PR, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Bovo
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Universidade Federal do Paraná/PR, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Lucia Helena Faccioli
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, USP-SP, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marta Chagas Monteiro
- Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Pós-graduação em Neurociências e Biologia celular, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará/UFPA, Rua Augusto Correia, Belém, PA, Brazil. .,Endereço: Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Clínica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará/UFPA, Rua Augusto Correia, Belém, PA, Brazil.
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Jiang Y, Thakran S, Bheemreddy R, Coppess W, Walker RJ, Steinle JJ. Sodium salicylate reduced insulin resistance in the retina of a type 2 diabetic rat model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125505. [PMID: 25874611 PMCID: PMC4397086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium salicylate has been reported to reduce markers of diabetic retinopathy in a type 1 rat model. Because rates of type 2 diabetes are on the rise, we wanted to determine whether salicylate could improve insulin resistance in a type 2 rat model, as well as improve retinal function. We treated lean and obese BBZDR/Wor type 2 diabetic rats with salicylate in their chow for 2 months. Prior to salicylate treatment, rats underwent an electroretinogram to measure retinal function. After 2 months of treatment, rats underwent an additional electroretinogram prior to sacrifice. In addition to the animal model, we also treated retinal endothelial cells (REC) and rat Müller cells with salicylate and performed the same analyses as done for the rat retinal lysates. To investigate the role of salicylate in insulin signaling, we measured TNFα and caspase 3 levels by ELISA, as well as performed Western blotting for insulin receptor substrate 1, insulin receptor, SOCS3, and pro- and anti-apoptotic markers. Data demonstrated that salicylate significantly improved retinal function, as well as reduced TNFα and SOCS3-induced insulin resistance in all samples. Overall, results suggest that salicylate is effective in reducing insulin resistance in the retina of type 2 diabetic rat models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youde Jiang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- VA Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shalini Thakran
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Rajini Bheemreddy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - William Coppess
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Walker
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- Philder Smith College, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Jena J. Steinle
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- VA Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Eholié SP, Lacombe K, Krain A, Diallo Z, Ouiminga M, Campa P, Bouchaud O, Bissagnene E, Girard PM. Metabolic disorders and cardiovascular risk in treatment-naive HIV-infected patients of sub-saharan origin starting antiretrovirals: impact of westernized lifestyle. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2015; 31:384-92. [PMID: 25707418 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2014.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a cohort of HIV-infected patients of sub-Saharan origin we describe the incidence of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and lipodystrophy after 3 years of combined antiretroviral therapy, and model the 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases, while taking into account environmental factors. This is a multinational, prospective cohort study conducted in HIV outpatient clinics from four tertiary care centers set in France and Côte d'Ivoire. The participants were HIV-infected, treatment-naive patients eligible to start antiretroviral treatment and were of sub-Saharan African origin. The main outcome measures were the incidence of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and lipodystrophy, and the assessment of the 10-year risk of cardiovascular diseases using Framingham risk prediction, D.A.D. Cardiovascular Disease Risk, and WHO/ISH prediction charts. Of 245 patients followed for up to 3 years, the incidence of metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and lipodystrophy was 5.5, 8.5, and 6.8 per 100 person-years of follow-up (cumulative incidence: 14.4%, 19.2%, and 18.1%, respectively). Living in France as well as female gender and being overweight were risk factors for metabolic disorders as whole and only first generation protease inhibitors were marginally associated with metabolic syndrome. Cardiovascular risk as modeled through the three equations was high in all patients with the synergistic and deleterious effect of living in France compared to Côte d'Ivoire. This cohort study shows how the synergy between HIV, antiretroviral (ARV) exposure, and westernization of life style in a cohort of HIV-infected patients of sub-Saharan origin leads to a progressive increase in the risk of lipodystrophy, as well as metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance, all associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Paul Eholié
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Karine Lacombe
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris VI, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Alysa Krain
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Zelica Diallo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mariama Ouiminga
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Pauline Campa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Bouchaud
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Avicenne, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - Emmanuel Bissagnene
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Treichville University Hospital, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Pierre-Marie Girard
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris VI, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Hospital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, UMR_S 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
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Gulati V, Gulati P, Harding IH, Palombo EA. Exploring the anti-diabetic potential of Australian Aboriginal and Indian Ayurvedic plant extracts using cell-based assays. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:8. [PMID: 25652009 PMCID: PMC4328078 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0524-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant-derived compounds have been used clinically to treat type 2 diabetes for many years as they also exert additional beneficial effects on various other disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible mechanism of anti-diabetic activity of twelve (seven Australian Aboriginal and five Indian Ayurvedic) plant extracts. METHODS The ethanolic plant extracts were investigated for glucose uptake and adipogenesis in murine 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Cytotoxicity studies were also carried out against two cancerous cell lines, HeLa and A549, to investigate the potential anti-cancer activities of the extracts. RESULTS Of the seven Australian Aboriginal plant extracts tested, only Acacia kempeana and Santalum spicatum stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. Among the five Indian Ayurvedic plant extracts, only Curculigo orchioides enhanced glucose uptake. With respect to adipogenesis, the Australian plants Acacia tetragonophylla, Beyeria leshnaultii and Euphorbia drumondii and the Indian plants Pterocarpus marsupium, Andrographis paniculata and Curculigo orchioides reduced lipid accumulation in differentiated adipocytes. Extracts of Acacia kempeana and Acacia tetragonophylla showed potent and specific activity against HeLa cells. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the plant extracts exert their anti-diabetic properties by different mechanisms, including the stimulation of glucose uptake in adipocytes, inhibition of adipogenesis or both. Apart from their anti-diabetic activities, some of the extracts have potential for the development of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Gulati
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, 3122, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Pankaj Gulati
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, 3122, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Ian H Harding
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, 3122, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Enzo A Palombo
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, John Street, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, 3122, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the mechanisms of anti-cancer activity of nelfinavir and other protease inhibitors (PIs) based on evidences reported in the published literature. METHODS We extensively reviewed the literature concerning nelfinavir (NFV) as an off target anti-cancer drug and other PIs. A classification of PIs based on anti-cancer mode of action was proposed. Controversies regarding nelfinavir mode of action were also addressed. CONCLUSIONS The two main mechanisms involved in anti-cancer activity are endoplasmic reticulum stress-unfolded protein response pathway and Akt inhibition. However there are many other effects, partially dependent and independent of those mentioned, that may be useful in cancer treatment, including MMP-9 and MMP-2 inhibition, down-regulation of CDK-2, VEGF, bFGF, NF-kB, STAT-3, HIF-1 alfa, IGF, EGFR, survivin, BCRP, androgen receptor, proteasome, fatty acid synthase (FAS), decrease in cellular ATP concentration and upregulation of TRAIL receptor DR5, Bax, increased radiosensitivity, and autophagy. The end result of all these effects is slower growth, decreased angiogenesis, decreased invasion and increased apoptosis, which means reduced proliferation and increased cancer cells death. PIs may be classified according to their anticancer activity at clinically achievable doses, in AKT inhibitors, ER stressors and Akt inhibitors/ER stressors. Beyond the phase I trials that have been recently completed, adequately powered and well-designed clinical trials are needed in the various cancer type settings, and specific trials where NFV is tested in association with other known anti-cancer pharmaceuticals should be sought, in order to find an appropriate place for NFV in cancer treatment. The analysis of controversies on the molecular mechanisms of NFV hints to the possibility that NFV works in a different way in tumor cells and in hepatocytes and adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Koltai
- Centro de Diagnostico y Tratamiento de la Obra Social del Personal de la Alimentación, Talar de Pacheco, Buenos Aires, 1618, Argentina
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Kitazawa T, Yoshino Y, Suzuki S, Koga I, Ota Y. Lopinavir inhibits insulin signaling by promoting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B expression. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:851-855. [PMID: 25120613 PMCID: PMC4113574 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment with antiretroviral therapy, including protease inhibitors (PIs), may result in metabolic side-effects, for example insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanism of the dysregulation of insulin signaling by two PIs, lopinavir and darunavir, by analyzing changes in the expression or activity of proteins associated with insulin signaling. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were pretreated with lopinavir or darunavir for 48 h and then stimulated with insulin for 30 min. The cell lysates were subjected to western blotting with anti-phospho-insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1, anti-IRS1, anti-suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) 1, anti-SOCS3 and anti-protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B antibodies and to immunoprecipitation with anti-IRS1 antibody. Translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) following treatment with lopinavir or darunavir was observed using immunofluorescence. While GLUT4 was recruited to the cellular membrane in control adipocytes following insulin stimulation, it was diffusely distributed in the cytosol in lopinavir-treated adipocytes. In darunavir-treated adipocytes, GLUT4 was mainly recruited to the cellular membrane, but some GLUT4 remained in the cytosol. After insulin stimulation, IRS1 was tyrosine-phosphorylated to a greater extent in control adipocytes compared with darunavir-treated adipocytes. Tyrosine phosphorylation of IRS1 was inhibited in lopinavir-treated adipocytes. The expression of PTP1B was upregulated in adipocytes pretreated with the PIs, particularly lopinavir, compared with those pretreated with a vehicle control. The degree of regulation in insulin signaling differs between lopinavir and darunavir. One mechanism by which lopinavir regulates insulin signaling is by the promotion of PTP1B expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takatoshi Kitazawa
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshino
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Ichiro Koga
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ota
- Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Increases Insulin Sensitivity in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:938081. [PMID: 24391675 PMCID: PMC3874339 DOI: 10.1155/2013/938081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stevioside from Stevia rebaudiana has been reported to exert antihyperglycemic effects in both rat and human subjects. There have been few studies on these effects in vitro. In this paper, radioactive glucose uptake assay was implemented in order to assess improvements in insulin sensitivity in 3T3-L1 cells by elevation of glucose uptake following treatment with stevioside. Oil Red-O staining and MTT assay were utilized to confirm adipocyte differentiation and cell viability, respectively. Findings from this research showed a significant increase in absorbance values in mature adipocytes following Oil Red-O staining, confirming the differentiation process. Stevioside was noncytotoxic to 3T3-L1 cells as cell viability was reduced by a maximum of 17%, making it impossible to determine its IC50. Stevioside increased glucose uptake activities by 2.1 times (p < 0.001) in normal conditions and up to 4.4 times (p < 0.001) in insulin-resistant states. At times, this increase was higher than that seen in positive control group treated with rosiglitazone maleate, an antidiabetic agent. Expressions of pY20 and p-IRS1 which were measured via Western blot were improved by stevioside treatment. In conclusion, stevioside has direct effects on 3T3-L1 insulin sensitivity via increase in glucose uptake and enhanced expression of proteins involved in insulin-signalling pathway.
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Reyskens KMSE, Essop MF. HIV protease inhibitors and onset of cardiovascular diseases: a central role for oxidative stress and dysregulation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1842:256-68. [PMID: 24275553 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The successful roll-out of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has extended life expectancy and enhanced the overall well-being of HIV-positive individuals. There are, however, increased concerns regarding HAART-mediated metabolic derangements and its potential risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the long-term. Here certain classes of antiretroviral drugs such as the HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) are strongly implicated in this process. This article largely focuses on the direct PI-linked development of cardio-metabolic complications, and reviews the inter-linked roles of oxidative stress and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) as key mediators driving this process. It is proposed that PIs trigger reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that leads to serious downstream consequences such as cell death, impaired mitochondrial function, and UPS dysregulation. Moreover, we advocate that HIV PIs may also directly lower myocardial UPS function. The attenuation of cardiac UPS can initiate transcriptional changes that contribute to perturbed lipid metabolism, thereby fueling a pro-atherogenic milieu. It may also directly alter ionic channels and interfere with electrical signaling in the myocardium. Therefore HIV PI-induced ROS together with a dysfunctional UPS elicit detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system that will eventually result in the onset of heart diseases. Thus while HIV PIs substantially improve life expectancy and quality of life in HIV-positive patients, its longer-term side-effects on the cardiovascular system should lead to a) greater clinical awareness regarding its benefit-harm paradigm, and b) the development and evaluation of novel co-treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M S E Reyskens
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - M Faadiel Essop
- Cardio-Metabolic Research Group (CMRG), Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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