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Shu G, Sun H, Zhang T, Zhu A, Lei X, Wang C, Song A, Deng X. Theaflavine inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation by modulating the PKA/LKB1/AMPK/GSK3β cascade and subsequently enhancing Nrf2 signaling. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 956:175964. [PMID: 37549726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) constitutes a crucial etiological factor leading to liver fibrosis. Theaflavine (TF) is a characteristic bioactive compound in fermented tea. Here, we found that TF attenuated the activation of LX-2 HSCs induced by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). TF potentiated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related Factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling. Knockdown of Nrf2 abrogated TF-mediated resistance to TGF-β1. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1), AMP-activated kinase (AMPK), and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) are upstream regulators of Nrf2. TF modulated the LKB1/AMPK/GSK3β axis. Inhibition of AMPK or knockdown of LKB1 crippled TF-mediated potentiation of Nrf2. Protein kinase A (PKA) catalyzes LKB1 phosphorylation. In LX-2 cells, TF increased the LKB1/PKA interaction without affecting their contents. Inhibition of PKA abolished TF-mediated potentiation of LKB1/Nrf2 and abrogated the inhibitory effects of TF on their activation. TF also enhanced direct binding between purified catalytic subunit α of PKA (PKA-Cα) and LKB1 proteins in vitro. Molecular docking indicated that TF showed binding activity with both LKB1 and PKA-Cα proteins. In mouse primary HSCs, TF elevated LKB1/PKA-Cα binding, boosted LKB1 phosphorylation, potentiated Nrf2 and suppressed their spontaneous activation. PKA inhibition or LKB1 knockdown eliminated TF-mediated induction of Nrf2 and suppression of HSC activation. Furthermore, TF considerably alleviated CCl4-induced mouse liver fibrosis. In mouse livers, TF increased the LKB1/PKA-Cα interaction, upregulated LKB1 phosphorylation and modulated its downstream AMPK/GSK3β/Nrf2 cascade. Our findings collectively indicated that TF suppresses HSC activation. Mechanistically, TF elevated the LKB1/PKA interaction in HSCs, which increased LKB1 phosphorylation and subsequently modulated the downstream AMPK/GSK3β/Nrf2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anqi Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Lei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chuo Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Anning Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xukun Deng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Cong L, Ma J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Cong X, Hao M. Effect of anti-skin disorders of ginsenosides- A Systematic Review. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:605-614. [PMID: 37720567 PMCID: PMC10499590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are bioactive components of Panax ginseng with many functions such as anti-aging, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue, and anti-tumor. Ginsenosides are categorized into dammarane, oleanene, and ocotillol type tricyclic triterpenoids based on the aglycon structure. Based on the sugar moiety linked to C-3, C-20, and C-6, C-20, dammarane type was divided into protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT). The effects of ginsenosides on skin disorders are noteworthy. They play anti-aging roles by enhancing immune function, resisting melanin formation, inhibiting oxidation, and elevating the concentration of collagen and hyaluronic acid. Thus, ginsenosides have previously been widely used to resist skin diseases and aging. This review details the role of ginsenosides in the anti-skin aging process from mechanisms and experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Cong
- Department of Dermatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jinli Ma
- Key Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province, Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Lymphatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yundong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Lymphatic Surgery Jilin Province, Jilin Engineering Laboratory for Lymphatic Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yifa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xianling Cong
- Department of Biobank, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Miao Hao
- Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Tang H, Xiong Q, Yin M, Feng H, Yao F, Xiao X, Hu F, Liao Y. LncRNA PVT1 delays skin photoaging by sequestering miR-551b-3p to release AQP3 expression via ceRNA mechanism. Apoptosis 2023; 28:912-924. [PMID: 37000315 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01834-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding human skin photoaging requires in-depth knowledge of the molecular and functional mechanisms. Human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) gradually lose their ability to produce collagen and renew intercellular matrix with aging. Therefore, our study aims to reveal the mechanistic actions of a novel ceRNA network in the skin photoaging by regulating HDF activities. Photoaging-related genes were obtained in silico, followed by GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. Differentially expressed lncRNAs and miRNAs were screened from the GEO database to construct the ceRNA co-expression network. In skin photoaging samples, PVT1 and AQP3 were poorly expressed, while miR-551b-3p was highly expressed. The relationships among the lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA were explored through the ENCORI database and dual luciferase reporter assay. Mechanistically, PVT1 could sequester miR-551b-3p to upregulate the expression of AQP3, which further inactivated the ERK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway. HDFs were selected to construct an in vitro cell skin photoaging model, where the senescence, cell cycle distribution and viability of young and senescent HDFs were detected by SA-β-gal staining, flow cytometry and CCK-8 assay. In vitro cell experiments confirmed that overexpression of PVT1 or AQP3 enhanced viability of young and senescent HDFs and inhibited HDF senescence, while miR-551b-3p upregulation counteracted the effect of PVT1. In conclusion, PVT1-driven suppression of miR-551b-3p induces AQP3 expression to inactivate the ERK/p38 MAPK signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting HDF senescence and ultimately delaying the skin photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), No. 61, Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xiong
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), No. 61, Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Ming Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), No. 61, Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), No. 61, Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Fang Yao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), No. 61, Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), No. 61, Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), No. 61, Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China
| | - Yangying Liao
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), No. 61, Jiefang West Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410000, Hunan Province, P. R. China.
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The Effects of Nutrient Signaling Regulators in Combination with Phytocannabinoids on the Senescence-Associated Phenotype in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158804. [PMID: 35955938 PMCID: PMC9368899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying effective anti-aging compounds is a cornerstone of modern longevity, aging, and skin-health research. There is considerable evidence of the effectiveness of nutrient signaling regulators such as metformin, resveratrol, and rapamycin in longevity and anti-aging studies; however, their potential protective role in skin aging is controversial. In light of the increasing appearance of phytocannabinoids in beauty products without rigorous research on their rejuvenation efficacy, we decided to investigate the potential role of phytocannabinoids in combination with nutrient signaling regulators in skin rejuvenation. Utilizing CCD-1064Sk skin fibroblasts, the effect of metformin, triacetylresveratrol, and rapamycin combined with phytocannabinoids on cellular viability, functional activity, metabolic function, and nuclear architecture was tested. We found triacetylresveratrol combined with cannabidiol increased the viability of skin fibroblasts (p < 0.0001), restored wound-healing functional activity (p < 0.001), reduced metabolic dysfunction, and ameliorated nuclear eccentricity and circularity in senescent fibroblasts (p < 0.01). Conversely, metformin with or without phytocannabinoids did not show any beneficial effects on functional activity, while rapamycin inhibited cell viability (p < 0.01) and the speed of wound healing (p < 0.001). Therefore, triacetylresveratrol and cannabidiol can be a valuable source of biologically active substances used in aging and more studies using animals to confirm the efficacy of cannabidiol combined with triacetylresveratrol should be performed.
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Li Q, Yang Y, Wang H, Jiang Z, Ma H. Genistein accelerates glucose catabolism via activation the GPER-mediated cAMP/PKA-AMPK signaling pathway in broiler chickens. Life Sci 2022; 303:120676. [PMID: 35640778 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Genistein, the most abundance of phytoestrogens in soybeans, has beneficial effects in regulating metabolism-related disease; however, there is few available literatures about whether genistein regulates glucose metabolism that in turn affects the lipid accumulation in animals or humans. The current study showed that genistein promoted glucose uptake by enhancing glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2) protein level; and it also increased the activity of phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), and the mRNA level of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) both in broiler chickens or hepatocytes. Moreover, genistein obviously increased the p-LKB1 and p-AMPKα protein levels both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, the enhancement of genistein on glucose uptake and catabolism were reversed in hepatocytes pre-treated with AMPK inhibitor Compound C, and the increasing of genistein on the p-LKB1 and p-AMPKα protein levels were also reversed in hepatocytes pre-treated with PKA inhibitor H89. Importantly, the results showed that genistein simultaneously increased the estrogen receptor β (ERβ) and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) protein levels, but the elevation effect of genistein on cAMP content was completely reversed in hepatocytes pre-treated with GPER antagonist G15, rather than ERβ inhibitor PHTPP. Meanwhile, the increasing of p-LKB1 and p-AMPKα protein levels induced by genistein were also reversed in hepatocytes pre-treated with G15. Collectively, our data demonstrated that genistein improves glucose metabolism via activating the GPER-mediated cAMP/PKA-AMPK signaling pathway. These findings provide theoretical basis for genistein as a promising nutritional supplemental to alleviate metabolism disorders and related diseases in animals or even humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Huihui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhihao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Haitian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Acetylated Resveratrol and Oxyresveratrol Suppress UVB-Induced MMP-1 Expression in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081252. [PMID: 34439500 PMCID: PMC8389240 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) and oxyresveratrol (OXYRES) are considered and utilized as active ingredients of anti-aging skin cosmetics. However, these compounds are susceptible to oxidative discoloration and unpleasant odor in solutions, limiting their use in cosmetics. Accordingly, RES and OXYRES were chemically modified to acetylated derivatives with enhanced stability, and their anti-aging effect on the skin and detailed molecular mechanism of their acetylated derivatives were investigated. Acetylated RES and OXYRES lost their acetyl group and exerted an inhibitory effect on H2O2-induced ROS levels in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. In addition, RES, OXYRES, and their acetylated derivatives suppressed UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Furthermore, RES, OXYRES, and their acetylated derivatives suppressed type I collagen in TPA-treated HDF cells. Collectively, these results suggest the beneficial effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of RES, OXYRES, and their acetylated derivatives for anti- skin aging applications.
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Lee MJ, Agrahari G, Kim HY, An EJ, Chun KH, Kang H, Kim YS, Bang CW, Tak LJ, Kim TY. Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Prevents Skin Aging by Promoting Collagen Production through the Activation of AMPK and Nrf2/HO-1 Cascades. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2344-2353.e7. [PMID: 33836179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With aging, the skin becomes thin and drastically loses collagen. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD), also known as superoxide dismutase (SOD) 3, is the major SOD in the extracellular matrix of the tissues and is well-known to maintain the reduction‒oxidation homeostasis and matrix components of such tissues. However, the role of EC-SOD in aging-associated reductions of skin thickness and collagen production is not well-studied. In this study, we compared the histological differences in the dorsal skin of EC-SOD‒overexpressing transgenic mice (Sod3+/+) of different age groups with that in wild-type mice and also determined the underlying signaling mechanism. Our data showed that the skin thickness in Sod3+/+ mice significantly increased with aging compared with that in wild-type male mice. Furthermore, Sod3+/+ mice had promoted collagen production through the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways in aged mice. Interestingly, subcutaneous injection of adeno-associated virus‒overexpressing EC-SOD exhibited increased skin thickness and collagen expression. Furthermore, combined recombinant EC-SOD and dihydrotestosterone treatment synergistically elevated collagen production through the activation of TGFβ in human dermal fibroblasts. Altogether, these results showed that EC-SOD prevents skin aging by promoting collagen production in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, we propose that EC-SOD may be a potential therapeutic target for antiaging in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jung Lee
- Laboratory of Dermato-Immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gaurav Agrahari
- Laboratory of Dermato-Immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Young Kim
- Laboratory of Dermato-Immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo An
- Laboratory of Dermato-Immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Chun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeokgu Kang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Soo Kim
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Whan Bang
- Laboratory of Dermato-Immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lee-Jung Tak
- Laboratory of Dermato-Immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Yoon Kim
- Laboratory of Dermato-Immunology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ethanol Extract of Yak-Kong Fermented by Lactic Acid Bacteria from a Korean Infant Markedly Reduces Matrix Metallopreteinase-1 Expression Induced by Solar Ultraviolet Irradiation in Human Keratinocytes and a 3D Skin Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020291. [PMID: 33672035 PMCID: PMC7919483 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Yak-Kong is a type of black soybean that is colloquially referred to as the "medicinal bean" and it elicits several beneficial effects that are relevant to human health, including attenuating the formation of skin wrinkles. It has previously been shown that soybean extracts elicit additional bioactivity that is fermented by lactic acid bacteria. In this study of lactic acid bacteria strains that were isolated from the stools of breast-feeding infants (<100 days old), we selected Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis LDTM 8102 (LDTM 8102) as the lead strain for the fermentation of Yak-Kong. We investigated the effects of LDTM 8102-fermented Yak-Kong on solar-ultraviolet irradiation (sUV)-induced wrinkle formation. In HaCaT cells, the ethanol extract of LDTM 8102-fermented Yak-Kong (EFY) effectively reduced sUV-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) secretion. The effect of EFY was superior to that of unfermented (UFY)- and Lactis KCTC 5854 (another Bifidobacterium animalis species)-fermented Yak-Kong. Additionally, EFY reduced sUV-induced MMP-1 mRNA expression and promoter activity, as well as the transactivation of AP-1 and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. Furthermore, EFY alleviated sUV-induced MMP-1 secretion, the destruction of the epidermis, and degradation of collagen in a three-dimensional (3D) skin culture model. EFY had a higher total polyphenol content and anti-oxidative activity than UFY. Twelve metabolites were significantly (≥2-fold) increased in Yak-Kong extract after fermentation by LDTM 8102. Among them, the metabolites of major isoflavones, such as 6,7,4'-trihydroxyisoflavone (THIF), exerted the reducing effect of MMP-1, which indicated that the isoflavone metabolites contributed to the effect of EFY on MMP-1 expression as active compounds. These findings suggest that EFY is a potent natural material that can potentially prevent sUV-induced wrinkle formation.
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Huang Y, Zhu X, Chen K, Lang H, Zhang Y, Hou P, Ran L, Zhou M, Zheng J, Yi L, Mi M, Zhang Q. Resveratrol prevents sarcopenic obesity by reversing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress via the PKA/LKB1/AMPK pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 11:2217-2240. [PMID: 30988232 PMCID: PMC6519996 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background: The concept of sarcopenic obesity refers to low muscle mass coupled with high adiposity in older adults. Sarcopenic obesity is a new medical challenge that imposes tremendous financial burdens on healthcare authorities worldwide. This study investigated the effects of resveratrol on high-fat diet-induced sarcopenic obesity in aged rats and palmitate acid-induced muscle atrophy in L6 myotubes and explored the underlying mechanisms. Results: In vivo, resveratrol prevented muscle loss and myofiber size decrease, improved grip strength and abolished excessive fat accumulation. In vitro, resveratrol inhibited the palmitate acid-mediated reductions in myosin heavy chain content and myotube diameter. Moreover, resveratrol ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, leading to an improvement in protein metabolism and contributing to the prevention of muscle atrophy. Furthermore, the protective effects of resveratrol on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and muscle atrophy were abolished by PKA siRNA, LKB1 siRNA and AMPK siRNA transfection in vitro. Conclusions: Resveratrol prevented high-fat diet-induced muscle atrophy in aged rats by reversing mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which was partially mediated by the PKA/LKB1/AMPK pathway. These findings indicate that resveratrol might have potential uses for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenic obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Huang
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Ka Chen
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Hedong Lang
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Hou
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Li Ran
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhou
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Zheng
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Long Yi
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Mantian Mi
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
| | - Qianyong Zhang
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, P. R. China
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Kim SA, Shin KC, Oh DK. Complete Biotransformation of Protopanaxadiol-Type Ginsenosides into 20- O- β-Glucopyranosyl-20( S)-protopanaxadiol by Permeabilized Recombinant Escherichia coli Cells Coexpressing β-Glucosidase and Chaperone Genes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:8393-8401. [PMID: 31291721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The ginsenoside 20-O-β-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol or compound K is an essential ingredient in functional food, cosmetics, and traditional medicines. However, no study has reported the complete conversion of all protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides from ginseng extract into compound K using whole-cell conversion. To increase the production of compound K from ginseng extract using whole recombinant cells, the β-glucosidase enzyme from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii was coexpressed with a chaperone expression system (pGro7), and the cells expressing the coexpression system were permeabilized with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. The permeabilized cells carrying the chaperone coexpression system showed a 2.6-fold increase in productivity and yield as compared with nontreated cells, and completely converted all PPD-type ginsenosides from ginseng root extract into compound K with the highest productivity among the results reported so far. Our results will contribute to the industrial biological production of compound K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-A Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Bioactive-Metabolome Network , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
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Jing X, Sun C, Chen H, Sun J, Zhang Y, Wu J. Protection of paeonol against epirubicin-induced hepatotoxicity: A metabolomic study. Biosci Trends 2019; 13:253-260. [PMID: 31231109 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2019.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Paeonol extracted from the Moutan Cortex, possesses hepatoprotective activity against epirubicin (EPI)-induced liver damage. This study evaluated the protective effect of paeonol on EPI-induced hepatotoxicity and explored the underlying metabolomic mechanism. Breast tumor-bearing mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, EPI, and EPI + paeonol treatment. Mice received a tail i.v. injection of EPI every other day for 3 cycles or/and intragastrically (i.g.) administered paeonol daily for 6 days. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and biochemical detection were used to determine the degree of damage. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique was established to determine the metabolites. PLS-DA and PCA were used to investigate metabolic changes. HE staining and biochemical detection results showed that EPI caused serious liver damage while paeonol ameliorated it. The results of mass spectrogram, partial least squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA), and principal component analysis (PCA) demonstrated that lipid, amino acid, and energy metabolism involving seven metabolites were obviously changed by EPI and reversed by paeonol. Additionally, paeonol inhibited EPI-induced activation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase/mammalian target of Rapamycin (AMPK/mTOR) signalling pathway. Our results demonstrated the hepatoprotective effect of paeonol on EPI-induced hepatotoxicity in mice, provided potential biomarkers for early assessment of EPI-induced liver injury and illuminated the metabolic mechanism underlying paeonol-related hepatic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Jing
- Laboratory Medical Center, The Second Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Huigang Chen
- Department of Pathological Obstetrics, ZhuCheng Maternal and Child Health Hospital
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Hospital of Shandong University
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12
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Lee JO, Choi E, Shin KK, Hong YH, Kim HG, Jeong D, Hossain MA, Kim HS, Yi YS, Kim D, Kim E, Cho JY. Compound K, a ginsenoside metabolite, plays an antiinflammatory role in macrophages by targeting the AKT1-mediated signaling pathway. J Ginseng Res 2018; 43:154-160. [PMID: 30662304 PMCID: PMC6323178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compound K (CK) is an active metabolite of ginseng saponin, ginsenoside Rb1, that has been shown to have ameliorative properties in various diseases. However, its role in inflammation and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. In this report, the antiinflammatory role of CK was investigated in macrophage-like cells. Methods The CK-mediated antiinflammatory mechanism was explored in RAW264.7 and HEK293 cells that were activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or exhibited overexpression of known activation proteins. The mRNA levels of inflammatory genes and the activation levels of target proteins were identified by quantitative and semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Results CK significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and tumor necrosis factor-α and morphological changes in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells under noncytotoxic concentrations. CK downregulated the phosphorylation of AKT1, but not AKT2, in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells. Similarly, CK reduced the AKT1 overexpression-induced expression of aldehyde oxidase 1, interleukin-1β, interferon-β, and tumor necrosis factor-α in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion Our results suggest that CK plays an antiinflammatory role during macrophage-mediated inflammatory actions by specifically targeting the AKT1-mediated signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Oog Lee
- Department of Aerospace Information Engineering, Bio-Inspired Aerospace Information Laboratory, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunju Choi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kon Kuk Shin
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gyung Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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13
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Kim EH, Kim W. An Insight into Ginsenoside Metabolite Compound K as a Potential Tool for Skin Disorder. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:8075870. [PMID: 30046346 PMCID: PMC6036801 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8075870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are the major bioactive natural compounds derived from Panax ginseng. Several studies report the pharmaceutical benefits of several ginsenosides, including antidementia, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory activity. Biotransformations by gut microbiome contribute to the biological function of these ginsenosides. After ingestion ginsenosides are hydrolyzed to Rg2, Rg3, compound K, and others by human gut flora. Compound K is considered the representative active metabolite after oral administration of ginseng or ginsenosides. Various studies report the diverse biological functions of compound K, such as antitumor, antidiabetic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory activity. Recent clinical trial and in vitro studies demonstrate the antiaging activities of ginsenosides in human skin. Ginsenosides have been considered as an important natural dermatological agent. In this review, we will cover the modern tools and techniques to understand biotransformation and delivery of compound K. Also the biological function of compound K on skin disorder and its potential dermatological application will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Hyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Cheil General Hospital and Women's Healthcare Center, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonnam Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Republic of Korea
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14
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Kim TH, Yang EJ, Shin KC, Hwang KH, Park JS, Oh DK. Enhanced Production of β-D-glycosidase and α-L-arabinofuranosidase in Recombinant Escherichia coli in Fed-batch Culture for the Biotransformation of Ginseng Leaf Extract to Ginsenoside Compound K. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Kim E, Kim D, Yoo S, Hong YH, Han SY, Jeong S, Jeong D, Kim JH, Cho JY, Park J. The skin protective effects of compound K, a metabolite of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng. J Ginseng Res 2018; 42:218-224. [PMID: 29719469 PMCID: PMC5925615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compound K (CK) is a ginsenoside, a metabolite of Panax ginseng. There is interest both in increasing skin health and antiaging using natural skin care products. In this study, we explored the possibility of using CK as a cosmetic ingredient. METHODS To assess the antiaging effect of CK, RT-PCR was performed, and expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1, cyclooxygenase-2, and type I collagen were measured under UVB irradiation conditions. The skin hydrating effect of CK was tested by RT-PCR, and its regulation was explored through immunoblotting. Melanin content, melanin secretion, and tyrosinase activity assays were performed. RESULTS CK treatment reduced the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in UVB irradiated NIH3T3 cells and recovered type I collagen expression level. Expression of skin hydrating factors-filaggrin, transglutaminase, and hyaluronic acid synthases-1 and -2-were augmented by CK and were modulated through the inhibitor of κBα, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, or extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway. In the melanogenic response, CK did not regulate tyrosinase activity and melanin secretion, but increased melanin content in B16F10 cells was observed. CONCLUSION Our data showed that CK has antiaging and hydrating effects. We suggest that CK could be used in cosmetic products to protect the skin from UVB rays and increase skin moisture level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunji Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Material Lab, Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Republic of Korea
| | - Sulgi Yoo
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yun Han
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggu Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- Department of Engineering Chemistry, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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Shin KC, Kim TH, Choi JH, Oh DK. Complete Biotransformation of Protopanaxadiol-Type Ginsenosides to 20- O-β-Glucopyranosyl-20( S)-protopanaxadiol Using a Novel and Thermostable β-Glucosidase. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2822-2829. [PMID: 29468877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b06108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The ginsenoside 20- O-β-glucopyranosyl-20( S)-protopanaxadiol, compound K, has attracted much attention in functional food, traditional medicine, and cosmetic industries because of diverse pharmaceutical activities. The effective production of compound K from ginseng extracts has been required. However, an enzyme capable of completely converting all protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides to compound K has not been reported until now. In this study, unlike other enzymes, β-glucosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii was able to hydrolyze sugar moieties such as l-arabinofuranose as well as d-glucose and l-arabinopyranose as the C-20 outer sugar in ginsenosides. Thus, ginsenoside Rc containing l-arabinofuranose can be converted to compound K by only this enzyme. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the enzyme completely converted PPD-type ginsenosides in ginseng extracts to compound K with the highest productivity among the reported results. This is the first report of the enzyme capable of completely converting all PPD-type ginsenosides into compound K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , South Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , South Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , South Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , South Korea
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Piper retrofractum Vahl. Extract, as a PPAR δ and AMPK Activator, Suppresses UVB-Induced Photoaging through Mitochondrial Biogenesis and MMPs Inhibition in Human Dermal Fibroblasts and Hairless Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:6172954. [PMID: 29619069 PMCID: PMC5829337 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6172954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photoaging occurs by UVB-irradiation and involves production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), leading to extracellular matrix damage. Piper retrofractum Vahl. is used as a traditional medicine for antiflatulence, expectorant, sedative, and anti-irritant; however, its antiphotoaging effect has not yet been studied. The current study investigated the antiphotoaging effect of standardized Piper retrofractum extract (PRE) on UVB-damaged human dermal fibroblasts and hairless mouse skin. PRE treatment activated the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARδ) and the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), consequently upregulating mitochondrial synthesis and reducing ROS production. Additionally, PRE inhibited MMPs expression via suppressing mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). PRE downregulated UVB-induced inflammatory reactions by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity. PRE also enhanced transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and the Smad signaling pathway, thereby promoting procollagen gene transcription. Furthermore, oral administration of PRE (300 mg/kg/day) similarly regulated the signaling pathways and increased antioxidant enzyme expression, thus attenuating physiological deformations, such as wrinkle formation and erythema response. Collectively, these results suggest that PRE acts as a potent antiphotoaging agent via PPARδ and AMPK activation.
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18
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Choi JH, Shin KC, Oh DK. An L213A variant of β-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus with increased α-L-arabinofuranosidase activity converts ginsenoside Rc to compound K. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191018. [PMID: 29324789 PMCID: PMC5764348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound K (C-K) is a crucial pharmaceutical and cosmetic component because of disease prevention and skin anti-aging effects. For industrial application of this active compound, the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides should be transformed to C-K. β-Glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus has been reported as an efficient C-K-producing enzyme, using glycosylated PPD-type ginsenosides as substrates. β-Glycosidase from S. solfataricus can hydrolyze β-d-glucopyranoside in ginsenosides Rc, C-Mc1, and C-Mc, but not α-l-arabinofuranoside in these ginsenosides. To determine candidate residues involved in α-l-arabinofuranosidase activity, compound Mc (C-Mc) was docking to β-glycosidase from S. solfataricus in homology model and sequence was aligned with β-glycosidase from Pyrococcus furiosus that has α-l-arabinofuranosidase activity. A L213A variant β-glycosidase with increased α-l-arabinofuranosidase activity was selected by substitution of other amino acids for candidate residues. The increased α-l-arabinofuranosidase activity of the L213A variant was confirmed through the determination of substrate specificity, change in binding energy, transformation pathway, and C-K production from ginsenosides Rc and C-Mc. The L213A variant β-glycosidase catalyzed the conversion of Rc to Rd by hydrolyzing α-l-arabinofuranoside linked to Rc, whereas the wild-type β-glycosidase did not. The variant enzyme converted ginsenosides Rc and C-Mc into C-K with molar conversions of 97%, which were 1.5- and 2-fold higher, respectively, than those of the wild-type enzyme. Therefore, protein engineering is a useful tool for enhancing the hydrolytic activity on specific glycoside linked to ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyeon Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Lee SY. Synergistic effect of maclurin on ginsenoside compound K induced inhibition of the transcriptional expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 in HaCaT human keratinocyte cells. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:229-232. [PMID: 29719471 PMCID: PMC5925616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Yeol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
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20
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Shin KC, Choi HY, Seo MJ, Oh DK. Improved conversion of ginsenoside Rb 1 to compound K by semi-rational design of Sulfolobus solfataricus β-glycosidase. AMB Express 2017; 7:186. [PMID: 28980170 PMCID: PMC5628084 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K has been used as a key nutritional and cosmetic component because of its anti-fatigue and skin anti-aging effects. β-Glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (SS-BGL) is known as the most efficient enzyme for compound K production. The hydrolytic pathway from ginsenoside Rb1 to compound K via Rd and F2 is the most important because Rb1 is the most abundant component in ginseng extract. However, the enzymatic conversion of ginsenoside Rd to F2 is a limiting step in the hydrolytic pathway because of the relatively low activity for Rd. A V209 residue obtained from error-prone PCR was related to Rd-hydrolyzing activity, and a docking pose showing an interaction with Val209 was selected from numerous docking poses. W361F was obtained by rational design using the docking pose that exhibited 4.2-fold higher activity, 3.7-fold higher catalytic efficiency, and 3.1-fold lower binding energy for Rd than the wild-type enzyme, indicating that W361F compensated for the limiting step. W361F completely converted Rb1 to compound K with a productivity of 843 mg l−1 h−1 in 80 min, and showed also 7.4-fold higher activity for the flavanone, hesperidin, than the wild-type enzyme. Therefore, the W361F variant SS-BGL can be useful for hydrolysis of other glycosides as well as compound K production from Rb1, and semi-rational design is a useful tool for enhancing hydrolytic activity of β-glycosidase.
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21
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Qi HY, Li L, Ma H. Cellular stress response mechanisms as therapeutic targets of ginsenosides. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:625-654. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-yi Qi
- College of Chinese Medicine; Southwest University; Chongqing P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- College of Chinese Medicine; Southwest University; Chongqing P.R. China
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Chinese Medicine; Southwest University; Chongqing P.R. China
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22
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Han S, Lim TG, Kim JE, Yang H, Oh DK, Yoon Park JH, Kim HJ, Rhee YK, Lee KW. The Ginsenoside Derivative 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol Inhibits Solar Ultraviolet Light-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Expression. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3756-3764. [PMID: 28379603 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are major pharmacologically active compounds present in ginseng (Panax ginseng). Among the ginsenosides, 20-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (GPPD) and ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) have previously been reported to exhibit anti-wrinkle effects. In this study, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol (20(S)-PPD), an aglycone derivative of the Rb1 metabolite was investigated for its anti-wrinkle benefit and compared to GPPD and Rb1. The anti-wrinkle effect of 20(S)-PPD during solar UV light was investigated using a human skin equivalent model and human keratinocytes. 20(S)-PPD attenuated solar UV-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression to a greater extent than GPPD and Rb1. 20(S)-PPD treatment modulated MMP-1 mRNA expression and the transcriptional activity of activator protein (AP)-1, a major transcription factor of MMP-1. Two upstream signaling pathways for AP-1, the MEK1/2-ERK1/2-p90RSK and MEK3/6-p38 pathways, were also suppressed. Taken together, these findings highlight the potential of 20(S)-PPD for further development as a preventative agent for sunlight-induced skin wrinkle. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3756-3764, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Han
- Major in Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyu Lim
- Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, 13539, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Han Yoon Park
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyoung Rhee
- Traditional Food Research Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, 13539, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Won Lee
- Major in Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
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Park SM, Jung EH, Kim JK, Jegal KH, Park CA, Cho IJ, Kim SC. 20 S-Protopanaxadiol, an aglycosylated ginsenoside metabolite, induces hepatic stellate cell apoptosis through liver kinase B1-AMP-activated protein kinase activation. J Ginseng Res 2017; 41:392-402. [PMID: 28701883 PMCID: PMC5489770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we reported that Korean Red Ginseng inhibited liver fibrosis in mice and reduced the expressions of fibrogenic genes in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). The present study was undertaken to identify the major ginsenoside responsible for reducing the numbers of HSCs and the underlying mechanism involved. METHODS Using LX-2 cells (a human immortalized HSC line) and primary activated HSCs, MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide) assays were conducted to examine the cytotoxic effects of ginsenosides. H2O2 productions, glutathione contents, lactate dehydrogenase activities, mitochondrial membrane permeabilities, apoptotic cell subpopulations, caspase-3/-7 activities, transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and immunoblot analysis were performed to elucidate the molecular mechanism responsible for ginsenoside-mediated cytotoxicity. Involvement of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-related signaling pathway was examined using a chemical inhibitor and small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Of the 11 ginsenosides tested, 20S-protopanaxadiol (PPD) showed the most potent cytotoxic activity in both LX-2 cells and primary activated HSCs. Oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis induced by 20S-PPD was blocked by N-acetyl-l-cysteine pretreatment. In addition, 20S-PPD concentration-dependently increased the phosphorylation of AMPK, and compound C prevented 20S-PPD-induced cytotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, 20S-PPD increased the phosphorylation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1), an upstream kinase of AMPK. Likewise, transfection of LX-2 cells with LKB1 siRNA reduced the cytotoxic effect of 20S-PPD. Thus, 20S-PPD appears to induce HSC apoptosis by activating LKB1-AMPK and to be a therapeutic candidate for the prevention or treatment of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Mi Park
- MRC-GHF, Department of Herbal Formulation, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hye Jung
- MRC-GHF, Department of Herbal Formulation, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- MRC-GHF, Department of Herbal Formulation, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Jegal
- MRC-GHF, Department of Herbal Formulation, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung A Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Cho
- MRC-GHF, Department of Herbal Formulation, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- MRC-GHF, Department of Herbal Formulation, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Yang WS, Yi YS, Kim D, Kim MH, Park JG, Kim E, Lee SY, Yoon K, Kim JH, Park J, Cho JY. Nuclear factor kappa-B- and activator protein-1-mediated immunostimulatory activity of compound K in monocytes and macrophages. J Ginseng Res 2016; 41:298-306. [PMID: 28701870 PMCID: PMC5489765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compound K (CK) is a bioactive derivative of ginsenoside Rb1 in Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng). Its biological and pharmacological activities have been studied in various disease conditions, although its immunomodulatory role in innate immunity mediated by monocytes/macrophages has been poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the regulatory role of CK on cellular events mediated by monocytes and macrophages in innate immune responses. Methods The immunomodulatory role of CK was explored by various immunoassays including cell-cell adhesion, fibronectin adhesion, cell migration, phagocytic uptake, costimulatory molecules, reactive oxygen species production, luciferase activity, and by the measurement of mRNA levels of proinflammatory genes. Results Compound K induced cell cluster formation through cell-cell adhesion, cell migration, and phagocytic activity, but it suppressed cell-tissue interactions in U937 and RAW264.7 cells. Compound K also upregulated the surface expression of the cell adhesion molecule cluster of differentiation (CD) 43 (CD43) and costimulatory molecules CD69, CD80, and CD86, but it downregulated the expression of monocyte differentiation marker CD82 in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, CK induced the release of reactive oxygen species and induced messenger RNA expression of proinflammatory genes, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by enhancing the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activities of nuclear factor kappa-B and activator protein-1. Conclusion Our results suggest that CK has an immunomodulatory role in innate immune responses through regulating various cellular events mediated by monocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Heritage Material Research Team, Amorepacific R&D Unit, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Kim
- R & D Center, Maeil Dairies Co., Ltd, Pyungtaek, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Junseong Park
- R & D Center, Maeil Dairies Co., Ltd, Pyungtaek, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Wu XB, Liu Y, Wang GH, Xu X, Cai Y, Wang HY, Li YQ, Meng HF, Dai F, Jin JD. Mesenchymal stem cells promote colorectal cancer progression through AMPK/mTOR-mediated NF-κB activation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21420. [PMID: 26892992 PMCID: PMC4759824 DOI: 10.1038/srep21420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exert a tumor-promoting effect in a variety of human cancers. This study was designed to identify the molecular mechanisms related to the tumor-promoting effect of MSCs in colorectal cancer. In vitro analysis of colorectal cancer cell lines cultured in MSC conditioned media (MSC-CM) showed that MSC-CM significantly promoted the progression of the cancer cells by enhancing cell proliferation, migration and colony formation. The tumorigenic effect of MSC-CM was attributed to altered expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and inhibition of apoptosis. Furthermore, MSC-CM induced high level expression of a number of pluripotency factors in the cancer cells. ELISAs revealed MSC-CM contained higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8, which are associated with the progression of cancer. Moreover, MSC-CM downregulated AMPK mRNA and protein phosphorylation, but upregulated mTOR mRNA and protein phosphorylation. The NF-κB pathway was activated after addition of MSC-CM. An in vivo model in Balb/C mice confirmed the ability of MSC-CM to promote the invasion and proliferation of colorectal cancer cells. This study indicates that MSCs promote the progression of colorectal cancer via AMPK/mTOR-mediated NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bing Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P. R. China.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- The First Hospital Attached to Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital Attached to Guiyang College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, NO.71, Bao Shan North Road, Yunyan District, Guiyang City
| | - Gui-Hua Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Xu
- The General Hospital of Chinese Armed Force Police, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Yang Cai
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Yi Wang
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Qi Li
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Fang Meng
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
| | - Fu Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230061, P. R. China
| | - Ji-De Jin
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Academy Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, P. R. China
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Oh SJ, Lee S, Kho YE, Kim K, Jin CD, Lim CJ. Stereoselective suppressive effects of protopanaxadiol epimers on UV-B-induced reactive oxygen species and matrix metalloproteinase-2 in human dermal keratinocytes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 93:91-5. [PMID: 25405256 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the skin-related anti-photoaging activities of the 2 epimeric forms of protopanaxadiol (PPD), 20(S)-PPD and 20(R)-PPD, in cultured human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells). The anti-photoaging activity was evaluated by analyzing the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), as well as cell viability for HaCaT cells under UV-B irradiation. The activities for MMP-2 and -1 in conditioned medium were determined using gelatin zymography, and MMP-2 protein in the conditioned medium was detected using Western blot analysis. 20(S)-PPD, but not 20(R)-PPD, suppressed UV-B-induced ROS elevation. Neither of the epimers, at the concentrations used, exhibited cytotoxicity, irrespective of UV-B irradiation. 20(S)-PPD, but not 20(R)-PPD, exhibited an inhibitory effect on UV-B-induced MMP-2 activity and expression in HaCaT cells. In brief, only 20(S)-PPD, a major metabolic product of PPD-type ginsenosides, inhibits UV-B-induced ROS and MMP-2 elevation, implying its stereospecific anti-photoaging activity on the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Joo Oh
- a Department of Biological Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
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27
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Grahame Hardie D. Regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by natural and synthetic activators. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:1-19. [PMID: 26904394 PMCID: PMC4724661 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status that is almost universally expressed in eukaryotic cells. While it appears to have evolved in single-celled eukaryotes to regulate energy balance in a cell-autonomous manner, during the evolution of multicellular animals its role has become adapted so that it also regulates energy balance at the whole body level, by responding to hormones that act primarily on the hypothalamus. AMPK monitors energy balance at the cellular level by sensing the ratios of AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP, and recent structural analyses of the AMPK heterotrimer that have provided insight into the complex mechanisms for these effects will be discussed. Given the central importance of energy balance in diseases that are major causes of morbidity or death in humans, such as type 2 diabetes, cancer and inflammatory disorders, there has been a major drive to develop pharmacological activators of AMPK. Many such activators have been described, and the various mechanisms by which these activate AMPK will be discussed. A particularly large class of AMPK activators are natural products of plants derived from traditional herbal medicines. While the mechanism by which most of these activate AMPK has not yet been addressed, I will argue that many of them may be defensive compounds produced by plants to deter infection by pathogens or grazing by insects or herbivores, and that many of them will turn out to be inhibitors of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signaling & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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28
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Shin KC, Choi HY, Seo MJ, Oh DK. Compound K Production from Red Ginseng Extract by β-Glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus Supplemented with α-L-Arabinofuranosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145876. [PMID: 26710074 PMCID: PMC4692446 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside compound K (C-K) is attracting a lot of interest because of its biological and pharmaceutical activities, including hepatoprotective, antitumor, anti-wrinkling, and anti-skin aging activities. C-K has been used as the principal ingredient in skin care products. For the effective application of ginseng extracts to the manufacture of cosmetics, the PPD-type ginsenosides in ginseng extracts should be converted to C-K by enzymatic conversion. For increased yield of C-K from the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides in red-ginseng extract (RGE), the α-L-arabinofuranoside-hydrolyzing α-L-arabinofuranosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus (CS-abf) was used along with the β-D-glucopyranoside/α-L-arabinopyranoside-hydrolyzing β-glycosidase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (SS-bgly) because SS-bgly showed very low hydrolytic activity on the α-L-arabinofuranoside linkage in ginsenosides. The optimal reaction conditions for C-K production were as follows: pH 6.0, 80°C, 2 U/mL SS-bgly, 3 U/mL CS-abf, and 7.5 g/L PPD-type ginsenosides in RGE. Under these optimized conditions, SS-bgly supplemented with CS-abf produced 4.2 g/L C-K from 7.5 g/L PPD-type ginsenosides in 12 h without other ginsenosides, with a molar yield of 100% and a productivity of 348 mg/L/h. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest concentration and productivity of C-K from ginseng extract ever published in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Yeon Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Seo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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29
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Kim JE, Lee KW. Silkworm Thorn Stem Extract Targets RSK2 and Suppresses Solar UV-Induced Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:25096-107. [PMID: 26506342 PMCID: PMC4632792 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161025096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive exposure to solar UV (sUV) is associated with numerous human skin disorders, such as carcinogenesis, skin photoaging and skin inflammation. Silkworm Thorn (Cudraniatricuspidata, SW) is a plant belonging to the Moraceae family and widely present throughout Korea, China, and Japan. Most parts of the tree (including the fruit, leaf, stem, root, and bark) is consumable as a functional food or tea. In this study, we found that SW extract (SWE) inhibited the elevated expression of sUV-induced cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 levels in both HaCaT and JB6 cells. Levels of nuclear factor-κB and activator protein-1, two crucial transcription factors involved in COX-2 expression, were elevated by sUV treatment. Treatment with SWE abolished this activation. SWE also inhibited sUV-induced histone H3 phosphorylation. However, sUV-induced phosphorylation of Akt, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 kinase remained unchanged in the presence of SWE. SWE inhibited RSK2 activity, and pull-down assays using SWE-Sepharose beads revealed that SWE binds directly with RSK2 in an ATP-competitive manner. These results suggest a potential for SWE to be developed as a cosmeceutical material and functional food constituent for the promotion of skin health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Kim
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea.
| | - Ki Won Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea.
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon 443-270, Korea.
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30
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Kim M, Park YG, Lee HJ, Lim SJ, Nho CW. Youngiasides A and C Isolated from Youngia denticulatum Inhibit UVB-Induced MMP Expression and Promote Type I Procollagen Production via Repression of MAPK/AP-1/NF-κB and Activation of AMPK/Nrf2 in HaCaT Cells and Human Dermal Fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5428-38. [PMID: 25994852 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b00467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of youngiaside A (YA), youngiaside C (YC), and Youngia denticulatum extract (YDE) on extrinsic aging and assessed its molecular mechanisms in UVB-irradiated HaCaT keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The results showed that YA, YC, and YDE decreased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression and production in HaCaT cell and HDFs and increased collagen expression and production in HDFs. In addition, YA, YC, and YDE significantly increased antioxidant enzyme expression, thereby down-regulating UVB-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and ROS-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, YA, YC, and YDE reduced phosphorylation of IκBα and IKKα/β, blocked nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65 nuclear translocation, and strongly suppressed pro-inflammatory mediators. Finally, YA, YC, and YDE augmented UVB-induced adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and YA and YC did not inhibit MMP-1 production in AMPK inhibitor or nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) siRNA-treated HaCaT cells. The results suggest that these compounds could be potential therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of skin photoaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsuk Kim
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gyun Park
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Lee
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Sue Ji Lim
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, Republic of Korea
| | - Chu Won Nho
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Gangwon-do 210-340, Republic of Korea
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