1
|
Lu X, Liu X, Liang E, Yang R, Liu Y, Liu X, Yan F, Xing Y. Panax quinquefolius saponin inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell calcification via activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:129. [PMID: 37085826 PMCID: PMC10120105 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax quinquefolius saponin (PQS) is the main active component of Panax quinquefolius. Emerging evidence suggests that PQS exerts beneficial effects against cardiovascular diseases. However, the role and mechanism of PQS in vascular calcification are not unclear. The present study investigated the effects of PQS on the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMCs). METHODS The present study used calcification medium containing 3 mM inorganic phosphate (Pi) to induce rat VSMCs calcification. We investigated the effects of PQS on VSMCs calcification using alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were determined. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Nrf2, the antioxidant gene heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), osteogenic markers, including runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) were also measured. RESULTS Treatment with Pi significantly increased intracellular calcium deposition and ALP activity, which were suppressed by PQS in a concentration-dependent manner. During VSMCs calcification, PQS inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of Runx2 and BMP2. PQS treatment reduced intracellular ROS production and significantly upregulated Nrf2 transcriptional activity and the expression of Nrf2 and its target antioxidant gene HO-1. PQS suppressed the Pi-induced protein expression of Keap1, which is an endogenous inhibitor of Nrf2. Keap1 siRNA treatment induced Nrf2 expression and downregulated Runx2 expression in the presence of Pi and PQS. CONCLUSION Taken together, these findings suggest that PQS could effectively inhibit VSMCs calcification by ameliorating oxidative stress and regulating osteogenic genes via the promotion of Nrf2 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Xue Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Ershun Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Ruixue Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Shandong, 250012, Jinan, China
| | - Fangfang Yan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China
| | - Yifan Xing
- Department of Medical Insurance, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gao P, Wu B, Ding Y, Yin B, Gu H. circEXOC5 promotes acute lung injury through the PTBP1/Skp2/Runx2 axis to activate autophagy. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201468. [PMID: 36302650 PMCID: PMC9614700 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI), we focused on circEXOC5, a significantly up-regulated circular RNA in ALI. Using the in vivo cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced ALI mouse model and in vitro LPS-challenged mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell (MPVEC) model, we examined the impacts of knockdown circEXOC5 on lung injury, inflammation, and autophagy. The regulation between circEXOC5, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1), S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) was investigated by combining RNA immunoprecipitation, qRT-PCR, mRNA stability, and ubiquitination assays. The significance of PTBP1 in circEXOC5-induced ALI phenotypes was examined both in vitro and in vivo. circEXOC5 was up-regulated and associated with increased inflammation and activated autophagy in cecal ligation and puncture-induced ALI lung tissues and LPS-challenged MPVECs. Through the interaction with PTBP1, circEXOC5 accelerated Skp2 mRNA decay, an E3 ubiquitin ligase for Runx2, and therefore increased Runx2 expression. Functionally, overexpressing PTBP1 reversed shcircEXOC5-inhibited ALI, inflammation, or autophagy. The signaling cascade circEXOC5/PTBP1/Skp2/Runx2, by essentially regulating inflammation and autophagy in MPVECs, aggravates sepsis-induced ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Gao
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Beirong Wu
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Ding
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingru Yin
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoxiang Gu
- Department of Respiratory, Shanghai Children's Hospital, School of medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jin D, Lin L, Xie Y, Jia M, Qiu H, Xun K. NRF2-suppressed vascular calcification by regulating the antioxidant pathway in chronic kidney disease. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22098. [PMID: 34918390 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100625rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC), in which vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) undergo differentiation and osteogenic transition, is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recent findings show that nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is an evolutionarily conserved antioxidant and beneficial in preventing vascular senescence and calcification. The roles of NRF2 in the initiation and progression of VC in CKD still need further investigation. CKD-associated VC model rats exhibited significant upregulation of NRF2, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2) and osteopontin (OPN), and β-catenin compared to CKD rats. Immunohistochemistry further verified these results. In addition, rat aortic VSMCs were isolated and subjected to four treatments: normal control, phosphorus-induced (Pi), Pi + NRF2 activator DMF, and Pi + NRF2 inhibitor ML385. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and calcium deposition of the four treatments were determined. The mRNA and protein expression levels of NRF2, NQO1, and haem oxygenase 1 (HO1) and the osteogenic markers ALP, Runx1, OPN, bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), and β-catenin were quantified by RT-PCR and western blotting. VSMC apoptosis was calculated by flow cytometry. The in vitro results suggested that intracellular oxidative stress and calcification were closely associated with NRF2 activity and that the activation of NRF2 could significantly suppress osteogenic transition and apoptosis in VSMCs. Thus, this study indicated that the NRF2-related antioxidant pathway can positively respond to and protect against the initiation and progression of VC in CKD by reducing oxidative stress. This study may contribute insights facilitating the application of the NRF2 antioxidative system as a therapeutic treatment for vascular diseases such as CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donghua Jin
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Lihua Lin
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuxian Xie
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Jia
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Kang Xun
- Department of Nephrology, People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Balogh E, Chowdhury A, Ababneh H, Csiki DM, Tóth A, Jeney V. Heme-Mediated Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Axis Attenuates Calcification of Valve Interstitial Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040427. [PMID: 33920891 PMCID: PMC8071288 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) is a heart disease characterized by the progressive fibro-calcific remodeling of the aortic valves, an actively regulated process with the involvement of the reactive oxygen species-mediated differentiation of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) into osteoblast-like cells. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) regulates the expression of a variety of antioxidant genes, and plays a protective role in valve calcification. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an Nrf2-target gene, is upregulated in human calcified aortic valves. Therefore, we investigated the effect of Nrf2/HO-1 axis in VIC calcification. We induced osteogenic differentiation of human VICs with elevated phosphate and calcium-containing osteogenic medium (OM) in the presence of heme. Heme inhibited Ca deposition and OM-induced increase in alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin (OCN) expression. Heme induced Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in VICs. Heme lost its anti-calcification potential when we blocked transcriptional activity Nrf2 or enzyme activity of HO-1. The heme catabolism products bilirubin, carbon monoxide, and iron, and also ferritin inhibited OM-induced Ca deposition and OCN expression in VICs. This study suggests that heme-mediated activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway inhibits the calcification of VICs. The anti-calcification effect of heme is attributed to the end products of HO-1-catalyzed heme degradation and ferritin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enikő Balogh
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.); (A.C.); (H.A.); (D.M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Arpan Chowdhury
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.); (A.C.); (H.A.); (D.M.C.); (A.T.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Haneen Ababneh
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.); (A.C.); (H.A.); (D.M.C.); (A.T.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dávid Máté Csiki
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.); (A.C.); (H.A.); (D.M.C.); (A.T.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tóth
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.); (A.C.); (H.A.); (D.M.C.); (A.T.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Jeney
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (E.B.); (A.C.); (H.A.); (D.M.C.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fang Y, Shi K, Lu H, Lu L, Qiu B. Mingmu Xiaomeng Tablets Restore Autophagy and Alleviate Diabetic Retinopathy by Inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:632040. [PMID: 33927618 PMCID: PMC8077025 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.632040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of Mingmu Xiaomeng tablets (MMXM) on the expression of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-related proteins in a diabetic rat model. Methods: Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal control (NC), diabetic model (DM) control, MMXM, and calcium dobesilate (CD) Rats injected with streptozotocin (STZ) were used as an experimental diabetes model. After 14 weeks, autophagy and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway proteins were detected by western blot. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in Müller cells was examined by immunohistochemistry. Retinal function was evaluated with electroretinography, and retinal ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Serum cytokine levels were detected with protein chip technology. Results: MMXM restored autophagy by decreasing the protein expression of LC3-II and p62 and reducing the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt, and mTOR, thus promoting autophagy. MMXM decreased GFAP expression in retinal Müller cells; restored electrophysiology indexes and retinal ultrastructures; and reduced serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Conclusion: MMXM may protect the diabetic retina by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and enhancing autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangpei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haining Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Stenvinkel P, Meyer CJ, Block GA, Chertow GM, Shiels PG. Understanding the role of the cytoprotective transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-lessons from evolution, the animal kingdom and rare progeroid syndromes. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021; 35:2036-2045. [PMID: 31302696 PMCID: PMC7716811 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytoprotective transcriptor factor nuclear factor erythroid 2– related factor 2 (NRF2) is part of a complex regulatory network that responds to environmental cues. To better understand its role in a cluster of inflammatory and pro-oxidative burden of lifestyle diseases that accumulate with age, lessons can be learned from evolution, the animal kingdom and progeroid syndromes. When levels of oxygen increased in the atmosphere, mammals required ways to protect themselves from the metabolic toxicity that arose from the production of reactive oxygen species. The evolutionary origin of the NRF2–Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) signalling pathway from primitive origins has been a prerequisite for a successful life on earth, with checkpoints in antioxidant gene expression, inflammation, detoxification and protein homoeostasis. Examples from the animal kingdom suggest that superior antioxidant defense mechanisms with enhanced NRF2 expression have been developed during evolution to protect animals during extreme environmental conditions, such as deep sea diving, hibernation and habitual hypoxia. The NRF2–KEAP1 signalling pathway is repressed in progeroid (accelerated ageing) syndromes and a cluster of burden of lifestyle disorders that accumulate with age. Compelling links exist between tissue hypoxia, senescence and a repressed NRF2 system. Effects of interventions that activate NRF2, including nutrients, and more potent (semi)synthetic NRF2 agonists on clinical outcomes are of major interest. Given the broad-ranging actions of NRF2, we need to better understand the mechanisms of activation, biological function and regulation of NRF2 and its inhibitor, KEAP1, in different clinical conditions to ensure that modulation of this thiol-based system will not result in major adverse effects. Lessons from evolution, the animal kingdom and conditions of accelerated ageing clarify a major role of a controlled NRF2–KEAP1 system in healthy ageing and well-being.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Glenn M Chertow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl Translational Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Role of Uremic Toxins in Early Vascular Ageing and Calcification. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13010026. [PMID: 33401534 PMCID: PMC7824162 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD), the accumulation of uremic toxins, caused by a combination of decreased excretion secondary to reduced kidney function and increased generation secondary to aberrant expression of metabolite genes, interferes with different biological functions of cells and organs, contributing to a state of chronic inflammation and other adverse biologic effects that may cause tissue damage. Several uremic toxins have been implicated in severe vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) changes and other alterations leading to vascular calcification (VC) and early vascular ageing (EVA). The above mentioned are predominant clinical features of patients with CKD, contributing to their exceptionally high cardiovascular mortality. Herein, we present an update on pathophysiological processes and mediators underlying VC and EVA induced by uremic toxins. Moreover, we discuss their clinical impact, and possible therapeutic targets aiming at preventing or ameliorating the harmful effects of uremic toxins on the vasculature.
Collapse
|
8
|
Neutel CHG, Hendrickx JO, Martinet W, De Meyer GRY, Guns PJ. The Protective Effects of the Autophagic and Lysosomal Machinery in Vascular and Valvular Calcification: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8933. [PMID: 33255685 PMCID: PMC7728070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic homeostatic process, crucial for cell survival. It has been shown that autophagy can modulate different cardiovascular pathologies, including vascular calcification (VCN). OBJECTIVE To assess how modulation of autophagy, either through induction or inhibition, affects vascular and valvular calcification and to determine the therapeutic applicability of inducing autophagy. DATA SOURCES A systematic review of English language articles using MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science (WoS) and the Cochrane library. The search terms included autophagy, autolysosome, mitophagy, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-phagy, lysosomal, calcification and calcinosis. Study characteristics: Thirty-seven articles were selected based on pre-defined eligibility criteria. Thirty-three studies (89%) studied vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification of which 27 (82%) studies investigated autophagy and six (18%) studies lysosomal function in VCN. Four studies (11%) studied aortic valve calcification (AVCN). Thirty-four studies were published in the time period 2015-2020 (92%). CONCLUSION There is compelling evidence that both autophagy and lysosomal function are critical regulators of VCN, which opens new perspectives for treatment strategies. However, there are still challenges to overcome, such as the development of more selective pharmacological agents and standardization of methods to measure autophagic flux.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pieter-Jan Guns
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium; (C.H.G.N.); (J.O.H.); (W.M.); (G.R.Y.D.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu TH, Du Y, Sheng Z, Li Y, Qiu X, Tian B, Yao L. OGT-Mediated KEAP1 Glycosylation Accelerates NRF2 Degradation Leading to High Phosphate-Induced Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1092. [PMID: 33192538 PMCID: PMC7649800 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the complex regulatory pathways that mediate the effects of phosphate on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may provide novel targets and therapies to limit the destructive effects of vascular calcification (VC) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Our previous studies have highlighted several signaling networks associated with VSMC autophagy, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Thereafter, the current study was performed to characterize the functional relevance of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) in high phosphate-induced VC in CKD settings. We generated VC models in 5/6 nephrectomized rats in vivo and VSMC calcification models in vitro. Artificial modulation of OGT (knockdown and overexpression) was performed to explore the role of OGT in VSMC autophagy and VC in thoracic aorta, and in vivo experiments were used to substantiate in vitro findings. Mechanistically, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assay was performed to examine interaction between OGT and kelch like ECH associated protein 1 (KEAP1), and in vivo ubiquitination assay was performed to examine ubiquitination extent of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). OGT was highly expressed in high phosphate-induced 5/6 nephrectomized rats and VSMCs. OGT silencing was shown to suppress high phosphate-induced calcification of VSMCs. OGT enhances KEAP1 glycosylation and thereby results in degradation and ubiquitination of NRF2, concurrently inhibiting VSMC autophagy to promote VSMC calcification in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. OGT inhibits VSMC autophagy through the KEAP1/NRF2 axis and thus accelerates high phosphate-induced VC in CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Hua Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yinke Du
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zitong Sheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaobo Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Binyao Tian
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Regulation of Vascular Calcification by Reactive Oxygen Species. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100963. [PMID: 33049989 PMCID: PMC7599480 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is the deposition of hydroxyapatite crystals in the medial or intimal layers of arteries that is usually associated with other pathological conditions including but not limited to chronic kidney disease, atherosclerosis and diabetes. Calcification is an active, cell-regulated process involving the phenotype transition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from contractile to osteoblast/chondrocyte-like cells. Diverse triggers and signal transduction pathways have been identified behind vascular calcification. In this review, we focus on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the osteochondrogenic phenotype switch of VSMCs and subsequent calcification. Vascular calcification is associated with elevated ROS production. Excessive ROS contribute to the activation of certain osteochondrogenic signal transduction pathways, thereby accelerating osteochondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs. Inhibition of ROS production and ROS scavengers and activation of endogenous protective mechanisms are promising therapeutic approaches in the prevention of osteochondrogenic transdifferentiation of VSMCs and subsequent vascular calcification. The present review discusses the formation and actions of excess ROS in different experimental models of calcification, and the potential of ROS-lowering strategies in the prevention of this deleterious condition.
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang F, Chen JY, Ouyang JM. Comparison of the inhibition of high phosphate-induced smooth muscle cell calcification by Porphyra yezoensis and Astragalus polysaccharides. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
12
|
Role of Nrf2 and Its Activators in Cardiocerebral Vascular Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4683943. [PMID: 32831999 PMCID: PMC7428967 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4683943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiocerebral vascular disease (CCVD) is a common disease with high morbidity, disability, and mortality. Oxidative stress (OS) is closely related to the progression of CCVD. Abnormal redox regulation leads to OS and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause biomolecular and cellular damage. The Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway is one of the most important defense systems against exogenous and endogenous OS injury, and Nrf2 is regarded as a vital pharmacological target. The complexity of the CCVD pathological process and the current difficulties in conducting clinical trials have hindered the development of therapeutic drugs. Furthermore, little is known about the role of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in CCVD. Clarifying the role of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in CCVD can provide new ideas for drug design. This review details the recent advancements in the regulation of the Nrf2/ARE system and its role and activators in common CCVD development.
Collapse
|
13
|
Song E, Wang R, Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Network determinants of cardiovascular calcification and repositioned drug treatments. FASEB J 2020; 34:11087-11100. [PMID: 32638415 PMCID: PMC7497212 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001062r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic cardiovascular calcification is a highly prevalent pathology for which there are no effective novel or repurposed pharmacotherapeutics to prevent disease progression. We created a human calcification endophenotype module (ie, the "calcificasome") by mapping vascular calcification genes (proteins) to the human vascular smooth muscle-specific protein-protein interactome (218 nodes and 632 edges, P < 10-5 ). Network proximity analysis was used to demonstrate that the calcificasome overlapped significantly with endophenotype modules governing inflammation, thrombosis, and fibrosis in the human interactome (P < 0.001). A network-based drug repurposing analysis further revealed that everolimus, temsirolimus, and pomalidomide are predicted to target the calcificasome. The efficacy of these agents in limiting calcification was confirmed experimentally by treating human coronary artery smooth muscle cells in an in vitro calcification assay. Each of the drugs affected expression or activity of their predicted target in the network, and decreased calcification significantly (P < 0.009). An integrated network analytical approach identified novel mediators of ectopic cardiovascular calcification and biologically plausible candidate drugs that could be repurposed to target calcification. This methodological framework for drug repurposing has broad applicability to other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Euijun Song
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Rui‐Sheng Wang
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Jane A. Leopold
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of MedicineBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
OGT knockdown counteracts high phosphate-induced vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease through autophagy activation by downregulating YAP. Life Sci 2020; 261:118121. [PMID: 32693242 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Pathological vascular calcification (VC), a major risk factor for cardiovascular mortality, is a highly prevalent finding in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We previously analyzed several pathways protecting against high phosphate-induced VC through induction of autophagy. Here, we explored how O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) affected high phosphate-induced VC of CKD though mediation of autophagy. MAIN METHODS In the rats with CKD induced by 5/6 nephrectomy, the VC process was accelerated by a high phosphate diet. The calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was induced by high phosphate treatment. We then experimentally tested the effect of OGT on high phosphate-induced VC by conducting loss-of-function experiments. Co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays were performed to evaluate interaction between OGT and Yes-associated protein (YAP). In mechanistic studies of this pathway, we measured autophagy protein expression and autophagosome formation, as well as calcium deposition and calcium content in VSMCs and in vivo in response to altered expression of OGT and/or YAP. KEY FINDINGS OGT was up-regulated in high phosphate-induced VC models in vitro and in vivo. High phosphate-induced calcification in the rat aorta and VSMCs were suppressed by OGT silencing. OGT promoted the glycosylation of YAP to enhance its stability. Importantly, over-expressing YAP reduced autophagy and OGT expedited high phosphate-induced VC by inhibiting autophagy through upregulation of YAP. SIGNIFICANCE OGT silencing downregulated YAP to induce autophagy activation, thus suppressing high phosphate-induced VC, which highlighted a promising preventive target against high phosphate-induced VC in CKD.
Collapse
|
15
|
Li B, Nasser M, Masood M, Adlat S, Huang Y, Yang B, Luo C, Jiang N. Efficiency of Traditional Chinese medicine targeting the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 126:110074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
|
16
|
Zununi Vahed S, Mostafavi S, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Shoja MM, Ardalan M. Vascular Calcification: An Important Understanding in Nephrology. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2020; 16:167-180. [PMID: 32494148 PMCID: PMC7229867 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s242685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification (VC) is a life-threatening state in chronic kidney disease (CKD). High cardiovascular mortality and morbidity of CKD cases may root from medial VC promoted by hyperphosphatemia. Vascular calcification is an active, highly regulated, and complex biological process that is mediated by genetics, epigenetics, dysregulated form of matrix mineral metabolism, hormones, and the activation of cellular signaling pathways. Moreover, gut microbiome as a source of uremic toxins (eg, phosphate, advanced glycation end products and indoxyl-sulfate) can be regarded as a potential contributor to VC in CKD. Here, an update on different cellular and molecular processes involved in VC in CKD is discussed to elucidate the probable therapeutic pathways in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soroush Mostafavi
- Kidney Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammadali M Shoja
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ischemic Postconditioning Alleviates Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Enhancing Autophagy and Suppressing Oxidative Stress through the Akt/GSK-3 β/Nrf2 Pathway in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6954764. [PMID: 32256957 PMCID: PMC7102478 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6954764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aims Ischemic postconditioning (IPO) has a strong protective effect against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR) injury that is partly related to autophagy. However, the precise mechanisms involved are unknown. Methods C57BL/6J mice were subjected to unilateral IIR with or without IPO. After 45 min ischemia and 120 min reperfusion, intestinal tissues and blood were collected for examination. HE staining and Chiu's score were used to evaluate pathologic injury. We test markers of intestinal barrier function and oxidative stress. Finally, we used WB to detect the expression of key proteins of autophagy and the Akt/GSK-3β/Nrf2 pathway. Results IPO significantly attenuated IIR injury. Expression levels of LC3 II/I, Beclin-1, and p62 were altered during IIR, indicating that IPO enhanced autophagy. IPO also activated Akt, inhibited GSK-3β/Nrf2 pathway. Conclusion Our study indicates that IPO can ameliorate IIR injury by evoking autophagy, activating Akt, inactivating GSK-3β, and activating Nrf2. These findings may provide novel insights for the alleviation of IIR injury.β/Nrf2 pathway.
Collapse
|
18
|
Arefin S, Buchanan S, Hobson S, Steinmetz J, Alsalhi S, Shiels PG, Kublickiene K, Stenvinkel P. Nrf2 in early vascular ageing: Calcification, senescence and therapy. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 505:108-118. [PMID: 32097628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Under normal physiological conditions, free radical generation and antioxidant defences are balanced, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) usually act as secondary messengers in a plethora of biological processes. However, when this balance is impaired, oxidative stress develops due to imbalanced redox homeostasis resulting in cellular damage. Oxidative stress is now recognized as a trigger of cellular senescence, which is associated with multiple chronic 'burden of lifestyle' diseases, including atherosclerosis, type-2 diabetes, chronic kidney disease and vascular calcification; all of which possess signs of early vascular ageing. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), termed the master regulator of antioxidant responses, is a transcription factor found to be frequently dysregulated in conditions characterized by oxidative stress and inflammation. Recent evidence suggests that activation of Nrf2 may be beneficial in protecting against vascular senescence and calcification. Both natural and synthetic Nrf2 agonists have been introduced as promising drug classes in different phases of clinical trials. However, overexpression of the Nrf2 pathway has also been linked to tumorigenesis, which highlights the requirement for further understanding of pathways involving Nrf2 activity, especially in the context of cellular senescence and vascular calcification. Therefore, comprehensive translational pre-clinical and clinical studies addressing the targeting capabilities of Nrf2 agonists are urgently required. The present review discusses the impact of Nrf2 in senescence and calcification in early vascular ageing, with focus on the potential clinical implications of Nrf2 agonists and non-pharmacological Nrf2 therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samsul Arefin
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Buchanan
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl CRC, ICS, MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sam Hobson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julia Steinmetz
- Rheumatology Unit, Dep. of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shno Alsalhi
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Research Center, Salahaddin University-Erbil, 44001 Erbil, Kurdistan-Region, Iraq
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, Wolfson Wohl CRC, ICS, MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
The Nrf-2/HO-1 Signaling Axis: A Ray of Hope in Cardiovascular Diseases. Cardiol Res Pract 2020; 2020:5695723. [PMID: 32411446 PMCID: PMC7204387 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5695723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease, which can lead to angina and shortness of breath, remains one of the most serious threats to human health. Owing to its imperceptible symptoms, it is difficult to determine the pathogenesis and treatment methods for cardiovascular disease. Nuclear factor erythropoietin-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf2/HO-1) is a protein found in all cells of the human body. It is activated, transferred to the nucleus, and bound to DNA by antioxidant response elements (AREs). As a regulator of the antioxidant system, it upregulates the expression of HO-1 to reduce oxidative stress. Nrf2/HO-1 also has the ability to modulate calcium levels to prevent ferroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, programmed cell necrosis, alkaliptosis, and clockophagy. In view of the importance of Nrf2/HO-1 in the regulation of homeostasis, this review summarizes current research on the relationship between cardiovascular disease and Nrf2/HO-1. Normal cardiovascular diseases, such as viral myocarditis and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, have been treated with Nrf2/HO-1. Rheumatic heart disease, cardiac tumors, arteriosclerosis, arrhythmia, hypertensive heart disease, and myocardial infarction have also been treated during experiments. Research has demonstrated the clinical application of Nrf2/HO-1 in pediatric cardiovascular disease; further clinical trials will help elucidate the potential of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis.
Collapse
|
20
|
The Anticancer Activity of Lycium barbarum Polysaccharide by Inhibiting Autophagy in Human Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. INT J POLYM SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/5065920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) on the proliferation and apoptosis of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma A431 cells in vitro and in vivo via its regulation on autophagy. Methods. In vitro experiment: A431 cells were treated with different concentrations of LBP, and cell viability was measured by the CCK8 method. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell apoptosis rate. The expression of Ki67, PCNA, cl-caspase-3, Bcl-2, and LC3II and the phosphorylation status of JNK and ERK1/2, as well as the effect of SP600125 cotreatment on the expression of autophagy and apoptosis-associated proteins, were determined via Western blot. In vivo experiment: a transplanted tumor model was established by subcutaneous injection of A431 cells to the nude mice. 50 mg/kg LBP was injected into the mice intraperitoneally; the survival rate of mice, volume, and weight of tumor were determined on the 30th day. The expression of Ki67 and MMP-2 proteins was measured by immunohistochemistry. Results. LBP at concentrations of 400 μg/ml and above was significantly cytotoxic to A431 cells, whereas, within the dose range of 50 μg/ml~200 μg/ml, LBP significantly inhibited the expression of Ki67 and PCNA proteins, promoted the expression of cl-caspase-3, inhibited the expression of Bcl-2 protein, downregulated the expression of autophagy marker LC3II, and reduced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, whereas the level of JNK phosphorylation was upregulated. At the same time, the regulation of Beclin1, LC3II, Bcl-2, and cl-caspase-3 by LBP was effectively reversed by the cotreatment of SP600125. In addition, LBP increased the survival rate of transplanted nude mice, reduced tumor volume and weight, and downregulated the expression of Ki67 and MMP-2. Conclusion. LBP can induce apoptosis of A431 cells by inhibiting autophagy and can inhibit tumor growth in vivo.
Collapse
|
21
|
New Insights into the Nrf-2/HO-1 Signaling Axis and Its Application in Pediatric Respiratory Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:3214196. [PMID: 31827672 PMCID: PMC6885770 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3214196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory diseases are one of the most common pediatric diseases in clinical practice. Their pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment are thus worthy of further investigation. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase 1 (Nrf2/HO-1) signaling axis is a multiple organ protection chain that protects against oxidative stress injury. This signaling axis regulates anti-inflammation and antioxidation by regulating calcium ions, mitochondrial oxidative stress, autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, apoptosis, alkaliptosis, and clockophagy. This review presents an overview of the role of the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis in the pathogenesis of pediatric respiratory diseases and the latest research progress on this subject. Overall, the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis has an important clinical value in pediatric respiratory diseases, and its protective effect needs further exploration.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wei R, Enaka M, Muragaki Y. Activation of KEAP1/NRF2/P62 signaling alleviates high phosphate-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells by suppressing reactive oxygen species production. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10366. [PMID: 31316111 PMCID: PMC6637199 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a complication of diseases and conditions such as chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and aging. Previous studies have demonstrated that high concentrations of inorganic phosphate (Pi) can induce oxidative stress and vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. KEAP1 (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1)/NF-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling has been shown to play important roles in protecting cells from oxidative stress. The current study aims to investigate the possible involvement of the KEAP1/NRF2/P62 -mediated antioxidant pathway in vascular calcification induced by high Pi levels. Exposure of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to high Pi concentrations promoted the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the nuclear translocation of NRF2, along with an increase in P62 levels and a decrease in KEAP1 levels. A classic NRF2 activator, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), significantly decreased ROS levels and calcium deposition in VSMCs by promoting the nuclear translocation of NRF2 and upregulating P62 and KEAP1 expression. In contrast, silencing NRF2 and P62 with siRNAs increased the levels of ROS and calcium deposition in VSMCs. In conclusion, VSMC calcification can be alleviated by the activation of the KEAP1/NRF2/P62 antioxidative pathway, which could have a protective role when it is exogenously activated by tBHQ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wei
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Mayu Enaka
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Muragaki
- Department of Pathology, Wakayama Medical University School of Medicine, Wakayama, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Song Z, Wei D, Chen Y, Chen L, Bian Y, Shen Y, Chen J, Pan Y. Association of astragaloside IV-inhibited autophagy and mineralization in vascular smooth muscle cells with lncRNA H19 and DUSP5-mediated ERK signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 364:45-54. [PMID: 30529164 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Defective autophagy in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is the principal cause of atherosclerosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on VSMCs autophagy. In vivo, ApoE-/- mice were fed with high-fat diet ad libitum for eight weeks, with or without AS-IV (25 mg/kg, daily). In vitro, human VSMCs were cultured and treated with β-Glycerophosphate (10 mmol/L) and AS-IV (50 μg/ml). VSMCs autophagy, mineralization, expression of p-ERK1/2, p-mTOR, and autophagy-related proteins (LC3 II/I, p62, and Beclin 1) were detected. Increased autophagy and mineralization was observed in VSMCs in thoracic aorta of mice and in in vitro VSMCs model of atherosclerosis. AS-IV administration attenuated the autophagy and mineralization in VSMCs. Reverse expression profiles of H19 and DUSP5 were observed. AS-IV inhibited DUSP5 and autophagy-related proteins and increased expression of H19, level of p-ERK1/2 and p-mTOR. Further, autophagy and mineralization level in VSMCs were in line with DUSP5 expression level, but in contrast to H19, p-ERK1/2, and p-mTOR profiles. We demonstrated that AS-IV could attenuate autophagy and mineralization of VSMCs in atherosclerosis, which may be associated with H19 overexpression and DUSP5 inhibition.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/enzymology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Autophagy-Related Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dual-Specificity Phosphatases/genetics
- Dual-Specificity Phosphatases/metabolism
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics
- RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism
- Saponins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Triterpenes/pharmacology
- Vascular Calcification/enzymology
- Vascular Calcification/genetics
- Vascular Calcification/pathology
- Vascular Calcification/prevention & control
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Song
- Treatment Centre For Traumatic Injuries, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Danian Wei
- Treatment Centre For Traumatic Injuries, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Bian
- School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yonggang Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Jisheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Yunyun Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China; School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Hobson S, Arefin S, Kublickiene K, Shiels PG, Stenvinkel P. Senescent Cells in Early Vascular Ageing and Bone Disease of Chronic Kidney Disease-A Novel Target for Treatment. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11020082. [PMID: 30717151 PMCID: PMC6409791 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Together with bone-mineral disorders, premature vascular ageing is a common feature of the uremic phenotype. A detailed understanding of mechanisms involved remains unclear and warrants further research. Available treatment options for end stage renal disease are principally dialysis and organ transplantation, as other treatment alternatives have proven insufficient. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been proposed as a model of early vascular and bone ageing, with accumulating evidence supporting the contribution of cellular senescence and the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) to cardiovascular pathology in CKD. Correspondingly, novel therapies based around the use of senolytic compounds and nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) agonists, have been suggested as attractive novel treatment options. In this review, we detail the contribution of the uremic environment to these processes underpinning ageing and how these relate to vascular health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sam Hobson
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Samsul Arefin
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Karolina Kublickiene
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Paul G Shiels
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, MVLS, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Peter Stenvinkel
- Division of Renal Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention, Karolinska University Hospital, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Tian BY, Yao L, Sheng ZT, Wan PZ, Qiu XB, Wang J, Xu TH. Specific knockdown of WNT8b expression protects against phosphate-induced calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3469-3477. [PMID: 30461014 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the last 10 years, the prevalence, significance, and regulatory mechanisms of vascular calcification (VC) have gained increasing recognition. The aim of this study is to explore the action of WNT8b in the development of phosphate-induced VC through its effect on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) in vitro by inactivating the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway. To explore the effect of WNT8b on the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway and VC in vitro, β-glycerophosphate (GP)-induced T/G HA-VSMCs were treated with small interfering RNA against WNT8b (Si-WNT8b), Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway activator (LiCl) and both, respectively. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to determine the messenger RNA and protein levels of WNT8b, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), calcification-associated molecules, and molecules related to the Wnt signaling pathway. The TOP/FOP-Flash reporter assay was performed to detect the transcription activity mediated by β-catenin. Si-WNT8b reduced calcium deposition and the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), increased the α-SMA level, and decreased bone morphogenetic protein 2, Pit1, MSX2, and Runt-related transcription factor 2 levels, whereas stimulation of LiCl worsened β-GP-induced calcium deposition, increased the activity of ALP, and reduced the α-SMA expression level. Si-WNT8b reduced the levels of WNT8b, frizzled-4, β-catenin, phospho-GSK-3β (p-GSK-3β), and cyclin-D, whereas it increased the levels of p-β-catenin and GSK-3β, indicating that si-WNT8b could alter the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway and thus hamper the VC in T/G HA-VSMC, which was further demonstrated by the TOP/FOP-Flash assay and detection of the β-catenin expression level in the nucleus. Altogether, we conclude that WNT8b knockdown terminates phosphate-induced VC in VSMCs by inhibiting the Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Yao Tian
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zi-Tong Sheng
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng-Zhi Wan
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Qiu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tian-Hua Xu
- Department of Nephrology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bhattacharya D, Mukhopadhyay M, Bhattacharyya M, Karmakar P. Is autophagy associated with diabetes mellitus and its complications? A review. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:709-720. [PMID: 30190661 PMCID: PMC6123605 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-1353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endocrine disorder. In coming decades it will be one of the leading causes of death globally. The key factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes are cellular injuries and disorders of energy metabolism leading to severe diabetic complications. Recent studies have confirmed that autophagy plays a pivotal role in diabetes and its complications. It has been observed that autophagy regulates the normal function of pancreatic β cells and insulin-target tissues, such as skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue. This review will summarize the regulation of autophagy in diabetes and its complications, and explore how this process would emerge as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debalina Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Calcutta, Kolkata-700019
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032
| | | | | | - Parimal Karmakar
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sun Y, Byon CH, Yang Y, Bradley WE, Dell'Italia LJ, Sanders PW, Agarwal A, Wu H, Chen Y. Dietary potassium regulates vascular calcification and arterial stiffness. JCI Insight 2017; 2:94920. [PMID: 28978809 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.94920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is a risk factor that predicts adverse cardiovascular complications of several diseases including atherosclerosis. Reduced dietary potassium intake has been linked to cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and incidental stroke, although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Using the ApoE-deficient mouse model, we demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge that reduced dietary potassium (0.3%) promoted atherosclerotic vascular calcification and increased aortic stiffness, compared with normal (0.7%) potassium-fed mice. In contrast, increased dietary potassium (2.1%) attenuated vascular calcification and aortic stiffness. Mechanistically, reduction in the potassium concentration to the lower limit of the physiological range increased intracellular calcium, which activated a cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) signal that subsequently enhanced autophagy and promoted vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) calcification. Inhibition of calcium signals and knockdown of either CREB or ATG7, an autophagy regulator, attenuated VSMC calcification induced by low potassium. Consistently, elevated autophagy and CREB signaling were demonstrated in the calcified arteries from low potassium diet-fed mice as well as aortic arteries exposed to low potassium ex vivo. These studies established a potentially novel causative role of dietary potassium intake in regulating atherosclerotic vascular calcification and stiffness, and uncovered mechanisms that offer opportunities to develop therapeutic strategies to control vascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wayne E Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Louis J Dell'Italia
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Paul W Sanders
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Research Department, Veterans Affairs Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Anupam Agarwal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Research Department, Veterans Affairs Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yabing Chen
- Department of Pathology and.,Research Department, Veterans Affairs Birmingham Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|