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Armstrong P, Güngör H, Anongjanya P, Tweedy C, Parkin E, Johnston J, Carr IM, Dawson N, Clapcote SJ. Protective effect of PDE4B subtype-specific inhibition in an App knock-in mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:1559-1568. [PMID: 38521860 PMCID: PMC11319650 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01852-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Meta-analysis of genome-wide association study data has implicated PDE4B in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of senile dementia. PDE4B encodes one of four subtypes of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-specific phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4A-D). To interrogate the involvement of PDE4B in the manifestation of AD-related phenotypes, the effects of a hypomorphic mutation (Pde4bY358C) that decreases PDE4B's cAMP hydrolytic activity were evaluated in the AppNL-G-F knock-in mouse model of AD using the Barnes maze test of spatial memory, 14C-2-deoxyglucose autoradiography, thioflavin-S staining of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, and inflammatory marker assay and transcriptomic analysis (RNA sequencing) of cerebral cortical tissue. At 12 months of age, AppNL-G-F mice exhibited spatial memory and brain metabolism deficits, which were prevented by the hypomorphic PDE4B in AppNL-G-F/Pde4bY358C mice, without a decrease in Aβ plaque burden. RNA sequencing revealed that, among the 531 transcripts differentially expressed in AppNL-G-F versus wild-type mice, only 13 transcripts from four genes - Ide, Btaf1, Padi2, and C1qb - were differentially expressed in AppNL-G-F/Pde4bY358C versus AppNL-G-F mice, identifying their potential involvement in the protective effect of hypomorphic PDE4B. Our data demonstrate that spatial memory and cerebral glucose metabolism deficits exhibited by 12-month-old AppNL-G-F mice are prevented by targeted inhibition of PDE4B. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a protective effect of PDE4B subtype-specific inhibition in a preclinical model of AD. It thus identifies PDE4B as a key regulator of disease manifestation in the AppNL-G-F model and a promising therapeutic target for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Armstrong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - Hüseyin Güngör
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, LA1 4YG, Lancaster, UK
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, 58140, Turkey
| | - Pariya Anongjanya
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - Clare Tweedy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - Edward Parkin
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, LA1 4YG, Lancaster, UK
| | - Jamie Johnston
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK
| | - Ian M Carr
- Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, LS9 7TF, Leeds, UK
| | - Neil Dawson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, LA1 4YG, Lancaster, UK
| | - Steven J Clapcote
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, UK.
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Cui W, Lv C, Geng P, Fu M, Zhou W, Xiong M, Li T. Novel targets and therapies of metformin in dementia: old drug, new insights. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1415740. [PMID: 38881878 PMCID: PMC11176471 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1415740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Dementia is a devastating disorder characterized by progressive and persistent cognitive decline, imposing a heavy public health burden on the individual and society. Despite numerous efforts by researchers in the field of dementia, pharmacological treatments are limited to relieving symptoms and fail to prevent disease progression. Therefore, studies exploring novel therapeutics or repurposing classical drugs indicated for other diseases are urgently needed. Metformin, a first-line antihyperglycemic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes, has been shown to be beneficial in neurodegenerative diseases including dementia. This review discusses and evaluates the neuroprotective role of metformin in dementia, from the perspective of basic and clinical studies. Mechanistically, metformin has been shown to improve insulin resistance, reduce neuronal apoptosis, and decrease oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the brain. Collectively, the current data presented here support the future potential of metformin as a potential therapeutic strategy for dementia. This study also inspires a new field for future translational studies and clinical research to discover novel therapeutic targets for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxing Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chen Lv
- Hangzhou Simo Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Panling Geng
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingdi Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mingxiang Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Park JS, Choi SB, Jang WS, Kim J, Ham WS. Risks of Dementia After Treatment with an Anticholinergic, Beta-3 Agonist, or Combination of Both for an Overactive Bladder: A Korean National Cohort Study. Eur Urol Focus 2024; 10:306-314. [PMID: 38388215 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE An overactive bladder (OAB) is primarily managed with behavioural therapy and using anticholinergics and beta-3 agonists. Reports have shown that the use of anticholinergics by OAB patients was associated with an increased risk of new-onset dementia compared with those using beta-3 agonists. This study compares the risks of dementia among patients with an OAB starting on a beta-3 agonist alone, an anticholinergic alone, or a combination treatment. METHODS Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, we studied a nationwide population cohort comprising patients newly diagnosed with an OAB who initiated their OAB medications between 2015 and 2020. The treatment types were categorised as anticholinergics (oxybutynin, solifenacin, tolterodine, trospium, fesoterodine, flavoxate, and propiverine) alone, a beta-3 agonist (mirabegron) alone, and combination therapy (an anticholinergic plus the beta-3 agonist). To evaluate the impact of cumulative drug exposure, we quantified the cumulative exposure to solifenacin and mirabegron as cumulative defined daily doses (cDDDs) using proportional hazards regression analyses, adjusted for factors known to be associated with dementia. KEY FINDINGS AND LIMITATIONS Among the study's 3 452 705 patients, 671 974 were new users of a beta-3 agonist alone (19.5%), 1 943 414 new users of anticholinergics alone (56.3%), and 837 317 receiving combination therapy (24.3%). The most common anticholinergic used both alone and as part of a combination treatment was solifenacin (42.9% and 56.3%, respectively). There was an increased risk of dementia between the users of an anticholinergic alone (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.213; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.195-1.232) and those taking a combination treatment (aHR = 1.345; 95% CI, 1.323-1.366) compared with the users of beta-3 agonists alone after the adjustment of covariates. However, the incidence of dementia was also significantly higher, with an increase in the cumulative dose of mirabegron (aHR = 1.062 [1.021-1.106] for 28-120 cDDDs and aHR = 1.044 [1.004-1.084)] for patients who received >121 cDDDs compared with those who received <27 cDDDs). A marked increased risk of dementia was associated with the use of solifenacin, tolterodine, fesoterodine, and propiverine, both separately and in combination with mirabegron. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS In this large Korean cohort, the use of anticholinergics with or without a beta-3 agonist increased the risk of new-onset dementia compared with the use of a beta-3 agonist alone. Given that the risk of dementia was most significantly elevated with combination treatments, care should be taken when considering combination treatment for OAB patients with risk factors for dementia. Furthermore, there could be a possible association between beta-3 agonists and dementia, although future studies are needed. PATIENT SUMMARY This study investigated the risk of dementia induced by overactive bladder (OAB) treatment in a large Korean cohort. Two representative OAB treatment drugs, anticholinergics and beta-3 agonists, both increased the risk of new-onset dementia. Clinicians should be cautious in using OAB treatment drugs since no drugs could be concluded as safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Soo Park
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Urology, Sorokdo National Hospital, Goheung, Republic of Korea; Incheon Airport National Quarantine Station, Capital Regional Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soo Beom Choi
- Division of Urban Society Research, Seoul Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Sik Jang
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jongchan Kim
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Urology, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won Sik Ham
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou S, Tu L, Chen W, Yan G, Guo H, Wang X, Hu Q, Liu H, Li F. Alzheimer's disease, a metabolic disorder: Clinical advances and basic model studies (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:63. [PMID: 38234618 PMCID: PMC10792406 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a type of neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment that is aggravated with age. The pathological manifestations include extracellular amyloid deposition, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and loss of neurons. As the world population ages, the incidence of AD continues to increase, not only posing a significant threat to the well-being and health of individuals but also bringing a heavy burden to the social economy. There is epidemiological evidence suggesting a link between AD and metabolic diseases, which share pathological similarities. This potential link would deserve further consideration; however, the pathogenesis and therapeutic efficacy of AD remain to be further explored. The complex pathogenesis and pathological changes of AD pose a great challenge to the choice of experimental animal models. To understand the role of metabolic diseases in the development of AD and the potential use of drugs for metabolic diseases, the present article reviews the research progress of the comorbidity of AD with diabetes, obesity and hypercholesterolemia, and summarizes the different roles of animal models in the study of AD to provide references for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Limin Tu
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Gangli Yan
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Guo
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Wang
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Qian Hu
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Huiqing Liu
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
| | - Fengguang Li
- Department of Neurology, Puren Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430081, P.R. China
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Cao Y, Sun W, Liu C, Zhou Z, Deng Z, Zhang M, Yan M, Yin X, Zhu X. Resveratrol ameliorates diabetic encephalopathy through PDE4D/PKA/Drp1 signaling. Brain Res Bull 2023; 203:110763. [PMID: 37722608 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is a central nervous complication of diabetes mellitus which is characterized by cognitive impairment and neurochemical abnormalities. However, no effective approaches are available to prevent its progression and development. PDE4D serves many functions in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases involving PKA signaling. This study illustrated the role of PDE4D in DE and investigated whether resveratrol protected against DE via inhibiting PDE4D. db/db male mice and hippocampus cell line (HT22) were used to investigate the role of PDE4D and the protective effect of resveratrol on cognitive function under high glucose (HG). PDE4D overexpression or knockdown lentivirus and PKA specific inhibitor H89 were used to further identify the indispensable role of PDE4D/PKA signaling pathway in resveratrol's amelioration effect of neurotoxicity. Resveratrol attenuated cognitive impairment in db/db mice, reduced PDE4D protein, restored the impaired mitochondrial function in db/db mice. The in vitro study also confirmed the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol on neurotoxicity. PDE4D overexpression resulted in cell injury and downregulation of cAMP, PKA and pDrp1(Ser637) under normal condition. In contrast, PDE4D knockdown improved cell injury and elevated cAMP, PKA and pDrp1(Ser637) levels caused in HG-cultured HT22 cells. PDE4D over-expression blunted the improvement effects of resveratrol on PKA, pDrp1(Ser637) and mitochondrial function. Moreover, PKA inhibitor H89 blunted the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on pDrp1(Ser637) and mitochondrial function in HG-treated HT22. These data indicated that resveratrol may improve cognitive impairment in db/db mice by modulating mitochondrial function through the PDE4D dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221004, China
| | - Wen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221004, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221004, China
| | - Zihui Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221004, China
| | - Zongli Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221004, China
| | - Mingjie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221004, China
| | - Meng Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221004, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221004, China
| | - Xia Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province 221004, China.
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Tian Y, Jing G, Zhang M. Insulin-degrading enzyme: Roles and pathways in ameliorating cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease and diabetes. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:101999. [PMID: 37414154 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of amyloid-β in the central nervous system is a common feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and diabetes-related cognitive impairment. Since the insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) can break down amyloid-β plaques, there is considerable interest in using this enzyme to treat both neurological disorders. In this review, we have summarized the pre-clinical and clinical research on the potential application of IDE for the improvement of cognitive impairment. Furthermore, we have presented an overview of the main pathways that can be targeted to mitigate the progression of AD and the cognitive impairment caused by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tian
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Guangchan Jing
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Mengren Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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Shi X, Luo Y, Yang L, Duan X. Protective effect of Gastrodia elata Blume in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of Alzheimer's disease based on network pharmacology. Biomed Rep 2023; 18:37. [PMID: 37113386 PMCID: PMC10126622 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB) against Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) through network pharmacology. Firstly, the active constituents of GEB through ETCM and BATMAN-TCM databases were collected and its potential AD-related targets in Swiss Target Prediction were predicted. The potential targets related to AD were collected from the GeneCards, OMIM, CTD and DisGeNET databases, and the differential genes (DEGs) between the normal population and the AD patient population in GSE5281 chip of the Gene Expression Omnibus database were collected at the same time. The intersection of the three targets yielded 59 key targets of GEB for the treatment of AD. The drug-active ingredient-target-AD network diagram was constructed and visualized with Cytoscape software to obtain the core components. Subsequently, protein-protein interaction analysis (PPI) was performed on 59 key targets through STRING database, and Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses was performed on 59 key targets. Finally, molecular docking was conducted between core components and core targets using AutoDock software, and the C. elegans AD model was used for experimental verification to explore the regulatory paralysis effect of core components on the C. elegans model, β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque deposition, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction verification of the regulatory effect of components on targets. The GEB components 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl methane (DM) and protocatechuic aldehyde (PA) were found to be most strongly associated with AD, and five core targets were identified in the PPI network, including GAPDH, EP300, HSP90AB1, KDM6B, and CREBBP. In addition to GAPDH, the other four targets were successfully docked with DM and PA using AutoDock software. Compared with the control group, 0.5 mM DM and 0.25 mM PA significantly delayed C. elegans paralysis (P<0.01), and inhibited the aggregation of Aβ plaques in C. elegans. Both DM and PA could upregulate the expression level of core target gene HSP90AB1 (P<0.01), and DM upregulated the expression of KDM6B (P<0.01), suggesting that DM and PA may be potential active components of GEB in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfei Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Luo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Liping Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Dr Xiaohua Duan, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, 1076 Yuhua Road, Chenggong, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P.R. China
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The Effective Components, Core Targets, and Key Pathways of Ginseng against Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2023; 2023:9935942. [PMID: 36726526 PMCID: PMC9886485 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9935942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Panax ginseng C. A. Mey (ginseng) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb used for the treatment of nervous system disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the pharmacological mechanisms of ginseng involved in AD have not been systematically investigated. Here, a network pharmacology approach was adopted to explore the effective components, core targets, and key pathways of ginseng against AD. Methods TCMSP database was used to screen the active ingredients of ginseng. Prediction of the targets of ginseng and AD-related genes was performed using online public databases. "Compound-Target," "Compound-Target-Disease," "Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI)," "Compound-Target-Pathway," and "Compound-Target-GO-Pathway" networks were constructed with Cytoscape 3.7.2 software. Gene Ontology (GO) function annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment were performed by using the DAVID database. Results A total of 22 bioactive compounds were identified from ginseng, and 481 targets of ginseng and 763 AD-related targets were obtained from public databases. The PPI network screened out 19 hub genes of ginseng against AD. According to GO function enrichment, ginseng influenced cell proliferation, death, the nitric oxide biosynthetic process, hypoxia response, and synaptic transmission. Neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, serotonergic synapse, calcium signaling, cAMP signaling, FoxO signaling, Ras signaling, and PI3K-AKT signaling were among the most key regulatory pathways. The compound-target-GO-route network found EGFR, MAPK1, MAPK14, AKT1, CASP3, and PRKACA as key genes, with PI3K-AKT signaling being the most important pathway for ginseng's anti-AD activity. Conclusion Ginseng exerts neuroprotective effects in AD patients through multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway modes, providing novel insight into the pharmacological and experimental research on ginseng against AD.
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Ganne A, Balasubramaniam M, Griffin WST, Shmookler Reis RJ, Ayyadevara S. Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein: A Biomarker and Drug Target for Alzheimer’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071354. [PMID: 35890250 PMCID: PMC9322874 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament structural protein involved in cytoskeleton assembly and integrity, expressed in high abundance in activated glial cells. GFAP is neuroprotective, as knockout mice are hypersensitive to traumatic brain injury. GFAP in cerebrospinal fluid is a biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Here, we present novel evidence that GFAP is markedly overexpressed and differentially phosphorylated in AD hippocampus, especially in AD with the apolipoprotein E [ε4, ε4] genotype, relative to age-matched controls (AMCs). Kinases that phosphorylate GFAP are upregulated in AD relative to AMC. A knockdown of these kinases in SH-SY5Y-APPSw human neuroblastoma cells reduced amyloid accrual and lowered protein aggregation and associated behavioral traits in C. elegans models of polyglutamine aggregation (as observed in Huntington’s disease) and of Alzheimer’s-like amyloid formation. In silico screening of the ChemBridge structural library identified a small molecule, MSR1, with stable and specific binding to GFAP. Both MSR1 exposure and GF AP-specific RNAi knockdown reduce aggregation with remarkably high concordance of aggregate proteins depleted. These data imply that GFAP and its phosphorylation play key roles in neuropathic aggregate accrual and provide valuable new biomarkers, as well as novel therapeutic targets to alleviate, delay, or prevent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshatha Ganne
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (A.G.); (M.B.); (W.S.T.G.)
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | | | - W. Sue T. Griffin
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (A.G.); (M.B.); (W.S.T.G.)
- BioInformatics Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Robert J. Shmookler Reis
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (A.G.); (M.B.); (W.S.T.G.)
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- BioInformatics Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Correspondence: (R.J.S.R.); (S.A.); Tel.: +1-501-526-5820 (R.J.S.R.); +1-501-526-7282 (S.A.)
| | - Srinivas Ayyadevara
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare Service, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (A.G.); (M.B.); (W.S.T.G.)
- Department of Geriatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- BioInformatics Program, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
- Correspondence: (R.J.S.R.); (S.A.); Tel.: +1-501-526-5820 (R.J.S.R.); +1-501-526-7282 (S.A.)
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Li RY, Qin Q, Yang HC, Wang YY, Mi YX, Yin YS, Wang M, Yu CJ, Tang Y. TREM2 in the pathogenesis of AD: a lipid metabolism regulator and potential metabolic therapeutic target. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:40. [PMID: 35658903 PMCID: PMC9166437 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) is a single-pass transmembrane immune receptor that is mainly expressed on microglia in the brain and macrophages in the periphery. Recent studies have identified TREM2 as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Increasing evidence has shown that TREM2 can affect lipid metabolism both in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery. In the CNS, TREM2 affects the metabolism of cholesterol, myelin, and phospholipids and promotes the transition of microglia into a disease-associated phenotype. In the periphery, TREM2 influences lipid metabolism by regulating the onset and progression of obesity and its complications, such as hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. All these altered lipid metabolism processes could influence the pathogenesis of AD through several means, including affecting inflammation, insulin resistance, and AD pathologies. Herein, we will discuss a potential pathway that TREM2 mediates lipid metabolism to influence the pathogenesis of AD in both the CNS and periphery. Moreover, we discuss the possibility that TREM2 may be a key factor that links central and peripheral lipid metabolism under disease conditions, including AD. This link may be due to impacts on the integrity of the blood–brain barrier, and we introduce potential pathways by which TREM2 affects the blood–brain barrier. Moreover, we discuss the role of lipids in TREM2-associated treatments for AD. We propose some potential therapies targeting TREM2 and discuss the prospect and limitations of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Yang Li
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Qin
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Chen Yang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Xin Mi
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Si Yin
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Chao-Ji Yu
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Tang
- Innovation Center for Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Neurological Disorders, Beijing, China.
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11
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Yu L, Liu S, Zhou R, Sun H, Su X, Liu Q, Li S, Ying J, Zhao F, Mu D, Qu Y. Atorvastatin inhibits neuronal apoptosis via activating cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway in hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22263. [PMID: 35303316 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101654rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis is one of the main pathological processes of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) and is involved in the development of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates. Atorvastatin has been found to have neuroprotective effects in some nervous system diseases, but its role in regulating the pathogenesis of neonatal HIBD remains elusive. Thus, this study aimed to explore the effects and related mechanisms of atorvastatin on the regulation of neuronal apoptosis after HIBD in newborn rats. The rat HIBD model and the neuronal oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) model were established routinely. Atorvastatin, cAMP inhibitor (SQ22536), and BDNF inhibitor (ANA-12) were used to treat HIBD rats and OGD neurons. Cerebral infarction, learning and memory ability, cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF signaling molecules, and apoptosis-related indicators (TUNEL, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax/Bcl2) were then examined. In vivo, atorvastatin reduced cerebral infarction, improved learning and memory ability, decreased the number of TUNEL-positive neurons, inhibited the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl2, and activated the cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway in the cerebral cortex after HIBD. In vitro, atorvastatin also decreased the apoptosis-related indicators and activated the cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway in neurons after OGD. Furthermore, inhibition of cAMP or BDNF attenuated the effect of atorvastatin on the reduction of neuronal apoptosis, suggesting that atorvastatin inhibits HIBD-induced neuronal apoptosis and alleviates brain injury in neonatal rats mainly by activating the cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway. In conclusion, atorvastatin may be developed as a potential drug for the treatment of neonatal HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Yu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shixi Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixi Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengyan Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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12
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Yuen SC, Lee SMY, Leung SW. Putative Factors Interfering Cell Cycle Re-Entry in Alzheimer's Disease: An Omics Study with Differential Expression Meta-Analytics and Co-Expression Profiling. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1373-1398. [PMID: 34924393 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal cell cycle re-entry (CCR) is a mechanism, along with amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, contributing to toxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the putative factors in CCR based on evidence corroboration by combining meta-analysis and co-expression analysis of omic data. METHODS The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and CCR-related modules were obtained through the differential analysis and co-expression of transcriptomic data, respectively. Differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were extracted from the differential miRNA expression studies. The dysregulations of DEGs and DEmiRNAs as binary outcomes were independently analyzed by meta-analysis based on a random-effects model. The CCR-related modules were mapped to human protein-protein interaction databases to construct a network. The importance score of each node within the network was determined by the PageRank algorithm, and nodes that fit the pre-defined criteria were treated as putative CCR-related factors. RESULTS The meta-analysis identified 18,261 DEGs and 36 DEmiRNAs, including genes in the ubiquitination proteasome system, mitochondrial homeostasis, and CCR, and miRNAs associated with AD pathologies. The co-expression analysis identified 156 CCR-related modules to construct a protein-protein interaction network. Five genes, UBC, ESR1, EGFR, CUL3, and KRAS, were selected as putative CCR-related factors. Their functions suggested that the combined effects of cellular dyshomeostasis and receptors mediating Aβ toxicity from impaired ubiquitination proteasome system are involved in CCR. CONCLUSION This study identified five genes as putative factors and revealed the significance of cellular dyshomeostasis in the CCR of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Chung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Siu-Wai Leung
- Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen, China.,Edinburgh Bayes Centre for AI Research in Shenzhen, College of Science and Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
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13
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Lu J, Liu G, Wang Z, Cao J, Chen Y, Dong Y. Restraint stress induces uterine microenvironment disorder in mice during early pregnancy through the β 2-AR/cAMP/PKA pathway. Stress 2021; 24:514-528. [PMID: 33280472 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1855419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, uterus undergoes the environment adaptation as part of a program of development. In the world, one in four people worldwide suffer from mental illness, especially pregnant women. β-Adrenergic receptor (β-AR) is an important regulator that converts environmental stimuli into intracellular signals in mice uterus. CD-1 (ICR) mice undergone restraint stress, which was a case in model to simulate the psychological stress. The plasma and implantation sites in uterus were obtained and examined. PCR analysis demonstrated that β2-AR expression levels in embryo day (E) 3, 5 and 7 were kept at a significantly higher level (p < 0.05) under restraint stress and higher than β1-AR and β3-AR in different gestation ages. The β2-AR protein levels were obviously increased (p < 0.05) due to the markedly elevated norepinephrine (NE) concentration (p < 0.05). In our previous study, restraint stress can induce the apoptosis and inflammation. Also, the matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) was decreased significantly (p < 0.05) under restraint stress. Meanwhile, Caspase3, p-NF-κB p65 and p-ERK1/2 were obviously increased (p < 0.05) in the work. In vitro studies showed that the p-ERK1/2 and Caspase-3 levels were raised (p < 0.05) after β2-AR was activated. However, they were decreased when PKA was blocked. The protein levels of Caspase-3 were reduced when ERK and NF-κB were blocked (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the β2-AR/cAMP/PKA pathway promoted apoptosis and affected the development of the uterus through the ERK and NF-κB signaling pathway. The findings of this study may provide evidence for female reproduction under psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayin Lu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhui Liu
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixu Wang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Cao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Dong
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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14
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Vinuesa A, Pomilio C, Gregosa A, Bentivegna M, Presa J, Bellotto M, Saravia F, Beauquis J. Inflammation and Insulin Resistance as Risk Factors and Potential Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:653651. [PMID: 33967682 PMCID: PMC8102834 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.653651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Overnutrition and modern diets containing high proportions of saturated fat are among the major factors contributing to a low-grade state of inflammation, hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia. In the last decades, the global rise of type 2 diabetes and obesity prevalence has elicited a great interest in understanding how changes in metabolic function lead to an increased risk for premature brain aging and the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cognitive impairment and decreased neurogenic capacity could be a consequence of metabolic disturbances. In these scenarios, the interplay between inflammation and insulin resistance could represent a potential therapeutic target to prevent or ameliorate neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. The present review aims to provide an update on the impact of metabolic stress pathways on AD with a focus on inflammation and insulin resistance as risk factors and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Vinuesa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Pomilio
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amal Gregosa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melisa Bentivegna
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jessica Presa
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Melina Bellotto
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Saravia
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Beauquis
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología del Envejecimiento, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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15
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Turab Naqvi AA, Hasan GM, Hassan MI. Targeting Tau Hyperphosphorylation via Kinase Inhibition: Strategy to Address Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1059-1073. [PMID: 31903881 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200106125910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule-associated protein tau is involved in the tubulin binding leading to microtubule stabilization in neuronal cells which is essential for stabilization of neuron cytoskeleton. The regulation of tau activity is accommodated by several kinases which phosphorylate tau protein on specific sites. In pathological conditions, abnormal activity of tau kinases such as glycogen synthase kinase-3 β (GSK3β), cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and microtubule affinity regulating kinase (MARK) lead to tau hyperphosphorylation. Hyperphosphorylation of tau protein leads to aggregation of tau into paired helical filaments like structures which are major constituents of neurofibrillary tangles, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss various tau protein kinases and their association with tau hyperphosphorylation. We also discuss various strategies and the advancements made in the area of Alzheimer's disease drug development by designing effective and specific inhibitors for such kinases using traditional in vitro/in vivo methods and state of the art in silico techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Abu Turab Naqvi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi - 110025, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj - 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi - 110025, India
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16
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Protective Effects of Adiponectin against Cobalt Chloride-Induced Apoptosis of Smooth Muscle Cells via cAMP/PKA Pathway. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7169348. [PMID: 33102590 PMCID: PMC7576343 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7169348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adiponectin (APN) is an adipokine secreted from adipose tissue and exhibits biological functions such as microcirculation-regulating, hearing-protective, and antiapoptotic. However, the effect of APN on the apoptosis of spiral arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) under hypoxic conditions in vitro is not clear. We used cobalt chloride (CoCl2) to simulate chemical hypoxia in vitro, and the SMCs were pretreated with APN and then stimulated with CoCl2. The viability of cells and apoptosis were assessed by CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, cAMP level, and the activity of PKA were detected by ELISA. Protein expression and localization were studied by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. In the present study, we found that APN exhibits antiapoptosis effects. CoCl2 exhibited decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis and MDA levels, and decreased SOD activity in a concentration-dependent manner, compared with the control group. Moreover, CoCl2 upregulated the expression levels of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and then downregulated Bcl-2 levels in a time-dependent manner. Compared with the CoCl2 group, the group pretreated with APN had increased cell viability, SOD activity, PKA activity, cAMP level, and PKA expression, but decreased MDA levels and apoptosis. Lastly, the protective effect of APN was blocked by cAMP inhibitor SQ22536 and PKA inhibitor H 89. These results showed that APN protected SMCs against CoCl2-induced hypoxic injury via the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.
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17
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Zhu C, Hui L, Zheng K, Liu L, Liu J, Lv W. Silencing of RGS2 enhances hippocampal neuron regeneration and rescues depression-like behavioral impairments through activation of cAMP pathway. Brain Res 2020; 1746:147018. [PMID: 32679115 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common mental disorders with an increasing incidence. However, factors involved in depression are so complex, thus it is difficult to find effective strategies to reverse the impairments. This study aims to verify the role of regulator of G protein signaling 2 (RGS2) in the mouse mode of unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like behaviors. Knockdown of RGS2 was achieved by transfection of siRNA-RGS2 in mouse hippocampal (HT-22) cells in vitro and injection of recombinant adenovirus expressing siRNA-RGS2 in mice in vivo. An aberrant high expression of RGS2 was found in mice with depression-like behaviors through immunohistochemical analysis. Silencing of RGS2 or Forskolin (activator of cAMP pathway) developed sweet water consumption, reduced inflammation and oxidative stress injury, and attenuated cognitive impairment and neuronal damage in mice with depression-like behaviors. Furthermore, regeneration was enhanced and apoptosis was repressed in mouse hippocampal neurons in the presence of RGS2 knockdown and Forskolin. Mechanistic studies indicated that silencing of RGS2 promoted the activation of cAMP pathway, thus rescuing depression-like behaviors of mice. Collectively, our study uncovered the role of RGS2-dependent cAMP pathway in regulation of cognitive impairment and hippocampal neuron regeneration in depression-like behaviors of mice, which may be a potential therapeutic target for impairments and symptoms associated with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China.
| | - Li Hui
- Institute of Mental Health, Suzhou Guangji Hospital, The Affiliated Guangji Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215137, PR China
| | - Ke Zheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Linjing Liu
- Department Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Jiahong Liu
- Department Clinical Psychology, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
| | - Wei Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Kangning Hospital to Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, PR China
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18
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Can dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors treat cognitive disorders? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 212:107559. [PMID: 32380197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The linkage of neurodegenerative diseases with insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excessive inflammatory responses and abnormal protein processing, and the correlation between cerebrovascular diseases and hyperglycemia has opened a new window for novel therapeutics for these cognitive disorders. Various antidiabetic agents have been studied for their potential treatment of cognitive disorders, among which the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have been investigated more recently. So far, DPP-4 inhibitors have demonstrated neuroprotection and cognitive improvements in animal models, and cognitive benefits in diabetic patients with or without cognitive impairments. This review aims to summarize the potential mechanisms, advantages and limitations, and currently available evidence for developing DPP-4 inhibitors as a treatment of cognitive disorders.
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19
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Jash K, Gondaliya P, Kirave P, Kulkarni B, Sunkaria A, Kalia K. Cognitive dysfunction: A growing link between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Drug Dev Res 2020; 81:144-164. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Jash
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Piyush Gondaliya
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Prathibha Kirave
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Bhagyashri Kulkarni
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Aditya Sunkaria
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat India
| | - Kiran Kalia
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Gandhinagar Gujarat India
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Liraglutide Protects Against Brain Amyloid-β 1-42 Accumulation in Female Mice with Early Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology by Partially Rescuing Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051746. [PMID: 32143329 PMCID: PMC7084254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide, being characterized by the deposition of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (enriched in the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), respectively) and memory loss. Aging, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and female sex (especially after menopause) are risk factors for AD, but their crosslinking mechanisms remain unclear. Most clinical trials targeting AD neuropathology failed and it remains incurable. However, evidence suggests that effective anti-T2D drugs, such as the GLP-1 mimetic and neuroprotector liraglutide, can be also efficient against AD. Thus, we aimed to study the benefits of a peripheral liraglutide treatment in AD female mice. We used blood and brain cortical lysates from 10-month-old 3xTg-AD female mice, treated for 28 days with liraglutide (0.2 mg/kg, once/day) to evaluate parameters affected in AD (e.g., Aβ and p-tau, motor and cognitive function, glucose metabolism, inflammation and oxidative/nitrosative stress). Despite the limited signs of cognitive changes in mature female mice, liraglutide only reduced their cortical Aβ1–42 levels. Liraglutide partially attenuated brain estradiol and GLP-1 and activated PKA levels, oxidative/nitrosative stress and inflammation in these AD female mice. Our results support the earlier use of liraglutide as a potential preventive/therapeutic agent against the accumulation of the first neuropathological features of AD in females.
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21
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Liraglutide and its Neuroprotective Properties-Focus on Possible Biochemical Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease and Cerebral Ischemic Events. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051050. [PMID: 30823403 PMCID: PMC6429395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Liraglutide is a GLP-1 analog (glucagon like peptide-1) used primarily in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) and obesity. The literature starts to suggest that liraglutide may reduce the effects of ischemic stroke by activating anti-apoptotic pathways, as well as limiting the harmful effects of free radicals. The GLP-1R expression has been reported in the cerebral cortex, especially occipital and frontal lobes, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus. Liraglutide reduced the area of ischemia caused by MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion), limited neurological deficits, decreased hyperglycemia caused by stress, and presented anti-apoptotic effects by increasing the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl proteins and reduction of Bax and Bad protein expression. The pharmaceutical managed to decrease concentrations of proapoptotic factors, such as NF-κB (Nuclear Factor-kappa β), ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1), caspase-3, and reduced the level of TUNEL-positive cells. Liraglutide was able to reduce the level of free radicals by decreasing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increasing the superoxide dismutase level (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase. Liraglutide may affect the neurovascular unit causing its remodeling, which seems to be crucial for recovery after stroke. Liraglutide may stabilize atherosclerotic plaque, as well as counteract its early formation and further development. Liraglutide, through its binding to GLP-1R (glucagon like peptide-1 receptor) and consequent activation of PI3K/MAPK (Phosphoinositide 3-kinase/mitogen associated protein kinase) dependent pathways, may have a positive impact on Aβ (amyloid beta) trafficking and clearance by increasing the presence of Aβ transporters in cerebrospinal fluid. Liraglutide seems to affect tau pathology. It is possible that liraglutide may have some stem cell stimulating properties. The effects may be connected with PKA (phosphorylase kinase A) activation. This paper presents potential mechanisms of liraglutide activity in conditions connected with neuronal damage, with special emphasis on Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia.
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Li H, Cao L, Ren Y, Jiang Y, Xie W, Li D. GLP-1 receptor regulates cell growth through regulating IDE expression level in Aβ1-42-treated PC12 cells. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20171284. [PMID: 29263141 PMCID: PMC6043719 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to validate whether glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) / cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) / protein kinase (PKA) / insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) signaling pathway was associated with neuronal apoptosis. We developed an animal model presenting both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), by crossing APP/PS1 mice (AD model) with streptozotocin (STZ)-treated mice (a T2D model). Neuronal apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining and the expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins were examined by Western blotting. The viability of PC12 cells was analyzed by MTT assay and apoptosis of PC12 cells was detected by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression level was detected by qRT-PCR. T2D contributes to AD progress by prompting neuronal apoptosis and increasing expression of pro-apoptotic protein. β-Amyloid peptide1-42 (Aβ1-42) was shown to exert effects on inhibiting cell viability and prompting cell apoptosis of PC12 cells. However, GLP-1R agonist geniposide (Gen) significantly reversed them, exerting a protective role on PC12 cells. And IDE antagonist bacitracin (Bac) markedly reversed the protective effects of Gen on Aβ1-42-treated PC12 cells. Besides, Gen significantly reversed the effects of Aβ1-42 treatment on IDE expression, and the inhibitor of cAMP/PKA signaling pathway markedly reversed the effects of Gen on IDE expression level in Aβ1-42-treated PC12 cells. In conclusion, GLP-1R regulates cell growth, at least partially, through regulating cAMP/PKA/IDE signaling pathway in Aβ1-42-treated PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajie Li
- Department of Neurology, the First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su 213003, China
| | - Liping Cao
- Department of Neurology, the First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su 213003, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Neurology, the First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su 213003, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Neurology, the First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su 213003, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Neurology, the First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su 213003, China
| | - Dawen Li
- Department of Neurology, the First People's Hospital of Chang Zhou, Jiang Su 213003, China
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Defect of branched-chain amino acid metabolism promotes the development of Alzheimer's disease by targeting the mTOR signaling. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180127. [PMID: 29802157 PMCID: PMC6028749 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in humans. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs, namely valine, leucine, and isoleucine) metabolic defect is observed in human diabetes, which is associated with insulin resistance. But whether BCAAs connect diabetes and AD remains unknown. Here, we show that BCAA metabolic defect may be one of the drivers of AD. BCAA levels were increased in the blood in human patients and mice with diabetes or AD. BCAA-enriched diet promoted the development of AD in mice as evidenced by the behavior and pathological analysis. Branched-chain amino acid transaminase 1 and 2 (BCAT1 and BCAT2) are the two enzymes for the first step metabolism of BCAAs by catalyzing BCAAs to generate branched-chain ketoacids. The expression of Bcat1 but not Bcat2 was significantly down-regulated in the brain tissues of diabetic, aged, and AD mice. Leucine up-regulated the phosphorylation of Tau but not affected the accumulation of amyloid β in the brain tissues or isolated neurons. In addition, knockdown of the expression of Bcat1, which would result in the accumulation of BCAAs, led to the same phenotype as BCAAs supplement in neurons. Interestingly, leucine supplement or Bcat1 knockdown promoted the activation of the mTOR signaling in the brains of AD mice or neurons. Subsequently, mTOR was critically involved in leucine and Bcat1 knockdown-mediated phosphorylation of Tau. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that diabetes-related BCAA accumulation in the brain tissues led to the phosphorylation of Tau and, subsequently, the development of diabetes-related AD.
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Zhang Y, Wang P. Age-Related Increase of Insulin-Degrading Enzyme Is Inversely Correlated with Cognitive Function in APPswe/PS1dE9 Mice. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:2446-2455. [PMID: 29680859 PMCID: PMC5935016 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is an important regulator for Aβ clearance and diabetes. Although it is indispensable in removing plaques related to onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in degrading insulin related to diabetes, there have been few studies on the dynamic level of IDE in different stages of AD. Material/Methods The present study explored the level IDE protein in different stages of APPswe/PS1dE9 mice and their correlations with cognitive decline. The 4-month-old, 10-month-old, and 18-month-old mice were used as the different age stages of mice. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Morris water maze test. We also observed the level of Aβ plaques in brain regions of different stages. Results The data revealed that the expression of IDE was dramatically higher than in age-matched wild mice at the age of 10 months and 18 months. In terms of distribution, Aβ plaques were deposited mostly in the cortex and hippocampus, especially in 10-month-old and 18-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. The cognitive function of 4-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 mice was not significantly differ in spatial learning. However, the cognitive function, both spatial learning and spatial memory, was dramatically lower in 10-month-old and 18-month-old groups. Conclusions There was a positive correlation between the expression of IDE and spatial memory in 10-month-old and 18-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. The study of this protein may provide reference values for the further study of IDE in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
| | - Peichang Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China (mainland)
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