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Nawas AF, Solmonson A, Gao B, DeBerardinis RJ, Minna JD, Conacci-Sorrell M, Mendelson CR. IL-1β mediates the induction of immune checkpoint regulators IDO1 and PD-L1 in lung adenocarcinoma cells. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:331. [PMID: 37985999 PMCID: PMC10658741 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01348-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation plays a significant role in various cancers, including lung cancer, where the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β is often elevated in the tumor microenvironment. Patients with lung adenocarcinoma show higher levels of serum IL-1β compared to healthy individual. Moreover, IL-1β blockade reduces the incidence and mortality of lung cancer. Our prior studies revealed that alveolar type-II cells, the precursors for lung adenocarcinoma, display an induction in the expression of the enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2) during normal lung development. This induction of TDO2 coincides with an increase in IL-1β levels and is likely caused by IL-1β. Given that cancer cells can co-opt developmentally regulated pathways, we hypothesized that IL-1β may exert its pro-tumoral function by stimulating TDO2 and indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), parallel enzymes involved in the conversion of tryptophan (Trp) into the immune-suppressive oncometabolite kynurenine (Kyn). Our goal was to determine whether IL-1β is a common upstream regulator of immune checkpoint regulators. METHODS To determine whether IL-1β regulates IDO1, TDO2, PD-L1, and PD-L2, we measured mRNA and protein levels in lung adenocarcinoma cells lines (A549, H1792, H1838, H2347, H2228, HCC364 and HCC827) grown in 2D or 3D and in immortalized normal lung epithelial cells (HBEC3-KT and HSAEC1-KT). To determine the importance of the NFκB pathway in mediating IL-1β -regulated cellular effects, we used siRNA to knockdown RelA/p65 in IL-1β treated cells. The levels of Trp and Kyn in the IL-1β-treated cells and media were measured by mass spectrometry. RESULTS Upon IL-1β stimulation, lung adenocarcinoma cells exhibited significant increases in IDO1 mRNA and protein levels, a response that depended on the NFκB pathway. Interestingly, this induction was more pronounced in 3D spheroid cultures compared to monolayer cultures and was not observed in normal immortalized lung epithelial cells. Furthermore, the conversion of Trp to Kyn increased in cells exposed to IL-1β, aligning with the heightened IDO1 expression. Remarkably, IL-1β also upregulated the expression of programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 in multiple cell lines, indicating that IL-1β triggers parallel immune-suppressive mechanisms in lung adenocarcinoma cells. CONCLUSIONS Our studies demonstrate that lung adenocarcinoma cells, but not normal immortalized lung epithelial cells, respond to IL-1β signaling by inducing the expression of parallel immune checkpoint proteins that have the potential to promote immune evasion. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan Fathima Nawas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ashley Solmonson
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Boning Gao
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Maralice Conacci-Sorrell
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Carole R Mendelson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and North Texas March of Dimes Birth Defects Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
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Hamza S, Garanina EE, Alsaadi M, Khaiboullina SF, Tezcan G. Blocking the Hormone Receptors Modulates NLRP3 in LPS-Primed Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054846. [PMID: 36902278 PMCID: PMC10002867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) may contribute to the growth and propagation of breast cancer (BC). The effect of estrogen receptor-α (ER-α), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) on NLRP3 activation in BC remains unknown. Additionally, our knowledge of the effect of blocking these receptors on NLRP3 expression is limited. We used GEPIA, UALCAN, and the Human Protein Atlas for transcriptomic profiling of NLRP3 in BC. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) were used to activate NLRP3 in luminal A MCF-7 and in TNBC MDA-MB-231 and HCC1806 cells. Tamoxifen (Tx), mifepristone (mife), and trastuzumab (Tmab) were used to block ER-α, PR, and HER2, respectively, on inflammasome activation in LPS-primed MCF7 cells. The transcript level of NLRP3 was correlated with ER-ɑ encoding gene ESR1 in luminal A (ER-α+, PR+) and TNBC tumors. NLRP3 protein expression was higher in untreated and LPS/ATP-treated MDA-MB-231 cells than in MCF7 cells. LPS/ATP-mediated NLRP3 activation reduced cell proliferation and recovery of wound healing in both BC cell lines. LPS/ATP treatment prevented spheroid formation in MDA-MB-231 cells but did not affect MCF7. HGF, IL-3, IL-8, M-CSF, MCP-1, and SCGF-b cytokines were secreted in both MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells in response to LPS/ATP treatment. Tx (ER-α inhibition) promoted NLRP3 activation and increased migration and sphere formation after LPS treatment of MCF7 cells. Tx-mediated activation of NLRP3 was associated with increased secretion of IL-8 and SCGF-b compared to LPS-only-treated MCF7 cells. In contrast, Tmab (Her2 inhibition) had a limited effect on NLRP3 activation in LPS-treated MCF7 cells. Mife (PR inhibition) opposed NLRP3 activation in LPS-primed MCF7 cells. We have found that Tx increased the expression of NLRP3 in LPS-primed MCF7. These data suggest a link between blocking ER-α and activation of NLRP3, which was associated with increased aggressiveness of the ER-α+ BC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa Hamza
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina E. Garanina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Mohammad Alsaadi
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Svetlana F. Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence: or (S.F.K.); (G.T.); Fax: +1-775682-8258 (S.F.K.); +90-224-294-00-78 (G.T.)
| | - Gulcin Tezcan
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey
- Correspondence: or (S.F.K.); (G.T.); Fax: +1-775682-8258 (S.F.K.); +90-224-294-00-78 (G.T.)
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Interleukin-1 and Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling Promote Breast Cancer Progression and Treatment Resistance. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101673. [PMID: 35626710 PMCID: PMC9139516 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While meant for wound healing and immunity in response to injury and infection, inflammatory signaling is usurped by cancerous tumors to promote disease progression, including treatment resistance. The interleukin-1 (IL-1) inflammatory cytokine family functions in wound healing and innate and adaptive immunity. Two major, closely related IL-1 family members, IL-1α and IL-1β, promote tumorigenic phenotypes and contribute to treatment resistance in cancer. IL-1 signaling converges on transactivation of the Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) and Activator protein 1 (AP-1) transcription factors. NF-κB and AP-1 signaling are also activated by the inflammatory cytokine Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα) and microbe-sensing Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs). As reviewed elsewhere, IL-1, TNFα, and TLR can promote cancer progression through NF-κB or AP-1. In this review, we focus on what is known about the role of IL-1α and IL-1β in breast cancer (BCa) progression and therapeutic resistance, and state evidence for the role of NF-κB in mediating IL-1-induced BCa progression and therapeutic resistance. We will present evidence that IL-1 promotes BCa cell proliferation, BCa stem cell expansion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. IL-1 also regulates intracellular signaling and BCa cell hormone receptor expression in a manner that confers a growth advantage to the tumor cells and allows BCa cells to evade therapy. As such, the IL-1 receptor antagonist, anakinra, is in clinical trials to treat BCa and multiple other cancer types. This article presents a review of the literature from the 1990s to the present, outlining the evidence supporting a role for IL-1 and IL-1-NF-κB signaling in BCa progression.
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Key Factor Regulating Inflammatory Microenvironment, Metastasis, and Resistance in Breast Cancer: Interleukin-1 Signaling. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:7785890. [PMID: 34602858 PMCID: PMC8486558 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7785890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the top-ranked cancers for incidence and mortality worldwide. The biggest challenges in breast cancer treatment are metastasis and drug resistance, for which work on molecular evaluation, mechanism studies, and screening of therapeutic targets is ongoing. Factors that lead to inflammatory infiltration and immune system suppression in the tumor microenvironment are potential therapeutic targets. Interleukin-1 is known as a proinflammatory and immunostimulatory cytokine, which plays important roles in inflammatory diseases. Recent studies have shown that interleukin-1 cytokines drive the formation and maintenance of an inflammatory/immunosuppressive microenvironment through complex intercellular signal crosstalk and tight intracellular signal transduction, which were found to be potentially involved in the mechanism of metastasis and drug resistance of breast cancer. Some preclinical and clinical treatments or interventions to block the interleukin-1/interleukin-1 receptor system and its up- and downstream signaling cascades have also been proven effective. This study provides an overview of IL-1-mediated signal communication in breast cancer and discusses the potential of IL-1 as a therapeutic target especially for metastatic breast cancer and combination therapy and current problems, aiming at enlightening new ideas in the study of inflammatory cytokines and immune networks in the tumor microenvironment.
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Suares A, Medina MV, Coso O. Autophagy in Viral Development and Progression of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:603224. [PMID: 33763351 PMCID: PMC7982729 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.603224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex degradative process by which eukaryotic cells capture cytoplasmic components for subsequent degradation through lysosomal hydrolases. Although this catabolic process can be triggered by a great variety of stimuli, action in cells varies according to cellular context. Autophagy has been previously linked to disease development modulation, including cancer. Autophagy helps suppress cancer cell advancement in tumor transformation early stages, while promoting proliferation and metastasis in advanced settings. Oncoviruses are a particular type of virus that directly contribute to cell transformation and tumor development. Extensive molecular studies have revealed complex ways in which autophagy can suppress or improve oncovirus fitness while still regulating viral replication and determining host cell fate. This review includes recent advances in autophagic cellular function and emphasizes its antagonistic role in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Suares
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Medina
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Omar Coso
- Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Suares A, Medina MV, Coso O. Autophagy in Viral Development and Progression of Cancer. Front Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.603224
expr 816899697 + 824303767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex degradative process by which eukaryotic cells capture cytoplasmic components for subsequent degradation through lysosomal hydrolases. Although this catabolic process can be triggered by a great variety of stimuli, action in cells varies according to cellular context. Autophagy has been previously linked to disease development modulation, including cancer. Autophagy helps suppress cancer cell advancement in tumor transformation early stages, while promoting proliferation and metastasis in advanced settings. Oncoviruses are a particular type of virus that directly contribute to cell transformation and tumor development. Extensive molecular studies have revealed complex ways in which autophagy can suppress or improve oncovirus fitness while still regulating viral replication and determining host cell fate. This review includes recent advances in autophagic cellular function and emphasizes its antagonistic role in cancer cells.
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Liu B, Chen G, He Q, Liu M, Gao K, Cai B, Qu J, Lin S, Geng A, Li S, Wang K, Mao Z, Wan X, Yan Q. An HMGA2-p62-ERα axis regulates uterine leiomyomas proliferation. FASEB J 2020; 34:10966-10983. [PMID: 32592217 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000520r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas (ULM) are a major public health issue contributing to high morbidity and poor pregnancy outcomes. However, its molecular pathogenesis is poorly understood. HMGA2-ULM is the second major subtype of human ULM and associates with large sizes, fast-growth, and high percentages of estrogen receptor α (ERα). As altered ERα expression plays a distinct role in ULM growth, here, we investigate a regulatory mechanism driving ULM growth via HMGA2 and ERα. We reveal a positive correlation of HMGA2 with ERα protein and demonstrate that HMGA2 promotes ULM cells proliferation via ERα. In addition, autophagy pathway and p62/SQSTM1 (a selective autophagy receptor) are found to participate in the regulation of HMGA2 and ERα. Moreover, HMGA2 suppresses the transcription of p62 by binding to its promoter, meanwhile, p62 interacts with ERα, and inhibition of p62 increases ERα expression and enhances cell viability in ULM, suggesting a novel mechanism of the HMGA2-p62-ERα axis in ULM proliferation. Notably, rapamycin, a familiar autophagy agonist, reduces ERα levels and the proliferation ability of ULM cells. This study demonstrates a causal role of the HMGA2-p62-ERα axis in preventing autophagy and increasing ERα expression in HMGA2-ULM. Therefore, blocking HMGA2-p62-ERα axis and targeting autophagy pathway establish a roadmap toward HMGA2-ULM medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binya Liu
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guofang Chen
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qizhi He
- Department of Pathology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minhao Liu
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Gao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bailian Cai
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjie Qu
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaojian Lin
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Anke Geng
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangdi Li
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyong Mao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Yan
- Department of Gynecology of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Nawas AF, Kanchwala M, Thomas-Jardin SE, Dahl H, Daescu K, Bautista M, Anunobi V, Wong A, Meade R, Mistry R, Ghatwai N, Bayerl F, Xing C, Delk NA. IL-1-conferred gene expression pattern in ERα + BCa and AR + PCa cells is intrinsic to ERα - BCa and AR - PCa cells and promotes cell survival. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:46. [PMID: 31959131 PMCID: PMC6971947 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Breast (BCa) and prostate (PCa) cancers are hormone receptor (HR)-driven cancers. Thus, BCa and PCa patients are given therapies that reduce hormone levels or directly block HR activity; but most patients eventually develop treatment resistance. We have previously reported that interleukin-1 (IL-1) inflammatory cytokine downregulates ERα and AR mRNA in HR-positive (HR+) BCa and PCa cell lines, yet the cells can remain viable. Additionally, we identified pro-survival proteins and processes upregulated by IL-1 in HR+ BCa and PCa cells, that are basally high in HR− BCa and PCa cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that IL-1 confers a conserved gene expression pattern in HR+ BCa and PCa cells that mimics conserved basal gene expression patterns in HR− BCa and PCa cells to promote HR-independent survival and tumorigenicity. Methods We performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) for HR+ BCa and PCa cell lines exposed to IL-1 and for untreated HR− BCa and PCa cell lines. We confirmed expression patterns of select genes by RT-qPCR and used siRNA and/or drug inhibition to silence select genes in the BCa and PCa cell lines. Finally, we performed Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and used the gene ontology web-based tool, GOrilla, to identify signaling pathways encoded by our RNA-seq data set. Results We identified 350 genes in common between BCa and PCa cells that are induced or repressed by IL-1 in HR+ cells that are, respectively, basally high or low in HR− cells. Among these genes, we identified Sequestome-1 (SQSTM1/p62) and SRY (Sex-Determining Region Y)-Box 9 (SOX9) to be essential for survival of HR− BCa and PCa cell lines. Analysis of publicly available data indicates that p62 and SOX9 expression are elevated in HR-independent BCa and PCa sublines generated in vitro, suggesting that p62 and SOX9 have a role in acquired hormone receptor independence and treatment resistance. We also assessed HR− cell line viability in response to the p62-targeting drug, verteporfin, and found that verteporfin is cytotoxic for HR− cell lines. Conclusions Our 350 gene set can be used to identify novel therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers conserved among acquired (e.g. due to inflammation) or intrinsic HR-independent BCa and PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshan F Nawas
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Mohammed Kanchwala
- McDermott Center of Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shayna E Thomas-Jardin
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Haley Dahl
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Kelly Daescu
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Monica Bautista
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Vanessa Anunobi
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ally Wong
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Rachel Meade
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Ragini Mistry
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Nisha Ghatwai
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Felix Bayerl
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - Chao Xing
- McDermott Center of Human Growth and Development, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.,Department of Clinical Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Nikki A Delk
- Biological Sciences Department, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, FO-1, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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