1
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Watson BT, Dias HVR. Going for gold - the chemistry of structurally authenticated gold(I)-ethylene complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4872-4889. [PMID: 38567496 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00676c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Gold coordination chemistry and catalysis involving unsaturated hydrocarbons such as olefins have experienced a remarkable growth during the last few decades. Despite the importance, isolable and well-characterized molecules with ethylene, the simplest and the most widely produced olefin, on gold are still limited. This review aims to cover features of, and strategies utilized to stabilize, gold-ethylene complexes and their diverse use in chemical transformations and homogeneous catalytic processes. Isolable and well-authenticated gold-ethylene complexes are important not only for structural, spectroscopic, and bonding studies but also as models for likely intermediates in gold mediated reactions of alkenes and gold-alkene species observed in the gas phase. There has also been development on AuI/III catalytic cycles. Nitrogen based ligands have been the most widely utilized ligand supports thus far for the successful stabilization of gold-ethylene adducts. Gold has a bright future in olefin chemistry and with ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.
| | - H V Rasika Dias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.
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2
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Vinicius Alves T, Peris E, Fernández I. A Deeper Insight into the Supramolecular Activation of Oxidative Addition Reactions Involving Pincer-Rhodium(I) Complexes. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400022. [PMID: 38269625 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The factors governing the acceleration of the oxidative addition of methyl iodide to pincer rhodium(I)-complexes induced by coronene have been computationally explored in detail using quantum chemical methods. Both the parent reaction and the coronene-mediated process proceed via a stepwise SN2-type mechanism. It is found that the acceleration of the process derives from the formation of an initial supramolecular complex, mainly stabilized by electrostatic and π-π interactions, which significantly increases the electron richness of the complex. The impact of this effect on the reaction barrier has been quantitatively analyzed by applying the activation strain model in combination with the energy decomposition analysis method. In addition, the influence of other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the oxidative reaction has been also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Vinicius Alves
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universidad, 28040-, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Físico-Química, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Av. Barão de Jeremoabo, 147, 40170-115-, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Peris
- Institute of Advanced Materials (INAM) and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universitat Jaume I, Av. Vicente Sos Baynat s/n, 12071-, Castellón, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universidad, 28040-, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Dos Santos HF, Paschoal DFS. S-Se oxidative addition to auranofin derivatives: a DFT study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:5517-5528. [PMID: 38284132 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04913b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative addition of the S-Se bond to Au(I) complexes is discussed for a series of 26 auranofin (AF) derivatives. AF and its analogues are Au(I) complexes with recognized anticancer activity that act by binding and inhibiting the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzyme. Generally, the oxidative addition to Au(I) is a sluggish reaction under mild conditions (i.e., a high activation barrier - ΔH‡), which is also verified here for AF, ΔH‡ = 33.0 kcal mol-1. However, we predicted that subtle changes in the AF ligands can make the process feasible under standard conditions. For instance, the exchange of -PEt3 by -P(Et2)(OEt), which is a weaker electron σ-donor, reduced the activation barrier to 17.1 kcal mol-1. Furthermore, substitution of the -SAtg ligand by -Cl- leads to a ΔH‡ value of 22.5 kcal mol-1. Overall, the reaction is driven by the nucleophilic attack of the S-Se bond on the Au(I) center, attributed mainly to the charge transfer (4p)Se → (6p)Au, which characterizes the addition step. At the transition state (TS) point, the (5d)Au → σ*(S-Se) charge transfer becomes relevant, facilitating the S-Se bond breakage and the oxidation step. In addition to the electron transfers, the strain energy to deform the linear Au(I) geometry to the tetracoordinated Au(III) arrangement in the TS structure plays a primary role in explaining the trends in the activation barriers. Finally, the activation barrier (ΔH‡) and reaction energy (ΔH°) were correlated for most of the complexes studied, which suggests that the reaction passes through a late or product-like TS and, therefore, the steric and electronic factors affecting ΔH‡ also act on ΔH°. Overall, the results presented here might open up a new field of investigation for interactions between AF derivatives and TrxR, which contributes to a full understanding of the biological mechanism of action of these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio F Dos Santos
- NEQC: Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Departamento de Química - ICE, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Campus Universitário, 36.036-900, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
| | - Diego F S Paschoal
- NQTCM: Núcleo de Química Teórica e Computacional de Macaé, Polo Ajuda, Instituto Multidisciplinar de Química, Centro Multidisciplinar UFRJ-Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 27.971-525, Macaé, RJ, Brazil
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4
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McCallum T. Heart of gold: enabling ligands for oxidative addition of haloorganics in Au(I)/Au(III) catalysed cross-coupling reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:1629-1646. [PMID: 36727215 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00002h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The field of Au-catalysis has been an area rich with new discoveries due to the unique properties of the lustrous element. In the past decade, developments in Au(I)/Au(III) cross-coupling methodology have been made possible with the use of external oxidants that facilitate the challenging oxidation of Au(I) to Au(III) in a stable and catalytically competent fashion. Until recently, Au-chemistry was not known to undergo catalytic transformations that feature oxidative addition of haloarenes like those that were made famous by transition metals such as Pd and Ni. The discovery that ligand modification could facilitate the oxidative addition of Au(I) with haloorganics to provide Au(III) intermediates that are competent in other areas of catalysis (i.e. Lewis acid catalysis) has revolutionized this field and has led to the invention of new cross-coupling methodology. The recent advances at the leading edge in the emerging field of Au(I)/Au(III) catalysis under redox-neutral conditions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry McCallum
- The Canadian Bank Note Company, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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5
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Fernández-Moyano S, Marcos-Ayuso G, Peñas-Defrutos MN, Bartolomé C, Espinet P. Intimate relationship between C-I reductive elimination, aryl scrambling and isomerization processes in Au(III) complexes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1975-1978. [PMID: 36727423 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06415d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
19F NMR monitoring shows that heating trans-[AuIIIRf2I2]- solutions (Rf = C6F3Cl2-3,5) leads to formation of cis-[AuRf2I2]-, [AuRf3I]- and [AuRfI3]-via kinetic competition between isomerization and Rf/I scrambling. The system evolution is driven by the easy Rf-I reductive elimination from [AuRfI3]- (forming also [AuI2]-), which is faster than any of the Rf-Rf couplings from the coexisting species, hindering the commonly desired and thermodynamically preferred C-C coupling. A kinetic model where I- dissociation triggers both isomerization and transmetalation steps is proposed, which fits well the experimental data. DFT calculations support that the lower bond strength of AuIII-I compared to other halides produces a pathway switch that makes C-I coupling kinetically preferred. Consequently, it is better avoided in reactions looking for C-C coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fernández-Moyano
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47071, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Marcos-Ayuso
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47071, Spain.
| | - Marconi N Peñas-Defrutos
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47071, Spain.
| | - Camino Bartolomé
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47071, Spain.
| | - Pablo Espinet
- IU CINQUIMA/Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47071, Spain.
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6
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Cadge JA, Gates PJ, Bower JF, Russell CA. Migratory Insertion of CO into a Au–C Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19719-19725. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Cadge
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Gates
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Bower
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. Russell
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
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7
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Cadge JA, Bower JF, Russell CA. A Systematic Study of the Effects of Complex Structure on Aryl Iodide Oxidative Addition at Bipyridyl‐Ligated Gold(I) Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Cadge
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS United Kingdom
| | - John F. Bower
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Christopher A. Russell
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS United Kingdom
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8
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Cadge JA, Bower JF, Russell CA. A Systematic Study of the Effects of Complex Structure on Aryl Iodide Oxidative Addition at Bipyridyl-Ligated Gold(I) Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24976-24983. [PMID: 34533267 PMCID: PMC9298241 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A combined theoretical and experimental approach has been used to study the unusual mechanism of oxidative addition of aryl iodides to [bipyAu(C2 H4 )]+ complexes. The modular nature of this system allowed a systematic assessment of the effects of complex structure. Computational comparisons between cationic gold and the isolobal (neutral) Pd0 and Pt0 complexes revealed similar mechanistic features, but with oxidative addition being significantly favored for the group 10 metals. Further differences between Au and Pd were seen in experimental studies: studying reaction rates as a function of electronic and steric properties showed that ligands bearing more electron-poor functionality increase the rate of oxidative addition; in a complementary way, electron-rich aryl iodides give faster rates. This divergence in mechanism compared to Pd suggests that Ar-X oxidative addition with Au can underpin a broad range of new or complementary transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Cadge
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUnited Kingdom
| | - John F. Bower
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUnited Kingdom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of LiverpoolCrown StreetLiverpoolL69 7ZDUnited Kingdom
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9
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Vermeeren P, Hamlin TA, Bickelhaupt FM. Chemical reactivity from an activation strain perspective. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5880-5896. [PMID: 34075969 PMCID: PMC8204247 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02042k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemical reactions are ubiquitous in the universe, they are at the core of life, and they are essential for industrial processes. The drive for a deep understanding of how something occurs, in this case, the mechanism of a chemical reaction and the factors controlling its reactivity, is intrinsically valuable and an innate quality of humans. The level of insight and degree of understanding afforded by computational chemistry cannot be understated. The activation strain model is one of the most powerful tools in our arsenal to obtain unparalleled insight into reactivity. The relative energy of interacting reactants is evaluated along a reaction energy profile and related to the rigidity of the reactants' molecular structure and the strength of the stabilizing interactions between the deformed reactants: ΔE(ζ) = ΔEstrain(ζ) + ΔEint(ζ). Owing to the connectedness between the activation strain model and Kohn-Sham molecular orbital theory, one is able to obtain a causal relationship between both the sterics and electronics of the reactants and their mutual reactivity. Only when this is accomplished one can eclipse the phenomenological explanations that are commonplace in the literature and textbooks and begin to rationally tune and optimize chemical transformations. We showcase how the activation strain model is the ideal tool to elucidate fundamental organic reactions, the activation of small molecules by metallylenes, and the cycloaddition reactivity of cyclic diene- and dipolarophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Vermeeren
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Trevor A Hamlin
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - F Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. and Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM), Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Kang K, Liu S, Xu C, Lu Z, Liu S, Leng X, Lan Y, Shen Q. C(sp2)–X (X = Cl, Br, and I) Reductive Eliminations from Well-Defined Gold(III) Complexes: Concerted or Dissociation Pathways? Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kang
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shihan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zehai Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuanshuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuebing Leng
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qilong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China
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11
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Cataffo A, Haas T, Ehm C, Budzelaar PHM. Between T and Y: Asymmetry in the Interaction of LAu(I) with Bipy and β‐Diiminate‐like Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cataffo
- Department of Chemical Sciences Federico II University of Naples Via Cintia 21 – Complesso di Monte S. Angelo 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Titus Haas
- van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Amsterdam 1098 XH Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ehm
- Department of Chemical Sciences Federico II University of Naples Via Cintia 21 – Complesso di Monte S. Angelo 80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Peter H. M. Budzelaar
- Department of Chemical Sciences Federico II University of Naples Via Cintia 21 – Complesso di Monte S. Angelo 80126 Napoli Italy
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12
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π-Alkene/alkyne and carbene complexes of gold(I) stabilized by chelating ligands. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Li Y, Xu W, Wang T, Chen H, Li J. Mechanisms and origins of regioselectivities of nickel-catalyzed β,δ-vinylarylation of alkenyl esters with vinyl triflates and arylzinc reagents. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01153g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to explore the mechanisms, origins of regioselectivity and substituent-controlled reactivity in the β,δ-vinylarylation of alkenyl esters catalyzed by nickel catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yupan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Wan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
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14
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Pei G, Xu W, Li J. Iron- and zinc-mediated reductive coupling of styrenes and alkyl bromides: mechanistic investigation using DFT calculations. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00386k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
DFT calculations were performed to explore the mechanism for iron- and zinc-mediated reductive coupling of styrenes and alkyl bromides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojing Pei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Wan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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15
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Rocchigiani L, Bochmann M. Recent Advances in Gold(III) Chemistry: Structure, Bonding, Reactivity, and Role in Homogeneous Catalysis. Chem Rev 2020; 121:8364-8451. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Rocchigiani
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred Bochmann
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR47TJ, United Kingdom
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16
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Cadge JA, Sparkes HA, Bower JF, Russell CA. Oxidative Addition of Alkenyl and Alkynyl Iodides to a Au
I
Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A. Cadge
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
| | - Hazel A. Sparkes
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
| | - John F. Bower
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol Cantock's Close BS8 1TS UK
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17
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Cadge JA, Sparkes HA, Bower JF, Russell CA. Oxidative Addition of Alkenyl and Alkynyl Iodides to a Au I Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6617-6621. [PMID: 31951062 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The first isolated examples of intermolecular oxidative addition of alkenyl and alkynyl iodides to AuI are reported. Using a 5,5'-difluoro-2,2'-bipyridyl ligated complex, oxidative addition of geometrically defined alkenyl iodides occurs readily, reversibly and stereospecifically to give alkenyl-AuIII complexes. Conversely, reversible alkynyl iodide oxidative addition generates bimetallic complexes containing both AuIII and AuI centers. Stoichiometric studies show that both new initiation modes can form the basis for the development of C-C bond forming cross-couplings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie A Cadge
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Hazel A Sparkes
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - John F Bower
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, UK
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18
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Fernández I. A Quantitative Approach to Understanding Reactivity in Organometallic Chemistry. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2020_43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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19
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Nijamudheen A, Datta A. Gold-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions: An Overview of Design Strategies, Mechanistic Studies, and Applications. Chemistry 2019; 26:1442-1487. [PMID: 31657487 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are central to many organic synthesis methodologies. Traditionally, Pd, Ni, Cu, and Fe catalysts are used to promote these reactions. Recently, many studies have showed that both homogeneous and heterogeneous Au catalysts can be used for activating selective cross-coupling reactions. Here, an overview of the past studies, current trends, and future directions in the field of gold-catalyzed coupling reactions is presented. Design strategies to accomplish selective homocoupling and cross-coupling reactions under both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions, computational and experimental mechanistic studies, and their applications in diverse fields are critically reviewed. Specific topics covered are: oxidant-assisted and oxidant-free reactions; strain-assisted reactions; dual Au and photoredox catalysis; bimetallic synergistic reactions; mechanisms of reductive elimination processes; enzyme-mimicking Au chemistry; cluster and surface reactions; and plasmonic catalysis. In the relevant sections, theoretical and computational studies of AuI /AuIII chemistry are discussed and the predictions from the calculations are compared with the experimental observations to derive useful design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nijamudheen
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the, Cultivation of Sciences, 2A & 2B Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.,Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University, Joint College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the, Cultivation of Sciences, 2A & 2B Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
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20
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Mechanism and stereospecificity of Z-enamide synthesis from salicylaldehydes with isoxazoles using DFT calculations. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.120981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Reiersølmoen AC, Csókás D, Pápai I, Fiksdahl A, Erdélyi M. Mechanism of Au(III)-Mediated Alkoxycyclization of a 1,6-Enyne. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:18221-18229. [PMID: 31618010 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b09108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gold-mediated homogeneous catalysis is a powerful tool for construction of valuable molecules and has lately received growing attention. Whereas Au(I)-catalyzed processes have become well established, those mediated by Au(III) have so far barely been explored, and their mechanistic understanding remains basic. Herein, we disclose the combined NMR spectroscopic, single-crystal X-ray crystallographic, and computational (DFT) investigation of the Au(III)-mediated alkoxycyclization of a 1,6-enyne in the presence of a bidentate pyridine-oxazoline ligand. The roles of the counterion, the solvent, and the type of Au(III) complex have been assessed. Au(III) is demonstrated to be the active catalyst in alkoxycyclization. Alkyne coordination to Au(III) involves decoordination of the pyridine nitrogen and is the rate-limiting step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Christin Reiersølmoen
- Department of Chemistry , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Høgskoleringen 5 , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Dániel Csókás
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2 , H-1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar tudósok körútja 2 , H-1117 Budapest , Hungary
| | - Anne Fiksdahl
- Department of Chemistry , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Høgskoleringen 5 , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Máté Erdélyi
- Department of Chemistry , BMC Uppsala University , Husargatan 3 , 752 37 Uppsala , Sweden
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22
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Zhang T, Li T, Wu X, Li J. Theoretical Study of Ruthenium(0)-Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenative Cycloaddition of Cyclohexadiene and Norbornadiene with 1,2-Diols to Form Bridged Carbocycles. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3377-3387. [PMID: 30775919 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The recent success of Krische et al. ( Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2017 , 56 , 14667 -14671 ) in achieving a ruthenium(0)-catalyzed transfer hydrogenative cycloaddition of 1,2-diols with cyclohexadiene and norbornadiene in excellent yield with exo- and diastereoselectivity represents an exciting development in the synthesis of bridged carbocycles. In the present work, the possible catalytic mechanisms and origin of the exo- and diastereoselectivity for cyclohexadiene and norbornadiene were studied in detail by density functional theory calculations. The theoretical results indicate that the exoselective pathway for the cyclohexadiene substrate proceeds by a novel two-step successive C-C coupling, while the endoselective pathway undergoes the C-C coupling reaction in a conventional concerted manner. The origin of the preferential chemoselectivity of dione-cyclohexadiene C-C coupling over aromatization to benzene was investigated. Aromatization to benzene is unfavorable because of the large distortion energy of the three-membered ring in the transition state of hydrogen migration. From distortion/interaction analysis, for norbornadiene, the distortion energy plays the main role in determining the exoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Huangpu Road West 601 , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Huangpu Road West 601 , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Xiajun Wu
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Huangpu Road West 601 , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510632 , P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Chemistry , Jinan University , Huangpu Road West 601 , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510632 , P. R. China
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23
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Gregori L, Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Belanzoni P. Alkyne Activation with Gold(III) Complexes: A Quantitative Assessment of the Ligand Effect by Charge-Displacement Analysis. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:3115-3129. [PMID: 30775914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A quantitative assessment of the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson components of the Au(III)-alkyne bond in a series of cationic and dicationic bis- and monocyclometalated gold(III) complexes with 2-butyne via charge-displacement (CD) analysis is reported. Bonding between Au(III) and 2-butyne invariably shows a dominant σ donation component, a smaller, but significant, π back-donation, and a remarkable polarization of the alkyne CC triple bond toward the metal fragment. A very large net electron charge transfer from CC triple bond to the metal fragment results, which turns out to be unexpectedly insensitive to the charge of the complex and more strictly related to the nature of the ancillary ligand. The combination of σ donation, π back-donation, and polarization effects is in fact modulated by the different ligand frameworks, with ligands bearing atoms different from carbon in trans position with respect to the alkyne emerging as especially interesting for both imparting Au(III)-alkyne bond stability and inducing a more effective alkyne activation. A first attempt to figure out a rationale on the bonding/reactivity relationship for Au(III)-alkyne is made by performing a comparative study in a model nucleophilic attack of water to the alkyne triple bond. Smaller π back-donation facilitates alkyne slippage in the transition states, which is energetically less demanding for Au(III) than for Au(I), and suggests a greater propensity of Au(III) to facilitate the nucleophilic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Gregori
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Diego Sorbelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , c/o Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy.,Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
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24
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Fu ZX, Li J. Origins of chemoselectivity of Rh(III)-Catalyzed C–H activation of N-(pivaloyloxy)benzamide: Insights from density functional theory calculations. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Theoretical investigation of gold(I)-catalyzed intramolecular SEAr in isoxazole derivatives: Mechanisms, origin of regioselectivity, and role of hydrogen acceptor. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Lv S, Xu Y, Li J. Computational study of Rh(I)-Catalyzed Cycloaddition–Fragmentation of N-cyclopropylacrylamides. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Yepes D, Jaque P, Fernández I. Hydrogenation of Multiple Bonds by Geminal Aminoborane-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Chemistry 2018; 24:8833-8840. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yepes
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Andres Bello; Av. República 275 Santiago Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad de Chile; Sergio Livingstone 1007 Santiago Chile
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA); Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
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28
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Sorbelli D, Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Belanzoni P. Ligand Effect on Bonding in Gold(III) Carbonyl Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:6161-6175. [PMID: 29741374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We quantitatively assess the Dewar-Chatt-Duncanson (DCD) components of the Au(III)-CO bond and the charge density polarization at the CO, in a series of neutral, cationic, and dicationic bis- and monocyclometalated gold(III) complexes via charge-displacement (CD) analysis. A striking feature concerns the very small net electron charge flux from CO to the metal fragment which is unexpectedly stable toward both the charge of the complex and the oxidation state of gold (I, III). All systems exhibit a similar trend for the σ charge rearrangement in the region of the carbonyl bond, where, by contrast, the π back-donation trend variation is large, which is strictly correlated to the change in CO bond distance and the shift in CO stretching frequencies, in close analogy with the gold(I) carbonyl complexes. In the whole series of gold(III) compounds, a large Au(III) ← CO σ donation is measured (from 0.19 to 0.31 electrons), as well as a significant Au(III) → CO π back-donation (from -0.09 to -0.22 electrons), which however is not generally able to completely balance the polarization of the CO π electrons in the direction from oxygen to carbon (C ← O) induced by the presence of the metal fragment [LAu(III)]0/+1/+2. Surprisingly, all the gold(III) complexes in the series are characterized by a very small anisotropy in the Au(III) → CO in-plane and out-of-plane π back-donation components, in sharp contrast with the marked anisotropy found before for the experimentally characterized [(C^N^C)Au(III)CO]+ complex. A first attempt to figure out a rationale on the bonding/reactivity relationship for Au(III)-CO is made by performing a comparative study with an isostructural [(N^N^C)Pt(II)CO]+ complex in a model water-gas shift (WGS) reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Consortium for Computational Molecular and Materials Sciences (CMS)2 , via Elce di Sotto 8 , I-06123 Perugia , Italy
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29
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Falivene L, Kozlov SM, Cavallo L. Constructing Bridges between Computational Tools in Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Catalysis. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Falivene
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sergey M. Kozlov
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Chatupheeraphat A, Liao HH, Srimontree W, Guo L, Minenkov Y, Poater A, Cavallo L, Rueping M. Ligand-Controlled Chemoselective C(acyl)-O Bond vs C(aryl)-C Bond Activation of Aromatic Esters in Nickel Catalyzed C(sp 2)-C(sp 3) Cross-Couplings. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3724-3735. [PMID: 29461813 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A ligand-controlled and site-selective nickel catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction with aromatic esters and alkyl organoboron reagents as coupling partners was developed. This methodology provides a facile route for C(sp2)-C(sp3) bond formation in a straightforward fashion by successful suppression of the undesired β-hydride elimination process. By simply switching the phosphorus ligand, the ester substrates are converted into the alkylated arenes and ketone products, respectively. The utility of this newly developed protocol was demonstrated by its wide substrate scope, broad functional group tolerance and application in the synthesis of key intermediates for the synthesis of bioactive compounds. DFT studies on the oxidative addition step helped rationalizing this intriguing reaction chemoselectivity: whereas nickel complexes with bidentate ligands favor the C(aryl)-C bond cleavage in the oxidative addition step leading to the alkylated product via a decarbonylative process, nickel complexes with monodentate phosphorus ligands favor activation of the C(acyl)-O bond, which later generates the ketone product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adisak Chatupheeraphat
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Hsuan-Hung Liao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Watchara Srimontree
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Lin Guo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany
| | - Yury Minenkov
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Albert Poater
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia.,Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química , Universitat de Girona , Campus Montilivi , 17003 Girona, Catalonia , Spain
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1 , 52074 Aachen , Germany.,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
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31
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Fernández I. Understanding the Reactivity of Fullerenes Through the Activation Strain Model. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201701626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departmento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA); Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; Cuidad Universitaria 28040- Madrid Spain
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32
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Yang Y, Liu Y, Lv P, Zhu R, Liu C, Zhang D. Theoretical Insight into the Mechansim and Origin of Ligand-Controlled Regioselectivity in Homogenous Gold-Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroarylation of Alkynes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2763-2772. [PMID: 29431999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This work aims at understanding the mechanism and regioselectivity in ligand-controlled gold-catalyzed divergent intramolecular hydroarylation of alkynes reported by Jiang et al. ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2016 , 138 , 5218 - 5221 ). Focusing on a representative alkyne, N-propargyl-N-tosylaniline, we conducted a detailed computational study on the ortho- and para-position hydroarylation of the alkyne catalyzed by gold(I) catalysts with different ligands. Both the ortho- and para-position hydroarylation reactions are found to follow a similar three-stage mechanism: electrophilic cyclization, proton loss, and protiodeauration. The initial electrophilic cyclization was identified as the rate- and regiochemistry-determining step. With the flexible electron-deficient phosphite ligand, the ortho-position cyclization is identified as the energetically more favorable pathway, while with the rigid electron-abundant phosphine (Xphos) ligand, the dominant pathway turns to the para-position cyclization. The theoretical results are in good agreement with the experimental observations. The π-π interaction between alkynyl phenyl and the directing acylamino group are found to be mainly responsible for the observed ortho-selectivity, while a combination of favorable noncovalent CH···π interaction and steric repulsion between Xphos ligand and alkynyl group contributes to the observed exclusive para-selectivity. The present calculations provide deeper insight into the mechanism and origin of regioselectivity of the title reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Yang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Pingli Lv
- Faculty of Light Industry, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) , Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
| | - Rongxiu Zhu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Chengbu Liu
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Dongju Zhang
- Key Lab of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Shandong University , Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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33
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Chakrabarty I, Akram MO, Biswas S, Patil NT. Visible light mediated desilylative C(sp2)–C(sp2) cross-coupling reactions of arylsilanes with aryldiazonium salts under Au(i)/Au(iii) catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7223-7226. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03925a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Desilylative C(sp2)–C(sp2) cross-coupling reactions of arylsilanes with aryldiazonium salts under Au(i)/photoredox catalysis have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indradweep Chakrabarty
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR – National Chemical Laboratory
- Dr Homi Bhabha Road
- Pune
- India
| | - Manjur O. Akram
- Division of Organic Chemistry
- CSIR – National Chemical Laboratory
- Dr Homi Bhabha Road
- Pune
- India
| | - Suprakash Biswas
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhauri
- Bhopal
- India
| | - Nitin T. Patil
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal
- Bhauri
- Bhopal
- India
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34
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Rational development of catalytic Au(I)/Au(III) arylation involving mild oxidative addition of aryl halides. Nat Commun 2017; 8:565. [PMID: 28924193 PMCID: PMC5603523 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00672-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reluctance of gold to achieve oxidative addition reaction is considered as an intrinsic limitation for the development of gold-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions with simple and ubiquitous aryl halide electrophiles. Here, we report the rational construction of a Au(I)/Au(III) catalytic cycle involving a sequence of Csp2–X oxidative addition, Csp2–H auration and reductive elimination, allowing a gold-catalyzed direct arylation of arenes with aryl halides. Key to this discovery is the use of Me-Dalphos, a simple ancillary (P,N) ligand, that allows the bottleneck oxidative addition of aryl iodides and bromides to readily proceed under mild conditions. The hemilabile character of the amino group plays a crucial role in this transformation, as substantiated by density functional theory calculations. Catalysis involving Au(I)/Au(III) cycles are notoriously hampered by the reluctance of Au(I) towards oxidative addition. Here, the authors show that an hemilabile bidentate ligand promotes oxidative addition of aryl halides to Au(I) and the catalytic formation of biaryl coupling products.
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35
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García-Rodeja Y, Solà M, Bickelhaupt FM, Fernández I. Understanding the Reactivity of Ion-Encapsulated Fullerenes. Chemistry 2017; 23:11030-11036. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yago García-Rodeja
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Campany 69 17003 Girona Spain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling (ACMM); Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials (IMM); Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
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36
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García-Rodeja Y, Fernández I. Influence of the Transition-Metal Fragment on the Reactivity of Metallaanthracenes. Chemistry 2017; 23:6634-6642. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201700551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yago García-Rodeja
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA); Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA); Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
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37
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García-Rodeja Y, Fernández I. Understanding the Effect of α-Cationic Phosphines and Group 15 Analogues on π-Acid Catalysis. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yago García-Rodeja
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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38
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Deng J, Wen X, Li J. Mechanistic investigation of Rh(i)-catalyzed alkyne–isatin decarbonylative coupling. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00122c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Theoretical studies reveal the ligand role in the Rh(i)-catalyzed alkyne–isatin decarbonylative coupling and account for the origin of chemo- and region-selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Deng
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Wen
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou
- P. R. China
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39
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Yepes D, Pérez P, Jaque P, Fernández I. Effect of Lewis acid bulkiness on the stereoselectivity of Diels–Alder reactions between acyclic dienes and α,β-enals. Org Chem Front 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7qo00154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of Lewis acid bulkiness on the stereoselectivity of Diels–Alder reactions is analysed computationally in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yepes
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
- Universidad Andres Bello
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas
- Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid
- 28040-Madrid
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40
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Gaggioli CA, Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Belanzoni P. The gold(iii)–CO bond: a missing piece in the gold carbonyl complex landscape. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1603-1606. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09879g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Surprisingly, charge-displacement (CD) analysis reveals a significant π back-donation in the gold(iii)–CO bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Alberto Gaggioli
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Universita' degli Studi di Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM)
- c/o Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Universita' degli Studi di Perugia
- Perugia
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Universita' degli Studi di Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica
- Biologia e Biotecnologie
- Universita' degli Studi di Perugia
- Perugia
- Italy
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41
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Gaggioli CA, Belpassi L, Tarantelli F, Harvey JN, Belanzoni P. The ligand effect on the oxidative addition of dioxygen to gold(i)–hydride complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:11679-11690. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02170d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The activation energy barriers of the O2 to [LAuH] oxidative addition, calculated by including spin–orbit coupling (SOC) effects, quantitatively correlate with the σ donation component of the L–AuH bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Alberto Gaggioli
- Department of Chemistry
- Chemical Theory Center and Supercomputing Institute
- University of Minnesota
- Minneapolis
- USA
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM) – CNR
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
| | - Francesco Tarantelli
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM) – CNR
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology
| | | | - Paola Belanzoni
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM) – CNR
- 06123 Perugia
- Italy
- Department of Chemistry
- Biology and Biotechnology
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42
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Xie H, Li Y, Wang L, Kuang J, Lei Q, Fang W. Why different ligands can control stereochemistry selectivity of Ni-catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling of benzylic carbamates with arylboronic esters: a mechanistic study. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:13010-13019. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02532g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Transmetallation is the rate-determining step for the whole catalytic cycle, and oxidative addition controls the stereoselectivity of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hujun Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou 310018
- P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou 310018
- P. R. China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou 310018
- P. R. China
| | - Jian Kuang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Zhejiang Gongshang University
- Hangzhou 310018
- P. R. China
| | - Qunfang Lei
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Fang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- P. R. China
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43
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Yang S, Xu Y, Li J. Theoretical Study of Nickel-Catalyzed Proximal C–C Cleavage in Benzocyclobutenones with Insertion of 1,3-Diene: Origin of Selectivity and Role of Ligand. Org Lett 2016; 18:6244-6247. [PMID: 27978652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Huangpu Road West 601, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yilu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Huangpu Road West 601, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Huangpu Road West 601, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, P. R. China
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44
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Deng J, Wen X, Qiu Z, Li J. Mechanism of Rh(III)-catalyzed cyclopropanation using N-enoxyphthalimides and alkenes: Insights from DFT calculations. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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45
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Yepes D, Jaque P, Fernández I. Deeper Insight into the Factors Controlling H2Activation by Geminal Aminoborane-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Chemistry 2016; 22:18801-18809. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Yepes
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Andres Bello; Av. República 275 Santiago Chile
- Nucleus Millennium Chemical Processes and Catalysis (CPC); Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Casilla 306, Correo 22 Santiago Chile
| | - Pablo Jaque
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; Universidad Andres Bello; Av. República 275 Santiago Chile
- Nucleus Millennium Chemical Processes and Catalysis (CPC); Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Casilla 306, Correo 22 Santiago Chile
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense de Madrid; 28040 Madrid Spain
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46
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García-Rodeja Y, Bickelhaupt FM, Fernández I. Understanding the Oxidative Addition of σ-Bonds to Group 13 Compounds. Chemistry 2016; 22:13669-76. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yago García-Rodeja
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - F. Matthias Bickelhaupt
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry; Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam; De Boelelaan 1083 1081 HV Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Institute of Molecules and Materials; Radboud University; Heyendaalseweg 135 6525 AJ Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I; Facultad de Ciencias Químicas; Universidad Complutense; 28040 Madrid Spain
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47
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García-Rodeja Y, Fernández I. Factors Controlling the Reactivity and Selectivity of the Diels–Alder Reactions Involving 1,2-Azaborines. J Org Chem 2016; 81:6554-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yago García-Rodeja
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química
Orgánica I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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48
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Tlahuext-Aca A, Hopkinson MN, Daniliuc CG, Glorius F. Oxidative Addition to Gold(I) by Photoredox Catalysis: Straightforward Access to Diverse (C,N)-Cyclometalated Gold(III) Complexes. Chemistry 2016; 22:11587-92. [PMID: 27338119 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report the oxidative addition of aryldiazonium salts to ligand-supported gold(I) complexes under visible light photoredox conditions. This method provides experimental evidence for the involvement of such a process in dual gold/photoredox-catalyzed reactions and delivers well-defined (C,N)-cyclometalated gold(III) species. The remarkably mild reaction conditions and the ability to widely vary the ancillary ligand make this method a potentially powerful synthetic tool to access diverse gold(III) complexes for systematic studies into their properties and reactivity. Initial studies show that these species can undergo chloride abstraction to afford Lewis acidic dicationic gold(III) species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tlahuext-Aca
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthew N Hopkinson
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- NRW Graduate School of Chemistry, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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49
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Fernández I, Cossío FP. Interplay between aromaticity and strain in double group transfer reactions to 1,2-benzyne. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:1265-73. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Fernández
- Departamento De Química Orgánica I; Facultad De Ciencas Químicas, Universidad Complutense De Madrid; Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Fernando P. Cossío
- Departamento De Química Orgánica I-Kimika Organikoa I Saila; Facultad De Química-Kimika Fakultatea, Universidad Del País Vasco-Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, P. K. 1072, 20080 San Sebastián-Donostia; Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC); San Sebastián-Donostia P.O. 1072, 20018 Spain
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50
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Xie H, Liu C, Yuan Y, Zhou T, Fan T, Lei Q, Fang W. Oxidation of phenyl and hydride ligands of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium derivatives by nitrous oxide via selective oxygen atom transfer reactions: insights from quantum chemistry calculations. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:1152-9. [PMID: 26660046 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03264d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms for the oxidation of phenyl and hydride ligands of bis(pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)hafnium derivatives (Cp* = η(5)-C5Me5) by nitrous oxide via selective oxygen atom transfer reactions have been systematically studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. On the basis of the calculations, we investigated the original mechanism proposed by Hillhouse and co-workers for the activation of N2O. The calculations showed that the complex with an initial O-coordination of N2O to the coordinatively unsaturated Hf center is not a local minimum. Then we proposed a new reaction mechanism to investigate how N2O is activated and why N2O selectively oxidize phenyl and hydride ligands of . Frontier molecular orbital theory analysis indicates that N2O is activated by nucleophilic attack by the phenyl or hydride ligand. Present calculations provide new insights into the activation of N2O involving the direct oxygen atom transfer from nitrous oxide to metal-ligand bonds instead of the generally observed oxygen abstraction reaction to generate metal-oxo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hujun Xie
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ting Fan
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Qunfang Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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