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Photodegradation of Azathioprine in the Presence of Sodium Thiosulfate. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073975. [PMID: 35409337 PMCID: PMC8999472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of sodium thiosulfate (ST) on the photodegradation of azathioprine (AZA) was analyzed by UV-VIS spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), FTIR spectroscopy, Raman scattering, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG) and mass spectrometry (MS). The PL studies highlighted that as the ST concentration increased from 25 wt.% to 75 wt.% in the AZA:ST mixture, the emission band of AZA gradual downshifted to 553, 542 and 530 nm. The photodegradation process of AZA:ST induced: (i) the emergence of a new band in the 320–400 nm range in the UV-VIS spectra of AZA and (ii) a change in the intensity ratio of the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) bands in the 280–335 and 335–430 nm spectral ranges. These changes suggest the emergence of new compounds during the photo-oxidation reaction of AZA with ST. The invoked photodegradation compounds were confirmed by studies of the Raman scattering, the FTIR spectroscopy and XPS spectroscopy through: (i) the downshift of the IR band of AZA from 1336 cm−1 to 1331 cm−1, attributed to N-C-N deformation in the purine ring; (ii) the change in the intensity ratio of the Raman lines peaking at 1305 cm−1 and 1330 cm−1 from 3.45 to 4.57, as the weight of ST in the AZA:ST mixture mass increased; and (iii) the emergence of a new band in the XPS O1s spectrum peaking at 531 eV, which was associated with the C=O bond. Through correlated studies of TG-MS, the main key fragments of ST-reacted AZA are reported.
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Kumar Mall V, Prakash Ojha R, Tiwari P, Prakash R. Immunosuppressive Drug Sensor based on MoS2-Polycarboxyindole Modified Electrodes. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Alizadeh T, Shojaeianfar M, Reza Ganjali M. Preparation of a New Copper/Mercury‐Based Amalgam Electrode with Minimal Mercury Content and Its Application for the Determination of Azathioprine in Biological Fluids. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202000546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taher Alizadeh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University College of Science, University of Tehran Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box 14155-6455 Tehran Iran
| | - Moslem Shojaeianfar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University College of Science, University of Tehran Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box 14155-6455 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Ganjali
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry University College of Science, University of Tehran Tehran, Iran, P.O. Box 14155-6455 Tehran Iran
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Mohammad Almahri A, Jabli M. Successful spectrofluorometric and chemiluminescence methods for the estimation of azathioprine as an immunosuppressive drug in pharmaceutical preparation. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Fallah A, Hadjmohammadi MR. Low-density-solvent-based air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction of azathioprine based on multivariate optimization and its trace determination in biological samples. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-01895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Brusač E, Jeličić ML, Amidžić Klarić D, Nigović B, Turk N, Klarić I, Mornar A. Pharmacokinetic Profiling and Simultaneous Determination of Thiopurine Immunosuppressants and Folic Acid by Chromatographic Methods. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24193469. [PMID: 31554326 PMCID: PMC6803969 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
With the increase in the number of medicines patients have to take, there has been a rapid rise of fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) in the last two decades. Prior to FDC development, pharmacokinetic properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) have to be evaluated, as well as methods for their determination developed. So as to increase patient compliance in inflammatory bowel disease, three novel FDCs of thiopurine immunosuppressants and folic acid are proposed; physico-chemical and pharmacokinetic properties such as hydrophobicity, lipophilicity and plasma protein binding of all APIs are evaluated. Moreover, experimental results of different properties are compared to those computed by various on-line prediction platforms so as to evaluate the viability of the in silico approach. A simultaneous method for their determination is developed, optimized, validated and applied to commercial tablet formulations. The method has shown to be fast, selective, accurate and precise, showing potential for reliable determination of API content in proposed FDCs during its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edvin Brusač
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Mario-Livio Jeličić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Daniela Amidžić Klarić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Biljana Nigović
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Nikša Turk
- Clinical Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Ilija Klarić
- Public Health Brčko DC, R. Dž. Čauševića 1, 76100 Brčko DC, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
| | - Ana Mornar
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, A. Kovačića 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Shpigun LK, Andryukhina EY. A New Electrochemical Sensor for Direct Detection of Purine Antimetabolites and DNA Degradation. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:1572526. [PMID: 30984441 PMCID: PMC6431463 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1572526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The development of a reliable electrochemical sensor using a hybrid nanocomposite consisting of ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) functionalized graphene oxide (GrO-IL) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) stabilized by chitosan (Chit) was described. The new sensor, labelled as GrO-IL-AuNPs-Chit/CSE, exhibited an improved electrocatalytic response to cancer drugs such as purine antimetabolites (6-thioguanine, 6-mercaptopurine, and azathioprine) in a wide concentration range with a low detection limit (20-40 nmol·L-1, S/N = 3), and satisfactory recoveries (97.1-103.0%). The sensor has been also successfully used for cyclic voltammetric study of a salmon sperm double-stranded DNA degradation and DNA-6-mercaptopurine interaction in aqueous solutions (pH 7.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliya K. Shpigun
- Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Yu. Andryukhina
- Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Alaei HS, Tehrani MS, Husain SW, Panahi HA, Mehramizi A. Photoresponsive molecularly imprinted dendrimer-based magnetic nanoparticles for photo-regulated selective separation of azathioprine. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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In-situ decorated silver nanoparticles on electrospun poly (vinyl alcohol)/chitosan nanofibers as a plasmonic sensor for azathioprine determination. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Timofeeva II, Vakh CS, Bulatov AV, Worsfold PJ. Flow analysis with chemiluminescence detection: Recent advances and applications. Talanta 2017; 179:246-270. [PMID: 29310229 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This article highlights the most important developments in flow analysis with chemiluminescence (CL) detection, describing different flow systems that are compatible with CL detection, detector designs, commonly applied CL reactions and approaches to sample treatment. Recent applications of flow analysis with CL detection (focusing on outputs published since 2010) are also presented. Applications are classified by sample matrix, covering foods and beverages, environmental matrices, pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. Comprehensive tables are provided for each area, listing the specific sample matrix, CL reaction used, linear range, limit of detection and sample treatment for each analyte. Finally, recent and emerging trends in the field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina I Timofeeva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, St.Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskayanab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Christina S Vakh
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, St.Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskayanab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Andrey V Bulatov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Saint-Petersburg University, St.Petersburg State University, SPbSU, SPbU, 7/9 Universitetskayanab., St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Paul J Worsfold
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences and Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, Devon PL4 8AA, UK
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Han S, Hao F, Wei B. Chemiluminescence Determination of Gossypol by Oxidation with N-Bromosuccinimide. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201200464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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