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Piroozmand A, Mousavi Nasab SD, Erami M, Hashemi SMA, Khodabakhsh E, Ahmadi N, Vahedpoor Z. Distribution of Human Papillomavirus and Antisperm Antibody in Semen and Its Association with Semen Parameters Among Infertile Men. J Reprod Infertil 2020; 21:183-188. [PMID: 32685415 PMCID: PMC7362092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be associated with infertility. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been identified as a potential agent in male infertility. Also, anti-sperm antibodies (ASA) have been detected in men with infertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and association of HPV and ASA in infected semen of infertile men. METHODS This cross-sectional study was performed on 96 infertile men referring to infertility treatment center of Kashan University of Medical Sciences during March 2017 till September 2017 in Iran. Semen analysis and diagnostic PCR test were performed for detection of HPV DNA. The semen parameters in HPV infected and ASA positive samples were compared with HPV non-infected and ASA negative samples. Chi square test was used to determine the correlation between variables and p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS HPV DNA and ASA were detected in 17.4% and 15.2% of 96 semen samples, respectively. Semen volume, sperm count, sperm motility and the normal morphology rate were significantly decreased in HPV-positive subjects (p=0.004, p= 0.016, p<0.001, and p=0.017, respectively). Also, sperm motility was significantly decreased in ASA-positive subjects (p=0.002), also patients with HPV infection had a higher rate of ASA than the non-HPV group. In contrast to ASA, HPV infection had a significant correlation with education level (p=0.039). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that asymptomatic seminal infection of HPV and ASA by adversely affecting sperm quality, in particular sperm motility and count, may play an important role in male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Piroozmand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran, Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Seyed Dawood Mousavi Nasab
- Department of Research and Development, Production and Research Complex, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahzad Erami
- Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Elnaz Khodabakhsh
- Infertility Clinic, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nayebali Ahmadi
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Vahedpoor
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran,Corresponding Author: Zahra Vahedpoor, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran, E-mail:
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Damke E, Kurscheidt FA, Balani VA, Takeda KI, Irie MMT, Gimenes F, Consolaro MEL. Male Partners of Infertile Couples with Seminal Infections of Human Papillomavirus Have Impaired Fertility Parameters. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:4684629. [PMID: 28835893 PMCID: PMC5556607 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4684629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have addressed the impact of viral infections on male infertility. However, it is still unknown whether human papillomavirus (HPV) can alter seminal parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HPV in the semen of male partners of couples seeking fertility evaluation. Additionally, we assessed the possibility that HPV infections affect seminal parameters. A total of 229 semen samples were collected from men in the Sperm Analysis Section of São Camilo Laboratory of Maringá, Brazil, between October 2015 and March 2016. Basic seminal parameters were analyzed, and HPV was detected and genotyped by polymerase chain reaction. HPV DNA was detected in 16.6% of samples. Of these, 10.5% had single type HPV infections, 6.1% had multiple HPV infections, 5.7% had exclusively high-risk HPV, and 6.1% had exclusively low-risk HPV. Samples positive for single and multiple types of HPV were associated with abnormal viscosity, and samples positive for multiple HPV types were also associated with hypospermia, higher pH, and increased leukocyte numbers. These findings suggest that the male partners of infertile couples with seminal HPV infections may have prostate disturbances indicative of glandular dysfunction, which may influence fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edilson Damke
- Clinical Cytology and STD Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Fábio A. Kurscheidt
- Clinical Cytology and STD Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
- Sperm Analysis Section, São Camilo Laboratory, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Karen I. Takeda
- Sperm Analysis Section, São Camilo Laboratory, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Mary M. T. Irie
- Clinical Cytology and STD Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Fabrícia Gimenes
- Clinical Cytology and STD Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcia E. L. Consolaro
- Clinical Cytology and STD Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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3
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Jordan AE, Perlman DC, Neurer J, Smith DJ, Des Jarlais DC, Hagan H. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among HIV+ men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 28:145-159. [PMID: 26826159 PMCID: PMC4965334 DOI: 10.1177/0956462416630910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since 2000, an increase in hepatitis C virus infection among HIV-infected (HIV+) men who have sex with men has been observed. Evidence points to blood exposure during sex as the medium of hepatitis C virus transmission. Hepatitis C virus prevalence among HIV + MSM overall and in relation to injection drug use is poorly characterized. In this study, a systematic review and meta-analysis examining global hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence and estimating active hepatitis C virus prevalence among HIV + MSM were conducted; 42 reports provided anti-hepatitis C virus prevalence data among HIV + MSM. Pooled prevalence produced an overall anti-hepatitis C virus prevalence among HIV + MSM of 8.1%; active HCV prevalence estimate was 5.3%-7.3%. Anti-hepatitis C virus prevalence among injection drug use and non-injection drug use HIV + MSM was 40.0% and 6.7%, respectively. Among HIV + MSM, hepatitis C virus prevalence increased significantly over time among the overall and non-injection drug use groups, and decreased significantly among injection drug use HIV + MSM. We identified a moderate prevalence of hepatitis C virus among all HIV + MSM and among non-injection drug use HIV + MSM; for both, prevalence was observed to be increasing slightly. Pooled prevalence of hepatitis C virus among HIV + MSM was higher than that observed in the 1945-1965 US birth cohort. The modest but rising hepatitis C virus prevalence among HIV + MSM suggests an opportunity to control HCV among HIV + MSM; this combined with data demonstrating a rising hepatitis C virus incidence highlights the temporal urgency to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashly E Jordan
- 1 New York University, New York, NY, USA
- 2 Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York, NY, USA
| | - David C Perlman
- 2 Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York, NY, USA
- 3 Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Don C Des Jarlais
- 2 Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York, NY, USA
- 3 Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA
| | - Holly Hagan
- 1 New York University, New York, NY, USA
- 2 Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York, NY, USA
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4
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Sá LCD, Araújo TMED, Griep RH, Campelo V, Monteiro CFDS. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C and factors associated with this in crack users. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2015; 21:1195-202. [PMID: 24402335 DOI: 10.1590/0104-1169.3126.2354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE to investigate the seroprevalence of hepatitis C in crack users in Piauí. METHOD seroepidemiological survey, undertaken in the Psycho-Social Care Centers for Drugs and Alcohol (CAPS AD) in Piauí in the period December 2011 to May 2012. A questionnaire was administered and blood samples were collected for serological research. Fisher's exact test and the Mann-Whitney test were used, with a level of significance of (p<0.05). RESULTS the prevalence of Anti-HCV was 05 (1.4%) and 04 (1.1%) for the RNA-HCV. There was a statistically significant association between hepatitis C (serological marker RNA-HCV) and age, being resident at home, length of use of crack, interruption of the use of crack, and the habit of sharing the crack pipes. CONCLUSION the findings support the need to implement health policies aimed at crack users, due to the accelerated process of physical and psychological deterioration to which these are subject.
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5
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Male infertility: a public health issue caused by sexually transmitted pathogens. Nat Rev Urol 2014; 11:672-87. [PMID: 25330794 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are caused by several pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and protozoa, and can induce male infertility through multiple pathophysiological mechanisms. Additionally, horizontal transmission of STD pathogens to sexual partners or vertical transmission to fetuses and neonates is possible. Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma spp., human papillomavirus, hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses, HIV-1 and human cytomegalovirus have all been detected in semen from symptomatic and asymptomatic men with testicular, accessory gland and urethral infections. These pathogens are associated with poor sperm quality and decreased sperm concentration and motility. However, the effects of these STD agents on semen quality are unclear, as are the effects of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma spp., Treponema pallidum and Trichomonas vaginalis, because few studies have evaluated the influence of these pathogens on male infertility. Chronic or inadequately treated infections seem to be more relevant to infertility than acute infections are, although in many cases the exact aetiological agents remain unknown.
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6
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Bradshaw D, Lamoury F, Catlett B, Applegate TL, Mcallister J, Dore GJ, Matthews GV, Danta M. A comparison of seminal hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels during recent and chronic HCV infection in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected individuals. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:736-43. [PMID: 25293369 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to characterize seminal hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA dynamics in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men with acute HCV infection given its potential role in sexual transmission of HCV. METHODS Men with acute HCV infection (duration, ≤12 months) or chronic HCV infection (duration, >12 months) were prospectively recruited. Paired semen and blood samples were assayed for HCV RNA levels. Results were analyzed using χ(2), Fisher exact, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal-Wallis tests. RESULTS Eighteen men (27.3%) had acute HCV and HIV coinfection, 22 (33.3%) had chronic HCV infection and HIV coinfection, and 26 (39.4%) had chronic HCV monoinfection. HCV RNA was detected in semen specimens from 29 of 66 men (43.9%). The median HCV RNA level in blood was 4.0 log IU/mL higher than that in semen. HCV RNA levels were correlated in semen and blood (r(2) = 0.142). Neither HIV positivity nor acute HCV infection was associated with an increased frequency of seminal HCV RNA detection. Among men with acute HCV and HIV coinfection, the median HCV RNA level in blood specimens from those with seminal HCV RNA was higher than that in blood specimens from those without seminal HCV RNA (P = .001). Seminal HCV RNA was detected in ≥1 sample for 26 of 35 men (74.3%) attending follow up. CONCLUSIONS HCV RNA was detected in semen during both acute and chronic HCV infection. This was unaffected by HIV positivity or the phase of HCV infection. Elevated seminal HCV RNA levels could contribute to sexual transmission of HCV, but other factors, including high-risk behaviors, may be the main drivers for HCV transmission in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bradshaw
- Kirby Institute Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Danta
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Australia
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7
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Njouom R, Lavoie M, Foupouapouognigni Y, Frost E, Deslandes S, Mamadou-Yaya F, Mbélesso P, Mbadingai S, Pépin J. Transmission of Hepatitis C virus among spouses in Cameroon and the Central African Republic. J Med Virol 2011; 83:2113-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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Roque-Cuéllar MC, Sánchez B, García-Lozano JR, Praena-Fernández JM, Núñez-Roldán A, Aguilar-Reina J. Cellular immune responses and occult infection in seronegative heterosexual partners of chronic hepatitis C patients. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:e541-9. [PMID: 21914075 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2011.01464.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown whether hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific cellular immune responses can develop in seronegative sexual partners of chronically HCV-infected patients and whether they have occult infection. Thirty-one heterosexual partners of patients with chronic HCV were studied, fifteen of them with HCV transmission risks. Ten healthy individuals and 17 anti-HCV seropositive patients, without viremia, were used as controls. Virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses were measured by flow cytometry against six HCV peptides, situated within the nonstructural (NS) proteins NS3, NS4 and NS5, through intracellular detection of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) or interleukin 4 (IL-4) production and CD69 expression. Sexual partners had a higher production of IFN-γ and IL-4 by CD4+ cells against NS3-p124 (P = 0.003), NS5b-p257 (P = 0.005) and NS5b-p294 (P = 0.012), and CD8+ cells against NS3-p124 (P = 0.002), NS4b-p177 (P = 0.001) and NS3-p294 (P = 0.004) as compared with healthy controls. We observed elevated IFN-γ production by CD4+ T cells against NS5b-p257 (P = 0.042) and NS5b-p294 (P = 0.009) in the sexual partners with HCV transmission risks (sexual, professional and familial altogether) than in those without risks. RNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and detection of HCV-RNA positive and replicative (negative) strands was performed by strand-specific real-time PCR. In four sexual partners, the presence of positive and negative HCV- RNA strands in PBMC was confirmed. Hence, we found an HCV-specific cellular immune response as well as occult HCV infection in seronegative and aviremic sexual partners of chronically HCV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Roque-Cuéllar
- Grupo Sección de Hepatología, Servicio de Aparato Digestivo Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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9
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Savasi V, Parrilla B, Ratti M, Oneta M, Clerici M, Ferrazzi E. Hepatitis C virus RNA detection in different semen fractions of HCV/HIV-1 co-infected men by nested PCR. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2010; 151:52-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2010.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Hofer H, Donnerer J, Sator K, Staufer K, Scherzer TM, Dejaco C, Sator M, Kessler H, Ferenci P. Seminal fluid ribavirin level and functional semen parameters in patients with chronic hepatitis C on antiviral combination therapy. J Hepatol 2010; 52:812-6. [PMID: 20399525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Due to the possible teratogenic effect of ribavirin, effective contraception is mandatory during antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). The aim of this study was to evaluate seminal parameters and ribavirin and HCV-RNA concentrations in seminal fluid and serum prior to and during antiviral treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS Fifteen male patients (age: 42+/-9 (years+/-SD)) with CHC treated with pegylated interferon-alpha-2a and ribavirin were investigated. Seminal fluid (sperm concentration, motility, and morphology) was analysed morphologically. HCV-RNA and ribavirin concentration were determined by quantitative PCR and HPLC, respectively. Examinations were carried out at baseline, week 4, and week 12. RESULTS Ribavirin concentration was higher in seminal fluid than in serum (week 4: 5.2+/-2.5 vs. 2.1+/-0.3; week 12: 4.4+/-1.8 vs. 2.0+/-0.3 (microg/ml, mean+/-SD; p<0.001)). Semen abnormalities were common at baseline (asthenoteratozoospermia: n=6; asthenozoospermia: n=3; teratozoospermia: n=3). Sperm density (BL: 67+/-33x10(6)/ml; week 4: 42+/-25 (p<0.05); week 12: 49+/-33 (n.s.)), percentage of sperm with progressive motility (BL: 40+/-26%; week 4: 27+/-25; week 12: 31+/-20 (n.s.)), and percentage of sperm with normal morphology (BL: 25+/-15; week 4: 20+/-11; week 12: 16+/-9; p<0.05 for both) further decreased during antiviral therapy. HCV-RNA was detectable in the seminal fluid of only two patients prior to antiviral therapy and was undetectable in all patients during combination therapy. CONCLUSION Semen abnormalities were common in CHC patients, with further impairment during antiviral therapy. Ribavirin concentration was elevated twofold in seminal fluid compared to serum levels, which reinforces the need for contraception during antiviral combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hofer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringerguertel 18-20, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Schaefer S. [Sexually transmissible hepatitis viruses]. Hautarzt 2009; 60:456-64. [PMID: 19436974 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-008-1692-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The transmission of hepatitis viruses as a result of sexual activity is a common problem in medical practice. A system of stages is proposed to diagnose viral hepatitis. Testing for anti-HBc, HBsAg, anti-HAV and anti-HCV is sufficient for initial screening. Depending on the circumstances, this may be followed by further tests for HBV, HCV and HAV. If initial screening provides no evidence, further tests for HEV, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus or other agents are conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schaefer
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Virologie und Hygiene, Universität Rostock, Schillingallee 70, 18057, Rostock.
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Russell M, Chen MJ, Nochajski TH, Testa M, Zimmerman SJ, Hughes PS. Risky sexual behavior, bleeding caused by intimate partner violence, and hepatitis C virus infection in patients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic. Am J Public Health 2009; 99 Suppl 1:S173-9. [PMID: 19218181 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2007.126383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We sought to investigate independent contributions of risky sexual behaviors and bleeding caused by intimate partner violence to prediction of HCV infection. METHODS We conducted a case-control study of risk factors among patients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic with and without HCV antibodies, group-matched by age. RESULTS Multivariate analyses indicated that Black race (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3, 4.4), injection drug use (OR = 20.3; 95% CI = 10.8, 37.8), sharing straws to snort drugs (OR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.01, 3.0), sharing razors (OR = 7.8; 95% CI = 2.0, 31.0), and exposure to bleeding caused by intimate partner violence (OR = 5.5; 95% CI = 1.4, 22.8) contributed significantly to the prediction of HCV infection; risky sexual behavior and exposure to blood or sores during sexual intercourse did not. CONCLUSIONS HCV risk among patients of a sexually transmitted disease clinic can be explained by direct blood exposure, primarily through injection drug use. Exposure to bleeding caused by intimate partner violence may be a previously unrecognized mechanism for HCV transmission associated with risky sexual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Russell
- Pacific Institute for Research & Evaluation, Prevention Research Center, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Bourlet T, Lornage J, Maertens A, Garret AS, Saoudin H, Tardy JC, Jimenez C, Guerin JF, Pozzetto B, Levy R. Prospective evaluation of the threat related to the use of seminal fractions from hepatitis C virus-infected men in assisted reproductive techniques. Hum Reprod 2008; 24:530-5. [PMID: 19073618 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission during assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) is still disputed and no report concerning its prospective evaluation is available. METHODS The aim of this 4-year follow-up multicentre study that enrolled 86 HCV-serodiscordant couples was to determine whether a sperm-processing method was able to reduce levels of HCV in semen and the risk of HCV transmission to the newborn. All the men were chronically infected by HCV and 10 of them by human immunodeficiency virus. A total of 181 seminal plasmas and 153 sperm fractions were tested for the presence of HCV RNA. RESULTS HCV RNA tested positive in 20.4% of the seminal samples. All of the 153 final sperm fractions tested negative for HCV. The detection of HCV RNA in semen was significantly correlated with a high viral load in blood (P < 0.05). The presence of HCV RNA in seminal plasma impaired neither semen parameters nor ART issue. From the 58 couples enrolled effectively in an ART programme, 24 pregnancies and 28 newborns were obtained. All of them tested negative for HCV RNA in blood. CONCLUSION These results emphasize the safety of the semen-processing method. The negligible risk of transmitting HCV reduces the value of the systematic analysis of HCV RNA in seminal fractions prior to ART. Since use of this analytical procedure involves the freezing of semen, its avoidance would result in an increase in sperm quality and reduce the need to perform intracytoplasmic sperm injection techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bourlet
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, GIMAP EA 3064, IFRESIS, Faculté de Médecine J. Lisfranc, Université de Saint-Etienne, 15 rue Ambroise Paré, 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 02, France
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14
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Savasi V, Ferrazzi E, Fiore S. Reproductive assistance for infected couples with bloodborne viruses. Placenta 2008; 29 Suppl B:160-5. [PMID: 18790329 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2008.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
During the past 15 years Assisted Reproduction has been facing a new demand from patients requiring ART: couples at risk of partner to partner, and mother to child transmission of viral infections, mainly HIV-1, HCV and HIV-HCV co-infected partners. The general conditions and life expectancy of many patients with HIV infection are very good, and three-quarters of these individuals are in their reproductive years. For these reasons, a large number of young couples are expected to make future plans to have children. This desire is not easy to realize for serodiscordant couples, if we consider that, in order to avoid HIV virus transmission, it is necessary to encourage the condom use in vaginal and anal contacts. On the other hand infertile discordant HCV couples need to be included in protocols of controlled assisted reproduction procedures to avoid any risk of HCV transmission to the partner. In this paper we consider assisted reproduction in discordant couples for HIV or HCV-positive men.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Savasi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Sacco Clinical Sciences Institute, University of Milan Medical School, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
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Bezold G, Politch JA, Kiviat NB, Kuypers JM, Wolff H, Anderson DJ. Prevalence of sexually transmissible pathogens in semen from asymptomatic male infertility patients with and without leukocytospermia. Fertil Steril 2007; 87:1087-97. [PMID: 17433312 PMCID: PMC2697906 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.08.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2006] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of pathogens that cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in semen from asymptomatic male infertility patients with and without leukocytospermia (LCS), and associations between STIs, inflammatory markers, and other semen variables. DESIGN Retrospective, controlled study. SETTING Academic Medical Center. PATIENT(S) Two hundred and forty-one male infertility patients undergoing routine semen analysis: 132 with LCS, and 109 without LCS. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The DNA from STI pathogens (human papillomavirus [HPV], cytomegalovirus [CMV], herpes simplex virus [HSV], human herpesvirus type 6 [HHV-6], Epstein-Barr virus [EBV], hepatitis B virus [HBV], and Chlamydia trachomatis [CT]), routine semen parameters, and markers of accessory gland and epididymal function and inflammation. RESULT(S) The DNA from STI pathogens was detected in 45/241 (18.7%) of the samples (CMV, 8.7%; HPV, 4.5%; HHV-6, 3.7%; HSV, 3.7%; CT, 2.5%; EBV, 0.4%; and HBV, 0%), with no difference in prevalence between the LCS and non-LCS groups. The DNA of STI pathogens in semen was associated with a decrease in sperm concentration, motile sperm concentration, total sperm count, and neutral alpha-glucosidase concentration, whereas LCS was associated with a decrease in total sperm count, percent normal forms, and fructose concentration. CONCLUSION(S) The DNA of STI pathogens was detected in semen from a high percentage of asymptomatic male infertility patients, and was associated with poor semen quality. Efforts to diagnose and treat subclinical genital-tract infections should be intensified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guntram Bezold
- Fearing Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Lee JK, Kim HS, Lee EY, Choi IS, Oh NG. Detection of HBV DNA and HCV RNA in Public Bath; A Study about Safety of Prolapsed Hemorrhoidal Patients. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF COLOPROCTOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.3393/jksc.2007.23.5.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-kwon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun-sung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Eun-yup Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - In-seok Choi
- Department of Surgery, Busan Medical Center, Busan, Korea
| | - Nahm-gun Oh
- Department of Surgery, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Korea
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17
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Canto CLMD, Segurado AC, Pannuti C, Cedenho A, Srougi M, Spaine D, Fernandes S, Carretiero N, Bernal MC, Levi JE. Detection of HIV and HCV RNA in semen from Brazilian coinfected men using multiplex PCR before and after semen washing. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2006; 48:201-6. [PMID: 17119675 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652006000400005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Prolonged survival of patients under HAART has resulted in new demands for assisted reproductive technologies. HIV serodiscordant couples wish to make use of assisted reproduction techniques in order to avoid viral transmission to the partner or to the newborn. It is therefore essential to test the effectiveness of techniques aimed at reducing HIV and HCV loads in infected semen using molecular biology tests. METHODS: After seminal analysis, semen samples from 20 coinfected patients were submitted to cell fractioning and isolation of motile spermatozoa by density gradient centrifugation and swim-up. HIV and HCV RNA detection tests were performed with RNA obtained from sperm, seminal plasma and total semen. RESULTS: In pre-washing semen, HIV RNA was detected in 100% of total semen samples, whereas HCV RNA was concomitantly amplified in only one specimen. Neither HIV nor HCV were detected either in the swim-up or in the post-washing semen fractions. CONCLUSIONS: Reduction of HIV and/or HCV shedding in semen by density gradient centrifugation followed by swim-up is an efficient method. These findings lead us to believe that, although semen is rarely found to contain HCV, semen processing is highly beneficial for HIV/HCV coinfected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Liliane Motta do Canto
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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18
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19
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Leao JC, Teo CG, Porter SR. HCV infection: aspects of epidemiology and transmission relevant to oral health care workers. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 35:295-300. [PMID: 16487681 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a common worldwide problem, giving rise to long-term viral carriage and risk of chronic hepatic disease, hepatic malignancy and a wide spectrum of immunologically mediated disorders. The present report describes relevant data suggesting that nosocomial transmission to oral health care workers is unlikely, but in view of medical and occupational consequences of such infection, and the absence of long-term effective treatment or vaccine, the oral surgery profession must continue to be vigilant and to maintain the highest standards of infection control procedures to minimize the possible acquisition of HCV during dental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Leao
- Departamento de Clínica e Odontologia Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil.
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20
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Viral Hepatitis. Sex Transm Dis 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-040-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Honeck P, Weigel M, Kwon ST, Alken P, Bross S. Assisted procreation in cases of hepatitis B, hepatitis C or human immunodeficiency virus infection of the male partner. Hum Reprod 2005; 21:1117-21. [PMID: 16361281 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Guidelines for assisted procreation impose a special responsibility upon physicians for the health of the expected child because of their active role in inducing pregnancy. Therefore, careful clinical evaluation of both partners has to precede every application of these methods. Risks for the mother's health or the development of the child count as a relative contraindication for a treatment. To balance these relative contraindications, the existing risk factors have to be recognized through screening examination. If a chronic infection occurs in the male partner, prevention for the female partner is theoretically possible by using a condom. As this inhibits a pregnancy, at least in cases of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections, realization of a pregnancy requires assisted procreation. The main question in these cases is whether infectious particles can be eliminated by sperm processing to ensure the safe treatment of the healthy female partner.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Honeck
- Department of Urology, University Hospital of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany.
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22
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Leruez-Ville M, Galimand J, Ghosn J, Briat A, Delaugerre C, Chaix ML. [Male genital tract infection: the point of view of the virologist]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 33:684-90. [PMID: 16126433 DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2005.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 07/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Attention to viral infection of the male genital tract has been renewed over the last 15 years as a result of the prolific ongoing research on AIDS. Epidemiological studies of the virus in sperm and male genital tract contributes to the understanding of STD physiopathology and helps assessing their impact on male fertility. Recent advances in this field have allowed to offer Assisted reproductive techniques to couples with chronic viral infection, under strict and specific protocols. This paper presents an overview of these recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leruez-Ville
- Laboratoire de virologie, université Paris-Descartes (EA MRT 3620), faculté de médecine AP-HP, hôpital Necker-Enfants-malades, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
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23
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Briat A, Dulioust E, Galimand J, Fontaine H, Chaix ML, Letur-Könirsch H, Pol S, Jouannet P, Rouzioux C, Leruez-Ville M. Hepatitis C virus in the semen of men coinfected with HIV-1: prevalence and origin. AIDS 2005; 19:1827-35. [PMID: 16227790 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000189847.98569.2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV) RNA in semen from men infected with HCV and those coinfected with HIV-1/HCV and to study the origin of HCV shed in semen. DESIGN Two prospective studies (HC EP09 and BINECO) included 120 HCV-positive men, 82 coinfected with HIV-1; all had positive HCV RNA detection in blood. METHODS Paired blood and semen samples were collected for HCV RNA detection and quantification in seminal plasma and in blood serum; repeated semen samples were obtained for 45 men. HCV RNA was sought in spermatozoa and non-sperm cells. Phylogenetic analysis of the HVR-1 region of HCV compared the quasispecies in blood serum and seminal plasma of two men. RESULTS HCV RNA was more frequently found in the semen of men coinfected with HIV-1 (37.8%) than in those with only HCV infection (18.4%) (P = 0.033). HCV RNA detection in semen was intermittent and was positive in at least one semen sample of 42.8% of HIV-1/HCV-coinfected men who provided repeated samples. Men with HCV-positive semen had significantly higher HCV load in blood than men with HCV-negative semen (P = 0.038). Phylogenetic comparison of HCV quasispecies in blood and in semen showed no evidence of HCV replication in genital leukocytes; however, a phenetic structure was observed between compartments (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HCV particles in semen originate from passive passage from blood, with preferential transfer of some variants. Nearly half of HIV-1/HCV-coinfected men may intermittently harbour HCV in their semen. Recommendations of protected sex for HIV-infected individuals should be reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Briat
- Virology Laboratory, Université René Descartes, Paris, France
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24
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is usually transmitted parenterally, but sexual transmission is considered likely in the 20% of cases with no other risk factors. Retrospective cohort studies conducted among persons who have never injected drugs show that factors predictive of HCV seropositivity include the number of lifetime sexual partners, high-risk sexual practices, other sexually transmitted infections, and HIV seropositivity. Persons in long-term monogamous heterosexual relationships with a partner seropositive for HCV are at lower risk of HCV acquisition (0 to 0.6% peryear) than persons with multiple partners or those at risk for sexually transmitted diseases (0.4 to 1.8% per year). HCV RNA is detectable in genital fluids, but there is not yet any proof that the HCV RNA in genital secretions represents infectious virus. HCV can be transmitted by sexual intercourse but much less efficiently than other sexually transmitted viruses, such as HBV and HIV. Sexual transmission of HCV may be enhanced by other concomitant sexually transmitted infections with genital erosive lesions or via traumatic sexual intercourse with abrasion of the genital mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade Ghosn
- Laboratoire de virologie, Université René Descartes-Paris V, EA MRT 3620, CHU Necker-Enfants malades, Paris.
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25
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Abstract
Saliva can contain a range of infectious agents and, despite several antimicrobial mechanisms, transmission of these can occur. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is of increasing importance, and HCV is transmitted by unknown routes as well as by the percutaneous route and sexual contact. Contact with blood or other body fluids may be responsible, as may be receipt of unscreened blood or blood product transfusions. HCV-RNA can be detected by the polymerase chain reaction which also shows that HCV may be present in the saliva of HCV-infected patients. This might provide an argument for the possible transmission of HCV via contaminated saliva. Epidemiological studies however, suggest that the infective capacity of HCV viral particles in saliva is low, but it has not been possible to determine their infective potential. Moreover, HCV-specific receptors have not been defined on oral epithelial cells, nor has the role of host defence mechanisms been determined. New experimental animal models and the recently described infectious HCV pseudoparticles, capable of simulating HCV replication in vitro, could be useful in establishing any role of saliva in the transmission of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Ferreiro
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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26
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Méndez-Sánchez N, Ponciano-Rodriguez G, Chávez-Tapia NC, Motola-Kuba D, Almeda-Valdes P, Sánchez-Lara K, Ramos MH, Uribe M. Prevalence of hepatitis C infection in a population of asymptomatic people in a checkup unit in Mexico city. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50:733-7. [PMID: 15844710 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-005-2565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has an estimated prevalence of 3% around the world. Unfortunately, many persons with HCV infection are asymptomatic. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C Virus infection in asymptomatic persons. This study was carried out in a population-based cross-sectional study in the Checkup Unit of University Hospital in Mexico City. Patients with two or more HCV risk factors were studied. Serum specimens from all patients were screened for HCV RNA by qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). HCV RNA-positive serum was also screened by quantitative PCR and for HCV genotype. Three hundred asymptomatic people were included, 194 men and 106 women, with a mean age of 46.8+/-11.9. Six (2%) of the 300 people were positive and viremic. The most common risk factors in positive patients were manicures or pedicures with a nonpersonal instrument and more than three sexual partners. We concluded that hepatitis C is frequent in asymptomatic people, and those people are often viremic. In addition, this study suggests that the spectrum of liver disease in asymptomatic and newly diagnosed HCV-positive persons is broad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Departments of Biomedical Research, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico.
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27
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Bayindir Y, Kalcioglu MT, Durmaz R, Ozturan O. Detection of HCV-RNA in Cerumen of Chronically HCV-Infected Patients. Laryngoscope 2005; 115:508-11. [PMID: 15744167 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000157828.00509.a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Viral hepatitis C is a worldwide public health problem. Hepatitis C virus is mainly transmitted by parenteral or percutaneous route. Nonparenteral transmission, such as through sexual activity, household contact, and vertical or perinatal exposure to body fluids or secretions, can occur, which has been studied before. Cerumen, however, has not been investigated for its ability to transmit hepatitis C virus. The aim of this study is to evaluate the importance of cerumen in transmission of hepatitis C virus infection. STUDY DESIGN This study was performed on 35 patients with confirmed chronic hepatitis C virus infection. METHODS Thirty-five cerumen specimens collected from the patients with hepatitis C virus RNA in their sera were prospectively analyzed for the presence of hepatitis C virus RNA by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS None of the 35 cerumen specimens were positive for hepatitis C virus RNA. CONCLUSION This study showed that cerumen has no risk for transmission of hepatitis C virus infection, even in patients with high hepatitis C virus RNA serum levels; however, standard infection control precautions should be applied carefully in all examinations and surgical operations of the ears.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Bayindir
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Inonu University, Medical Faculty, Malatya, Turkey.
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28
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Hnatyszyn HJ. Chronic Hepatitis C and Genotyping: The Clinical Significance of Determining HCV Genotypes. Antivir Ther 2005. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350501000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis C, attributed to infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), is a global health problem. The overall prevalence of viral hepatitis worldwide is estimated to be 3–5% with over 175 million people infected with HCV. Clinically, HCV can establish a persistent, chronic infection contributing to progressive liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), requiring intensive treatment regimens, possible liver transplantation and long-term care. Due to the chronic nature of HCV infection and the tremendous burden on healthcare resources, clinicians and laboratorians have looked for key epidemiological, pathological and viral characteristics that may provide insight into disease progression, severity and response to therapy to permit the administration of effective therapeutic regimens as well as long-term management of infected individuals. Determination of viral genotype has been identified as one parameter that could provide direction in the clinical management of patients with chronic HCV infections. The following review provides background on determination of HCV genotypes and the relevance of viral genome characterization in the current clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- H James Hnatyszyn
- Bayer Institute for Clinical Investigation (BICI), Bayer HealthCare – Diagnostics Division, Berkeley, CA, USA
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29
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Peng XM, Huang YS, Li JG, Mei YY, Gu L, Gao ZL, Li G. An isothermal amplification system based on the tandem-repeated DNA probe. Mol Cell Probes 2004; 18:383-8. [PMID: 15488378 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2004.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 06/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The hybridization methods and polymerase-based amplification methods are usually employed to detect pathogens and gene expressions quantitatively in clinical practices nowadays. However, the sensitiveness of the former and the specificity of the latter are not yet satisfied. To solve this problem, some promising comprehensive methods have been developed recently. Here we reported a new comprehensive method, a tandem repeated DNA probe-based amplification (TRPBA) system. To establish the TRPBA, TR48, an artificial tandem repeated DNA probe with 48 repeats of a 50 base pair unit was constructed. It could be efficiently amplified by Bst DNA polymerase at 61 degrees C for only 1 h. The products were analyzed either by direct gel electrophoresis or by gel electrophoresis after the digestion with restriction endonuclease HincII. The sensitiveness was as few as 100 copies per test, which was comparable with PCR-based techniques. The TR48 splicing with the DNA fragment of hepatitis B virus used as probe could successfully develop TRPBA to detect hepatitis B virus DNA. The TRPBA can be used in the future to detect many other genes or microorganisms simply by splicing TR48 with their DNA fragments. Thus, TRPBA might be useful because of its sensitiveness and simpleness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Mou Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatitis Research Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China.
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30
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Abou-Setta AM. Transmission risk of hepatitis C virus via semen during assisted reproduction: how real is it? Hum Reprod 2004; 19:2711-7. [PMID: 15489242 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deh509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk of viral transmissibility in assisted reproduction is still a much-debated issue, especially for hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV is a common causative agent for parenterally transmitted viral hepatitis. In addition, it has been incriminated in other routes of transmission, including sexual transmission and nosocomial infections. The management of infertility, in association with HCV, has sparked debates about the potential risk of spread of infection to virus-free individuals, embryos and/or semen. The lack of worldwide-accepted screening policies has helped to fuel this debate. Today, it is evident that there is a potential risk of spread of HCV through biological fluids, including semen, to other individuals. This risk can only be marginalized by the use of well-established criteria for safety in infertility centres, and by the use of proper initial detection and segregation of potentially hazardous materials. Techniques and protocols have been established to help the andrologist and embryologist to safeguard patients against such dangers, and should be imposed in all centres, allowing HCV-positive males to enter their assisted reproduction programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Abou-Setta
- The Egyptian IVF-ET Center, 3, Street 161, Hadayek El Maadi, Cairo 11431, Egypt.
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31
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Castro Ferreiro M, Hermida Prieto M, Diz Dios P. [Sporadic transmission of hepatitis C in dental practice]. Med Clin (Barc) 2004; 123:271-5. [PMID: 15482736 DOI: 10.1016/s0025-7753(04)74485-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Percutaneous contact with contaminated blood is the principal mode of transmission of the hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, the diagnosis of infection in patients in whom no parenteral risk factor can be identified allows speculation on the existence of other routes of transmission. In the field of dentistry, the role of saliva has still not been defined as a potential vehicle for infection nor the role of dental treatment as a possible occult factor in the sporadic transmission of hepatitis C. HVC-RNA is detectable in the saliva of over 50% of patients with chronic hepatitis C. The infectivity of the HVC particles detected in the saliva has not been determined, though it may be deduced from epidemiological studies that their potential for transmission, if it exists, is extremely limited. There has been no documented case of HVC transmission in a dental clinic. Studies which propose a history of dental treatment as a risk factor for HVC infection have not achieved conclusive results. The age distribution of the prevalence of HVC could indicate that a risk of iatrogenic transmission existed in the past, before the systematic application of universal barriers. The transmission of HVC in dental clinics may be considered a very infrequent occurrence as long as the norms for the control of cross-infection are respected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Castro Ferreiro
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, España
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32
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Abstract
At the close of the 19th century, the germ theory had generated a new understanding of the causes of acute infectious diseases and revealed new directions for study. This understanding contributed to the greatest improvements in health in the history of medicine. At the end of the 20th century, the second stage of this disciplinary development is occurring. The old germ theory is being expanded into a new germ theory, which, by integrated the full spectrum of biologic disciplines. This new germ theory is emphasizing how environments and human activities influence the characteristics of infectious agents and the broader role of infection as a cause of chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Ewald
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
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