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Busgang SA, Andra SS, Curtin P, Colicino E, Mazzella MJ, Bixby M, Sanders AP, Meeker JD, Hauptman M, Yelamanchili S, Phipatanakul W, Gennings C. A cross-validation based approach for estimating specific gravity in elementary-school aged children using a nonlinear model. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 217:114793. [PMID: 36414110 PMCID: PMC9879698 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental research often relies on urinary biomarkers which require dilution correction to accurately measure exposures. Specific gravity (SG) and creatinine (UCr) are commonly measured urinary dilution factors. Epidemiologic studies may assess only one of these measures, making it difficult to pool studies that may otherwise be able to be combined. Participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008 cycle were used to perform k-fold validation of a nonlinear model estimating SG from UCr. The final estimated model was applied to participants from the School Inner-City Asthma Intervention Study, who submitted urinary samples to the Children's Health Exposure Analysis Resource. Model performance was evaluated using calibration metrics to determine how closely the average estimated SG was to the measured SG. Additional models, with interaction terms for age, sex, body mass index, race/ethnicity, relative time of day when sample was collected, log transformed 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), and asthma status were estimated and assessed for improvement. The association between monobenzyl phthalate (MBZP) and asthma symptom days, controlling for measured UCr, measured SG, and each estimated SG were compared to assess validity of the estimated SG. The model estimating SG from UCr alone, resulted in a beta estimate of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.19), indicating agreement between model-predicted SG and measured SG. Inclusion of age and sex in the model improved estimation (β = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.15). The full model accounting for all interaction terms with UCr resulted in the best agreement (β = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.93,1.09). Associations between MBZP and asthma symptoms days, controlling for each estimated SG, were within the range of effect estimates when controlling for measured SG and measured UCr (Rate ratios = 1.28-1.34). Our nonlinear modeling provides opportunities to estimate SG in studies that measure UCr or vice versa, enabling data pooling despite differences in urine dilution factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A Busgang
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Syam S Andra
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Curtin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Mazzella
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moira Bixby
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alison P Sanders
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John D Meeker
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marissa Hauptman
- Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Region 1: New England Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shirisha Yelamanchili
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wanda Phipatanakul
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Dalton KR, Fandiño-Del-Rio M, Louis LM, Garza MA, Quirós-Alcalá L, Davis MF. Microbiome alterations associated with phthalate exposures in a US-based sample of Latino workers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114126. [PMID: 36027966 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Low-wage service sector jobs are largely occupied by racial/ethnic minority workers who often experience an increased risk of elevated chemical exposures, including chemicals like phthalates, compared to the general public. Phthalates have been linked with adverse health effects, including increased risk of atopy and asthma. An important etiological component in respiratory disease, including asthma, is the role of the upper respiratory microbiota in atopic disease development. However, it is unclear how the upper respiratory microbiome is affected by chemical exposures, and how this may impact respiratory outcomes. As Latino workers are often disproportionately exposed to increased concentrations of chemicals and Hispanics have higher rates of adverse respiratory health conditions such as asthma, the aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the effects of 10 unique phthalate urinary biomarkers on the 16S rRNA nasal microbiome. Nasal and urinary samples were collected from 20 facility workers (plumbers, landscapers, electricians) and 20 custodial workers. Our analysis revealed altered microbial composition and diversity according to phthalate urinary biomarker concentration within the two worker groups. Higher urinary biomarker concentrations of select phthalates (MBP, MBIP, and ∑DEHP) were associated with increased Moraxella relative abundance, which has been positively associated with asthma. Within-sample alpha diversity levels were decreased in facility workers and were generally inversely associated with most phthalate urinary biomarker concentrations. Our research suggests that exposure to chemicals in this vulnerable worker group may impact the respiratory microbiome, which may increase risk of development of adverse health conditions. Further research is warranted to refine the mechanistic pathways that underpin the relationships between phthalate exposures and respiratory microbial communities to provide key insights on respiratory pathologies and, most importantly, to identify modifiable risk factors that can be used to direct mitigation efforts aimed at ameliorating the harmful effects of chemical exposures in this understudied occupational population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Dalton
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Magdalena Fandiño-Del-Rio
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lydia M Louis
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary A Garza
- California State University, Fresno, College of Health and Human Services, Department of Public Health, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Meghan F Davis
- Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology and the Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA
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Kuiper JR, O’Brien KM, Welch BM, Barrett ES, Nguyen RH, Sathyanarayana S, Milne GL, Swan SH, Ferguson KK, Buckley JP. Combining Urinary Biomarker Data From Studies With Different Measures of Urinary Dilution. Epidemiology 2022; 33:533-540. [PMID: 35473917 PMCID: PMC9585883 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidance is lacking for how to combine urinary biomarker data across studies that use different measures of urinary dilution, that is, creatinine or specific gravity. METHODS Among 741 pregnant participants from four sites of The Infant Development and Environment Study (TIDES) cohort, we assessed the relation of maternal urinary di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) concentrations with preterm birth. We compared scenarios in which all sites measured either urinary creatinine or specific gravity, or where measure of dilution differed by site. In addition to a scenario with no dilution adjustment, we applied and compared three dilution-adjustment approaches: a standard regression-based approach for creatinine, a standard approach for specific gravity (Boeniger method), and a more recently developed approach that has been applied to both (covariate-adjusted standardization method). For each scenario and dilution-adjustment method, we estimated the association between a doubling in the molar sum of DEHP (∑DEHP) and odds of preterm birth using logistic regression. RESULTS All dilution-adjustment approaches yielded comparable associations (odds ratio [OR]) that were larger in magnitude than when we did not perform dilution adjustment. A doubling of ∑DEHP was associated with 9% greater odds of preterm birth (OR = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.91, 1.30) when applying no dilution-adjustment method, whereas dilution-adjusted point estimates were higher, and similar across all scenarios and methods: 1.13-1.20 (regression-based), 1.15-1.18 (Boeniger), and 1.14-1.21 (covariate-adjusted standardization). CONCLUSIONS In our applied example, we demonstrate that it is possible and straightforward to combine urinary biomarker data across studies when measures of dilution differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R. Kuiper
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Katie M. O’Brien
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Barrett M. Welch
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Emily S. Barrett
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Ruby H.N. Nguyen
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sheela Sathyanarayana
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Ginger L. Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Shanna H. Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Kelly K. Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Jessie P. Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
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Wise CF, Hammel SC, Herkert NJ, Ospina M, Calafat AM, Breen M, Stapleton HM. Comparative Assessment of Pesticide Exposures in Domestic Dogs and Their Owners Using Silicone Passive Samplers and Biomonitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1149-1161. [PMID: 34964617 PMCID: PMC10150270 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are used extensively in residential settings for lawn maintenance and in homes to control household pests including application directly on pets to deter fleas and ticks. Pesticides are commonly detected in the home environment where people and pets can be subject to chronic exposure. Due to increased interest in using companion animals as sentinels for human environmental health studies, we conducted a comparative pesticide exposure assessment in 30 people and their pet dogs to determine how well silicone wristbands and silicone dog tags can predict urinary pesticide biomarkers of exposure. Using targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses, we quantified eight pesticides in silicone samplers and used a suspect screening approach for additional pesticides. Urine samples were analyzed for 15 pesticide metabolite biomarkers. Several pesticides were detected in >70% of silicone samplers including permethrin, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), and chlorpyrifos. Significant and positive correlations were observed between silicone sampler levels of permethrin and DEET with their corresponding urinary metabolites (rs = 0.50-0.96, p < 0.05) in both species. Significantly higher levels of fipronil were observed in silicone samplers from participants who reported using flea and tick products containing fipronil on their dog. This study suggests that people and their dogs have similar pesticide exposures in a home environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Wise
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephanie C Hammel
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Nicholas J Herkert
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Maria Ospina
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MSS103-2, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy, MSS103-2, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Matthew Breen
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
- Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Heather M Stapleton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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Kuiper JR, O'Brien KM, Ferguson KK, Buckley JP. Urinary specific gravity measures in the U.S. population: Implications for the adjustment of non-persistent chemical urinary biomarker data. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106656. [PMID: 34062395 PMCID: PMC8380693 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary biomarkers are often corrected for sample dilution using creatinine, which is influenced by sociodemographic factors and certain health conditions. It is unknown whether these factors similarly influence specific gravity. OBJECTIVES To identify predictors of specific gravity and creatinine and compare methods for correcting estimated chemical concentrations for sample dilution using these measures. METHODS We assessed predictors of urinary specific gravity and creatinine among NHANES 2007-2008 participants (n = 7257). We corrected concentrations of mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) for dilution using two methods, each applied to both specific gravity and creatinine: correction using a sample mean of the dilution indicator (i.e., specific gravity or creatinine) and covariate-adjusted standardization. We compared distributions and assessed the agreement of uncorrected or corrected concentrations visually using Bland-Altman plots and statistically by Kendall's τa. We stratified all analyses by age category (i.e., 6-19 or 20+ years of age). RESULTS Gender, race/ethnicity, body mass index, and height were associated with urinary specific gravity and creatinine. Distributions of corrected MnBP concentrations were comparable for both methods and dilution indicators, but agreement between methods was greater for specific gravity. Additionally, specific gravity- and creatinine-corrected MnBP concentrations had slightly greater agreement with each other when corrected using a covariate-adjusted standardization method. DISCUSSION Specific gravity, like creatinine, is associated with sociodemographic and body composition variables. Accounting for these factors as part of the dilution correction method may be important to minimize bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Kuiper
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Katie M O'Brien
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kelly K Ferguson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jessie P Buckley
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Boyle MD, Kavi LK, Louis LM, Pool W, Sapkota A, Zhu L, Pollack AZ, Thomas S, Rule AM, Quirós-Alcalá L. Occupational Exposures to Phthalates among Black and Latina U.S. Hairdressers Serving an Ethnically Diverse Clientele: A Pilot Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8128-8138. [PMID: 34078083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hairdressers may be differentially exposed to phthalates through hair salon services provided and products used, yet no U.S. studies have investigated these exposures in this population. We characterized concentrations and exposure determinants to nine phthalate metabolites in postshift urine samples among 23 hairdressers from three Black and three Dominican salons, as well as a comparison group of 17 female office workers from the Maryland/Washington D.C. metropolitan area. Overall, hairdressers had higher metabolite concentrations than office workers. The geometric mean (GM) for monoethyl phthalate (MEP) was 10 times higher in hairdressers (161.4 ng/mL) than office workers (15.3 ng/mL). Hairdressers providing select services and using certain products had higher GM MEP concentrations than those who did not: permanent waves/texturizing (200.2 vs 115.4 ng/mL), chemical straightening/relaxing (181.6 vs 92.1 ng/mL), bleaching (182.3 vs 71.6 ng/mL), permanent hair color (171.9 vs 83.2 ng/mL), and Brazilian blowout/keratin treatments (181.4 vs 134.6 ng/mL). Interestingly, hairdressers providing natural services had lower GM MEP concentrations than those who did not: twists (129.1 vs 215.8 ng/mL), sister locs/locs (86.0 vs 241.9 ng/mL), and afros (94.7 vs 203.9 ng/mL). Larger studies are warranted to confirm our findings and identify disparities in occupational phthalate exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meleah D Boyle
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lucy K Kavi
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Lydia M Louis
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Walkiria Pool
- Centro de Apoyo Familiar, Hyatsville, Maryland 20737, United States
| | - Amir Sapkota
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Linyan Zhu
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Anna Z Pollack
- Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health and Human Services, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia 22030, United States
| | - Stephen Thomas
- Maryland Center for Health Equity, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Ana M Rule
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Gutiérrez-Torres DS, Wang L, Blount BC, Xia B, Sosnoff CS, Shiels MS, Inoue-Choi M, Etemadi A, Freedman ND. Concentrations of Cotinine and 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-Pyridyl)-1-Butanol (NNAL) in U.S. Non-Daily Cigarette Smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2021; 30:1165-1174. [PMID: 33737303 PMCID: PMC8172473 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that non-daily smokers have higher disease and mortality risks than never smokers. Yet, the accuracy of self-reported non-daily cigarette smoking is poorly understood. METHODS We examined the concordance between self-reported non-daily smoking and serum cotinine in 18,835 adult participants (20 years or older) of the 2007 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, in comparison with daily smokers and nonsmokers. We also analyzed concentrations of the urinary biomarker 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) by smoking status. RESULTS In the study sample, 77.8% (14,660) reported currently not smoking (nonsmokers), 18.3% (3,446) smoked every day (daily smokers), and 3.9% (729) smoked on some days of the past month (non-daily smokers). Just 2.1% of nonsmokers had cotinine concentrations in the active smoking range (>10 ng/mL), compared with 70.4% of non-daily and 98.8% of daily smokers. Non-daily smokers reported smoking a median of 24 cigarettes per month [interquartile range (IQR) = 9-60] and had substantially higher concentrations of NNAL (median = 72.5; IQR = 14.8-211.0 pg/mL) than nonsmokers (median = 0.4; IQR = 0.4-2.1 pg/mL), although lower than daily smokers (median = 294.0; IQR = 148.0-542.0 pg/mL). Among non-daily smokers, concentrations of cotinine and NNAL were positively correlated with days and cigarettes smoked per month (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS We observed excellent concordance between self-reported non-daily cigarette smoking and concentrations of serum cotinine. IMPACT These results provide evidence for the validity of self-reported non-daily smoking and indicate that non-daily smokers are exposed to substantial concentrations of carcinogenic nitrosamines regardless of the low number of cigarettes they smoke per month.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lanqing Wang
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Benjamin C Blount
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Baoyun Xia
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Connie S Sosnoff
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Meredith S Shiels
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Maki Inoue-Choi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Arash Etemadi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland
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Allotey JA, Boyle M, Sapkota A, Zhu L, Peng RD, Garza MA, Quirós-Alcalá L. Determinants of phthalate exposure among a U.S.-based group of Latino workers. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2021; 234:113739. [PMID: 33836349 PMCID: PMC8096699 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2021.113739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phthalates are endocrine disrupting compounds linked to various adverse health effects. U.S. national biomonitoring data indicate that select minority subgroups may suffer disparate exposures to phthalates. Still, exposures and their respective determinants among these subgroups are not well characterized. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine determinants of phthalate exposure in a subsample of US-based Latino adults. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study on 94 Latino immigrant adults in Maryland. Participants were >18 years of age and working in a service-based industry. We administered an interviewer-administered questionnaire to capture information on potential exposure determinants (e.g., demographic characteristics, consumer product use, and workplace exposures and behaviors) and using HPLC/MS-MS we quantified concentrations of 9 urinary phthalate metabolites: monoethyl phthalate (MEP, diethyl phthalate metabolite); mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP, di-n-butyl phthalate metabolite); mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP, di-isobutyl phthalate metabolite; monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP, benzylbutyl phthalate metabolite); molar sum of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate or DEHP metabolites [mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECCP)]; and mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP, a non-specific metabolite of several phthalates including di-n-butyl phthalate and di-n-octyl phthalate). DEHP was analyzed as the molar sum of four metabolites (ΣDEHP = MEHP + MEHHP + MECPP + MEOHP). Spearman correlations, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were conducted to assess bivariate associations between metabolite concentrations and potential exposure determinants. Covariates associated with metabolites at p < 0.10 in bivariate analyses were included in multivariable linear regression models to assess the independent effects of predictors on metabolite concentrations. RESULTS Uncorrected median phthalate metabolite concentrations were lower in our study population (50% of samples ranged between 1.4 and 23.6 μg/L. While we observed some significant associations with select predictors in our bivariate analysis, select associations were attenuated in multivariable regression models. In our final multivariable linear regression models, we found that use of bleach (β = 1.15, 95%CI:0.30, 2.00) and consumption pasta/rice/noodles (β = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.27, 1.46) was positively associated with MBzP concentrations. MEP concentrations were inversely associated with use of furniture polish (β = -1.17, 95%CI: 2.21, -0.12) and use of scented dryer sheets (β = -1.08, 95%CI: 2.01, -0.14). Lastly, ΣDEHP concentrations were inversely associated with use of degreaser (ßDEHP = -0.65, 95%CI: 1.25, -0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this predominantly U.S.-based Central American subsample of adults, we observed lower metabolite concentrations than those previously reported in other U.S. studies and other countries. Our findings could be due, in part, to temporal trends in phthalate exposures and cultural differences related to exposure-related behaviors. While some exposure determinants were identified in our bivariate analyses, results from multivariable regression models did not provide clear results as many associations were attenuated. Environmental exposures may vary within minority subgroups and should be explored further in future studies to further inform exposure mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice A Allotey
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Meleah Boyle
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amir Sapkota
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Linyan Zhu
- Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Roger D Peng
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary A Garza
- California State University, Fresno, College of Health and Human Services, Department of Public Health, Fresno, CA, USA
| | - Lesliam Quirós-Alcalá
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health & Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA; Maryland Institute of Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
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Aydoğdu M, Oral S, Akgür SA. The impact of creatinine reference value: Normalization of urinary drug concentrations. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:1855-1861. [PMID: 33904587 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many illicit drug users attempt to manipulate urine drug testing; dilution is one of the methods. In screening tests, false-negative results below the cut-off values can create positive results after creatinine normalization. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a creatinine reference value on the normalization of the drug concentration in diluted urine. The study focused on 25 630 cases and the following information: gender, age, urine collection time, drug screening test results, creatinine concentration (CR), and confirmation analysis result. Mean CR value was 143.71 ± 83.68 mg/dl. There was a significant difference between CR and gender (p = 0.03). The mean CR for women was lower than that for men. The correlation between age and CR was not significant (r = -0.08, p = 0.00). However, after grouping the sample into age groups of 10 years, there was a significant difference between age groups and mean CR (p = 0.00). The mean CR was significantly lower in the 0-9 year age group (n = 34) than in the 20-29 year age group (n = 10 943). According to the urine specimen collection time, CR levels during the early hours of the day (06:00-06:59) were lower than those during the remaining hours (p = 0.00). The highest converted drug-negative to drug-positive results were obtained from 153.23 mg/dl CR reference value. Reference CR values were evaluated according to gender, age, and urine collection time. Different rates of positive results were obtained for each reference value. There is no published local creatinine value for spot urine samples in many countries, including Turkey. This will be useful to develop appropriate normalization models when reporting drug test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Aydoğdu
- Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sema Oral
- Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Serap Annette Akgür
- Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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10
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Du M, Mullins BJ, Franklin P, Musk AW, Elliot NSJ, Sodhi-Berry N, Junaldi E, de Klerk N, Reid A. Measurement of urinary 1-aminopyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene as biomarkers of exposure to diesel particulate matter in gold miners. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 685:723-728. [PMID: 31234134 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons measured in human samples are often used as biomarkers of exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DEE). The aim of this study was to assess the changes in urinary levels of 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and their relationship with Elemental Carbon (EC), as a component of diesel engine exhaust exposure, among a hard-rock gold-mining population. Urine samples were collected at the beginning and end of a 12-hour work shift from 100 underground and above ground gold miners. Miners were fitted with personal exposure monitoring equipment to quantify exposure to DEE, measured as Elemental Carbon (EC), across their 12-hour work shift. General linear regression assessed associations of the post-shift urinary 1-AP and 1-OHP concentrations with EC, controlling for age, gender, the pre-shift biomarker level, Body Mass Index (BMI), days on current shift, time in mining, smoking status and second-hand smoke exposure. The concentrations of 1-AP and 1-OHP increased significantly across a 12-hour mining work shift. Moreover, consistent with the sensitivity analysis, the concentration of 1-AP was significantly associated with EC after adjustments. Urinary 1-OHP, but not 1-AP was significantly associated with current smoking. Urinary 1-AP may be a more robust and specific biomarker of DEE than 1-OHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Du
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Mullins
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Franklin
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A W Musk
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Novak S J Elliot
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nita Sodhi-Berry
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Edwin Junaldi
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas de Klerk
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Western Australia, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Alison Reid
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Kent Street, Western Australia, Australia.
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11
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Gómez C, Gonzalez-Riano C, Barbas C, Kolmert J, Hyung Ryu M, Carlsten C, Dahlén SE, Wheelock CE. Quantitative metabolic profiling of urinary eicosanoids for clinical phenotyping. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1164-1173. [PMID: 30842246 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d090571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The eicosanoids are a family of lipid mediators of pain and inflammation involved in multiple pathologies, including asthma, hypertension, cancer, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases. These signaling mediators act locally, but are rapidly metabolized and transported to the systemic circulation as a mixture of primary and secondary metabolites. Accordingly, urine has become a useful readily accessible biofluid for monitoring the endogenous synthesis of these molecules. Herein, we present the validation of a rapid, repeatable, and precise method for the extraction and quantification of 32 eicosanoid urinary metabolites by LC-MS/MS. For 12 out of 17 deconjugated glucuronide eicosanoids, there was no improvement in recovered signal. These metabolites cover the major synthetic pathways, including prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and isoprostanes. The method linearity was >0.99 for all metabolites analyzed, the limit of detection ranged from 0.05-5 ng/ml, and the average extraction recoveries were >90%. All analytes were stable for at least three freeze/thaw cycles. The method was formatted for large-scale analysis of clinical cohorts, and the long-term repeatability was demonstrated over 15 months of acquisition, evidencing high precision (CV <15%, except for tetranorPGEM and 2,3-dinor-11β-PGF2α, which were <30%). The presented method is suitable for focused mechanistic studies as well as large-scale clinical and epidemiological studies that require repeatable methods capable of producing data that can be concatenated across multiple cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gómez
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Lung and Allergy Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Gonzalez-Riano
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain
| | - Johan Kolmert
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Unit of Lung and Allergy Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Min Hyung Ryu
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher Carlsten
- Air Pollution Exposure Laboratory, Chan-Yeung Centre for Occupational and Environmental Respiratory Disease, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sven-Erik Dahlén
- Unit of Lung and Allergy Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Craig E Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry 2, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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MacPherson S, Arbuckle TE, Fisher M. Adjusting urinary chemical biomarkers for hydration status during pregnancy. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:481-493. [PMID: 29880833 PMCID: PMC8075920 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0043-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
One way of assessing a population's exposure to environmental chemicals is by measuring urinary biomarker concentrations, which can vary depending on the hydration status of the individual. The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy can impact the hydration adjustment approaches, such as calculating the individual's urinary flow rate (UFR), or adjusting concentrations using specific gravity (SG) or creatinine. A total of 1260 serial spot urine samples were collected from 80 women, averaging 32.4 years of age, throughout and shortly after pregnancy. The relationship between each approach was examined and time of day and across pregnancy differences were tested using linear mixed models. The correlation between the calculated excretion rate and each of the adjustment techniques was examined on a selection of seven phthalate metabolites. Based on the linear mixed model results, we found that UFR and creatinine excretion rates differed systematically across the population, with respect to body mass index (BMI) and time. SG differed with respect to BMI, but there were no systematic time trends. SG had the highest within-person reproducibility, according to the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The excretion rate of each of the phthalates was most strongly correlated with the SG-standardized concentration. This analysis showed that SG showed a slightly better within-person reproducibility and the least amount of systematic variation when compared to creatinine adjustment. Therefore, SG correction appears to be a favorable approach for correcting for the hydration status of the pregnant women from this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan MacPherson
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Tye E Arbuckle
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mandy Fisher
- Population Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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13
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Wangboon C, Yongvanit P, Loilome W, Thanan R, Worasith C, Eamudomkarn C, Chamadol N, Mairiang E, Sithithaworn J, Saichua P, Sripa B, Khuntikeo N, Bethony JM, Sithithaworn P. Elevated Levels of Urinary 8-oxodG Correlate with Persistent Periductal Fibrosis after Praziquantel Treatment in Chronic Opisthorchiasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1763-1769. [PMID: 29637887 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that urinary 8-oxodG is a predictive biomarker for Opisthorchis viverrini (OV)-associated hepatobiliary disease (HBD) and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). This study examined the effects of praziquantel treatment on the profile of urinary 8-oxodG in relation to HBD status. Infection with OV, levels of urinary 8-oxodG, and HBD status in terms of periductal fibrosis (PDF) assessed by abdominal ultrasonography (US) were monitored and compared in cohorts of participants in Khon Kaen, Thailand, before and 1 year after praziquantel treatment. Urinary 8-oxodG levels significantly decreased after treatment compared with the baseline level in OV-infected participants who had no HBD (PDF negative; PDF-ve) (N = 14). Levels of 8-oxodG were unchanged after treatment in OV-infected subjects (OV+ve) who had positive PDF (N = 52). Within the positive PDF (PDF+ve) group who became PDF-ve after treatment, there was no significant change in 8-oxodG levels between pre-and posttreatment (reversible PDF = 65.3%). In those who had persistent PDF+ve at both ultrasound sampling points, there was no significant difference in urinary 8-oxodG levels between pre- and posttreatment (persistent PDF = 34.6%). Based on a logistic regression model and receiver operation curve analysis, the increase of 8-oxodG levels was found to be associated with increasing risk of PDF. Measurement of urinary 8-oxodG and US increased the likelihood of discovering persistent PDF, which is a predictable condition for the patients at risk of OV-associated CCA. To identify high-risk individuals for CCA, it is useful to perform US in combination with urinary 8-oxodG measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chompunoot Wangboon
- Faculty of Graduate School, Biomedical Science Program, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Puangrat Yongvanit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Watcharin Loilome
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Raynoo Thanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chanika Worasith
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chatanun Eamudomkarn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nittaya Chamadol
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Eimorn Mairiang
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Prasert Saichua
- Tropical Disease Research Center, Tropical Medicine International Graduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Narong Khuntikeo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jeffrey M Bethony
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Paiboon Sithithaworn
- Cholangiocarcinoma Screening and Care Program (CASCAP), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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14
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Abstract
Among the most potent carcinogens in tobacco are the tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), with 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) being the most potent as well as one of the most abundant. NNK is extensively metabolized to the equally carcinogenic 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). Of the two NNAL enantiomers, (S)-NNAL not only appears to be preferentially glucuronidated and excreted in humans but also exhibits higher stereoselective tissue retention in mice and humans and has been shown to be more carcinogenic in mice than its (R) counterpart. Due to the differential carcinogenic potential of the NNAL enantiomers, it is increasingly important to know which UGT enzyme targets the specific NNAL enantiomers for glucuronidation. To examine this, a chiral separation method was developed to isolate enantiomerically pure (S)- and (R)-NNAL. Comparison of NNAL glucuronides (NNAL-Glucs) formed in reactions of UGT2B7-, UGT2B17-, UGT1A9-, and UGT2B10-overexpressing cell microsomes with pure NNAL enantiomers showed large differences in kinetics for (S)- versus (R)-NNAL, indicating varying levels of enantiomeric preference for each enzyme. UGT2B17 preferentially formed (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc, and UGT2B7 preferentially formed (S)-NNAL-O-Gluc. When human liver microsomes (HLM) were independently incubated with each NNAL enantiomer, the ratio of (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc to (S)-NNAL-O-Gluc formation in HLM from subjects exhibiting the homozygous deletion UGT2B17 (*2/*2) genotype was significantly lower (p = 0.012) than that with HLM from wild-type (*1/*1) subjects. There was a significant trend (p = 0.015) toward a decreased (R)-NNAL-O-Gluc/(S)-NNAL-O-Gluc ratio as the copy number of the UGT2B17*2 deletion allele increased. These data demonstrate that variations in the expression or activity of specific UGTs may affect the clearance of specific NNAL enantiomers known to induce tobacco-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Kozlovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane WA 99210
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane WA 99210
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane WA 99210
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