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Krauss RM, Fisher LM, King SM, Gardner CD. Changes in soluble LDL receptor and lipoprotein fractions in response to diet in the DIETFITS weight loss study. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100503. [PMID: 38246235 PMCID: PMC10882123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of the soluble ligand-binding ectodomain of the LDL receptor (sLDLR) that is proteolytically cleaved from the cell surface have been shown to correlate with plasma triglycerides, but the lipid and lipoprotein effects of longitudinal changes in sLDLR have not been examined. We sought to assess associations between changes in sLDLR and detailed lipoprotein measurements between baseline and 6 months in participants in the DIETFITS (Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success) weight loss trial who were randomly assigned to the low-fat (n = 225) or low-carbohydrate (n = 236) diet arms. sLDLR was assayed using a proteomic procedure, lipids and apoprotein (apo) B and apoAI were measured by standard assays, and lipoprotein particle subfractions were quantified by ion mobility methodology. Changes in sLDLR were significantly positively associated with changes in plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, apoB, large-sized and medium-sized VLDL, and small and very small LDL, and inversely with changes in large LDL and HDL. The lipoprotein subfraction associations with sLDLR were independent of age, sex, diet, and BMI, but all except for large LDL were reduced to insignificance when adjusted for triglyceride change. Principal component analysis identified three independent clusters of changes in lipoprotein subfractions that accounted for 78% of their total variance. Change in sLDLR was most strongly correlated with change in the principal component that was loaded positively with large VLDL and small and very small LDL and negatively with large LDL and HDL. In conclusion, sLDLR is a component of a cluster of lipids and lipoproteins that are characteristic of atherogenic dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald M Krauss
- Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Lois M Fisher
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M King
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Gardner
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA, USA
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2
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Zegeye MM, Nakka SS, Andersson JSO, Söderberg S, Ljungberg LU, Kumawat AK, Sirsjö A. Soluble LDL-receptor is induced by TNF-α and inhibits hepatocytic clearance of LDL-cholesterol. J Mol Med (Berl) 2023; 101:1615-1626. [PMID: 37861809 PMCID: PMC10697900 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-023-02379-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Defective LDL-C clearance and hence its elevation in the circulation is an established risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as myocardial infarction (MI). A soluble LDL-receptor (sLDL-R) has been detected in human plasma which correlates strongly with circulating LDL-C and classical conditions that promote chronic inflammation. However, the mechanistic interplay between sLDL-R, inflammation, and CVDs remains to be investigated. Here, we report that stimulation of HepG2 cells with TNF-α induces the release of sLDL-R into culture supernatants. In addition, TNF-α induces gene expression of peptidases ADAM-17 and MMP-14 in HepG2 cells, and inhibiting these peptidases using TMI 1 significantly reduces the TNF-α induced sLDL-R release. We found that a soluble form of recombinant LDL-R (100 nM) can strongly bind to LDL-C and form a stable complex (KD = E-12). Moreover, incubation of HepG2 cells with this recombinant LDL-R resulted in reduced LDL-C uptake in a dose-dependent manner. In a nested case-control study, we found that baseline sLDL-R in plasma is positively correlated with plasma total cholesterol level. Furthermore, a twofold increase in plasma sLDL-R was associated with a 55% increase in the risk of future MI [AOR = 1.55 (95% CI = 1.10-2.18)]. Nevertheless, mediation analyses revealed that a significant proportion of the association is mediated by elevation in plasma cholesterol level (indirect effect β = 0.21 (95% CI = 0.07-0.38). Collectively, our study shows that sLDL-R is induced by a pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α via membrane shedding. Furthermore, an increase in sLDL-R could inhibit hepatic clearance of LDL-C increasing its half-life in the circulation and contributing to the pathogenesis of MI. KEY MESSAGES: TNF-α causes shedding of hepatocytic LDL-R through induction of ADAM-17 and MMP-14. sLDL-R binds strongly to LDL-C and inhibits its uptake by hepatocytic cells. Plasma sLDL-R is positively correlated with TNF-α and cholesterol. Plasma sLDL-R is an independent predictor of myocardial infarction (MI). Plasma cholesterol mediates the association between sLDL-R and MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mulugeta M Zegeye
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University Södra Grev, Rosengatan 32, 703 62, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Sravya S Nakka
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region Västra Götaland, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas S O Andersson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Skellefteå Research Unit, Umeå University, 931 86, Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Söderberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Liza U Ljungberg
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University Södra Grev, Rosengatan 32, 703 62, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ashok K Kumawat
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University Södra Grev, Rosengatan 32, 703 62, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Allan Sirsjö
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University Södra Grev, Rosengatan 32, 703 62, Örebro, Sweden
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3
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Wang M, Alabi A, Gu HM, Gill G, Zhang Z, Jarad S, Xia XD, Shen Y, Wang GQ, Zhang DW. Identification of amino acid residues in the MT-loop of MT1-MMP critical for its ability to cleave low-density lipoprotein receptor. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:917238. [PMID: 36093157 PMCID: PMC9452735 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.917238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mediates clearance of plasma LDL cholesterol, preventing the development of atherosclerosis. We previously demonstrated that membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) cleaves LDLR and exacerbates the development of atherosclerosis. Here, we investigated determinants in LDLR and MT1-MMP that were critical for MT1-MMP-induced LDLR cleavage. We observed that deletion of various functional domains in LDLR or removal of each of the five predicted cleavage sites of MT1-MMP on LDLR did not affect MT1-MMP-induced cleavage of the receptor. Removal of the hemopexin domain or the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of MT1-MMP also did not impair its ability to cleave LDLR. On the other hand, mutant MT1-MMP, in which the catalytic domain or the MT-loop was deleted, could not cleave LDLR. Further Ala-scanning analysis revealed an important role for Ile at position 167 of the MT-loop in MT1-MMP’s action on LDLR. Replacement of Ile167 with Ala, Thr, Glu, or Lys resulted in a marked loss of the ability to cleave LDLR, whereas mutation of Ile167 to a non-polar amino acid residue, including Leu, Val, Met, and Phe, had no effect. Therefore, our studies indicate that MT1-MMP does not require a specific cleavage site on LDLR. In contrast, an amino acid residue with a hydrophobic side chain at position 167 in the MT-loop is critical for MT1-MMP-induced LDLR cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie Wang
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Adekunle Alabi
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Hong-mei Gu
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Govind Gill
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ziyang Zhang
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Suha Jarad
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xiao-dan Xia
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Yishi Shen
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Gui-qing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Da-wei Zhang
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Da-wei Zhang,
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4
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Peng J, Xing CY, Zhao K, Deng J, Olmedo DA, Ma Z, Zhang M, Wang Y. Associations of pro-protein convertase subtilisin-like kexin type 9, soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor and coronary artery disease: A case-control study. Int J Cardiol 2022; 350:9-15. [PMID: 35007650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is the primary pathway for removal of cholesterol from the circulation, pro-protein convertase subtilisin-like kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secreted protease that binds to and promotes degradation of the LDLR protein. The goal of this case-control study was to investigate the role of soluble LDLR (sLDLR) and PCSK9 in coronary artery disease (CAD) and investigate the relationship between these two indices and CAD. METHODS In a sample of 144 Chinese patients recruited between January 2018 and August 2018, 81 cases with mild and severe stenosis characterized by coronary angiograph (CAG) and 63 healthy controls were selected using the propensity score matching (PSM) based on demographics and medical history. sLDLR and PCSK9 concentrations were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Immuno-precipitation (IP) and western blotting. Multivariable logistic models were used to assess the associations between the degree of coronary artery stenosis and the biomarkers of interest. RESULTS Higher PCSK9 was found to be a significant predictor of coronary artery stenosis when comparing cases who had severe stenosis vs. controls (OR = 1.016, 95%CI: 1.009-1.024), and cases who had mild stenosis vs. controls (OR = 1.009, 95%CI: 1.003-1.015). sLDLR was positively corrected with PCSK9, which confounded the association between CAD and PCSK9. Compared to patients with mild-stenosis, patients with severe-stenosis also showed a higher level of PCSK9 (OR = 1.005, 95%CI: 1.007-1.013). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that elevated PSCK9 may contribute to the odds of developing CAD, with a higher degree of coronary artery stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Peng
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Proteomics of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Cathleen Y Xing
- Population Health Division, San Francisco Department of Public Health, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ketong Zhao
- Hainan Chengmei International Health Management Center, Haikou, China
| | - Jingti Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and molecular biology, Cumming school of medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Daiana Alvarez Olmedo
- Department of Biochemistry and molecular biology, Cumming school of medicine, 3330 Hospital Drive, NW, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Mingxiang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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5
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Arida A, Legaki AI, Kravvariti E, Protogerou A, Sfikakis PP, Chatzigeorgiou A. PCSK9/LDLR System and Rheumatoid Arthritis-Related Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:738764. [PMID: 34692791 PMCID: PMC8531404 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.738764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with the emergence of cardiovascular disease, while chronic inflammation is considered a common denominator for their parallel progression. The Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9)/LDL-Receptor (LDLR) system is of high importance during atherogenesis, via regulating the clearance of LDL from the circulation; nevertheless the role of this molecular mechanism during RA-related atheromatosis is not known. Methods: Herein, high-resolution ultrasound measurements for arterial hypertrophy, atheromatosis and arterial stiffness as well as comprehensive biochemical profiling were performed in 85 RA patients. The circulating levels of PCSK9 and LDLR were measured and their potential associations as well as of the PCSK9/LDLR ratio with patients' characteristics and the degree of atherosclerosis were investigated. Results: Increased LDLR levels and decreased PCSK9/LDLR ratio were found in RA patients with at least 2 atheromatic plaques as compared to the ones without any plaques. In addition the levels of both PCSK9 and LDLR were positively correlated with the presence of atheromatic plaques as an age- and gender- adjusted multivariate analysis revealed. Conclusions: Our data imply that the PCSK9/LDLR system plays a significant role during RA-related atherosclerosis and may therefore be used as a screening tool for disease progression in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Arida
- Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Aigli-Ioanna Legaki
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evrydiki Kravvariti
- Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Protogerou
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Research Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros P Sfikakis
- Joint Rheumatology Program, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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6
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Xia XD, Alabi A, Wang M, Gu HM, Yang RZ, Wang G, Zhang DW. Membrane-type I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), lipid metabolism and therapeutic implications. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:513-526. [PMID: 34297054 PMCID: PMC8530520 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids exert many essential physiological functions, such as serving as a structural component of biological membranes, storing energy, and regulating cell signal transduction. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism can lead to dyslipidemia related to various human diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, lipid metabolism is strictly regulated through multiple mechanisms at different levels, including the extracellular matrix. Membrane-type I matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP), a zinc-dependent endopeptidase, proteolytically cleaves extracellular matrix components, and non-matrix proteins, thereby regulating many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Emerging evidence supports the vital role of MT1-MMP in lipid metabolism. For example, MT1-MMP mediates ectodomain shedding of low-density lipoprotein receptor and increases plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and the development of atherosclerosis. It also increases the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaque by promoting collagen cleavage. Furthermore, it can cleave the extracellular matrix of adipocytes, affecting adipogenesis and the development of obesity. Therefore, the activity of MT1-MMP is strictly regulated by multiple mechanisms, such as autocatalytic cleavage, endocytosis and exocytosis, and post-translational modifications. Here, we summarize the latest advances in MT1-MMP, mainly focusing on its role in lipid metabolism, the molecular mechanisms regulating the function and expression of MT1-MMP, and their pharmacotherapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dan Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Qingyuan People's Hospital), Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan 511500, China.,Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6R 2G3, Canada
| | - Adekunle Alabi
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6R 2G3, Canada
| | - Maggie Wang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6R 2G3, Canada
| | - Hong-Mei Gu
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6R 2G3, Canada
| | - Rui Zhe Yang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6R 2G3, Canada
| | - Guiqing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital (Qingyuan People's Hospital), Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan 511500, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6R 2G3, Canada
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7
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Alabi A, Xia XD, Gu HM, Wang F, Deng SJ, Yang N, Adijiang A, Douglas DN, Kneteman NM, Xue Y, Chen L, Qin S, Wang G, Zhang DW. Membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase promotes LDL receptor shedding and accelerates the development of atherosclerosis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1889. [PMID: 33767172 PMCID: PMC7994674 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is primarily cleared by LDL receptor (LDLR). LDLR can be proteolytically cleaved to release its soluble ectodomain (sLDLR) into extracellular milieu. However, the proteinase responsible for LDLR cleavage is unknown. Here we report that membrane type 1-matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) co-immunoprecipitates and co-localizes with LDLR and promotes LDLR cleavage. Plasma sLDLR and cholesterol levels are reduced while hepatic LDLR is increased in mice lacking hepatic MT1-MMP. Opposite effects are observed when MT1-MMP is overexpressed. MT1-MMP overexpression significantly increases atherosclerotic lesions, while MT1-MMP knockdown significantly reduces cholesteryl ester accumulation in the aortas of apolipoprotein E (apoE) knockout mice. Furthermore, sLDLR is associated with apoB and apoE-containing lipoproteins in mouse and human plasma. Plasma levels of sLDLR are significantly increased in subjects with high plasma LDL cholesterol levels. Thus, we demonstrate that MT1-MMP promotes ectodomain shedding of hepatic LDLR, thereby regulating plasma cholesterol levels and the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle Alabi
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Xiao-Dan Xia
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Hong-Mei Gu
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Faqi Wang
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Shi-Jun Deng
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nana Yang
- Experimental Center for Medical Research, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ayinuer Adijiang
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Donna N Douglas
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Norman M Kneteman
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yazhuo Xue
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Shucun Qin
- Institute of Atherosclerosis in Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Taian, China
| | - Guiqing Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People's Hospital, Qingyuan, China
| | - Da-Wei Zhang
- The Department of Pediatrics and Group on the Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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8
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Mbikay M, Mayne J, Chrétien M. The enigma of soluble LDLR: could inflammation be the key? Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:17. [PMID: 32014013 PMCID: PMC6998292 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-1199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor (sLDLR) is the circulating ectodomain of transmembrane LDLR. Its blood level strongly correlates with that of triglycerides (TG). This correlation has eluded satisfactory explanation. Hypertriglyceridemia and shedding of the ectodomain of many transmembrane receptors often accompany inflammatory states. The shedding mostly occurs through cleavage by a disintegrin-and-metalloproteinase-17 (ADAM-17), an enzyme activated by inflammation. It reduces the cellular uptake of TG-loaded lipoproteins, causing their accumulation in circulation; hence the correlation between plasma sLDLR and TG. Soluble LDLR could become a new surrogate marker of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majambu Mbikay
- Functional Endoproteolysis Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada. .,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
| | - Janice Mayne
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michel Chrétien
- Functional Endoproteolysis Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec, H2W 1R7, Canada.,Chronic Disease Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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9
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Plasma inducible degrader of the LDLR, soluble low-density lipoprotein receptor, and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 levels as potential biomarkers of familial hypercholesterolemia in children. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:211-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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10
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Zhang M, Lu Y, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhang C, Gao W, Tie Y. Relationship between XspI Site Polymorphisms of LDL-R Gene and Serum IL-2 and IL-10 in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lab Anal 2016; 30:1122-1127. [PMID: 27121486 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relationship has been identified in sporadic reports between polymorphisms and hypercholesterolemia. However, the relationship between inflammatory cytokines and polymorphism of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) gene in hypercholesterolemia is unclear. This study aimed to explore the relationship and significance between polymorphisms of LDL-R gene and serum Interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-10 in patients with hypercholesterolemia. METHODS PCR-RFLP and direct DNA sequencing assay were employed to determine polymorphism of LDL-R gene in 900 patients with hypercholesterolemia and 400 healthy cases. ELISA was applied to assay serum concentration of IL-2 and IL-10. Blood lipid indexes were tested in all cases. RESULTS Compared with the healthy controls, level of IL-2 increased significantly, while IL-10 decreased significantly (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that IL-2 was positively correlated with total cholesterol (TC), LDL-c, and genotype (r = 0.542, 0.410, 0.598, P < 0.05) and negatively correlated with HDL-c (r = -0.352, P < 0.05). Negative relationship also was found between TC, LDL-c, genotype, and IL-10 (r = -0.452, -0.390, -0.613, P < 0.05), and positive correlation between HDL-c and IL-10 (r = 0.398, P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression showed that genotypes and TC were independent factors affecting the levels of IL-2 and IL-10 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION IL-2 and IL-10 were related to gene polymorphisms of LDL-R, which might be involved in the development and progress of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Clinical laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Yamin Lu
- Department of nuclear medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Function Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhang
- Clinical laboratory, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cuigai Zhang
- Physical examination center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Clinical laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yanqing Tie
- Clinical laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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