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Khamlich J, Douiyeh I, Saih A, Moussamih S, Regragui A, Kettani A, Safi A. Molecular docking, pharmacokinetic prediction and molecular dynamics simulations of tankyrase inhibitor compounds with the protein glucokinase, induced in the development of diabetes. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:2846-2858. [PMID: 37199320 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2214217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
GCK is a protein that plays a crucial role in the sensing and regulation of glucose homeostasis, which associates it with disorders of carbohydrate metabolism and the development of several pathologies, including gestational diabetes. This makes GCK an important therapeutic target that has aroused the interest of researchers to discover GKA that are simultaneously effective in the long term and free of side effects. TNKS is a protein that interacts directly with GCK; recent studies have shown that it inhibits GCK action, which affects glucose detection and insulin secretion. This justifies our choice of TNKS inhibitors as ligands to test their effects on the GCK-TNKS complex. For this purpose, we investigated the interaction of the GCK-TNKS complex with 13 compounds (TNKS inhibitors and their analogues) using the molecular docking approach as a first step, after which the compounds that generated the best affinity scores were evaluated for drug similarity and pharmacokinetic properties. Subsequently, we selected the six compounds that generated high affinity and that were in accordance with the parameters of the drug rules as well as pharmacokinetic properties to ensure a molecular dynamics study. The results allowed us to favor the two compounds (XAV939 and IWR-1), knowing that even the tested compounds (TNKS 22, (2215914) and (46824343)) produced good results that can also be exploited. These results are therefore interesting and encouraging, and they can be exploited experimentally to discover a treatment for diabetes, including gestational diabetes.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihane Khamlich
- Laboratory Biochemistry Environment and Agri-food, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics Mohammedia, Hassan II University Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, URAC 34, Faculty of Sciences, Ben M'Sik Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Imane Douiyeh
- Laboratory Biochemistry Environment and Agri-food, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics Mohammedia, Hassan II University Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, URAC 34, Faculty of Sciences, Ben M'Sik Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Asmae Saih
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, URAC 34, Faculty of Sciences, Ben M'Sik Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Samya Moussamih
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences Ain chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anas Regragui
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy Casablanca (FMPC), Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Anass Kettani
- Laboratory of Biology and Health, URAC 34, Faculty of Sciences, Ben M'Sik Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
- Mohammed VI Center for Research & Innovation, Rabat, Morocco & Mohammed VI University of Health Sciences, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Amal Safi
- Laboratory Biochemistry Environment and Agri-food, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics Mohammedia, Hassan II University Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
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Alkattan A, Alkhalifah A, Alsalameen E, Alghanim F, Radwan N. Polymorphisms of genes related to phase II metabolism and resistance to clopidogrel. Pharmacogenomics 2021; 23:61-79. [PMID: 34866404 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2021-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel is an antiplatelet drug commonly used to prevent coagulation. This review aimed to investigate the effect of polymorphisms of G6PD, GCLC, GCLM, GSS, GST, GSR, HK and GLRX genes on clopidogrel during phase II metabolism through exploring previous studies. The results revealed that low glutathione plasma levels caused by several alleles related to these genes could affect the bioactivation process of the clopidogrel prodrug, making it unable to inhibit platelet aggregation perfectly and thus leading to severe consequences in patients with a high risk of blood coagulation. However, the study recommends platelet reactivity tests to predict clopidogrel efficacy rather than studying gene mutations, as most of these mutations are rare and other nongenetic factors could affect the drug's efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alkattan
- Planning and Research Department, General Directorate of School Health, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 11176, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alkhalifah
- Department of Sales, Fresenius Kabi, Alhaya Medical Company, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alsalameen
- Department of Pharmacy, King Khalid University Hospital, Medical City King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Alghanim
- Department of General Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University
| | - Nashwa Radwan
- Department of Public Health & Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt.,Department of Research, Assisting Deputyship for Primary Health Care, Ministry of Heath, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Zhong J, Yu Q, Zheng N, Su J, Zheng X, Zheng L, Chen X. Gene polymorphisms of insulin secretion signaling pathway associated with clopidogrel resistance in Han Chinese population. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e23970. [PMID: 34609028 PMCID: PMC8605143 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the loss of responsiveness to insulin, diabetes mellitus (DM) patients develop increased platelet reactivity and reduced response to antiplatelet agents. Nevertheless, the relationship between the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the signal pathway gene of insulin secretion and the effect of clopidogrel is elusive. METHODS Blood samples were collected from patients administered with dual-antiplatelet therapy (clopidogrel, 75 mg, once daily and aspirin, 100 mg, once daily) after 5 days and completed test within 4 h. The VerifyNow P2Y12 assay was used to measure the platelet functions, and the results were expressed as a P2Y12 reaction unit (PRU). Notably, the selected SNPs were analyzed to demonstrate the functionality of genetic variants. RESULTS Analysis of the study population showed that old age, lower plasma albumin (ALB) level, higher creatinine (CREA) level, higher uric acid (UA) level, lower platelet (PLT) count, and lower plateletcrit (PCT) potentially increased the risk of clopidogrel resistance. In a single-nucleotide polymorphism rs6056209 of the PCLB1 gene, the AG genotype was a risk factor for clopidogrel resistance (p < 0.05, OR = 1.574). Similarly, the CC and AG genotype in GNAS rs7121 and CCKAR rs1800857 were protective factors (p < 0.05, OR = 0.094; p <0.05, OR = 0.491). TT was a protective factor in rs10814274 of the CREB3 gene (p < 0.05, OR = 0.444). In the RAPGEF4 gene polymorphism rs17746510, TG was the protective genotype, and the TT genotype was a risk factor for clopidogrel resistance. GCG rs5645 was confirmed; there was a relationship between genotypes containing A or G and clopidogrel resistance. CONCLUSION Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of insulin secretion signaling pathway genes trigger clopidogrel resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Zhong
- Zhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Department of CardiologyNingbo Second HospitalNingboChina
| | - Qinglin Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Internal MedicineNingbo First HospitalNingboChina
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of CardiologyNingbo Second HospitalNingboChina
| | - Jia Su
- Department of CardiologyNingbo First HospitalNingboChina
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Department of GeriatricsNingbo First HospitalNingboChina
| | - Liangrong Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular SciencesFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of CardiologyNingbo First HospitalNingboChina
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Tanaka K, Matsumoto S, Ainiding G, Nakahara I, Nishi H, Hashimoto T, Ohta T, Sadamasa N, Ishibashi R, Gomi M, Saka M, Miyata H, Watanabe S, Okata T, Sonoda K, Koge J, Iinuma KM, Furuta K, Nagata I, Matsuo K, Matsushita T, Isobe N, Yamasaki R, Kira JI. PON1 Q192R is associated with high platelet reactivity with clopidogrel in patients undergoing elective neurointervention: A prospective single-center cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254067. [PMID: 34351918 PMCID: PMC8341610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose The impact of the paraoxonase-1 (PON1) polymorphism, Q192R, on platelet inhibition in response to clopidogrel remains controversial. We aimed to investigate the association between carrier status of PON1 Q192R and high platelet reactivity (HPR) with clopidogrel in patients undergoing elective neurointervention. Methods Post-clopidogrel platelet reactivity was measured using a VerifyNow® P2Y12 assay in P2Y12 reaction units (PRU) for consecutive patients before the treatment. Genotype testing was performed for PON1 Q192R and CYP2C19*2 and *3 (no function alleles), and *17. PRU was corrected on the basis of hematocrit. We investigated associations between factors including carrying ≥1 PON1 192R allele and HPR defined as original and corrected PRU ≥208. Results Of 475 patients (232 men, median age, 68 years), HPR by original and corrected PRU was observed in 259 and 199 patients (54.5% and 41.9%), respectively. Carriers of ≥1 PON1 192R allele more frequently had HPR by original and corrected PRU compared with non-carriers (91.5% vs 85.2%, P = 0.031 and 92.5% vs 85.9%, P = 0.026, respectively). In multivariate analyses, carrying ≥1 PON1 192R allele was associated with HPR by original (odds ratio [OR] 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–3.76) and corrected PRU (OR 2.34, 95% CI 1.21–4.74) after adjustment for age, sex, treatment with antihypertensive medications, hematocrit, platelet count, total cholesterol, and carrying ≥1 CYP2C19 no function allele. Conclusions Carrying ≥1 PON1 192R allele is associated with HPR by original and corrected PRU with clopidogrel in patients undergoing elective neurointervention, although alternative results related to other genetic polymorphisms cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Neurological Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoji Matsumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Gulibahaer Ainiding
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Neurological Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakahara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hidehisa Nishi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hashimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ohta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Nobutake Sadamasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Ryota Ishibashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Masanori Gomi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Makoto Saka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Haruka Miyata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | | | - Takuya Okata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Sonoda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Junpei Koge
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Kyoko M. Iinuma
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Neurological Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Konosuke Furuta
- Department of Neurology, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Izumi Nagata
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Matsushita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Neurological Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noriko Isobe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Neurological Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamasaki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Neurological Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Kira
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Neurological Institute, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Xu H, Yu Q, Zhou H, Yang J, Zheng N, Xu Z, Su J. Polymorphisms in the GCK gene increase the risk of clopidogrel resistance in stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 26:447-452. [PMID: 34165031 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2021.1945789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus is a major factor in clopidogrel resistance (CR), and the glucokinase (GCK) gene plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis. This study investigated the contribution of GCK polymorphisms to CR risk. METHODS Two hundred SCAD patients were recruited, and their platelet functions were detected by the Verify-Now P2Y12 assay. The polymorphisms of GCK were tested based on the methods of polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). We investigated the associations of GCK polymorphisms and CR. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyse the correlations between GCK polymorphisms and clinical values. RESULTS Our study found that the SNPs rs4607517 and rs6975024 were associated with CR. Additionally, patients with the G allele of rs4607517had a greater CR risk, but the C allele of rs6975024 might be a protective factor. Finally, logistic regression revealed that CC + TC (rs6975024) as well as the values of albumin were correlated with a decreased risk of CR, and higher levels of uric acid (UA) may be positively associated with CR. CONCLUSION The GCK gene polymorphisms might increase the CR risk in SCAD patients. Meanwhile, higher albumin levels and lower UA values might decrease the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xu
- Department of Geratology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglin Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhenhai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Su
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, People's Republic of China
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Su J, Yu Q, Yang J, Zheng N, Zhong J, Ji L, Li J, Chen X. The association of polymorphisms in related circadian rhythm genes and clopidogrel resistance susceptibility. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2021; 129:196-209. [PMID: 34117726 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have confirmed that a dynamic change in circadian rhythm will affect platelet activity, resulting in clopidogrel resistance (CR). We attempted to evaluate whether polymorphisms of related circadian rhythm genes are involved in CR in stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients. A sum of 204 SCAD patients met our requirements and were recruited, and 96 patients were considered to have CR. After clinical data collection and platelet function evaluation, genomic DNA was isolated from human peripheral blood, and 23 tagSNPs from related circadian rhythm genes were genotyped by GenomeLab SNPstream Genotyping System. After RNA isolation, relative expression of related gene mRNAs (CLOCK, CRY1, CACNA1C and PRKCG) was measured by real-time PCR. The results showed that polymorphisms in CRY1, CACNA1C and PRKCG changed the response to clopidogrel. And then, the rs1801260 polymorphism might lead to higher mRNA expression in CLOCK and potentially induce the occurrence of CR. Additionally, the TC genotype of rs3745406 might lower mRNA expression of PRKCG, resulting in CR. These findings support the hypothesized role of circadian rhythm genes in CR and indicate probable biomarkers for CR susceptibility, providing new insight into individualized medicine for coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Su
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Qinglin Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Internal Medicine, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, China.,Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lindan Ji
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiyi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Yuyao People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Yuyao, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo No. 1 Hospital, Ningbo, China
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Zhang S, Wang J, Zhang A, Zhang X, You T, Xie D, Yang W, Chen Y, Zhang X, Di C, Xie X. A SNP involved in alternative splicing of ABCB1 is associated with clopidogrel resistance in coronary heart disease in Chinese population. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:25684-25699. [PMID: 33232268 PMCID: PMC7803500 DOI: 10.18632/aging.104177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Although many scientists are studying the association between genetic polymorphism of ABCB1 and CR in patients, the molecular mechanism has not been further studied in patients with CHD. This study investigated the relationship between SNP of the ABCB1 gene in patients with CHD and CR, and whether the polymorphism of the ABCB1 gene affects the AS of the gene. 741 patients were enrolled in the study, 316 CR cases and 425 NCR cases. The correlation between CR risk and clinical-pathological characteristics were studied. Additionally, the five SNPs were analysed by PCR and Mass Array genotyping methods. Furthermore, silicon analysis was used to predict whether the polymorphism affects the process of AS. Results showed that there was a significant correlation between rs1045642 polymorphism and CR in genotyping and allele analysis. The rs1045642 polymorphism of the ABCB1 gene of CHD patients carrying the A allele are more likely to develop CR. Silicon analysis showed that rs1045642 generated a new ESE sequence which might affect AS of ABCB1 gene. We hypothesize that the mechanism of CR might be caused by a change in the AS caused by the polymorphism of the gene. Thus, this work provides guidance for the clinical use of clopidogrel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Anan Zhang
- The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao You
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Congenital Heart Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Gansu Province International Science and Technology Cooperation Base, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dingxiong Xie
- Gansu Cardiovascular Institute, Lanzhou 730050, China
| | - Wenke Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xuetian Zhang
- Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Cuixia Di
- Bio-Medical Research Center, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Gansu Provincial Maternity and Childcare Hospital, Lanzhou 730050, China
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Su J, Zheng N, Li Z, Huangfu N, Mei L, Xu X, Zhang L, Chen X. Association of GCK gene DNA methylation with the risk of clopidogrel resistance in acute coronary syndrome patients. J Clin Lab Anal 2019; 34:e23040. [PMID: 31605429 PMCID: PMC7031555 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Clopidogrel resistance (CR), which was manifested as the failure of platelet inhibition in clopidogrel treatment, was likely to lead to cardiovascular events. Our study was aimed to explore the contribution of DNA methylation in glucokinase (GCK) to the CR risk. Methods Among 36 CR and 36 non‐CR acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, the platelet functions were evaluated by VerifyNow P2Y12 assay (turbidimetric‐based optical detection) and DNA methylation levels on two fragments of the CGI from the GCK were investigated through bisulfite pyrosequencing methods. In addition, the GCK mRNA expression was analyzed via quantitative real‐time PCR. Lastly, the logistic regression was employed to test the interaction between GCK methylation and nongenetic variables in CR patients. Results Subunit analysis showed that in male patients without DM but suffering from dyslipidemia, the increased methylation of cg18492943 indicated a risk of poor clopidogrel response (male, NCR vs CR(%): 84.86 ± 6.29 vs 88.16 ± 4.32, P = .032; without DM, NCR vs CR (%): 84.66 ± 6.18 vs 88.16 ± 4.17, P = .029; and dyslipidemia, NCR vs CR (%): 83.81 ± 6.96 vs 88.39 ± 4.74, P = .042).In addition, GCK mRNA expression was reduced in CR patients without DM. Moreover, regression analysis indicated that the values of platelet distribution width (PDW), total cholesterol (TC), and uric acid (UA) were correlated with the incidence of CR, and hypertension lowered the CR risk. Conclusions A higher methylation of cg18492943 in GCK gene would lower the expression of GCK mRNA, which might contribute to CR in patients without DM. Meanwhile, PDW and TC might be risk factors in CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Su
- Department of Cardiology, the first Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China.,Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, the first Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ning Huangfu
- Department of Cardiology, the first Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Li Mei
- Department of Cardiology, the first Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, the first Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, the first Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China.,Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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