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Sarmin N, Roknuzzaman ASM, Sarker R, -Or-Rashid M, Qusar MS, Bachar SC, Kabir ER, Islam MR, Al Mahmud Z. Association of interleukin-2 and interleukin-10 with the pathophysiology and development of generalized anxiety disorder: a case-control study. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:462. [PMID: 38902708 PMCID: PMC11188505 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a devastating mental health condition characterized by constant, uncontrolled worrying. Recent hypotheses indicate that pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines are potential contributors to the pathogenesis of GAD. Here, we aimed to assess the role of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in the pathophysiology and development of GAD. METHODS This study recruited 50 GAD patients diagnosed according to the DSM-5 criteria and 38 age-sex-matched healthy controls (HCs). A qualified psychiatrist evaluated all study subjects. The socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population were determined using pre-structured questionnaires or interviews, and cytokine serum levels were estimated using commercially available ELISA kits. RESULTS We observed reduced serum IL-10 levels in GAD patients compared to HCs (33.69 ± 1.37 pg/ml vs. 44.12 ± 3.16 pg/ml). Also, we observed a significant negative correlation between altered IL-10 levels and GAD-7 scores (r=-0.315, p = 0.039). Moreover, IL-10 serum measurement exhibited good predictive value in receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.793 (p < 0.001) with 80.65% sensitivity and 62.79% specificity at a cutoff value of 33.93 pg/ml. Conversely, we noticed elevated serum IL-2 levels in GAD patients than in HCs (14.81 ± 2.88 pg/ml vs. 8.08 ± 1.1 pg/ml); however, it failed to maintain any significant association with GAD-7 scores, implying that IL-2 might not be involved in GAD pathogenesis. The lower AUC value (0.640; p > 0.05) exhibited by IL-2 serum measurement in ROC analysis further supported that IL-2 might not be associated with GAD. CONCLUSION This study provides new insights into the complex interplay between anti-inflammatory cytokines and GAD pathogenesis. Based on the present findings, we can assume that IL-10 but not IL-2 may be associated with the pathophysiology and development of GAD. However, further research with a larger population size and longitudinal design is required to confirm the potential diagnostic efficacy of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisat Sarmin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - A S M Roknuzzaman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Rapty Sarker
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mamun -Or-Rashid
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Mma Shalahuddin Qusar
- Department of Psychiatry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Shahabagh, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Sitesh Chandra Bachar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Eva Rahman Kabir
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Kha 224 Bir Uttam Rafiqul Islam Avenue, Merul Badda, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rabiul Islam
- School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Kha 224 Bir Uttam Rafiqul Islam Avenue, Merul Badda, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
| | - Zobaer Al Mahmud
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
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Miao Y, Yan T, Liu J, Zhang C, Yan J, Xu L, Zhang N, Zhang X. Meta-analysis of the association between interleukin-17 and ischemic cardiovascular disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:252. [PMID: 38750443 PMCID: PMC11097571 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-17 (IL-17) has been hypothesized to be involved in ischemic cardiovascular disease (ICVD). However, the association of IL-17 with ICVD remained unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically analyze the available evidence regarding the association between IL-17 and ICVD. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases up to October 2023 to identify publications on the association between IL-17 and ICVD. The merged results were analyzed using a random effects model for meta-analysis and subgroup analysis. RESULTS A total of 955 publications were initially identified in our search and screened; six studies were eventually included in the analysis. The average age of study participants was 60.3 ± 12.6 years and 65.5% were men. There was a high degree of heterogeneity among studies. The results showed that IL-17 level were higher in the case group than those in the control group (standardized mean difference, SMD = 1.60, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.53-2.66, P = 0.003). In sensitivity analysis, the merged results showed good robustness. Additionally, subgroup analysis showed that race and ethnicity, sample size, and detection methods were significant factors influencing heterogeneity in the published studies. CONCLUSION Our finding revealed that increased IL-17 level contributed to the development of ICVD, suggesting IL-17 as a potential risk marker. Further research is needed to establish IL-17 as a therapeutic biomarker of ICVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Miao
- Department of Health Statistics, Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Province, 010000, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Health Statistics, Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Province, 010000, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Health Statistics, Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Province, 010000, China
| | - Chunfa Zhang
- Department of Health Statistics, Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Province, 010000, China
| | - Jinli Yan
- Department of Health Statistics, Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Province, 010000, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Health Statistics, Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Province, 010000, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Health Statistics, Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Province, 010000, China.
| | - Xingguang Zhang
- Department of Health Statistics, Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Province, 010000, China.
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Varghese TP, Chand S, Varghese NM, Singh R, Yadav SK. Interplay of inflammatory biomarkers in heart disease patients with depressive symptoms: An update. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102352. [PMID: 38128639 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiological mechanisms that connect heart disease and depressive disorders have been identified as abnormal endothelial function, dysregulation of the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) axis and abnormal platelet activities. Among these mechanisms, both endothelial dysfunction and HPA axis dysregulation are influenced by low grade inflammation and play significant roles in both conditions. Consequently, it is hypothesized that inflammation is an integral part of the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, linking the occurrence of heart diseases to the activation and shedding of intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAMs), especially soluble ICAM-1. This process is accompanied by the local and systemic secretion of various inflammatory markers like interleukin-6, Tumour Necrosis Factor, and C-reactive protein. Therefore, this review primarily focuses on defining the potential role of different inflammatory biomarkers in depression and heart disease and assessing whether mediators could serve as predictive biomarkers for detecting depressive symptoms in patients with heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Treesa P Varghese
- Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre (Yenepoya deemed to be University), Naringana, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sharad Chand
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune, Maharashtra - 411038, India.
| | - Nila Mary Varghese
- Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, ELIMS College of Pharmacy, Thrissur, Kerala, India.
| | - Rohit Singh
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, Dr. Vishwanath Karad MIT World Peace University, Pune, Maharashtra - 411038, India.
| | - Shiv Kumar Yadav
- Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmacy Practice, RC Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, India.
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Shi Q, Li R, Qu Z, Lang Y, Sheng G, Ning J, Zhang W. Longitudinal change of six common inflammatory cytokines and their relationship to anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke patients. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 56:e13025. [PMID: 37878890 PMCID: PMC10591487 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2023e13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines are known to be involved in acute ischemic stroke (AIS), while the relationship of multiple inflammatory cytokines with mental disorders in AIS is less reported. This research intended to explore the longitudinal variation of common inflammatory cytokines and their correlation with anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment in AIS patients. Six inflammatory cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay among 175 AIS patients at admission (baseline) and on the day (D)1, D3, and D7 after admission. Anxiety, depression, and cognition were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Mini-Mental State Examination at discharge, respectively. Anxiety, depression, and cognitive impairment rates were 32.6, 39.4, and 19.4%, respectively. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-17A increased from baseline to D1, then decreased from D1 to D7 (all P<0.001), while IL-10 presented an opposite trend (P<0.001). Interestingly, TNF-α on D1 and D3, IL-6 on D3, IL-8 on D3 and D7, and IL-17A on D1, D3, and D7 correlated with higher anxiety rate (all P<0.05). TNF-α on D1, D3, and D7, IL-8 at baseline, D1, D3, and D7, IL-17A on D1 and D7 correlated with increased depression rate (all P<0.05). In addition, IL-1β on D1 and IL-17 at baseline, D1, D3, and D7 correlated with elevated cognitive-impairment rate (all P<0.05). Inflammatory cytokines were dysregulated after disease onset, and their longitudinal change correlated with psychological issues in AIS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
| | - Ruorui Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
| | - Zhiling Qu
- Department of Obstetrics, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
| | - Yonghua Lang
- Department of Neurology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
| | - Guiling Sheng
- Department of Obstetrics, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
| | - Jiajia Ning
- Department of Cardiology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Laizhou People's Hospital, Laizhou, China
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Martino G, Bellone F, Vicario CM, Gaudio A, Corica F, Squadrito G, Lund-Jacobsen T, Schwarz P, Lo Coco G, Morabito N, Catalano A. Interrelations between clinical-psychological features and bone mineral density changes in post-menopausal women undergoing anti-osteoporotic treatment: a two-year follow-up. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1151199. [PMID: 37229451 PMCID: PMC10203700 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1151199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psychological features have been bidirectionally associated with osteoporosis, but it is still unclear whether patient's anxiety fluctuations during the anti-osteoporotic treatment can have an impact on bone mineral density (BMD) variation. The aim of this study was to investigate the interrelations between psychological distress features, such as anxiety, depression, health-related QoL (HRQoL) and bone health in women receiving anti-osteoporotic treatment. Methods 192 post-menopausal osteoporotic women were treated with alendronate or risedronate according to the standard procedure. The levels of anxiety, depression, and perceived HRQoL, along with BMD, were assessed at baseline and at a 2-year follow-up. Results At the end of the study, the patients showed a statistically significant increase of both psychic and somatic anxiety (p<0.0001) and exhibited a worsening of depressive symptoms (p<0.0001), whereas HRQoL showed no change. BMD improved and no incident fractures occurred. BMD variation (ΔBMD) at lumbar spine was significantly associated with anxiety levels (r=0.23, p=0.021). Multiple regression analysis showed that both patients' worsening anxiety levels (β = -0.1283, SE=0.06142, p=0.04) and their treatment adherence (β=0.09, SE=0.02, p=0.0006) were independently associated with ΔBMD. Discussion The findings of the current follow-up study suggest that BMD in post-menopausal women undergoing anti-osteoporotic treatment was predicted by treatment adherence and anxiety change over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Martino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Bellone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Mario Vicario
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Psychology, Education and Cultural Studies, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Agostino Gaudio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Corica
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Trine Lund-Jacobsen
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Cancer and Organ Diseases, The Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schwarz
- Department of Endocrinology, Centre for Cancer and Organ Diseases, The Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gianluca Lo Coco
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement- University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Nunziata Morabito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Catalano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Tan Y, Zhou L, Huang J, Chen X, Wu Y, Song X, Wang J, Hu H, Yang Q. Vitamin B12, Folate, Homocysteine, Inflammatory Mediators (Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and C-Reactive Protein) Levels in Adolescents with Anxiety or Depressive Symptoms. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2023; 19:785-800. [PMID: 37056916 PMCID: PMC10089149 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s399378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the prevalence of abnormal vitamin B12, folate, total homocysteine (tHcy), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, to analyze the relationship between these parameters and the severity of anxiety or depressive symptoms, and to explore the possible factors associated with abnormal levels of these parameters in adolescents with anxiety or depressive symptoms. Methods Adolescent (aged 12-18 years) outpatients with anxiety or depressive symptoms were recruited. The patient health questionnaire-9 and generalized anxiety disorder scale-7 were used to measure the severity of depression and anxiety. Serum vitamin B12, folate, tHcy, IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP levels were determined. Results 128 subjects were recruited. The prevalence of vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, tHcy, TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP elevation was 8.6%, 10.2%, 25.8%, 14.8%, 21.9%, and 10.2%, respectively, in adolescents with anxiety or depressive symptoms. Lower vitamin B12 levels were correlated with a higher risk of severe anxiety and depressive symptoms. The severity of some symptoms of anxiety or depression were weakly correlated with vitamin B12, folate, tHcy, IL-6, and CRP levels. Vitamin B12, folate, and tHcy levels were not associated with inflammatory mediators. Vitamin B12 deficiency was associated with older age and higher tHcy levels. Folate deficiency was associated with elevated tHcy. Elevated tHcy was associated with lower vitamin B12 and folate levels. IL-6 elevation was associated with elevated CRP and TNF-α. CRP elevation was associated with older age, higher BMI, and current drinking. Conclusion Lower vitamin B12 levels were correlated with a higher risk of severe anxiety or depressive symptoms. Weak correlations were observed between the severity of some symptoms of anxiety or depression and vitamin B12, folate, tHcy, IL-6, and CRP levels. Vitamin B12, folate, and tHcy levels were related to each other. IL-6 elevation was associated with elevated CRP and TNF-α. CRP elevation was associated with older age, higher BMI, and current drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Tan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiagui Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youlin Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaosong Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiani Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Hua Hu, Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-23-89012008, Fax +86-23-68811487, Email
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Qin Yang, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-23-89012008, Fax +86-23-68811487, Email
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