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Li Y, Fan L, Yan A, Ren X, Zhao Y, Hua B. Exosomal miR-361-3p promotes the viability of breast cancer cells by targeting ETV7 and BATF2 to upregulate the PAI-1/ERK pathway. J Transl Med 2024; 22:112. [PMID: 38282047 PMCID: PMC10823750 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04914-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant progression is the major cause of poor prognosis in breast cancer (BC) patients. Plasma exosomal miRNAs have been reported to be involved in tumor progression, but their roles in BC remain unclear. METHODS We performed plasma exosomal miRNA sequencing on 45 individuals, including healthy controls and nonmetastatic and metastatic BC patients. We examined the correlation between miRNA expression in tumor tissues and plasma exosomes in BC patients by qRT‒PCR. The effects of exosomal miR-361-3p on BC cells were determined by CellTiter-Glo, migration and wound healing assays. The target genes of miR-361-3p and downstream pathways were explored by dual-luciferase reporter assay, RNA knockdown, rescue experiments, and western blotting. We utilized murine xenograft model to further assess the impact of plasma exosomal miR-361-3p on the malignant progression of BC. RESULTS We found that the expression level of plasma exosomal miR-361-3p gradually increased with malignant progression in BC patients, and the expression of miR-361-3p in plasma exosomes and BC tissues was positively correlated. Consistently, exosomal miR-361-3p enhanced the migration and proliferation of two BC cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3. Furthermore, our data showed that miR-361-3p inhibited two novel target genes, ETV7 and BATF2, to activate the PAI-1/ERK pathway, leading to increased BC cell viability. Finally, the consistency of the in vivo experimental results supported that elevated plasma exosomal miR-361-3p promote the malignant progression of BC. CONCLUSIONS We found for the first time that plasma exosomal miR-361-3p was associated with malignant progression in BC patients. Mechanistically, exosomal miR-361-3p can enhance the migration and proliferation of BC cells by targeting the ETV7 and BATF2/PAI-1/ERK pathways. Our data suggest that plasma exosomal miR-361-3p has the potential to serve as a biomarker for predicting malignant progression in BC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Breast center, Department of Thyroid-Breast-Hernia Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Fan
- Breast center, Department of Thyroid-Breast-Hernia Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - An Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Ren
- Breast center, Department of Thyroid-Breast-Hernia Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyang Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Hua
- Breast center, Department of Thyroid-Breast-Hernia Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Park HJ, Chi GY, Choi YH, Park SH. The root bark of Morus alba L. regulates tumor-associated macrophages by blocking recruitment and M2 polarization of macrophages. Phytother Res 2020; 34:3333-3344. [PMID: 32677743 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promote tumor growth and metastasis, and are closely related with poor prognosis of cancers. Therefore, TAMs have been an attractive target in cancer therapy. This study investigated whether the root bark of Morus alba L. (MA) regulates TAMs. Methylene chloride extract of MA (MEMA) decreased the migration of RAW264.7 cells and THP-1 macrophages toward cancer cells via inhibition of focal adhesion kinase and Src activity. In addition, MEMA inhibited the phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated secretion of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 from cancer cells, leading to the decreased chemotaxis of macrophages. Finally, MEMA-suppressed M2 macrophage polarization induced by interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 or IL-6. MEMA downregulated the mRNA expression of M2 macrophage markers and decreased the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 6 and STAT3 in RAW264.7 cells. Suppression of M2 polarization of macrophages by MEMA resulted in the reduced migration of Lewis lung carcinoma cells when the conditioned media from RAW264.7 cells was used as a chemoattractant. Taken together, our results demonstrate that MEMA regulates TAMs by blocking the recruitment of macrophages into tumor microenvironments and by inhibiting M2 polarization of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ji Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoo-Yong Chi
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hyun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyung Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-eui University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Zhang S, Singh S, Winkelstein BA. Collagen organization regulates stretch-initiated pain-related neuronal signals in vitro: Implications for structure-function relationships in innervated ligaments. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:770-777. [PMID: 28722281 PMCID: PMC5775066 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Injury to the spinal facet capsule, an innervated ligament with heterogeneous collagen organization, produces pain. Although mechanical facet joint trauma activates embedded afferents, it is unclear if, and how, the varied extracellular microstructure of its ligament affects sensory transduction for pain from mechanical inputs. To investigate the effects of macroscopic deformations on afferents in collagen matrices with different organizations, an in vitro neuron-collagen construct (NCC) model was used. NCCs with either randomly organized or parallel aligned collagen fibers were used to mimic the varied microstructure in the facet capsular ligament. Embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were encapsulated in the NCCs; axonal outgrowth was uniform and in all directions in random NCCs, but parallel in aligned NCCs. NCCs underwent uniaxial stretch (0.25 ± 0.06 strain) corresponding to sub-failure facet capsule strains that induce pain. Macroscopic NCC mechanics were measured and axonal expression of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) and the neurotransmitter substance P (SP) was assayed at 1 day to assess neuronal activation and nociception. Stretch significantly upregulated pERK expression in both random and aligned gels (p < 0.001), with the increase in pERK being significantly higher (p = 0.013) in aligned than in random NCCs. That increase likely relates to the higher peak force (p = 0.025) and stronger axon alignment (p < 0.001) with stretch direction in the aligned NCCs. In contrast, SP expression was greater in stretched NCCs (p < 0.001) regardless of collagen organization. These findings suggest that collagen organization differentially modulates pain-related neuronal signaling and support structural heterogeneity of ligament tissue as mediating sensory function. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:770-777, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Sagar Singh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Beth A. Winkelstein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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Samarakoon R, Higgins PJ. The Cytoskeletal Network Regulates Expression of the Profibrotic Genes PAI-1 and CTGF in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 81:79-94. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Rabieian R, Boshtam M, Zareei M, Kouhpayeh S, Masoudifar A, Mirzaei H. Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-1 as a Regulator of Fibrosis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 119:17-27. [PMID: 28520219 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is known as a frequent and irreversible pathological condition which is associated with organ failure. Tissue fibrosis is a central process in a variety of chronic progressive diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and persistent inflammation. This state could contribute to chronic injury and the initiation of tissue repair. Fibrotic disorders represent abnormal wound healing with defective matrix turnover and clearance that lead to excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components. A variety of identified growth factors, cytokines, and persistently activated myofibroblasts have critical roles in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Irrespective of etiology, the transforming growth factor-β pathway is the major driver of fibrotic response. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a crucial downstream target of this pathway. Transforming growth factor-β positively regulates PAI-1 gene expression via two main pathways including Smad-mediated canonical and non-canonical pathways. Overexpression of PAI-1 reduces extracellular matrix degradation via perturbing the plasminogen activation system. Indeed, elevated PAI-1 levels inhibit proteolytic activity of tissue plasminogen activator and urokinase plasminogen activator which could contribute to a variety of inflammatory elements in the injury site and to excessive matrix deposition. This review summarizes the current knowledge of critical pathways that regulate PAI-1 gene expression and suggests effective approaches for the treatment of fibrotic disease. J. Cell. Biochem. 119: 17-27, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Rabieian
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Boshtam
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahshid Zareei
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shirin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Aria Masoudifar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zhang S, Cao X, Stablow AM, Shenoy VB, Winkelstein BA. Tissue Strain Reorganizes Collagen With a Switchlike Response That Regulates Neuronal Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Phosphorylation In Vitro: Implications for Ligamentous Injury and Mechanotransduction. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:021013. [PMID: 26549105 DOI: 10.1115/1.4031975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Excessive loading of ligaments can activate the neural afferents that innervate the collagenous tissue, leading to a host of pathologies including pain. An integrated experimental and modeling approach was used to define the responses of neurons and the surrounding collagen fibers to the ligamentous matrix loading and to begin to understand how macroscopic deformation is translated to neuronal loading and signaling. A neuron-collagen construct (NCC) developed to mimic innervation of collagenous tissue underwent tension to strains simulating nonpainful (8%) or painful ligament loading (16%). Both neuronal phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which is related to neuroplasticity (R2 ≥ 0.041; p ≤ 0.0171) and neuronal aspect ratio (AR) (R2 ≥ 0.250; p < 0.0001), were significantly correlated with tissue-level strains. As NCC strains increased during a slowly applied loading (1%/s), a "switchlike" fiber realignment response was detected with collagen reorganization occurring only above a transition point of 11.3% strain. A finite-element based discrete fiber network (DFN) model predicted that at bulk strains above the transition point, heterogeneous fiber strains were both tensile and compressive and increased, with strains in some fibers along the loading direction exceeding the applied bulk strain. The transition point identified for changes in collagen fiber realignment was consistent with the measured strain threshold (11.7% with a 95% confidence interval of 10.2-13.4%) for elevating ERK phosphorylation after loading. As with collagen fiber realignment, the greatest degree of neuronal reorientation toward the loading direction was observed at the NCC distraction corresponding to painful loading. Because activation of neuronal ERK occurred only at strains that produced evident collagen fiber realignment, findings suggest that tissue strain-induced changes in the micromechanical environment, especially altered local collagen fiber kinematics, may be associated with mechanotransduction signaling in neurons.
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Interleukin-15 enhances cellular proliferation and upregulates CNS homing molecules in pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2014; 123:3116-27. [PMID: 24700781 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-05-499970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have consistently implicated the interleukin-15 (IL-15) gene in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) biology, including associations with disease susceptibility, and increased risk of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. However, whether pre-B ALL blasts directly respond to IL-15 is unknown. Here, we show that most pre-B ALL primary samples and cell lines express IL-15 and components of its receptor and that primary pre-B ALL cells show increased growth in culture in response to IL-15. Investigation of mechanisms of action using IL-15-responsive SD-1 cells shows this growth advantage is maximal under low-serum conditions, mimicking those found in cerebrospinal fluid. IL-15 also upregulates PSGL-1 and CXCR3, molecules associated with CNS trafficking. Investigation of downstream signaling pathways indicates that IL-15 induces signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and to a lesser extent phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) phosphorylation. The IL-15-mediated growth advantage is abolished by mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK), PI3K, and NF-κB inhibitors but preserved in the presence of STAT5 inhibition. Together, these observations provide a mechanistic link between increased levels of IL-15 expression and leukemogenesis, high-risk disease, and CNS relapse and suggest potential therapeutic targets.
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Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is increased in colonic epithelial cells from patients with colitis-associated cancer. J Crohns Colitis 2013; 7:403-11. [PMID: 22921465 PMCID: PMC5279899 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with long-term ulcerative colitis are at risk for developing colorectal cancer. METHODS Archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from ulcerative colitis patients who underwent a colectomy for high-grade dysplasia or carcinoma was examined for changes in expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) as well as other mediators of inflammation-associated cancer. Epithelia from areas of colons that showed histologic evidence of carcinoma, high-grade dysplasia, and epithelia that were not dysplastic or malignant but did contain evidence of prior inflammation (quiescent colitis) was microdissected using laser capture microscopy. mRNA was extracted from the microdissected tissue and PCR array analysis was performed. To extend our findings, PAI-1 protein levels were determined using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The mRNA expression of PAI-1 is increased 6-fold (p=0.02) when comparing the carcinoma group to the quiescent colitis group; increases were also observed in NFKB2, REL, SRC, and VEGFA. The protein levels of PAI-1 are increased by 50% (p<0.001) in high-grade dysplasia and by 60% (p<0.001) in carcinoma when compared to the quiescent colitis group. CONCLUSIONS The increase in PAI-1 in high-grade dysplasia and carcinoma suggests a functional role for PAI-1 in malignant transformation in colitis-associated cancer. PAI-1 could also prove a useful diagnostic marker to identify patients at risk for neoplasia and it may be a useful therapeutic target to treat colitis-associated cancer.
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Wu J, Liao X, Yu B, Su B. Dasatinib inhibits primary melanoma cell proliferation through morphology-dependent disruption of Src-ERK signaling. Oncol Lett 2012; 5:527-532. [PMID: 23420605 PMCID: PMC3573147 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies for the treatment of advanced melanoma are urgently required. The RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway and c-Src are deregulated in the majority of malignant melanomas, suggesting that they may interact functionally and are involved in the development and progression of the malignancy. Preclinical studies have demonstrated variable inhibition of melanoma cell growth by dasatinib in vitro. Src may act through different downstream signaling pathways. In the present study, we demonstrate that dasatinib induces changes in cell morphology, characterized by an arborized and contracted appearance, and accompanied by a reduction in cell proliferation in primary melanoma cells. This morphological change is demonstrated to be associated with the inhibition of nuclear translocation of activated ERK1/2. Together, these results indicate that Src may promote cell proliferation through the activation of the ERK signaling pathway in melanoma oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Wu
- Department of Gastric Cancer and Soft Tissue Sarcoma Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032; ; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032
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Lee S, Bae YS. Monomeric and dimeric models of ERK2 in conjunction with studies on cellular localization, nuclear translocation, and in vitro analysis. Mol Cells 2012; 33:325-34. [PMID: 22450690 PMCID: PMC3887802 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 2 (ERK2) plays many vital roles in cellular signal regulation. Phosphorylation of ERK2 leads to propagation and execution of various extracellular stimuli, which influence cellular responses to stress. The final response of the ERK2 signaling pathway is determined by localization and duration of active ERK2 at specific target cell compartments through protein-protein interactions of ERK2 with various cytoplasmic and nuclear substrates, scaffold proteins, and anchoring counterparts. In this respect, dimerization of phosphorylated ERK2 has been suggested to be a part of crucial regulating mechanism in various protein-protein interactions. After the report of putative dimeric structure of active ERK2 (Canagarajah et al., 1997), dimeric model was employed to explain many in vivo and in vitro experimental results. But more recently, many reports have been presented questioning the validity of dimer hypothesis of active ERK2. In this review, we summarize the various in vitro and in vivo studies concerning the Monomeric or the dimeric forms of ERK2 and the validity of the dimer hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunbae Lee
- Division of Life Sciences, Center for Cell Signal.ing Research, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
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Shih YP, Takada Y, Lo SH. Silencing of DLC1 upregulates PAI-1 expression and reduces migration in normal prostate cells. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:34-9. [PMID: 22064653 PMCID: PMC3262057 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1) is a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) domain containing tumor suppressor that localizes to focal adhesions. In cancer cells, loss of DLC1 is known to enhance cancer cell migration. However, the role of DLC1 in normal cell migration has not been well studied. Here, we show that silencing of DLC1 (shDLC1) in normal prostate epithelial cells reduces cell migration in both Transwell and wound-healing assays. This migration defect is mainly due to upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). Silencing of PAI-1 rescues the shDLC1-reduced migration phenotype. Reexpression of DLC1 suppresses PAI-1 and restores the migration defect as well. In contrast, DLC1-K714E (GAP inactive) mutant neither decreases the PAI-1 level nor rescues the shDLC1 migration defect. Interestingly, DLC1-Y442F (tensin-binding and focal adhesion-localizing defective) mutant is able to suppress PAI-1 expression but does not restore the migration defect. Furthermore, PAI-1 upregulation in shDLC1 cells is EGFR-MEK pathway dependent and is able to promote in vitro angiogenesis. Together, our results show that at least the following two new mechanisms are involved in DLC1-mediated normal cell migration: (i) DLC1 modulates the expression of PAI-1, which is a negative regulator for cell migration, in a GAP domain and EGFR-MEK-dependent manner and (ii) Independent of PAI-1, the interaction of DLC1 with tensin members positively regulates cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Shih
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Yoshikazu Takada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Department of Dermatology, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Su Hao Lo
- Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817
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Samarakoon R, Goppelt-Struebe M, Higgins PJ. Linking cell structure to gene regulation: signaling events and expression controls on the model genes PAI-1 and CTGF. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1413-9. [PMID: 20363319 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The microtubule and microfilament cytoskeletal systems as well as cell-to-cell contacts and cell-matrix interactions are critical regulators of cell structure and function. Alterations in cell shape profoundly influence signaling events and gene expression programs that impact a spectrum of biological responses including cell growth, migration and apoptosis. These same pathways also contribute to the progression of several important pathologic conditions (e.g., arteriosclerosis, vascular fibrosis, and endothelial dysfunction). Indeed, hemodynamic forces in the vascular compartment are established modifiers of endothelial and smooth muscle cell cytoarchitecture and orchestrate complex genetic and biological responses in concert with contributions from the extracellular matrix (ECM), growth factors (e.g., EGF, and TGF-beta) and cell adhesion receptors (e.g., integrins, and cadherins). The profibrotic matricellular proteins plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) are prominent members of a subset of genes the expression of which is highly responsive to cell shape-altering stimuli (i.e., disruption of the actin-based and microtubule networks, shear strain and cyclic stretch). Since both PAI-1 and CTGF are major mediators of cardiovascular fibrotic disease, understanding cell structure-linked signaling cascades provides potential avenues for focused therapy. It is increasingly evident that growth factor receptors (EGFR) are activated by changes in cytoarchitecture and that the "repressive state" of certain signaling proteins (e.g., SMAD, and Rho-GEFs) is maintained by sequestration on cell structural networks. Functional repression can be relieved by cytoskeletal perturbations (e.g., in response to treatment with network-specific drugs) resulting in activation of signaling cascades (e.g., Rho, and MAPK) with associated changes in gene reprogramming. Recent studies document a complex network of both similar and unique signaling control elements leading to the induction of PAI-1 and CTGF in response to modifications in cell shape. The purpose of this review is to highlight our current understanding of "cell deformation"-responsive signaling cascades focusing on the potential value of targeting such pathways, and their model response genes (e.g., PAI-1, and CTGF), as a therapeutic option for the treatment of fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Samarakoon
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, United States
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Cho HJ, Kang JH, Kim T, Park KK, Kim CH, Lee IS, Min KS, Magae J, Nakajima H, Bae YS, Chang YC. Suppression of PAI-1 expression through inhibition of the EGFR-mediated signaling cascade in rat kidney fibroblast by ascofuranone. J Cell Biochem 2009; 107:335-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Fischer L, Poeckel D, Buerkert E, Steinhilber D, Werz O. Inhibitors of actin polymerisation stimulate arachidonic acid release and 5-lipoxygenase activation by upregulation of Ca2+ mobilisation in polymorphonuclear leukocytes involving Src family kinases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2005; 1736:109-19. [PMID: 16126002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2005] [Revised: 07/13/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we show that actin polymerisation inhibitors such as latrunculin B (LB), and to a minor extent also cytochalasin D (Cyt D), enhance the release of arachidonic acid (AA) as well as nuclear translocation of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and 5-LO product synthesis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), challenged with thapsigargin (TG) or N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine. The concentration-dependent effects of LB (EC50 approximately 200 nM) declined with prolonged preincubation (>3 min) prior TG and were barely detectable when PMNL were stimulated with Ca2+-ionophores. Investigation of the stimulatory mechanisms revealed that LB (or Cyt D) elicits Ca2+ mobilisation and potentiates stimulus-induced elevation of intracellular Ca2+, regardless of the nature of the stimulus. LB caused rapid but only moderate activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)2. The selective Src family kinase inhibitors PP2 and SU6656 blocked LB- or Cyt D-mediated Ca2+ mobilisation and suppressed the upregulatory effects on AA release and 5-LO product synthesis, without affecting AA metabolism evoked by ionophore alone. We conclude that in PMNL, inhibitors of actin polymerisation cause enhancement of intracellular Ca2+ levels through Src family kinase signaling, thereby facilitating stimulus-induced release of AA and 5-LO product formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie Strasse 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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Samarakoon R, Higgins CE, Higgins SP, Kutz SM, Higgins PJ. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 gene expression and induced migration in TGF-β1-stimulated smooth muscle cells is pp60c-src/MEK-dependent. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:236-46. [PMID: 15622520 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) stimulates expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), a serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) important in the control of stromal barrier proteolysis and cell-to-matrix adhesion. Pharmacologic agents that target MEK (PD98059, U0126) or src family (PP1) kinases attenuated TGF-beta1-dependent PAI-1 transcription in R22 aortic smooth muscle cells. Pretreatment with PP1 at concentrations that inhibited TGF-beta1-dependent PAI-1 expression also blocked ERK1/2 activation/nuclear accumulation suggesting that the required src kinase activity is upstream of ERK1/2 in the TGF-beta1-initiated signaling cascade. The IC(50) of the PP1-sensitive kinase, furthermore, specifically implied involvement of pp60(c-src) in PAI-1 induction. Indeed, addition of TGF-beta1 to quiescent R22 cells resulted in a 3-fold increase in pp60(c-src) autophosphorylation and kinase activity. Transfection of a dominant-negative pp60(c-src) construct, moreover, reduced TGF-beta1-induced PAI-1 expression levels to that of unstimulated controls or PP1-pretreated cells. A >/=170 kDa protein that co-immunoprecipitated with TGF-beta1-activated pp60(c-src) was also phosphorylated transiently in response to TGF-beta1. TGF-beta1 is known to transactivate the 170 kDa EGF receptor (EGFR) by autocrine HB-EGF or TGF-alpha mechanisms suggesting involvement of EGFR activation in certain TGF-beta1-initiated responses. Incubation of quiescent R22 cells with the EGFR-specific inhibitor AG1478 prior to growth factor (EGF or TGF-beta1) addition effectively blocked EGFR activation as determined by direct visualization of receptor internalization. AG1478 suppressed (in a dose-dependent fashion) EGF-induced PAI-1 protein levels and, at a final concentration of 2.5 muM, virtually eliminated EGF-dependent PAI-1 synthesis. More importantly, AG1478 similarly repressed inducible PAI-1 levels in TGF-beta1-stimulated R22 cultures. PP1, PD98059, and U0126 also inhibited TGF-beta1-dependent cell motility at concentrations that significantly attenuated PAI-1 expression. Consistent with the AG1478-associated reductions in EGF- and TGF-beta1-stimulated PAI-1 expression, pretreatment of R22 cell cultures with AG1478 effectively suppressed growth factor-stimulated cell motility. These data indicate that two major phenotypic characteristics of TGF-beta1-exposure (i.e., transcription of specific target genes [e.g., PAI-1], increased cell motility) are linked in the R22 vascular smooth muscle cell system, require pp60(c-src) kinase activity and MEK signaling and involve activation of an AG1478-sensitive (likely EGFR-dependent) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Samarakoon
- Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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Lee HJ, Kim S, Pelletier J, Kim J. Stimulation of hTAFII68 (NTD)-mediated transactivation by v-Src. FEBS Lett 2004; 564:188-98. [PMID: 15094065 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(04)00314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2004] [Revised: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/11/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The three genes hTAF(II)68, EWS, and TLS (called the TET family) encode related RNA binding proteins containing an RNA recognition motif and three glycine-, arginine-, and proline-rich regions in the C-terminus and a degenerated repeat containing the consensus sequence Ser-Tyr-Gly-Gln-Ser in the N-terminus. In many human cancers, the N-terminal portion of hTAF(II)68, EWS, or TLS is fused to the DNA binding domain of one of several transcription factors including Fli-1, ERG, ETV1, E1AF, WT1, ATF-1, CHOP, or TEC. We have recognized the presence of several potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites within the amino-terminal domain of hTAF(II)68 and have investigated the potential effects of cytoplasmic signaling on hTAF(II)68 function. Herein, we find that hTAF(II)68 is phosphorylated on tyrosine residue(s) by ectopic expression of v-Src protein tyrosine kinase in vitro and in vivo. The hTAF(II)68 protein can associated with the SH3 domains of several cell signaling proteins, including v-Src protein tyrosine kinase. We also document that full-length v-Src can stimulate hTAF(II)68-mediated transcriptional activation, whereas deletion mutants of v-Src are unable to exert this effect. In addition, cellular Src activity appears important for hTAF(II)68 function since hTAF(II)68-mediated transactivation is reduced in a dose-dependent fashion by ectopic overexpression of a dominant-negative mutant of Src. Taken together, our results suggest that the biological activities of hTAF(II)68 are linked to the cytoplasmic Src signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul 121-743, South Korea
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Faisal A, Kleiner S, Nagamine Y. Non-redundant Role of Shc in Erk Activation by Cytoskeletal Reorganization. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:3202-11. [PMID: 14576154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m310010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that cytoskeletal reorganization (CSR) induced by pharmacological reagents such as colchicine or cytochalasins can up-regulate the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) gene via the Ras/Erk signaling pathway. In this present study using the small interfering RNA technique, we have found that ShcA adapter proteins play a rather active role in CSR-induced Erk activation, contrary to their mostly redundant role in other signaling pathways, e.g. growth factor-induced Erk activation, where Grb2 can bind directly to the receptor tyrosine kinase and activate Erk in the absence of ShcA. ShcA knockdown abolished CSR-induced activation of both Erk and the uPA promoter. Expression of small interfering RNA-escaping silent mutants of p52 or p46 but not p66 ShcA isoform efficiently rescued CSR-induced Erk activation. Moreover, we have shown that phosphorylation of either Tyr-239/Tyr-240 or Tyr-313 in p52(ShcA) can mediate CSR-induced Erk activation equally well. In a quest for molecules upstream of ShcA in this signaling, we found that CSR-induced ShcA tyrosine phosphorylation, its association with Grb2, Erk activation, and uPA gene expression were all dependent on Rho kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Src. In summary, we have found a novel, non-redundant role for ShcA in contrast to its redundant role in many other signaling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/physiology
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Colchicine/pharmacology
- Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Activation
- Genes, Reporter
- LLC-PK1 Cells
- Mice
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- Oxidative Stress
- Phosphorylation
- Plasmids/metabolism
- Protein Isoforms
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins
- Signal Transduction
- Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1
- Swine
- Transfection
- Tyrosine/chemistry
- Up-Regulation
- Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/biosynthesis
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Faisal
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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