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Abstract
Factors that control recruitment of theca cells from ovarian stromal-interstitial cells are important for early follicle development in the ovary. During recruitment, theca cells organize into distinct layers around early developing follicles and establish essential cell-cell interactions with granulosa cells. Recruitment of theca cells from ovarian stromal stem cells is proposed to involve cellular proliferation, as well as induction of theca cell-specific functional markers. Previously, the speculation was made that a granulosa cell-derived "theca cell organizer" is involved in theca cell recruitment. Granulosa cells have been shown to produce kit-ligand/stem cell factor (KL). KL is known to promote stem cell proliferation and differentiation in a number of tissues. Therefore, the hypothesis was tested in the current study that granulosa cell-derived KL may help recruit theca cells from undifferentiated stromal stem cells during early follicle development. The actions of KL were examined using adult bovine ovarian fragment organ culture and isolated ovarian stromal-interstitial cells. In organ culture KL significantly increased the number of theca cell layers around primary follicles. Experiments using purified stromal-interstitial cell cultures showed that KL stimulated ovarian stromal cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Stromal cell differentiation into theca cells was analyzed by the induction of theca cell functional markers (i.e., androstenedione and progesterone production). Bovine ovarian stromal cells produced low levels of androstenedione (5-40 ng/microg DNA) and progesterone (5-30 ng/microg DNA) in vitro that were approximately 20-fold lower than theca cells under similar conditions. Treatment with KL did not affect ovarian stromal cell androstenedione or progesterone production. Interestingly, hormones such as estrogen and hCG did stimulate stromal cell steroid production. The results in this study suggest that granulosa cell-derived KL appears to promote the formation of theca cell layers around small (i.e., primary) ovarian follicles. KL directly stimulated ovarian stromal cell proliferation but alone did not induce functional differentiation (i.e., high steroid production). Therefore, KL is proposed to promote early follicle development by inducing proliferation and organization of stromal stem cells around small follicles. Observations suggest that KL may act as a granulosa-derived "theca cell organizer" to promote stem cell recruitment of ovarian stromal cells in a manner similar to the way that KL promotes hematopoietic and lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow and the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Parrott
- Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163-4234, USA
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Abstract
A brief history of the developmental life cycle of the mammalian germ cell, from fertilization to gametogenesis in the mature gonad, is presented. The differences between gametogenesis in the mature gonad of males and females are also described with regard to properties that may affect their susceptibilities to mutation. It is emphasized that any historical control background rate of necessity will include mutations that occur in germinal tissue at all stages of development and differentiation, although it is not always possible to determine at what stage of germline development a spontaneous mutation has occurred. Studies of induced mutations suggest that the impact on the molecular level and the distribution of mutations among the F1 and F2 progeny may be partly determined by the stage and sex of germ cells in which spontaneous mutations occur. In summary, historical control rates should only be considered the sum total of mutations that occur during the entire life of the individual and cannot represent the control values of any individual germ cell stage. Nonetheless, it is certainly important and valid to use historical control data for calculating human risk, because the primary use of the estimation of mutant frequencies is to access the potential impact of agents in increasing the genetic load in the human population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Lewis
- Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2194, USA
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Shibuya T, Murota T, Horiya N, Matsuda H, Hara T. The induction of recessive mutations in mouse primordial germ cells with N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. Mutat Res 1993; 290:273-80. [PMID: 7694119 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(93)90168-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A specific-locus test was carried out to examine the mutagenic activity of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) on mouse primordial germ cells (PGC). Embryos of C3H/He mice were treated transplacentally with 30 or 50 mg ENU per kg of maternal body weight on day 8.5, 10.5, or 13.5 of gestation (G8.5 day, G10.5 day, or G13.5 day). Male and female mice that had been treated with ENU in embryonic stages were mated with female or male tester PW mice to detect recessive mutations induced in PGC. ENU induced recessive mutations at a relatively high rate in PGC at these developmental stages. The most sensitive stage was G10.5 day. On G8.5 day, the induced mutation rate in males and females was not significantly different. Cluster mutations, which originate from the limited number of PGC and cell killing, were more frequently induced at an earlier developmental stage. The induced mutation rate per unit dose of ENU (1 mg/kg) was higher in G8.5 and G10.5 day PGC than in stem-cell spermatogonia. It can be concluded that mouse PGC are more sensitive than stem-cell spermatogonia to the induction of recessive mutations by ENU.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shibuya
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Hatano Research Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
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van Buul PP, Tuinenburg-Bol Raap A, Goudzwaard HJ, Seelen CM, Beechey CV, Natarajan AT, Searle AG. Cytogenetic characterization of radiosensitive mouse mutants. Mutat Res 1991; 251:171-9. [PMID: 1720867 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(91)90072-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop mouse models for human mutagen-sensitive syndromes, we carried out cytogenetic characterization of several mouse mutants and MS/Ae mice showing enhanced radiosensitivities. The applied cytogenetic techniques include chromosomal analysis of in vitro cell cultures and lymphocyte cultures as well as in vivo UDS in hepatocytes, induction of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes and translocation induction in spermatogonial stem cells. Among the mutations studied, namely the contrasted allele of steel (Slcon), viable dominant spotting (Wc), wasted (wst), varitint-waddler (Va) and dystonia musculorum (dt) as well as MS/Ae mice, various iso-, hyper- or hypo-sensitive conditions were recorded. Only Va and dt appear to be associated with some deficiency in DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P van Buul
- MGC, Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Manova K, Bachvarova RF. Expression of c-kit encoded at the W locus of mice in developing embryonic germ cells and presumptive melanoblasts. Dev Biol 1991; 146:312-24. [PMID: 1713863 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(91)90233-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The W locus of mice encodes the c-kit tyrosine kinase receptor. In embryos homozygous for severe W mutations, the number of germ cells does not increase after 8 days of development, melanocytes do not appear, and production of erythrocytes and mast cells is deficient. To gain some insight into the role of the c-kit receptor, we have used in situ hybridization to explore the time period of expression of c-kit transcripts in early germ cells and melanoblasts. At 6 1/2 days of development, expression was not seen in the embryonic cylinder, but did appear in parietal endoderm. Germ cells displayed a low level of c-kit transcripts from their first appearance in the 7 1/2 -day embryo, continuing through early proliferation and migration to the gonad. During migration, surrounding tissues also expressed c-kit. Expression increased in gonia and then ceased as they became nonproliferative. Expression in presumptive melanoblasts was first seen in the cervical region of 10-day embryos and continued as they spread over the surface of the body, entered the epidermis, and differentiated in hair follicles after birth. The effects of mutations of c-kit on germ cells and melanoblasts can be interpreted as an absence of a proliferative signal shortly after their segregation from other cell types. This signal may be required throughout the proliferative phase of early germ cells [and also in postnatal stages of germ cell development (Manova et al. (1990). Development 110, 1057-1069]. In melanoblasts, c-kit may play a role during both proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Manova
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Cornell University Medical College, New York 10021
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van Buul PP, Seelen MC. The relationship between induced reciprocal translocations and cell killing of rhesus monkey spermatogonial stem cells after combined treatments with follicle-stimulating hormone and X-rays. Mutat Res 1991; 263:1-8. [PMID: 1903506 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(91)90026-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The induction of reciprocal translocations in spermatogonial stem cells of monkeys (rhesus and crab-eating), visualized in dividing primary spermatocytes, was studied after combined treatments with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH, 54 IU/kg/week) and X-rays (1 Gy). No clear differences in the frequencies of induced translocations between FSH-pretreated and non-pretreated animals were recorded. Comparison of these translocation data with studies on cell killing in the same monkeys shows that the ratio between the probabilities that radiation-induced basic lesions kill a cell or produce translocations (the p/c ratio) is of the same order of magnitude as that observed for the mouse. Consequently the well documented differences in radiation response between the rhesus monkey and the mouse cannot be explained by differences in the p/c ratio. It is concluded that differences in multiplication-differentiation patterns of surviving stem-cell spermatogonia after irradiation are probably responsible for the observed differences between mice and rhesus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- P P van Buul
- Department of Radiation Genetics and Chemical Mutagenesis, Sylvius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
By comparison with a more general theory, data on trisomy in live births, amniocenteses, and spontaneous abortions by year of maternal age are shown to fit a logistic augmented by a proportion independent of maternal age. The frequency of trisomy increases monotonically, with no discrepancy at extremely low or high maternal age. Trisomy 16 is exceptional in that all cases appear to be age-dependent. For groups A, B, and C most trisomies arise by a process independent of maternal age. A small proportion of these trisomies and about half of trisomies for smaller chromosomes (excluding trisomies 16 and perhaps 22) originate by some process dependent on maternal (but not paternal) age and therefore presumably independent of crossingover, which in the female takes place before birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Morton
- Department of Community Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, England
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Friedman NB. The function of the primordial germ cell in extragonadal tissues. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 1987; 10:43-9. [PMID: 3034798 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1987.tb00164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The identity of the germ cell tumours of the pineal and the thymus with those of the testis and ovary suggests that the widely disseminated primordial germ cells might subserve some special function in these sanctuaries. It is proposed that thymic localization might be required for the conveyance of genetic haematological and immunological information and that the pineal-diencephalic localization could programme neuroophthalmic tissues prior to the development of the blood-brain barrier. The latter speculation was tested by producing allergic encephalomyelitis in thymectomized, bursectomized and thymobursectomized chickens. It was found that although thymectomy and, to a lesser extent, bursectomy decreased the severity of the experimental encephalomyelitis the combined procedure resulted in more severe inflammatory lesions. This may be due to release of suppressed intraneural immunological mechanisms in the somatically impaired bird.
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Phillips RJ, Hulse EV. Two extragonadal teratomas in a mouse, with discussion of possible histogenesis. J Comp Pathol 1982; 92:273-84. [PMID: 7085943 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(82)90086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Friedman NB, Van de Velde RL. Germ cell tumors in man, pleiotropic mice, and continuity of germplasm and somatoplasm. Hum Pathol 1981; 12:772-6. [PMID: 7309029 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(81)80079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Heath JK. Characterization of a xenogeneic antiserum raised against the fetal germ cells of the mouse: cross-reactivity with embryonal carcinoma cells. Cell 1978; 15:299-306. [PMID: 359167 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(78)90105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A xenogeneic antiserum (PG-1) raised against the germ cells of the 13.5d p.c. mouse conceptus reacts with the fetal germ cells of both sexes and adult male germ cells, but not with any nongerminal tissue that has been tested. PG-1 can also react with the EC cells of four different teratocarcinoma cell lines. There are, however, marked differences in the absorptive capacity of the different EC cell lines. The antigen(s) recognized by the antiserum are confined to only a proportion of cells in some EC lines. This antiserum has a number of potential applications in studies of the origin and development of the mouse germ cell lineage.
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Reimers TJ, Sluss PM. 6-Mercaptopurine treatment of pregnant mice: effects on second and third generations. Science 1978; 201:65-7. [PMID: 663638 DOI: 10.1126/science.663638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive drug 6-mercaptopurine is embryotoxic in mice. Of the surviving female offspring of mice treated with low doses of 6-mercaptopurine during pregnancy, despite normal body weight and general appearance, many were either sterile or, if they became pregnant, had smaller litters and more dead fetuses as compared to offspring of mothers that had not received the drug.
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Damjanov I, Solter D. Experimental teratoma. CURRENT TOPICS IN PATHOLOGY. ERGEBNISSE DER PATHOLOGIE 1974; 59:69-130. [PMID: 4611693 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-65857-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Evans HE, Sack WO. Prenatal development of domestic and laboratory mammals: growth curves, external features and selected references. ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN. REIHE C: ANATOMIE, HISTOLOGIE, EMBRYOLOGIE 1973; 2:11-45. [PMID: 4745140 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1973.tb00253.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Swartz WJ, Domm LV. A study on division of primordial germ cells in the early chick embryo. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1972; 135:51-70. [PMID: 5069145 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001350106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Gondos B, Hobel CJ. Ultrastructure of germ cell development in the human fetal testis. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1971; 119:1-20. [PMID: 4327535 DOI: 10.1007/bf00330535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Cohen J. The comparative physiology of gamete populations. ADVANCES IN COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 1971; 4:267-380. [PMID: 4332873 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-011504-4.50011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Mayer TC. A comparison of pigment cell development in albino, steel, and dominant-spotting mutant mouse embryos. Dev Biol 1970; 23:297-309. [PMID: 4920403 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(70)90100-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Schaible RH. Clonal distribution of melanocytes in piebald-spotted and variegated mice. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1969; 172:181-99. [PMID: 5372006 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401720205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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OOGENESIS AND FOLLICULOGENESIS. Reprod Domest Anim 1969. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-179251-0.50013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Donahue RP. Maturation of the mouse oocyte in vitro. I. Sequence and timing of nuclear progression. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1968; 169:237-49. [PMID: 5750655 DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401690210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Roosen-Runge EC, Leik J. Gonocyte degeneration in the postnatal male rat. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1968; 122:275-99. [PMID: 5665153 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001220208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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OHNO S, STENIUS C, WEILER CP, TRUJILLO JM, KAPLAN WD, KINOSITA R. Early meiosis of male germ cells in fetal testis of Felis domestica. Exp Cell Res 1962; 27:401-4. [PMID: 13939684 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(62)90004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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