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Stanley F, Tsai JS, Samuels HH. Stimulation of facilitated [3H]uridine transport by thyroid hormone in GH1 cells. Evidence for regulation by the thyroid hormone nuclear receptor. J Biol Chem 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)67668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Crawford EJ, Friedkin M, Wolf AP, Fowler JS, Gallagher BM, Lambrecht RM, MacGregor RR, Shiue CY, Wodinsky I, Goldin A. 18F-5-Fluorouridine, a new probe for measuring the proliferation of tissue in vivo. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1982; 20:3-22. [PMID: 6180608 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(82)90005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
(1) Increased metabolic trapping of labeled fluorouridine reflects the interaction of three parameters in rapidly proliferating tissues: increased rates of intracellular phosphorylation, increased rates of transport, and increased rates of synthesis of RNA. (2) We have taken advantage of these metabolic phenomena, demonstrating in this paper that the uptake of 18F-5-fluorouridine, a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical, can provide a very practical means for measuring changes in proliferative states of tissues in vivo. (3) Two major changes in proliferative states have been examined: one involves changes in growth of normal mouse tissues induced by pharmacological agents; the other involves tumor growth and neoplastic infiltration in mice and rabbits. (4) We describe tracer experiments with 18F-5-fluorouridylate, prepared by enzymatic means, and with 18F-5-fluorouridine, prepared by both enzymatic means and direct radiochemical procedures. (5) Uptakes of 18F after a pulse of 18F-5-fluorouridine were increased in mouse spleen following phenylhydrazine treatment to induce increased splenic erythropoiesis. (6) Uptakes of 18F in various mouse tissues were decreased following pretreatment with actinomycin D. This finding is consistent with the known inhibitory action of actinomycin on RNA synthesis. (7) Intracerebral Zimmerman ependymoblastoma tumors showed extraordinarily high uptakes of fluorine-18 in mice injected intravenously with 18F-5-fluorouridylate or with 18F-5-fluorouridine in contrast to very low uptakes by normal brain tissue. (8) After intracerebral injection of mice with suspensions of L1210 leukemia cells, distant organs such as lung, liver, and spleen became involved. These tissues showed significant increases of radioactivity after pulse labeling with 18F-5-fluorouridylate consistent with histological evidence for infiltration of these tissues by neoplastic cells. (9) Intramuscular VX2 carcinoma tumors in rabbits showed localized uptakes of 18F significantly higher than surrounding normal muscle tissue. (10) The most important clinical implication of the present work is the promise that 18F-5-fluorouridine uptakes can be followed in humans by positron emission tomography. This would provide a direct means of measuring different rates of in vivo proliferation in neoplasms, hematologic tissues and other organs undergoing rapid growth changes.
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Cadman E, Benz C. Uridine and cytidine metabolism following inhibition of de novo pyrimidine synthesis by pyrazofurin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1980; 609:372-82. [PMID: 7437431 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(80)90111-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazofurin, an inhibitor of orotidylate decarboxylase, imposes an absolute nutritional requirement for exogenous uridine to maintain normal growth of L5178Y, P388, L1210, W256 and S180 cells in vitro. The amount of uridine necessary for cell division when de novo uridine nucleotide synthesis is inhibited by pyrazofurin is: L5178Y, 30.5; P388, 39.7; L1210, 53.3: W256, 70.6; and S180, 886 fmol/cell. Cytidine, which can be deaminated to uridine, will substitute for uridine to maintain normal cell growth in the presence of growth-inhibitory concentrations of pyrazofurin (5 microM). The requirements for cytidine and uridine are identical. If cytidine deamination is prevented by tetrahydrouridine (100 microM), cytidine can no longer support growth in the presence of pyrazofurin. Cytidine and uridine, as expected, are additive in their effect to permit normal growth of pyrazofurin treated cells. Tetrahydrouridine does not alter this additive effect, indicating that when both nucleotides are added to pyrazofurin treated cells each nucleotide replenishes their respective nucleotide pools and cytidine deamination is unnecessary to allow cell growth. Incorporation of [14C]uridine into the acid insoluble cell fraction of L5178Y cells was 25 fmol/cell at 48 h and remained constant during the remaining growth of the pyrazofurin treated cell suspension. The [14C]uridine acid soluble pool of 4 fmol/cell also was maximum at 48 h but declined during the subsequent growth of the suspension culture to approx. 2 fmol/cell at 96 h. This decline in the acid soluble pool is correlated with a 42% decrease in modal cell volume during this phase of cell growth which would maintain a constant specific activity of uridine in this pool. This may explain the decline in the acid soluble pool while the acid insoluble pool remains constant during growth of suspension cultures of L51878Y cells. The block in pyrimidine synthesis de novo induced by pyrazofurin provides a useful and quick method for the evaluation of uridine and cytidine metabolism of tumor cell specimens.
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Permeation of Nucleosides, Nucleic Acid Bases, and Nucleotides in Animal Cells. CARRIERS AND MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Rozengurt E. Stimulation of DNA synthesis in quiescent cultured cells: exogenous agents, internal signals, and early events. CURRENT TOPICS IN CELLULAR REGULATION 1980; 17:59-88. [PMID: 6254731 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-152817-1.50007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Aller P, Leonato R, Déz J. Modification of the rate of uridine uptake by metabolic inhibitors in salivary glands of Chironomus thummi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(80)90087-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Muneer RS, Gray PN. Alteration of human breast tumor cell membrane functions by chromosome-mediated gene transfer. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1979; 12:355-67. [PMID: 232736 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400120307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BOT-2 cells (human breast tumor origin) have an impaired ability to utilize exogenous thymidine. Previous studies revealed this deficiency to be the permeation event rather than phosphorylation, since the cells have active thymidine kinase. Chromosome-mediated gene transfer was used to transfer genetic information in the form of metaphase chromosomes, from HeLa-65 cells to the BOT-2 cells, correcting the permease deficiency. Poly-L-ornithine or lipochromes were used for facilitation of chromosome uptake. After selection on HAT medium, transferant clones were isolated at a frequency of 4 x 10(-5) and 1 x 10(-5), respectively. Transferants MGP-1 and MGL-1 are stable after 18 months and have been characterized on the bases of purine and pyrimidine nucleoside uptake, relative thymidine kinase activities, alkaline phosphatase activities, and hydrocortisone-induced alkaline phosphatase activity. MGP-1 demonstrates positive thymidine uptake and incorporates radiolabeled thymidine into DNA. MGL-1 remains thymidine transport-deficient and surveys on HAT by increasing endogenous dihydrofolate reductase activity. Alkaline phosphatase activity in MGL-1 is similar to HeLa-65, 2% of that in BOT-2, and in addition, is inducible 25-30-fold by 3 micro M hydrocortisone. We have separated, genetically, a thymidine permease function from phosphorylation in cells of human origin and have transferred genetic information for the regulation of alkaline phosphatase.
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Rozengurt E, Mierzejewski K, Wigglesworth N. Uridine transport and phosphorylation in mouse cells in culture: effect of growth-promoting factors, cell cycle transit and oncogenic transformation. J Cell Physiol 1978; 97:241-51. [PMID: 701389 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040970213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase in uridine uptake produced by the addition of serum to quiescent cultures of fibroblasts is primarily caused by an enhanced rate of nucleoside phosphorylation. While quiescent and serum-stimulated cells display identical initial rates of transport, they show a considerable change in the composition of the acid-soluble pools labelled with [3H] uridine for five seconds. The radioactivity recovered in the phosphorylated pools increases 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-fold after addition of serum to cultures of Swiss 3T3 cells, tertiary mouse embryo fibroblasts, Swiss 3T6 and Balb 3T3, cells respectively. Furthermore, insulin, a growth factor isolated from medium conditioned by SV40 BHK cells (FDGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) also stimulate uridine phosphorylation within minutes. The initial rate of uridine uptake is 2- to 3-fold faster in rapidly growing normal and Simian virus 40 or polyoma virus transformed 3T3 cells as compared to untransformed 3T3 cells in the quiescent state. When quiescent cultures of 3T3 or mouse embryo cells are stimulated to leave G1 and enter into DNA synthesis, transport increases several hours after addition of serum and apparently coincides with the S phase of the cell cycle. The results demonstrate that an increase in uridine phosphorylation is a rapid metabolic response elicited by growth-promoting agents in a variety of cell types and that uridine transport and phosphorylation are independently regulated.
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Plagemann PG, Marz R, Wohlhueter RM. Uridine transport in Novikoff rat hepatoma cells and other cell lines and its relationship to uridine phosphorylation and phosphorolysis. J Cell Physiol 1978; 97:49-72. [PMID: 213443 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040970107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Martin T, Tashjian A. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone modulation of uridine uptake in rat pituitary cells. Evidence that uridine phosphorylation is regulated. J Biol Chem 1978. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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McSharry JJ, Choppin PW. Biological properties of the VSV glycoprotein. 1. Effects of the isolated glycoprotein on host macromolecular synthesis. Virology 1978; 84:172-82. [PMID: 202075 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(78)90229-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Adair WS, Wolfe J. Induced alteration in uptake properties of Tetrahymena and its association with the development of mating competency. J Cell Physiol 1977; 92:77-90. [PMID: 408358 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040920110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The rate of uridine uptake in Tetrahymena declines by an order of magnitude by two hours after shiftdown to a non-nutrient buffer. This alteration in uptake properties cannot be accounted for by an increase in the intracellular pool of uridine, an increase in apparent Km for uptake or a decline in the rate in which uridine is processed intracellularly. It is argued that the decrease in uridine uptake is due to a reduction in numbers of functional transport molecules exposed at the cell surface and is a reflection of a developmentally related cell surface transformation. In addition, the putative decline in functional transport molecules cannot be entirely explained by metabolic turnover of these molecules in the absence of replacement, nor does it require the synthesis of new protein. We discuss the possibility that a shift in equilibrium between accessible and inaccessible transporters is operating. Finally, a close correlation between conditions which elicit the transport alteration and those which allow the development of mating competency suggests that the two phenomena may be coordinately regulated.
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White JS, Garvican L, Rees KR. The synthesis of polyadenylated RNA and other RNA species in synchronised CHK cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 475:437-45. [PMID: 851534 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(77)90059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster kidney cells have been synchronised by the double thymidine block technique. The rate of incorporation of [5-3H]uridine into the polyadenylated RNA fraction has been analysed throughout two complete cell cycles and compared with the rate of incorporation into other RNA species and the UTP pool. In contrast with other reports, we have found that synthesis of 18 S rRNA continues steadily throughout the cell cycle, as does synthesis of 5 S RNA and tRNA. In the case of the polyadenylated RNA, however, our data indicate a major peak of synthesis during S phase and a smaller peak coinciding with G1.
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Rozengurt E, Stein WD. Regulatin of uridine uptake by serum and insulin in density-inhibited 3T3 cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1977; 464:417-32. [PMID: 831802 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(77)90015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of nucleoside uptake in quiescent 3T3 cells by insulin and serum is preceded by a substantial lag phase. Our findings point to the length of the lag phase as a major target for regulation. The length of such phase varies markedly with the concentration of insulin (10(-9)-10(-6) M) or serum (0.5-10%) but it is not eliminated by high saturating levels of the activating agents. Further, variations in the temperature at which the stimulation process occurs (24-39 degrees C), addition of compounds like prostaglandin E1 (1-5 mug/ml) or theophylline (0.4 mM) and differences in the age of the cultures primarily affect the length of the lag time while the final uptake rates achieved are remarkably constant. Analysis of the temporal order of the events in the lag phase reveals that there is a discrete temperature-sensitive period located in the early and middle part of the lag, while the prostaglandin E1-sensitive step(s) appear to be toward the end of the lag. The transition from the basal to the stimulated rate of uptake is abrupt. Indeed, the kinetics of activation does not fit a sample exponential law but a high power of an exponential, suggesting that the switching mechanism involves cooperative steps. Since the transition is abrupt, the nucleoside uptake system exists largely in two alternative states either switched off or on. The regulation of the lag period is by the control of the time at which this switch occurs. On the basis of the data presented here, we propose a working hypothesis of uptake stimulation.
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Gallagher BM, Hartig WJ. Utilization of uridine for RNA synthesis in the insect cell line CP-1268 derived from the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella. IN VITRO 1976; 12:165-72. [PMID: 1083370 DOI: 10.1007/bf02796438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of [3H]-5-uridine by CP-1268 cells was studied. Uridine was rapidly transported into these cells by a concentration dependent, saturable process. Exogenous uridine rapidly equilibrated with cellular nucleotide pools and virtually all of the uridine transported into the cells was phosphorylated. Uridine incorporation into RNA was studied by continuous and pulse-labeling techniques in the prescence or absence of actinomycin D and cordycepin. These studies have shown that the pattern of unstable RNA precursor and relatively stable RNA product relationship known to exist in mammalian cells similarly exists in insect cells in vitro. This pattern varied markedly with pulse-labeling time and required the addition of RNA inhibitors to block reincorporation of intracellular labeled metabolites during the chase.
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Tourian A. Control of phenylalanine hydroxylase synthesis in tissue culture by serum and insulin. J Cell Physiol 1976; 87:15-24. [PMID: 1401 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040870104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stationary-phase, minimal deviation hepatoma H4-II-E-C3 cell cultures that are serum-deprived respond with a biphasic time course of phenylalanine hydroxylase induction when dialyzed fetal calf serum or insulin is added. These two agents induce phenylalanine hydroxylase additively, during both the initial 3-hour and the delayed 24-hour phases. The initial phase of induction by insulin is inhibited by cycloheximide but not by actinomycin D. The delayed induction by both dialyzed fetal calf serum and insulin is inhibited by 10(-6) M cycloheximide and 0.20 mug/ml actinomycin D. H4-II-E-C3 cells in culture do not synthesize the factor(s) in serum that induce phenylalanine hydroxylase.
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Hagenbuchle O, Schibler U, Weber R. Incorporation of (5-3H) uridine into ribonucleotide pools and RNA during thyroxine-induced metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1976; 4:61-77. [PMID: 1248666 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(76)90027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of [3H] uridine into the ribonucleoside triphosphates UTP and CTP, total RNA, and nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA was followed in Xenopus laevis tadpole liver during thyroxine (T4)-induced metamorphosis. Pool sizes of UTP and CTP were found to remain unchanged, although turnover the ribonucleoside triphosphates was found to be greatly stimulated after 4 days of hormone treatment. The time course of labeling of the 40-S pre-rRNA was very similar to that of UTP in both thyreostatic and T4-treated tadpoles, thus reflecting a direct relationship between turnover of the immediate precursors and labeling of RNA. Although a faster depletion of labeled UTP and pre-rRNA (precursor ribosomal RNA) was noted in T4-treated tadpoles, labeled cytoplasmic rRNA continued to accumulate almost linearly for 25 h. In thyreostatic larvae no further increase in labeled cytoplasmic rRNA occurred beyond 4 h of labeling. From these results we conclude that both enhanced transcription and more effective utilization of pre-rRNA are responsible for the net accumulation of rRNA observed on the 4th day of T4-induced metamorphosis.
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Geel SE, Gonzales LK. In vitro studies of cerebral cortical RNA and nucleotide metabolism in hypothyroidism. J Neurochem 1975; 25:377-85. [PMID: 1151372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1975.tb04331.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Dragsnes L, Helgeland K. Effects of the herbicide 2,4,5-T on the incorporation of 14-C-thymidine, 3-H-uridine and 3-H-L-leucine into L 929 cells. ACTA PHARMACOLOGICA ET TOXICOLOGICA 1975; 36:103-12. [PMID: 1173514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1975.tb00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wolfe J. Uridine uptake in a unicellular eukaryote during the interdivision period and after growth arrest. J Cell Physiol 1975; 85:73-85. [PMID: 803272 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1040850109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The rate of uridine uptake was measured in Tetrahymena after shiftdown to non-nutrient physiological salt solution. Uptake follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics and an apparent Km of transport of 2 X 10-minus 6 M has been estimated. This value is in good agreement with those reported for tissue-derived cells in culture. Incorporation of uridine into RNA follows similar kinetics suggesting that uptake is rate limiting for incorporation. Within three hours after shiftdown the rate of uptake is decreased by an order of magnitude. Also at three hours after shiftdown pairing occurs between cells of complementary mating types. It seems likely that the change in uptake is a reflection of a surface change associated with differentiation. The rate of uptake was also measured during the interdivision period using cells synchronized by a physical selection procedure. A change in rate occurs at the time the cells begin replication of DNA and is essentially stable thereafter. These results indicate that there exists in Tetrahymena a relationship between surface properties as assayed by uridine uptake and properties of growth and differentiation.
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Berlin RD, Oliver JM. Membrane transport of purine and pyrimidine bases and nucleosides in animal cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1975; 42:287-336. [PMID: 172467 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Plagemann PG, Richey DP. Transport of nucleosides, nucleic acid bases, choline and glucose by animal cells in culture. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 344:263-305. [PMID: 4374234 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(74)90010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Roller BA, Hirai K, Defendi V. Effect of cyclic AMP on nucleoside metabolism. III. Effect on uridine incorporation in monkey (CV-1) cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 366:402-10. [PMID: 4371830 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2787(74)90038-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Zetterberg A, Auer G, Moore GP. Effect of plasma membrane contacts between cells on uridine incorporation and RNA polymerase activity. Exp Cell Res 1974; 88:382-7. [PMID: 4473368 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(74)90256-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Engasser JM, Horvath C. Facilitated diffusion with consecutive reaction: optimal carrier affinity. Arch Biochem Biophys 1974; 164:37-42. [PMID: 4429354 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(74)90005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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