1
|
Functional and pathological role of 15-Lipoxygenase and its metabolites in pregnancy and pregnancy-associated complications. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2022; 161:106648. [PMID: 35577309 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2022.106648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Maternal lipid metabolism status during pregnancy may have pivotal effects on a healthy pregnancy, the progression of labor, and childbirth. Based on evidence, changes in maternal lipid profile and metabolism is related to various alterations in fetal metabolic status, fat mass, birth weight and can result in serious maternal and fetal complications. 15-lipoxygenase accounts as a key enzyme in metabolizing polyunsaturated fatty acids that generate various inflammatory lipid metabolites. The possible involvement of 15- lipoxygenase and its metabolites in the inflammatory process, cell proliferation and death, and immune response has been postulated. The indicative role of the 15- lipoxygenase enzymatic pathway in the implantation process, stages of pregnancy, embryogenesis, organogenesis, progression of labor, pregnancy period, and pregnancy-associated complications is remarkable. Accordingly, this study will review the research conducted on the role of 15- lipoxygenase in different reproductive tissues, and its pathological role in pregnancy-related diseases to provide more insight regarding the emerging role of 15-lipoxygenase in normal pregnancy.
Collapse
|
2
|
Trippe L, Nava A, Frank A, Nubbemeyer U. Synthesis of Enantiopure 6,11‐Methylene Lipoxin B
4
Methyl Ester. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Trippe
- Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 D-55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Analuisa Nava
- BASF Lampertheim GmbH Chemiestr. 22 68623 Lampertheim Germany
| | - Andrea Frank
- Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 D-55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Udo Nubbemeyer
- Organische Chemie Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Duesbergweg 10–14 D-55128 Mainz Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Opgenorth J, Sordillo LM, Lock AL, Gandy JC, VandeHaar MJ. Colostrum supplementation with n-3 fatty acids alters plasma polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory mediators in newborn calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11676-11688. [PMID: 33041038 PMCID: PMC7544567 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calves may experience increased oxidative stress at birth through activation of metabolic and respiratory processes. Reducing oxidative stress may enhance calf viability in early life. Our objective was to determine the dose response to fish and flaxseed oil when supplemented in colostrum on concentrations of plasma fatty acid (FA), FA metabolites, and index of oxidative stress during the critical first week of life in calves to understand how supplementing n-3 FA may decrease oxidative stress. We hypothesized that n-3 FA supplemented in colostrum in a linear dose-dependent fashion would associate with increased plasma n-3 FA concentrations and decreased oxidative stress. Twenty-four male and female Holstein calves were randomly assigned to receive 0, 30, 60, or 120 mL of a 1:1 fish to flaxseed oil supplement in colostrum. All calves received 2.8 L of previously frozen colostrum (≥22% Brix) with their respective treatment within 6 h after birth. Blood was sampled before first feeding after birth and on d 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 d of age to assess oxidant status and plasma free PUFA, phospholipid FA, and oxylipid concentrations. Health indicators were observed daily. Indicators of general health and growth were unaffected by treatment. Supplemented calves exhibited greater concentrations of n-3 FA in plasma as free and phospholipid FA and some n-3 and n-6 FA-derived oxylipids in the first week of life in a linear fashion with increasing supplemental dose. Fish and flaxseed oil treatments did not alter oxidant status but overall decreased isoprostane concentrations in plasma, indicating oxidative stress was decreased. Together, these responses indicate that the fish and flaxseed oil supplement was antiinflammatory. In conclusion, supplementing colostrum with 30, 60, and 120 mL of a 1:1 mixture of fish and flaxseed oil linearly increased plasma concentrations of n-3 FA and metabolites and decreased biomarkers of oxidative stress, but did not alter oxidant status or affect health or growth. Our findings suggest neonatal calves may benefit from n-3 FA supplementation in colostrum to encourage a greater antiinflammatory state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Opgenorth
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Lorraine M Sordillo
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Adam L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Jeff C Gandy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - Michael J VandeHaar
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Briottet M, Shum M, Urbach V. The Role of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Cystic Fibrosis Airways Disease. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1290. [PMID: 32982730 PMCID: PMC7493015 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a recessive genetic disease due to mutations of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene encoding the CFTR chloride channel. The ion transport abnormalities related to CFTR mutation generate a dehydrated airway surface liquid (ASL) layer, which is responsible for an altered mucociliary clearance, favors infections and persistent inflammation that lead to progressive lung destruction and respiratory failure. The inflammatory response is normally followed by an active resolution phase to return to tissue homeostasis, which involves specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). SPMs promote resolution of inflammation, clearance of microbes, tissue regeneration and reduce pain, but do not evoke unwanted immunosuppression. The airways of CF patients showed a decreased production of SPMs even in the absence of pathogens. SPMs levels in the airway correlated with CF patients' lung function. The prognosis for CF has greatly improved but there remains a critical need for more effective treatments that prevent excessive inflammation, lung damage, and declining pulmonary function for all CF patients. This review aims to highlight the recent understanding of CF airway inflammation and the possible impact of SPMs on functions that are altered in CF airways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Valerie Urbach
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) U955, Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Créteil, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du Y, Taylor CG, Aukema HM, Zahradka P. Role of oxylipins generated from dietary PUFAs in the modulation of endothelial cell function. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 160:102160. [PMID: 32717531 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxylipins, which are circulating bioactive lipids generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) by cyclooxygenase, lipooxygenase and cytochrome P450 enzymes, have diverse effects on endothelial cells. Although studies of the effects of oxylipins on endothelial cell function are accumulating, a review that provides a comprehensive compilation of current knowledge and recent advances in the context of vascular homeostasis is lacking. This is the first compilation of the various in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo reports to examine the effects and potential mechanisms of action of oxylipins on endothelial cells. The aggregate data indicate docosahexaenoic acid-derived oxylipins consistently show beneficial effects related to key endothelial cell functions, whereas oxylipins derived from other PUFAs exhibit both positive and negative effects. Furthermore, information is lacking for certain oxylipin classes, such as those derived from α-linolenic acid, which suggests additional studies are required to achieve a full understanding of how oxylipins affect endothelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youjia Du
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Carla G Taylor
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, MB R3T 2N2, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bioactive Lipid Signaling in Cardiovascular Disease, Development, and Regeneration. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061391. [PMID: 32503253 PMCID: PMC7349721 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death globally. Understanding and characterizing the biochemical context of the cardiovascular system in health and disease is a necessary preliminary step for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring cardiovascular function. Bioactive lipids are a class of dietary-dependent, chemically heterogeneous lipids with potent biological signaling functions. They have been intensively studied for their roles in immunity, inflammation, and reproduction, among others. Recent advances in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques have revealed a staggering number of novel bioactive lipids, most of them unknown or very poorly characterized in a biological context. Some of these new bioactive lipids play important roles in cardiovascular biology, including development, inflammation, regeneration, stem cell differentiation, and regulation of cell proliferation. Identifying the lipid signaling pathways underlying these effects and uncovering their novel biological functions could pave the way for new therapeutic strategies aimed at CVD and cardiovascular regeneration.
Collapse
|
7
|
Recchiuti A, Mattoscio D, Isopi E. Roles, Actions, and Therapeutic Potential of Specialized Pro-resolving Lipid Mediators for the Treatment of Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:252. [PMID: 31001110 PMCID: PMC6454233 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-resolving inflammation is the main mechanism of morbidity and mortality among patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common life-threatening human genetic disease. Resolution of inflammation is an active process timely controlled by endogenous specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) produced locally in inflammatory loci to restrain this innate response, prevent further damages to the host, and permit return to homeostasis. Lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins are SPM derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids that limit excessive leukocyte infiltration and pro-inflammatory signals, stimulate innate microbial killing, and enhance resolution. Their unique chemical structures, receptors, and bioactions are being elucidated. Accruing data indicate that SPMs carry protective functions against unrelenting inflammation and infections in preclinical models and human CF systems. Here, we reviewed their roles and actions in controlling resolution of inflammation, evidence for their impairment in CF, and proofs of principle for their exploitation as innovative, non-immunosuppressive drugs to address inflammation and infections in CF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Recchiuti
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico Mattoscio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Elisa Isopi
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Science, Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Centro di Scienze dell'Invecchiamento e Medicina Traslazionale (CeSI-MeT), Università "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gan N, Zhang R, Xu X, Wang Y, Qi A, Zhang Y, Wang A. Effects of the ALX/FPR2 receptors of lipoxin A 4 on lung injury induced by fat embolism syndrome in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108595. [PMID: 30784911 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the inflammatory responses in fat embolism syndrome (FES) and the relationship of ALX/FPR2 receptors and lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in FES models. In this model, lung injury score, lung tissue wet-to-dry (W/D) ratio and total protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were increased compared with those of the control group. Meanwhile, the number of leukocytes and neutrophils was significantly increased in the FES group, as was the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and mRNA expression. In addition, the release of TNF-α and IL-1β was increased. Then, we explored whether LXA4 and ALX/FPR2 were involved in the pathological process of FES. The LXA4 concentration in the experimental groups was markedly higher than that in the control group. At the same time, the protein and mRNA levels of ALX/FPR2 were upregulated in the rat model of FES. Moreover, rats treated with BML-111, an agonist for the ALX/FPR2 receptor of LXA4, showed a lower inflammatory response than mice treated with fat alone. However, the role of BML-111 in fat emboli (FE)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) was attenuated by BOC-2, an antagonist of the ALX/FPR2 receptor of LXA4. Our results demonstrated that the inflammatory response may play an important role in the pathogenesis of FES and that the activation of the ALX/FPR2 receptor for LXA4 can decrease the inflammatory response and may be a therapeutic target for FE-induced ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaotao Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yajie Wang
- Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Aihua Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Aizhong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lipoxin A 4 activates ALX/FPR2 receptor to regulate conjunctival goblet cell secretion. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:46-57. [PMID: 27072607 PMCID: PMC5063650 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctival goblet cells play a major role in maintaining the mucus layer of the tear film under physiological conditions as well as in inflammatory diseases like dry eye and allergic conjunctivitis. Resolution of inflammation is mediated by proresolution agonists such as lipoxin A4 (LXA4) that can also function under physiological conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the actions of LXA4 on cultured rat conjunctival goblet cell mucin secretion, intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i), and identify signaling pathways activated by LXA4. ALX/FPR2 (formyl peptide receptor2) was localized to goblet cells in rat conjunctiva and in cultured goblet cells. LXA4 significantly increased mucin secretion, [Ca2+]i, and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) activation. These functions were inhibited by ALX/FPR2 inhibitors. Stable analogs of LXA4 increased [Ca2+]i to the same extent as LXA4. Sequential addition of either LXA4 or resolvin D1 followed by the second compound decreased [Ca2+]i of the second compound compared with its initial response. LXA4 activated phospholipases C, D, and A2 and downstream molecules protein kinase C, ERK 1/2, and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase to increase mucin secretion and [Ca2+]i. We conclude that conjunctival goblet cells respond to LXA4 to maintain the homeostasis of the ocular surface and could be a novel treatment for dry eye diseases.
Collapse
|
10
|
Martini AC, Berta T, Forner S, Chen G, Bento AF, Ji RR, Rae GA. Lipoxin A4 inhibits microglial activation and reduces neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain after spinal cord hemisection. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:75. [PMID: 27059991 PMCID: PMC4826542 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disorder with many disabling consequences, including persistent neuropathic pain, which develops in about 40 % of SCI patients and is induced and sustained by excessive and uncontrolled spinal neuroinflammation. Here, we have evaluated the effects of lipoxin A4 (LXA4), a member of a unique class of endogenous lipid mediators with both anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, on spinal neuroinflammation and chronic pain in an experimental model of SCI. METHODS Spinal hemisection at T10 was carried out in adult male CD1 mice and Wistar rats. To test if LXA4 can reduce neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain, each animal received two intrathecal injections of LXA4 (300 pmol) or vehicle at 4 and 24 h after SCI. Sensitivity to mechanical stimulation of the hind paws was evaluated using von Frey monofilaments, and neuroinflammation was tested by measuring the mRNA and/or protein expression levels of glial markers and cytokines in the spinal cord samples after SCI. Also, microglia cultures prepared from murine cortical tissue were used to assess the direct effects of LXA4 on microglial activation and release of pro-inflammatory TNF-α. RESULTS LXA4 treatment caused significant reductions in the intensity of mechanical pain hypersensitivity and spinal expression levels of microglial markers and pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by SCI, when compared to rodents receiving control vehicle injections. Notably, the increased expressions of the microglial marker IBA-1 and of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α were the most affected by the LXA4 treatment. Furthermore, cortical microglial cultures expressed ALX/FPR2 receptors for LXA4 and displayed potentially anti-inflammatory responses upon challenge with LXA4. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our results suggest that LXA4 can effectively modulate microglial activation and TNF-α release through ALX/FPR2 receptors, ultimately reducing neuropathic pain in rodents after spinal cord hemisection. The dual anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of LXA4, allied to its endogenous nature and safety profile, may render this lipid mediator as new therapeutic approach for treating various neuroinflammatory disorders and chronic pain with only limited side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Cadete Martini
- />Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-970 Brazil
- />Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- />Present address: Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545 USA
| | - Temugin Berta
- />Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
- />Present address: Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA
| | - Stefânia Forner
- />Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-970 Brazil
- />Present address: Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4545 USA
| | - Gang Chen
- />Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Allisson Freire Bento
- />Centro de Inovação e Ensaios Pré-Clínicos-CIEnP, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88056-000 Brazil
| | - Ru-Rong Ji
- />Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Giles Alexander Rae
- />Department of Pharmacology, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-970 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gabbs M, Leng S, Devassy JG, Monirujjaman M, Aukema HM. Advances in Our Understanding of Oxylipins Derived from Dietary PUFAs. Adv Nutr 2015; 6:513-40. [PMID: 26374175 PMCID: PMC4561827 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.007732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 462] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins formed from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the main mediators of PUFA effects in the body. They are formed via cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450 pathways, resulting in the formation of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, mono-, di-, and tri-hydroxy fatty acids (FAs), epoxy FAs, lipoxins, eoxins, hepoxilins, resolvins, protectins (also called neuroprotectins in the brain), and maresins. In addition to the well-known eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid, recent developments in lipidomic methodologies have raised awareness of and interest in the large number of oxylipins formed from other PUFAs, including those from the essential FAs and the longer-chain n-3 (ω-3) PUFAs. Oxylipins have essential roles in normal physiology and function, but can also have detrimental effects. Compared with the oxylipins derived from n-3 PUFAs, oxylipins from n-6 PUFAs generally have greater activity and more inflammatory, vasoconstrictory, and proliferative effects, although there are notable exceptions. Because PUFA composition does not necessarily reflect oxylipin composition, comprehensive analysis of the oxylipin profile is necessary to understand the overall physiologic effects of PUFAs mediated through their oxylipins. These analyses should include oxylipins derived from linoleic and α-linolenic acids, because these largely unexplored bioactive oxylipins constitute more than one-half of oxylipins present in tissues. Because collated information on oxylipins formed from different PUFAs is currently unavailable, this review provides a detailed compilation of the main oxylipins formed from PUFAs and describes their functions. Much remains to be elucidated in this emerging field, including the discovery of more oxylipins, and the understanding of the differing biological potencies, kinetics, and isomer-specific activities of these novel PUFA metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Harold M Aukema
- Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada; and Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu B, Walker J, Spur B, Rodriguez A, Yin K. Effects of Lipoxin A4 on antimicrobial actions of neutrophils in sepsis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 94:55-64. [PMID: 25476955 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In sepsis, hyperactivation of neutrophils can lead to tissue injury. Later, neutrophil dysregulation with reduced levels of migration, decreased apoptosis and inadequate phagocytosis may impair the host׳s ability to clear infection. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a pro-resolution lipid mediator which reduces neutrophil migration and inflammatory mediator expression. As neutrophil migration and activation are important in bacterial clearance, the role of LXA4 in regulating neutrophil function for bacterial clearance is unclear. Using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) rat model of sepsis, LXA4 given after 1h reduced blood bacterial load at 24h. LXA4 treatment decreased neutrophil migration to the peritoneum but augmented blood neutrophil phagocytic ability and promoted apoptosis without affecting free radical production. In contrast, LXA4 increased peritoneal neutrophil phagocytic ability without affecting apoptosis or free radical production suggesting that in vivo effects of LXA4 were compartment specific. To investigate if LXA4 acted directly on neutrophils, blood and peritoneal leukocytes were taken from CLP rats 1h after surgery and incubated ex vivo with and without LXA4. LXA4 (1nM) increased phagocytosis in blood neutrophils without affecting apoptosis or free radical production. Ex vivo LXA4 had no effect on peritoneal neutrophils which suggests that LXA4 enhanced peritoneal neutrophil phagocytic ability in vivo by an indirect mechanism. The results suggest that LXA4 reduced neutrophil migration, but increased neutrophil bacteria clearing function without excessive free radical production. This phenotype was associated with reduced blood bacteria load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Wu
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University - SOM, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - J Walker
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University - SOM, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - B Spur
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University - SOM, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - A Rodriguez
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University - SOM, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - K Yin
- Department of Cell Biology, Rowan University - SOM, Stratford, NJ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation (RoI), once believed to be a passive process, has lately been shown to be an active and delicately orchestrated process. During the resolution phase of acute inflammation, novel mediators, including lipoxins and resolvins, which are members of the specialized pro-resolving mediators of inflammation, are produced. FPR2/ALXR, a receptor modulated by some of these lipids as well as by peptides (e.g., annexin A1), has been shown to be one of the receptors involved in the RoI. The aim of this perspective is to present the concept of the RoI from a medicinal chemistry point of view and to highlight the effort of the research community to discover and develop anti-inflammatory/pro-resolution small molecules to orchestrate inflammation by activation of FPR2/ALXR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Corminboeuf
- Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd. , Gewerbestrasse 16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Uteroglobin, a possible ligand of the lipoxin receptor inhibits serum amyloid A-driven inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:876395. [PMID: 24782597 PMCID: PMC3981015 DOI: 10.1155/2014/876395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) production is increased by inflamed arthritic synovial tissue, where it acts as a cytokine/chemoattractant for inflammatory and immune cells and as an inducer of matrix degrading enzymes. SAA has been shown to bind lipoxin A4 receptor, a member of the formyl-peptide related 2 G-protein coupled receptor family (ALX) and elicit proinflammatory activities in human primary fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). We report on the identification of uteroglobin, a small globular protein with potent anti-inflammatory activities, as a possible ligand of ALX. Uteroglobin-specific association with ALX was demonstrated by an enzyme immunoassay experiment employing a cell line engineered to express the human ALX receptor. Uteroglobin's interaction with ALX resulted in the inhibition of SAA responses, such as attenuation of phospholipase A2 activation and cellular chemotaxis. In FLS, uteroglobin showed an antagonism against SAA-induced interleukin-8 release and decreased cell migration. These novel roles described for uteroglobin via ALX may help elucidate genetic and clinical observations indicating that a polymorphism in the uteroglobin promoter is linked to disease outcome, specifically prediction of bone erosion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or severity of IgA glomerulonephritis and sarcoidosis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kelly OJ, Gilman JC, Kim Y, Ilich JZ. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids may mutually benefit both obesity and osteoporosis. Nutr Res 2013; 33:521-33. [PMID: 23827126 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The overconsumption of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), resulting in a high ratio of n-6 to n-3 PUFA, may contribute to the increased pathogenesis of obesity and osteoporosis by promoting low-grade chronic inflammation (LGCI). As evidence suggests, both obesity and osteoporosis are linked on a cellular and systemic basis. This review will analyze if a relationship exists between LGCI, fat, bone, and n-3 PUFA. During the life cycle, inflammation increases, fat mass accumulates, and bone mass declines, thus suggesting that a connection exists. This review will begin by examining how the current American diet and dietary guidelines may fall short of providing an anti-inflammatory dose of the n-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). It will then define LGCI and outline the evidence for a relationship between fat and bone. Inflammation as it pertains to obesity and osteoporosis and how EPA and DHA can alleviate the associated inflammation will be discussed, followed by some preliminary evidence to show how mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) lineage commitment may be altered by inflammation to favor adipogenesis. Our hypothesis is that n-3 PUFA positively influence obesity and osteoporosis by reducing LGCI, ultimately leading to a beneficial shift in MSC lineage commitment. This hypothesis essentially relates the need for more focused research in several areas such as determining age and lifestyle factors that promote the shift in MSC commitment and if current intakes of EPA and DHA are optimal for fat and bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen J Kelly
- Abbott Nutrition Research and Development, Columbus, OH 43219-3034, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Heterologously expressed formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2/ALX) does not respond to lipoxin A₄. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1795-802. [PMID: 23643932 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxin A₄ (LXA₄) has been described as an anti-inflammatory mediator, which exerts its effects through the formyl peptide receptor FPR2, also known as ALX. However, there has been a controversy whether or not cells expressing FPR2/ALX, such as neutrophils, respond to LXA₄. We, therefore, systematically examined the ability of the human and murine forms of the receptor to respond to LXA₄. We show that both receptor orthologues responded to the FPR2/ALX peptide agonist WKYMVM when expressed heterologously. In contrast, LXA₄ from different sources neither increased [Ca²⁺](i) and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, nor did it induce a decrease in cAMP levels or a translocation of β-arrestin. Also, several LXA₄ analogs were found to be unable to signal through FPR2/ALX. We conclude that FPR2/ALX is not activated by LXA₄ and that the molecular mechanism by which LXA₄ functions still needs to be identified.
Collapse
|
17
|
Recchiuti A, Serhan CN. Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators (SPMs) and Their Actions in Regulating miRNA in Novel Resolution Circuits in Inflammation. Front Immunol 2012; 3:298. [PMID: 23093949 PMCID: PMC3477628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Unresolved inflammation is associated with several widely occurring diseases such as arthritis, periodontal diseases, cancer, and atherosclerosis. Endogenous mechanisms that curtail excessive inflammation and prompt its timely resolution are of considerable interest. In recent years, previously unrecognized chemical mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids were identified that control the acute inflammatory response by activating local resolution programs. Among these are the so-called specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) that include lipoxins (LX), resolvins (Rv), protectins (PD), and maresins (MaR), because they are enzymatically biosynthesized during resolution of self-limited inflammation. They each possess distinct chemical structures and regulate cellular pathways by their ability to activate pro-resolving G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in a stereospecific manner. For instance, RvD1 controls several miRNAs of interest in self-limited acute inflammation that counter-regulate the mediators and proteins that are involved in inflammation. Here, we overview some of the biosynthesis and mechanisms of SPM actions with focus on the recently reported miR involved in their pro-resolving responses that underscore their beneficial actions in the regulation of acute inflammation and its timely resolution. The elucidation of these mechanisms operating in vivo to keep acute inflammation within physiologic boundaries as well as stimulate resolution have opened resolution pharmacology and many new opportunities to target inflammation-related human pathologies via activating resolution mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Recchiuti
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Serhan CN, Krishnamoorthy S, Recchiuti A, Chiang N. Novel anti-inflammatory--pro-resolving mediators and their receptors. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 11:629-47. [PMID: 21261595 DOI: 10.2174/1568026611109060629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Resolution of inflammation, an actively coordinated program, is essential to maintain host health. It involves effective removal of inflammatory stimuli and the spatio-temporal control of leukocyte trafficking as well as chemical mediator generation. During the active resolution process, new classes of small, local acting endogenous autacoids, namely the lipoxins, D and E series resolvins, (neuro)protectins, and maresins have been identified. These specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) prevent excessive inflammation and promote removal of microbes and apoptotic cells, thereby expediting resolution and return to tissue homeostasis. As part of their molecular mechanism, SPM exert their potent actions via activating specific pro-resolving G-protein coupled receptors. Together these SPM and their receptors provide new concepts and opportunities for therapeutics, namely promoting active resolution as opposed to the conventionally used enzyme inhibitors and receptor antagonists. This approach may offer new targets suitable for drug design for treating inflammation related diseases, for the new terrain of resolution pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institute of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115,USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Forsman H, Dahlgren C. Lipoxin A4Metabolites/Analogues from Two Commercial Sources have No Effects on TNF-α-mediated Priming or Activation through the Neutrophil Formyl Peptide Receptors. Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:396-402. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02311.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
20
|
Ye RD, Boulay F, Wang JM, Dahlgren C, Gerard C, Parmentier M, Serhan CN, Murphy PM. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIII. Nomenclature for the formyl peptide receptor (FPR) family. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:119-61. [PMID: 19498085 DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are a small group of seven-transmembrane domain, G protein-coupled receptors that are expressed mainly by mammalian phagocytic leukocytes and are known to be important in host defense and inflammation. The three human FPRs (FPR1, FPR2/ALX, and FPR3) share significant sequence homology and are encoded by clustered genes. Collectively, these receptors bind an extraordinarily numerous and structurally diverse group of agonistic ligands, including N-formyl and nonformyl peptides of different composition, that chemoattract and activate phagocytes. N-formyl peptides, which are encoded in nature only by bacterial and mitochondrial genes and result from obligatory initiation of bacterial and mitochondrial protein synthesis with N-formylmethionine, is the only ligand class common to all three human receptors. Surprisingly, the endogenous anti-inflammatory peptide annexin 1 and its N-terminal fragments also bind human FPR1 and FPR2/ALX, and the anti-inflammatory eicosanoid lipoxin A4 is an agonist at FPR2/ALX. In comparison, fewer agonists have been identified for FPR3, the third member in this receptor family. Structural and functional studies of the FPRs have produced important information for understanding the general pharmacological principles governing all leukocyte chemoattractant receptors. This article aims to provide an overview of the discovery and pharmacological characterization of FPRs, to introduce an International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR)-recommended nomenclature, and to discuss unmet challenges, including the mechanisms used by these receptors to bind diverse ligands and mediate different biological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, M/C 868, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chiang N, Serhan CN, Dahlén SE, Drazen JM, Hay DWP, Rovati GE, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T, Brink C. The lipoxin receptor ALX: potent ligand-specific and stereoselective actions in vivo. Pharmacol Rev 2006; 58:463-87. [PMID: 16968948 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxins (LXs) and aspirin-triggered LX (ATL) are trihydroxytetraene-containing eicosanoids generated from arachidonic acid that are distinct in structure, formation, and function from the many other proinflammatory lipid-derived mediators. These endogenous eicosanoids have now emerged as founding members of the first class of lipid/chemical mediators involved in the resolution of the inflammatory response. Lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)), ATL, and their metabolic stable analogs elicit cellular responses and regulate leukocyte trafficking in vivo by activating the specific receptor, ALX. ALX was the first receptor cloned and identified as a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) for lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids with demonstrated cell type-specific signaling pathways. ALX at the level of DNA has sequence homology to the N-formylpeptide receptor and as an orphan GPCR was initially referred to as the N-formylpeptide receptor-like 1. Although LXA(4) is the endogenous potent ligand for ALX activation, a number of peptides can also activate this receptor to stimulate calcium mobilization and chemotaxis in vitro. In contrast with LXA(4), the counterparts of many of these peptides in vivo remain to be established. The purpose of this review is to highlight the molecular characterization of the ALX receptor and provide an overview of the ALX-LXA(4) axis responsible for anti-inflammatory and proresolving signals in vivo. The information in this review provides further support for the initial nomenclature proposition for this GPCR as ALX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chiang
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bonnans C, Chanez P, Chavis C. Lipoxins in asthma: potential therapeutic mediators on bronchial inflammation? Allergy 2004; 59:1027-41. [PMID: 15355460 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid metabolism represents an important source of mediators with ambivalent actions. Among these, lipoxins (LXs) are the first agents identified and recognized as anti-inflammatory endogenous lipid mediators, which are involved in the resolution of inflammation and are present in the airways of asthmatic patients. Lipoxins result mainly from the interaction between 5 and 15-lipoxygenases (LO) and their levels are modulated by the degree of bronchial inflammation as well as by the long-term glucocorticoid treatments. In the airways, LX synthesis is higher in mild asthmatics than in severe asthmatics, whereas in vitro chemokine release inhibition by LXs is more effective in cells from severe asthmatics than from mild asthmatics. LipoxinA(4) effects on interleukin (IL)-8 released by blood mononuclear cells and on calcium influx in epithelial cells are mediated by the specific receptor ALX. Lipoxin generation by lung epithelial cells depends mainly on 15-LO activity. Mild asthmatics present higher 15-LOb expression at the epithelium level than severe patients, whereas the LX deficit in severe asthma is associated with an up-regulation of the 15-LOa expressions. Therefore, bronchial epithelial cells become a target for therapeutic intervention and LXs represent a potential therapeutic solution for bronchial inflammation resolution in asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Bonnans
- Inserm U454-IFR 3, Clinique des Maladies Respiratoires, CHU de Montpellier, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Moerman L, Verdonck F, Willems J, Tytgat J, Bosteels S. Antimicrobial peptides from scorpion venom induce Ca(2+) signaling in HL-60 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 311:90-7. [PMID: 14575699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.09.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parabutoporin (PP) and opistoporin 1 (OP1) are amphipathic alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides that were recently isolated from scorpion venom. In assays in which single granulocyte-like HL-60 cells as well as cells in suspension were used, both peptides were able to induce a reversible Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores and to increase Ca(2+) influx. Both effects could be clearly differentiated for OP1, inducing Ca(2+) release at lower concentrations. The Ca(2+) release was pertussis toxin-sensitive indicating the involvement of G-proteins. Ca(2+) release depended on the stage of differentiation of the cells with undifferentiated cells being the most sensitive. Desensitization occurred with OP1. No cross-desensitization occurred between OP1 and the bacterial chemoattractant fMLP indicating the involvement of different types of receptors. Ca(2+) release by OP1 was found not to be mediated via interaction with the formyl peptide receptor-like 1. Although some of the results might favor a receptor-like interaction, the receptor involved could not be identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leentje Moerman
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Catholic University Leuven Campus Kortrijk, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Goh J, Godson C, Brady HR, Macmathuna P. Lipoxins: pro-resolution lipid mediators in intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:1043-54. [PMID: 12671901 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2003.50154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many inflammatory processes are self-limiting, suggesting the existence of endogenous anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Among the lipid mediators generated during cell-cell interactions are the lipoxins (LX, including LXA(4) and B(4)), a distinct class of lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids. Aspirin acetylation of cyclooxygenase 2 also promotes the generation of a series of 15-epimers of LXA(4), known as aspirin-triggered lipoxins (ATL), that may account for some of the bioactivity profile of aspirin and possibly of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Native LX are rapidly inactivated in vivo, and stable analogs of LXA(4), LXB(4), and ATL have been synthesized that possess enhanced bioavailability and potency as anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. Here, we review current in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evidence supporting cytoprotective and proresolution roles for LX in intestinal inflammation. LXA(4), LXA(4) analogs, and ATL analogs inhibit neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion to epithelium, and epithelial cell chemokine release. In addition, LX blunt TNF-alpha-stimulated inflammatory responses, cyclooxygenase product generation, and epithelial cell apoptosis and are cytoprotective for cytokine-activated colonic mucosa ex vivo. LX, ATL, and synthetic LX analogs have already been demonstrated to possess impressive antiinflammatory and proresolution efficacy in a range of experimental models of inflammation in vivo. Further elucidation of the role of LX in intestinal epithelial cell biology and immune function may yield novel therapeutic approaches in inflammatory bowel disease and possibly gastrointestinal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Goh
- Gastro-Intestinal Unit, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Trust, Queen Elizabeth and Selly Oak Hospitals, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brink C, Dahlén SE, Drazen J, Evans JF, Hay DWP, Nicosia S, Serhan CN, Shimizu T, Yokomizo T. International Union of Pharmacology XXXVII. Nomenclature for leukotriene and lipoxin receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2003; 55:195-227. [PMID: 12615958 DOI: 10.1124/pr.55.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukotrienes and lipoxins are biologically active metabolites derived from arachidonic acid. Their diverse and potent actions are associated with specific receptors. Recent molecular techniques have established the nucleotide and amino acid sequences and confirmed the evidence that suggested the existence of different G-protein-coupled receptors for these lipid mediators. The nomenclature for these receptors has now been established for the leukotrienes. BLT receptors are activated by leukotriene B(4) and related hydroxyacids and this class of receptors can be subdivided into BLT(1) and BLT(2). The cysteinyl-leukotrienes (LT) activate another group called CysLT receptors, which are referred to as CysLT(1) and CysLT(2). A provisional nomenclature for the lipoxin receptor has also been proposed. LXA(4) and LXB(4) activate the ALX receptor and LXB(4) may also activate another putative receptor. However this latter receptor has not been cloned. The aim of this review is to provide the molecular evidence as well as the properties and significance of the leukotriene and lipoxin receptors, which has lead to the present nomenclature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Brink
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 7131, Hôpital Broussais, Bâtiment René Leriche, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Kang Y, Taddeo B, Varai G, Varga J, Fiore S. Mutations of serine 236-237 and tyrosine 302 residues in the human lipoxin A4 receptor intracellular domains result in sustained signaling. Biochemistry 2000; 39:13551-7. [PMID: 11063592 DOI: 10.1021/bi001196i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxin A(4) (LXA(4)) is a potent negative modulator of the inflammatory response. The antiinflammatory activities of LXA(4), such as inhibition of agonist-induced polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) chemotaxis and upregulation of beta-2 integrins, require the expression of a G-protein-coupled, high-affinity LXA(4) receptor (LXA(4)R). We now report that stimulation of PMN with proinflammatory agonist N-formyl peptides (FMLP), calcium ionophore A(23187), or phorbol mirystate acetate (PMA) is followed by marked downregulation of LXA(4) binding (B(max) decrease of approximately 45%) and decreased activation of phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) and D (PLD). Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying these effects was addressed by structure-function analyses of the intracellular domains of LXA(4)R. Mutant molecule, S236/S237 --> A/G (LXA(4)R(pk)) and Y302 --> F (LXA(4)R(tk)) were obtained by site-directed mutagenesis to yield receptors lacking the putative targets for serine/threonine kinase- or tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphorylation. Expression of wild-type and mutated LXA(4)R sequences in CHO and HL-60 cells was used to examine LXA(4) ligand-receptor interactions and signal transduction events. Results indicated that cells expressing LXA(4)R(pk) or LXA(4)R(tk) displayed sustained activation of PLA(2) and PLD in contrast to the transient ones obtained with LXA(4)R(wt) (peak activation at 2-3 min). Moreover, inhibition of LXA(4)-dependent PLA(2) activity by PMA in LXA(4)R(wt) transfected CHO cells was not observed in cells expressing LXA(4)R(pk). Phosphopeptide immunoblotting revealed that the functional differences between wild-type and mutant LXA(4) receptors are accompanied by distinct changes in the receptor protein phosphorylation pattern. Further characterization of these and related LXA(4)R intracellular domains will help to better understand specific events that regulate the antiinflammatory activities of LXA(4).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kang
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Serhan CN, Levy BD, Clish CB, Gronert K, Chiang N. Lipoxins, aspirin-triggered 15-epi-lipoxin stable analogs and their receptors in anti-inflammation: a window for therapeutic opportunity. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2000:143-85. [PMID: 10943332 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-04047-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
LXs and 15-epimer LXs are generated during cell-cell interactions that occur during multicellular host response to inflammation, tissue injury or host defense. Results indicate that they are present in vivo during human illness and carry predominantly counter-regulatory biological actions opposing the action of well-characterized mediators of inflammation that appear to lead to resolution of the inflammatory response or promotion of repair and wound healing. The first selective receptor of LXA4 was identified by direct ligand binding and was cloned and characterized. Its signaling involves a novel polyisoprenyl-phosphate pathway that directly regulates PLD (Levy et al. 1999a). LX- and 15-epimer-LX-stable analogs that resist metabolic inactivation were designed, synthesized and shown to be potent LX mimetics and novel topically active anti-inflammatory agents in animal models. These new investigational tools enable structure-function studies of LX signal transduction, further elucidation of the role of LX and 15-epimer LX in host responses and exploitation of their potent bioactions in the design of novel pharmacologic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C N Serhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sutherland M, Schewe T, Nigam S. Biological actions of the free acid of hepoxilin A3 on human neutrophils. Biochem Pharmacol 2000; 59:435-40. [PMID: 10644052 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00345-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In earlier reports and reviews, it was suggested that unlike its methyl ester, the free acid form of the 12-lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoid hepoxilin A3 (HXA3) does not enter neutrophils and other cells. Therefore, in the past, most studies on the biological activities of HXA3 on human neutrophils were conducted with its methyl ester. Here, we present evidence that free HXA3 is biologically active towards human neutrophils at submicromolar concentrations, which may occur under certain circumstances in vivo. Thus, HXA3 caused chemotaxis at concentrations as low as 30-40 nM, an effect which was attenuated at higher concentrations of this eicosanoid. Its chemotactic potency proved to be comparable to that of leukotriene B4, but higher than that of the chemotactic peptide formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP), and greatly exceeded that of the other 12-lipoxygenase metabolite, 12(S)-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, which was inactive at comparable concentrations. The chemotactic activity of HXA3 was not abolished by serum albumin, but it was suppressed by pertussis toxin. Unlike fMLP, at this concentration range HXA3 did not cause respiratory burst or aggregation of the neutrophils or activation of protein kinase C. These observations suggest a remarkably selective and specific receptor-mediated process. At concentrations higher than 1 microM, HXA3 gives rise to an instantaneous release of calcium from intracellular stores which causes, however, only a slight, if any, liberation of arachidonic acid. On the other hand, pretreatment of the neutrophils with submicromolar concentrations of HXA3 significantly blunts the liberation of arachidonic acid caused by fMLP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sutherland
- Department of Gynaecology, University Medical Centre Benjamin Franklin, Free University of Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gewirtz AT, Fokin VV, Petasis NA, Serhan CN, Madara JL. LXA4, aspirin-triggered 15-epi-LXA4, and their analogs selectively downregulate PMN azurophilic degranulation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 276:C988-94. [PMID: 10199831 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1999.276.4.c988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The eicosanoid lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is biosynthesized in vivo by cells present at inflammatory sites and appears to be an endogenous anti-inflammatory mediator. Further, in the presence of aspirin, the 15-epimer of LXA4 (15-epi-LXA4) is biosynthesized and may mediate some of aspirin's desirable bioactions. LXA4, 15-epi-LXA4, and their stable analogs inhibit inflammation in established animal models, indicating that these compounds may be useful for treating inflammatory disease states. To investigate the cellular mechanisms by which these lipid mediators downregulate inflammation, we investigated whether these eicosanoids could influence receptor-mediated degranulation of human neutrophils, an event thought to play a major causative role in several inflammatory disease states. LXA4, 15-epi-LXA4, and their stable analogs potently (IC50 < 1 nM) and selectively downregulated neutrophil release of azurophilic granule contents but did not affect other neutrophil secretory functions. Thus the cellular basis of action of these natural off-switches to inflammation appears to involve downregulation of neutrophil azurophilic granule release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Gewirtz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lin KT, Godfrey HP, Spokas EG, Sun FF, Wong PY. Modulation of LTB4 receptor in T-lymphocytes by lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and its role in delayed-type hypersensitivity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 447:151-63. [PMID: 10086191 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4861-4_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K T Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford 08084, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Diamond P, McGinty A, Sugrue D, Brady HR, Godson C. Regulation of leukocyte trafficking by lipoxins. Clin Chem Lab Med 1999; 37:293-7. [PMID: 10353475 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.1999.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipoxins are lipoxygenase interaction products formed by transcellular metabolism during host defence and inflammation. In model systems, lipoxins modulate polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) chemotaxis, adhesion molecule expression, inhibit PMN-endothelial cell adhesion, and attenuate cytokine release from epithelial cells. These observations raise the possibility that lipoxins are 'stop signals' for PMN-mediated tissue injury and promote the resolution of acute inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Diamond
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Centre for Vascular Inflammation and Vascular Research, University College Dublin, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Maddox JF, Hachicha M, Takano T, Petasis NA, Fokin VV, Serhan CN. Lipoxin A4 stable analogs are potent mimetics that stimulate human monocytes and THP-1 cells via a G-protein-linked lipoxin A4 receptor. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:6972-8. [PMID: 9054386 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.11.6972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxins (LX) are bioactive eicosanoids that activate human monocytes and inhibit neutrophils. LXA4 is rapidly converted by monocytes to inactive products, and to resist metabolism, synthetic analogs of LXA4 were designed. Here, we examined the bioactivity of several LXA4 analogs in monocytes and found, for chemotaxis, 15(R/S)-methyl-LXA4 and 15-epi-LXA4 were equal in activity, and 16-phenoxy-LXA4 was more potent than native LXA4. Both 15(R/S)-methyl-LXA4 and 16-phenoxy-LXA4 were approximately 1 log molar more potent than LXA4 in stimulating THP-1 cell adherence (EC50 approximately 1 x 10(-10) M). Dimethylamide derivatives of the LXA4 analogs also possessed agonist rather than antagonist properties for monocytes. Neither LXA4 nor 16-phenoxy-LXA4 affected monocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. We cloned an LXA4 receptor from THP-1 cells identical to that found in PMN. Evidence of receptor-mediated function of LXA4 and the stable analogs in monocytes included desensitization of intracellular calcium mobilization to a second challenge by equimolar concentrations of these analogs, but not to LTB4. Increases in [Ca2+]i by LXA4 and the analogs were specifically inhibited by an antipeptide antibody to the LXA4 receptor; and both LXA4- and analog-induced adherence and increments in Ca2+ were sensitive to pertussis toxin. Together, these results indicate that the LXA4 stable analogs are potent monocyte chemoattractants and are more potent than native LXA4 in stimulating THP-1 cell adherence, at subnanomolar concentrations. Moreover, they provide additional evidence that the LXA4 stable analogs retain selective bioactivity in monocytes and are valuable instruments for examining the functions and modes of action of LXA4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Maddox
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesia, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bates EJ. Eicosanoids, fatty acids and neutrophils: their relevance to the pathophysiology of disease. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1995; 53:75-86. [PMID: 7480077 DOI: 10.1016/0952-3278(95)90133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PUFA and their eicosanoid metabolites are potent biological modifiers. They have beneficial effects in a number of diseases, which may result in part from their direct actions on neutrophils as well as from their ability to modulate eicosanoid biosynthesis. A consideration of their interactions with other cell types, e.g. lymphocytes and macrophages, is beyond the scope of this review. Small alterations in structure can result in large changes in the neutrophil response. This will have important implications for the further development and use of fatty acids for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Bates
- Department of Immunology, Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Serhan CN, Fiore S, Levy BD. Cell-cell interactions in lipoxin generation and characterization of lipoxin A4 receptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994; 744:166-80. [PMID: 7825838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb52734.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C N Serhan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nassar GM, Morrow JD, Roberts LJ, Lakkis FG, Badr KF. Induction of 15-lipoxygenase by interleukin-13 in human blood monocytes. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)47031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
36
|
Fiore S, Maddox JF, Perez HD, Serhan CN. Identification of a human cDNA encoding a functional high affinity lipoxin A4 receptor. J Exp Med 1994; 180:253-60. [PMID: 8006586 PMCID: PMC2191537 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.1.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) triggers selective responses with human neutrophils that are pertussis toxin sensitive and binds to high affinity receptors (Kd = 0.5 +/- 0.3 nM) that are modulated by stable analogues of guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP). Here, we characterized [11,12-(3)]LXA4 specific binding with neutrophil granule and plasma membranes, which each display high affinity binding sites (Kd = 0.7 +/- 0.1 nM) that were regulated by GTP gamma S. Since functional LXA4 receptors are inducible in HL-60 cells, we tested orphan cDNAs encoding 7-transmembrane region receptors cloned from these cells for their ability to bind and signal with LXA4. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with the orphan receptor cDNA (pINF114) displayed specific 3H-LXA4 high affinity binding (1.7 nM). When displacement of LXA4 binding with pINF114-transfected CHO cells was tested with other eicosanoids, including LXB4, leukotriene D4 (LTD4), LTB4, or prostaglandin E2, only LTD4 competed with LXA4, giving a Ki of 80 nM. In transfected CHO cells, LXA4 also stimulated GTPase activity and provoked the release of esterified arachidonate, which proved to be pertussis toxin sensitive. These results indicate that pINF114 cDNA encodes a 7-transmembrane region-containing protein that displays high affinity for 3H-LXA4 and transmits LXA4-induced signals. Together, they suggest that the encoded protein is a candidate for a LXA4 receptor in myeloid cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Fiore
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Serhan CN. Lipoxin biosynthesis and its impact in inflammatory and vascular events. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1212:1-25. [PMID: 8155718 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(94)90185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C N Serhan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Colgan SP, Serhan CN, Parkos CA, Delp-Archer C, Madara JL. Lipoxin A4 modulates transmigration of human neutrophils across intestinal epithelial monolayers. J Clin Invest 1993; 92:75-82. [PMID: 8326019 PMCID: PMC293534 DOI: 10.1172/jci116601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil (PMN) migration across intestinal epithelial barriers, such as occurs in many disease states, results in modifications in epithelial barrier. Here, we investigated the impact of lipoxin A4 (LXA4), an eicosanoid with counterregulatory inflammatory roles, on PMN migration across cultured monolayers of the human intestinal epithelial cell line T84. Transepithelial migration of PMN was assessed in the apical-to-basolateral direction and in the basolateral-to-apical direction. In the apical-to-basolateral direction, preexposure of PMN to LXA4 (10 nM, 15 min) stimulated an 87 +/- 5% increase in transepithelial migration of PMN as determined by a PMN myeloperoxidase assay. The LXA4-elicited effect on transmigration was present throughout the 2-h assay period and was not secondary to LXA4 effects on epithelial monolayer integrity as judged by measurement of transepithelial resistance. PMN migration in the basolateral-to-apical direction was modulated by LXA4 with a comparable time- and concentration-dependence to that in the apical-to-basolateral direction. However, qualitative differences in how LXA4 modulates transmigration in the two opposing directions were observed. In the basolateral-to-apical direction, preexposure of PMN to LXA4 (10 nM, 15 min) diminished PMN transepithelial migration by 33 +/- 4%. Structure-function studies revealed that LXA4 and 11-trans-LXA4 (50% of LXA4 effect), but not LXB4, inhibited basolateral-to-apical PMN transmigration. The action of LXA4 was not sensitive to inhibitors of cyclooxygenase or specific leukotriene biosynthesis, but was sensitive to staurosporine, a protein kinase C inhibitor. These results suggest that migration of PMN across epithelia in the physiological direction may be qualitatively different following PMN exposure to eicosanoids. We propose that such retention of PMN at this specific anatomic location may serve an important role in mucosal defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S P Colgan
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Müller S, Nigam S. Enhancement by staurosporine of platelet-activating factor formation in N-formyl peptide-challenged human neutrophils is mediated by intracellular platelet-activating factor binding sites. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 189:771-6. [PMID: 1335246 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(92)92268-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Staurosporine potentiates the formation of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and causes a sustained elevation of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i). WEB 2086, a specific PAF-receptor antagonist, inhibits both potentiation of PAF formation and elevation of [Ca2+]i by 78% and 65%, respectively. Moreover, the PAF produced by FMLP and/or Staurosporine was completely retained in the cell. This suggests that the effect of staurosporine in FMLP-stimulated neutrophils may be mediated by the action of endogenously produced PAF, which in turn leads to an increase in [Ca2+]i and PAF formation. We conclude that PAF is the major product of human neutrophils which reacts via specific intracellular PAF binding sites to stimulate the phospholipase A2, and its synthesis is under control of a staurosporine-sensitive protein kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Müller
- Department of Gynecology, Universitätsklinikum Steglitz, Free University Berlin
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Nigam S, Müller S, Walzog B. Effect of staurosporine on fMet-Leu-Phe-stimulated human neutrophils: dissociated release of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, diacylglycerol and intracellular calcium. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1135:301-8. [PMID: 1320409 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(92)90235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Staurosporine, a microbial alkaloid, enhances inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and 1,2-diacylglycerol (DG) production rapidly and dose-dependently in fMet-Leu-Phe (FMLP)-stimulated human neutrophils showing maximal effects at 1 microM concentration. The IP3 increase was specific for staurosporine as three other putative protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, H7, sphingosine and palmitoylcarnitine were unable to enhance the IP3 generation in FMLP-stimulated human neutrophils. Staurosporine, at concentrations 0.3-1.0 microM, did not affect the initial mobilization of FMLP-induced intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i), although a sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ level was observed within 5 min. This effect could not be suppressed, even by 1 microM phorbol-myristate 12,13-acetate (PMA). Whereas lower concentrations of staurosporine (less than or equal to 100 nM) were unable to affect FMLP-induced IP3 production, DG accumulation and Ca2+i, the PMA-inhibited initial Ca2+i signal and IP3 formation triggered by FMLP were almost completely restored. At higher concentrations (greater than or equal to 300 nM) staurosporine reversed the inhibitory effect of other protein kinases, distinct from the PMA-inducible one, which may be responsible for the phosphatidyl inositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) breakdown, thus causing accumulation of IP3 and DG and an elevation of C2+i level. Whereas IP3 declined to basal level within 5 min, the DG level remained elevated during the same period. This phenomenon is attributed to phospholipase D (PLD) stimulation by staurosporine, which augments the DG synthesis, in part through PA degradation via phosphatidic acid (PA) phosphohydrolase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nigam
- Department of Gynecology, Universitätsklinikum Steglitz, Free University Berlin, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nicolaou KC, Ramphal JY, Petasis NA, Serhan CN. Lipoxine und verwandte Eicosanoide: Biosynthese, biologische Eigenschaften und chemische Synthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19911030907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
43
|
Abstract
The lipoxins are a recent addition to the family of biologically active products derived from arachidonic acid. Compounds of this series contain a conjugated tetraene structure and can be generated by the actions of the major lipoxygenases of human tissues (5-, 12-, and 15-LO's). Biosynthesis of the lipoxins from cellular sources of unesterified arachidonic acid is triggered by the initial actions of either the 15-LO or 5-LO followed by additional reactions. Recent results indicate that lipoxins are also generated by receptor-mediated events during cell-cell interactions with the transcellular metabolism of key intermediates. Lipoxin A4 and lipoxin B4 each possess a unique spectrum of biological activities unlike those of other eicosanoids in both in vivo and in vitro systems. Lipoxin A4 stimulates changes in the microvasculature and can block some of the proinflammatory effects of leukotrienes (in vivo). Lipoxin A4 and lipoxin B4 both inhibit natural killer cells (in vitro), and lipoxin B4 displays selective actions on hematopoietic cells. The finding that lipoxin A4 activates isolated protein kinase C suggests that it may also serve an intracellular role in its cell of origin before it is released to the extracellular milieu. Thus, cell-cell interactions, along with multiple oxygenations by lipoxygenases, generate compounds that can regulate cellular responses by serving as both intra- and intercellular messages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C N Serhan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Fatty acid composition and incorporation of arachidonic acid into phospholipids of hemocytes from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0020-1790(91)90123-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
45
|
Fiore S, Brezinski ME, Sheppard KA, Serhan CN. The lipoxin biosynthetic circuit and their actions with human neutrophils. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1991; 314:109-32. [PMID: 1818482 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-6024-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Fiore
- Hematology Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass 02115
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Nigam S, Nodes S, Cichon G, Corey EJ, Pace-Asciak CR. Receptor-mediated action of hepoxilin A3 releases diacylglycerol and arachidonic acid from human neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1990; 171:944-8. [PMID: 2171511 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(90)90775-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that hepoxilin A3 increases the intracellular concentration of Ca+2 in human neutrophils. Herein we address the initial events of hepoxilin action on the neutrophil which precede the rise in intracellular calcium. We show that hepoxilin A3 at 10-1000 nM concentrations releases from [1-14C]-arachidonic acid labeled neutrophils diacylglycerol and unesterified arachidonic acid in a time and concentration dependent fashion. The release of arachidonic acid and diacyglycerol are receptor-mediated events which are blocked by pertussis toxin. This data shows that hepoxilin A3 stimulates phospholipases C and A2 in the cell which may be involved in the rise in cytosolic calcium. Thus, hepoxilins may represent a hitherto unrecognised class of cellular mediators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Nigam
- Department of Gynaecological Endocrinology, Klinikum Steglitz, Free University of Berlin, FRG
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|