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Melanocyte Activation Mechanisms and Rational Therapeutic Treatments of Solar Lentigos. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153666. [PMID: 31357457 PMCID: PMC6695993 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To characterize the pathobiology of solar lentigos (SLs), analyses by semiquantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry revealed the upregulated expression of endothelin (EDN)-1/endothelin B receptors (EDNBRs), stem cell factor (SCF)/c-KIT, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α in the lesional epidermis, which contrasted with the downregulated expression of interleukin (IL) 1α. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that previous repeated UVB exposure triggers keratinocytes to continuously produce TNFα. TNFα then stimulates the secretion of EDNs and the production of SCF in an autocrine fashion, leading to the continuous melanogenic activation of neighboring melanocytes, which causes SLs. A clinical study of 36 patients with SLs for six months treated with an M. Chamomilla extract with a potent ability to abrogate the EDN1-induced increase in DNA synthesis and melanization of human melanocytes in culture revealed a significant improvement in pigment scores and color differences expressed as L values. Another clinical study using a tyrosinase inhibitor L-ascorbate-2-phosphate 3 Na (ASP) demonstrated that L values of test lotion (6% APS)-treated skin significantly increased in SLs and in non-lesional skin with a significantly higher ΔL value in SLs when compared with non-lesional skin. The sum of these findings strongly suggests that combined topical treatment with EDN signaling blockers and tyrosinase inhibitors is a desirable therapeutic choice for SLs.
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Thorlakson HH, Engen SA, Schreurs O, Schenck K, Blix IJS. Lysophosphatidic acid induces expression of genes in human oral keratinocytes involved in wound healing. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 80:153-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Yamada Y, Matsumoto T. House Dust Mites Induce Production of Endothelin-1 and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Keratinocytes via Proteinase-Activated Receptor-2 Activation. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2017; 173:84-92. [PMID: 28586781 DOI: 10.1159/000473700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by skin barrier dysfunction and abnormal immune response. House dust mites (HDM) are a major source of allergens, some of which have cysteine and serine protease activities. Keratinocytes stimulated by HDM-derived proteases have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of AD by producing various cytokines. However, whether keratinocytes contribute to the induction of pruritus in AD, especially by producing pruritus-related mediators upon stimulation with HDM-derived proteases, has not been fully elucidated. METHODS We examined whether the production of endothelin-1 (ET-1), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 in keratinocytes can be induced by stimulation with Dermatophagoides farinae extracts, and if so, whether pretreatment with a protease inhibitor or proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) antagonist affects the production of these mediators in keratinocytes. RESULTS Although MMP-2 levels were undetectable in the culture supernatants, the production of ET-1 and MMP-9 was increased upon stimulation with HDM extracts in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and suppressed by pretreatment of HDM extracts with serine protease inhibitor, but not with cysteine protease inhibitor. Mite-derived serine proteases also induced ET-1 and MMP-9 production in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, pretreatment with a PAR-2 antagonist inhibited the production of ET-1 and MMP-9 in keratinocytes. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the activation of PAR-2 on keratinocytes by HDM-derived serine proteases induces the production of ET-1 and MMP-9, and may contribute to the induction of pruritus in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Yamada
- Drug Development Research Laboratories, Kyoto R&D Center, Maruho Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
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Zhang Y, Tang L, Su M, Eisen D, Zloty D, Warshawski L, Zhou Y. Expression of Endothelins and Their Receptors in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers. J Cutan Med Surg 2016; 10:269-76. [PMID: 17241596 DOI: 10.2310/7750.2006.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: Endothelins are paracrine peptides with growth-promoting and vasoactive functions for a variety of cell types. Elevated activation of the endothelin signaling pathway induces cell proliferation and/or survival and is implicated in a variety of malignancies. Increased endothelin 1 was described in solar lentigines in previous reports, raising the possibility that the endothelin pathway may be of significance in keratinocyte proliferation-related disorders. However, detailed investigation on endothelins in skin malignancies is lacking. Objectives: This study aims to survey the expression of endothelins and their receptors in keratinocyte-derived benign and malignant tumors of the skin and to test the effects of endothelin inhibitors on the growth and survival of cultured keratinocytes. Methods: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the level of gene transcription of three endothelins (ET-1, −2, and −3) and two endothelin receptors (ETRA and ETRB). The genes with significant messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression abnormalities were confirmed with immunohistochemical analysis to examine expression differences at the protein levels. To analyze the effect of endothelin inhibitors on the keratinocyte growth and survival, keratinocytes were cultured in the presence of various concentrations of endothelin inhibitors and subjected to tetrazolium bromide assay to quantify the cell numbers over time. Results: ET-1 mRNA was found to be significantly up-regulated in seborrheic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma. However, no significant expression increase was found in actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, or squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemical analysis of ET-1 peptide confirmed increased expression. In cultured keratinocytes, peptide inhibitors of the endothelin pathway resulted in a marked reduction in cell survival. Conclusion: The endothelin signaling pathway, especially ET-1, is activated in basoloid keratinocyte neoplasms of the skin, such as basal cell carcinoma and seborrheic keratosis. Blockade of this pathway can reduce cell survival in vitro. Therefore, endothelin inhibitors potentially offer a novel method for the treatment of some keratinocyte-derived skin tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Bowen's Disease/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Basal Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-2/genetics
- Endothelins/genetics
- Endothelins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Keratosis/metabolism
- Keratosis, Seborrheic/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger
- Receptor, Endothelin A/metabolism
- Receptor, Endothelin B/metabolism
- Receptors, Endothelin/genetics
- Receptors, Endothelin/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/metabolism
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Li P, Ma H, Han D, Mou K. Interleukin-33 affects cytokine production by keratinocytes in vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 40:163-70. [PMID: 25251808 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Li
- Center for Translational Medicine; College of Medicine; First Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - H. Ma
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; First Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - D. Han
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; First Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
| | - K. Mou
- Department of Dermatology; College of Medicine; First Affiliated Hospital Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an China
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Novel isonahocol E3 exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effects in endothelin-1-stimulated human keratinocytes. Eur J Pharmacol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Takenaka Y, Hoshino Y, Nakajima H, Hayashi N, Kawashima M, Imokawa G. Paracrine cytokine mechanisms underlying the hyperpigmentation of seborrheic keratosis in covered skin areas. J Dermatol 2013; 40:533-42. [DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Takenaka
- Department of Dermatology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Yumi Hoshino
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Tokyo University of Technology; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakajima
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Tokyo University of Technology; Tokyo; Japan
| | | | - Makoto Kawashima
- Department of Dermatology; Tokyo Women's Medical University; Tokyo; Japan
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UV-B radiation induces macrophage migration inhibitory factor-mediated melanogenesis through activation of protease-activated receptor-2 and stem cell factor in keratinocytes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:679-87. [PMID: 21281800 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UV radiation indirectly regulates melanogenesis in melanocytes through a paracrine regulatory mechanism involving keratinocytes. Protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2 activation induces melanosome transfer by increasing phagocytosis of melanosomes by keratinocytes. This study demonstrated that macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) stimulated PAR-2 expression in human keratinocytes. In addition, we showed that MIF stimulated stem cell factor (SCF) release in keratinocytes; however, MIF had no effect on the release of endothelin-1 or prostaglandin E2 in keratinocytes. In addition, MIF had no direct effect on melanin and tyrosinase synthesis in cultured human melanocytes. The effect of MIF on melanogenesis was also examined using a three-dimensional reconstituted human epidermal culture model, which is a novel, commercially available, cultured human epidermis containing functional melanocytes. Migration inhibitory factor induced an increase in melanin content in the epidermis after a 9-day culture period. Moreover, melanin synthesis induced by UV-B stimulation was significantly down-regulated by anti-MIF antibody treatment. An in vivo study showed that the back skin of MIF transgenic mice had a higher melanin content than that of wild-type mice after 12 weeks of UV-B exposure. Therefore, MIF-mediated melanogenesis occurs mainly through the activation of PAR-2 and SCF expression in keratinocytes after exposure to UV-B radiation.
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Hildebrand J, Rütze M, Walz N, Gallinat S, Wenck H, Deppert W, Grundhoff A, Knott A. A comprehensive analysis of microRNA expression during human keratinocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 131:20-9. [PMID: 20827281 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report a comprehensive investigation of changes in microRNA (miRNA) expression profiles on human keratinocyte (HK) differentiation in vitro and in vivo. We have monitored expression patterns of 377 miRNAs during calcium-induced differentiation of primary HKs, and have compared these patterns with miRNA expression profiles of epidermal stem cells, transient amplifying cells, and terminally differentiated HKs from human skin. Apart from the previously described miR-203, we found an additional nine miRNAs (miR-23b, miR-95, miR-210, miR-224, miR-26a, miR-200a, miR-27b, miR-328, and miR-376a) that are associated with HK differentiation in vitro and in vivo. In situ hybridization experiments confirmed miR-23b as a marker of HK differentiation in vivo. Additionally, gene ontology analysis and functional validation of predicted miRNA targets using 3'-untranslated region-luciferase assays suggest that multiple miRNAs that are upregulated on HK differentiation cooperate to regulate gene expression during skin development. Our results thus provide the basis for further analysis of miRNA functions during epidermal differentiation.
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Shirakata Y. Regulation of epidermal keratinocytes by growth factors. J Dermatol Sci 2010; 59:73-80. [PMID: 20570492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/07/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal keratinocytes are the main component cells of the epidermis and their function is regulated by various kinds of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. Of these, members of the epidermal growth factor and fibroblast growth factor families, as wells as hepatocyte growth factor and insulin-like growth factor, play central roles in keratinocyte proliferation, while transforming growth factor-beta, vitamin D3, and interferon-gamma are important inhibitors of keratinocyte growth. Keratinocytes are known to produce many of the currently identified growth factors, cytokines and chemokines. Keratinocyte-derived growth factors and cytokines regulate immune and inflammatory responses, and play important roles in pathological skin conditions. This review focuses on the regulation of keratinocytes by growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Shirakata
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa 454, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan.
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Khodorova A, Zou S, Ren K, Dubner R, Davar G, Strichartz G. Dual Roles for Endothelin-B Receptors in Modulating Adjuvant-Induced Inflammatory Hyperalgesia in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 2:30-40. [PMID: 20559459 DOI: 10.2174/1876386300902010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Injection of endothelin-1 (ET-1) into the plantar rat hindpaw causes acute pain at high concentrations and tactile sensitization at low concentrations. The pro-nociceptive actions are driven through ET(A) receptors for both levels of [ET-1], but the ET(B) receptors are only pro-nociceptive for allodynia from low [ET-1] and anti-nociceptive for pain from high [ET-1]. The goal of the present work was to discriminate the roles of the ET receptors in the acute hyperalgesia from inflammation by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA, 20 mg/paw) into the rat hindpaw. Selective antagonists were injected l0 min before and then together with CFA. An ET(A) receptor antagonist, BQ-123, reduced CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia (by up to 50%), as did an ET(B) receptor antagonist, BQ-788 (by up to 66%). BQ-123 and BQ-788 also delayed the onset (by 1.5 - 2 h) but insignificantly reduced the maximum degree of CFA-induced allodynia (~10%). Surprisingly, an ET(B) receptor agonist, IRL-1620, also reduced maximum thermal hyperalgesia induced by CFA, suppressed peak allodynia and delayed its occurrence by ~ 3 h. The latter actions of IRL-1620 were reversed by co-administration of BQ-788, naloxone hydrochloride and the peripherally restricted opiate receptor antagonist naloxone methiodide, and by antiserum against β-endorphin. These findings demonstrate an important role for endogenous ET-1 in acute inflammatory pain and a dual action of ET(B) receptors, including a pro-algesic action along with the important activation of a local analgesic pathway, implying that at least two different ET(B) receptors contribute to modulation of inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Khodorova
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Khodorova A, Montmayeur JP, Strichartz G. Endothelin receptors and pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2009; 10:4-28. [PMID: 19111868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The endogenous endothelin (ET) peptides participate in a remarkable variety of pain-relatedprocesses. Pain that is elevated by inflammation, by skin incision, by cancer, during a Sickle Cell Disease crisis and by treatments that mimic neuropathic and inflammatory pain and are all reduced by local administration of antagonists of endothelin receptors. Many effects of endogenously released endothelin are simulated by acute, local subcutaneous administration of endothelin, which at very high concentrations causes pain and at lower concentrations sensitizes the nocifensive reactions to mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli. PERSPECTIVE In this paper we review the biochemistry, second messenger pathways and hetero-receptor coupling that are activated by ET receptors, the cellular physiological responses to ET receptor activation, and the contribution to pain of such mechanisms occurring in the periphery and the CNS. Our goal is to frame the subject of endothelin and pain for a broad readership, and to present the generally accepted as well as the disputed concepts, including important unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Khodorova
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Pain Research Center, Brigham & Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115-6110, USA
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Morokuma Y, Yamazaki M, Maeda T, Yoshino I, Ishizuka M, Tanaka T, Ito Y, Tsuboi R. Hair growth stimulatory effect by a combination of 5-aminolevulinic acid and iron ion. Int J Dermatol 2008; 47:1298-303. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Satomura K, Tokuyama R, Yamasaki Y, Yuasa T, Tatehara S, Ishimaru N, Hayashi Y, Nagayama M. Possible involvement of stem cell factor and endothelin-1 in the emergence of pigmented squamous cell carcinoma in oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med 2007; 36:621-4. [PMID: 17944756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2007.00587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present here the clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical features of a pigmented squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the oral mucosa of the hard palate of a 76-year-old Japanese man. He underwent a partial resection of the maxilla subsequent to radiotherapy. The tumor was typical, moderately well-differentiated SCC but had many melanocytes (melanocytosis) within it. Immunohistochemical analysis for stem cell factor (SCF) and endothelin-1, both of which are known to stimulate proliferation and differentiation of melanocytes, revealed prominent expression of both factors in the neoplastic squamous cells of the pigmented SCC, while the non-pigmented oral SCC showed little sign of either factor. These findings strongly suggest that SCF and endothelin-1 secreted by neoplasmic squamous cells are involved in the emergence of a rare variant of oral SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Satomura
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan.
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Adur J, Takizawa S, Uchide T, Casco V, Saida K. High doses of ultraviolet-C irradiation increases vasoactive intestinal contractor/endothelin-2 expression in keratinocytes of the newborn mouse epidermis. Peptides 2007; 28:1083-94. [PMID: 17449143 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We examined the expression profiles of vasoactive intestinal contractor/endothelin-2 (VIC/ET-2) at both gene and peptide level in skin irradiated with different ultraviolet wavelengths. We found that VIC/ET-2 gene expression is sensitive only to ultraviolet-C (UVC) irradiation and has an immediate response. These results provide direct evidence that high doses of UVC irradiation induce an increase in gene expression and protein production of VIC/ET-2 and endothelin (ET) receptors in a dose-dependent manner in epidermal keratinocytes. We suggest that VIC/ET-2 can play an essential role in the maintenance, protection and hyperpigmentation of the epidermis exposed to UVC irradiation from artificial or natural sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Adur
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8566, Japan.
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Nakao H, Yamazaki M, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H. Mixture of sugar and povidone--iodine stimulates wound healing by activating keratinocytes and fibroblast functions. Arch Dermatol Res 2006; 298:175-82. [PMID: 16862430 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-006-0683-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2006] [Revised: 06/19/2006] [Accepted: 06/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The topical application of a mixture of sugar and povidone--iodine (PI) has been reported to accelerate the healing of cutaneous wounds and ulcers by promoting re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation as well as having an anti-microbial effect. To clarify the mechanisms accounting for the efficacy of a 70% sugar and 3% PI paste (U-PASTAtrade mark) (SP), various keratinocytes and fibroblasts functions, including proliferation, collagen synthesis, integrin expression, and cytokine and proteinase secretions in the presence of SP were investigated. Cultured human keratinocytes and fibroblasts were treated with various concentrations of SP, SU and PI. The secretion of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha and interleukin-1alpha from keratinocytes, was detected by ELISA. Collagen synthesis of fibroblasts was examined by means of detecting proline uptake. Furthermore, integrin expressions of these cells were analyzed using a flow cytometer. SP and PI increased intra-cellular u-PA of keratinocytes and stimulated the secretion of u-PA and TGF-alpha. Sugar accelerated the extra-cellular u-PA level only. Both SP and sugar increased the collagen synthesis of fibroblasts. SP and PI also remarkably induced the expressions of extra-cellular matrix receptor integrins, alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, alpha4, alpha5 and beta1, on the surface of keratinocytes and fibroblasts. SP, the mixture of sugar and PI, is likely to act on wounds not only as an antibiotic agent, but also as a modulator for keratinocytes and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakao
- Pharmacology Group, Fuji Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Division, Kowa Company Ltd, 332-1 Ohno-shinden, Fuji, Shizuoka, Japan
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Oshita Y, Lee YR, Ogawa H, Yamazaki M, Tsuboi R. Endothelin-1 secreted from keratinocytes stimulates fibroblast-embedded collagen gel contraction in vitro. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 43:57-9. [PMID: 16730953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 01/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Guess JC, McCance DJ. Decreased migration of Langerhans precursor-like cells in response to human keratinocytes expressing human papillomavirus type 16 E6/E7 is related to reduced macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha production. J Virol 2006; 79:14852-62. [PMID: 16282485 PMCID: PMC1287574 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.23.14852-14862.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types, particularly types 16 and 18, contributes to 90% of cervical cancer cases. HPV infects cutaneous or mucosal epithelium, tissue that is monitored for microbial infection or damage by Langerhans cells. In lesions produced by HPV type 16, there is a reduction in numbers of immune cells, especially Langerhans cells. Langerhans precursor cells selectively express CCR6, the receptor for macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha (MIP-3alpha), and function as potent immune responders to inflamed epithelium and initiators of the innate immune response. It has been reported that E6 and E7 of high-risk HPVs interfere with immune mediators in order to suppress the recruitment of immune cells and antiviral activities of infected cells. Here we show that, following proinflammatory stimulus, HPV-16 E6 and E7 inhibit MIP-3alpha transcription, resulting in suppression of the migration of immature Langerhans precursor-like cells. Interestingly, the E6 and E7 proteins from the low-risk HPV types also inhibited MIP-3alpha transcription. These results suggest that one mechanism by which HPV-infected cells suppress the immune response may be through the inhibition of a vital alert signal, thus contributing to the persistence of HPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Guess
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Lan CCE, Wu CS, Cheng CM, Yu CL, Chen GS, Yu HS. Pigmentation in basal cell carcinoma involves enhanced endothelin-1 expression. Exp Dermatol 2005; 14:528-34. [PMID: 15946241 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6705.2005.00320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most prevalent malignant skin tumor. In Asian patients, marked pigmentation in BCC lesions is often observed. Recently, endothelins (ETs) have been implicated to participate in the pigmentation process of BCC. Therefore, we set out to investigate the involvement of ET in the pigmentation process of BCC and the potential regulators in the pigmentation pathway. We explored the effects of an established BCC cell line on melanocytes. The growth factor profiles of BCC culture supernatant and effects of supernatant on melanocytes were documented. Potential regulators involved in the pigmentation pathway were also studied. The immunohistochemical staining of pigmented and non-pigmented BCC specimens was performed to confirm our in vitro findings. Our results showed that BCC supernatant contained significant amount of ET-1, basic fibroblast growth factor, and nerve growth factor. Furthermore, BCC supernatant stimulated melanin formation of cultured melanocytes. Addition of ET-receptor antagonist abrogated the melanogenic effect of BCC supernatant on melanocytes. Introduction of UVB irradiation decreased the ET-1 secretion by BCC cells. Immunohistochemical staining of the pigmented facial BCC specimens showed prominent expression of ET-1 on pigmented BCC, while the non-pigmented facial BCC specimens showed little ET-1 reactivity. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) staining showed little expression on BCC specimens, regardless of pigmentation status. In summary, our results indicate that enhanced ET-1 expression in pigmented BCC plays an important role in the hyperpigmentation of this tumor. Moreover, this enhanced ET-1 cascade showed little correlation with UV irradiation and TNF-alpha expression in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Che E Lan
- Department of Dermatology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Fujioka D, Nakamura S, Yoshino H, Shinohara H, Shiba H, Mizuno N, Hasegawa N, Shindoh N, Uchida Y, Ogawa T, Kawaguchi H, Kurihara H. Expression of endothelins and their receptors in cells from human periodontal tissues. J Periodontal Res 2003; 38:269-75. [PMID: 12753364 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2003.00653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigated the presence of ET-1 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with periodontitis, and the expression of endothelins (ETs) and their receptors mRNA in cultured cells from human periodontal tissues. BACKGROUND ET was originally discovered as a potent vasoconstrictive peptide from endothelial cells. It has been reported that ETs are produced by various cells besides endothelial cells. ETs are related to inflammatory and sclerotic lesions, such as arteriolosclerosis and hepatic cirrhosis. Therefore, ETs may be involved in periodontal disease. However, the roles of ETs in development and progression of periodontal disease are not clear. METHODS ET-1 released from the cultured cells was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. mRNA expressions for ETs and their receptors were examined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blotting analysis. RESULTS ET-1 levels in GCF from patients with periodontitis were higher than those from healthy subjects. Human gingival keratinocytes (HGK) expressed mRNA for ETs and their receptors, ET-Ar and ET-Br. ET-1 mRNA expression and ET-1 peptide production from HGK were enhanced by interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ET-1 plays a significant role in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Fujioka
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Hiroshima University Faculty of Dentistry, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, Japan
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21
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Hachiya A, Kobayashi T, Takema Y, Imokawa G. Biochemical characterization of endothelin-converting enzyme-1alpha in cultured skin-derived cells and its postulated role in the stimulation of melanogenesis in human epidermis. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:5395-403. [PMID: 11723113 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m105874200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The vasoconstrictive peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) is expressed in human epidermis at the gene and protein levels and plays an important role in stimulating pigmentation via its increased secretion by keratinocytes following ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. However, one or more biological mechanisms underlying the secretion of ET-1 by keratinocytes in human skin have never been evaluated. In mammalian endothelial cells, a membrane-bound neutral metalloproteinase, termed endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE), catalyzes the specific cleavage of the inactive precursor Big ET to produce mature active ET, which leads in turn to the secretion of ET by those cells. To clarify the potential involvement of ECE in the processing and secretion of ET-1 by human keratinocytes, we synthesized the N-terminal peptide of human ECE-1alpha and generated a rabbit polyclonal antibody (alphaPEPT6) that specifically recognizes ECE-1alpha. Reverse transcription PCR and Western blotting analysis revealed that significant expression of ECE-1 transcripts and ECE-1alpha protein occurs in human keratinocytes. When ECE activity was assayed in extracts of human keratinocytes at pHs ranging from 5.0 to 8.0, the enzymatic profile had an optimal neutral pH of 7.0 and was sharply pH-dependent. Furthermore, when extracts of human keratinocytes were treated with alphaPEPT6, ECE activity was significantly reduced compared with extracts treated with the prebleed serum of alphaPEPT6, which supports the notion that ECE-1alpha is a major metalloproteinase with ECE activity in human keratinocytes. The exogenous addition of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1alpha significantly increased expression of ECE-1 transcripts in cultured human keratinocytes, which suggests an association with post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Collectively, our results demonstrate for the first time that ECE-1alpha is expressed at significant levels in various types of human skin cells (including keratinocytes) and that it plays a constitutive role in the processing and UVB-inducible secretion of ET-1 by human keratinocytes, which leads to the stimulation of pigmentation in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Hachiya
- Kao Biological Science Laboratories, Ichikaimachi 2606, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
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22
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Manaka L, Kadono S, Kawashima M, Kobayashi T, Imokawa G. The mechanism of hyperpigmentation in seborrhoeic keratosis involves the high expression of endothelin-converting enzyme-1alpha and TNF-alpha, which stimulate secretion of endothelin 1. Br J Dermatol 2001; 145:895-903. [PMID: 11899142 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.2001.04521.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seborrhoeic keratosis (SK) is a benign epidermal tumour with increased pigmentation. We have recently demonstrated that increased secretion of endothelin (ET)-1, a strong keratinocyte-derived mitogen and melanogen for human melanocytes, is intrinsically involved in the hyperpigmentation mechanism of SK. OBJECTIVES To examine whether the increased ET secretion results from cytokines that induce ET production and/or from differences in the processing of ET that lead to its final active, secreted form. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine whether ET-inducing enzymes and/or cytokines are also highly expressed in SK. RESULTS RT-PCR of mRNAs encoding interleukin (IL)-1alpha, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE)-1alpha demonstrated that there is an increased expression of TNF-alpha and ECE-1alpha mRNAs in SK, whereas the IL-1alpha transcript is rather downregulated in SK compared with that in perilesional normal epidermis. In parallel, immunohistochemical analysis of SK revealed marked immunostaining for TNF-alpha in basaloid cells at lower levels of the epidermis and in basal cells, and for ECE-1alpha in most basaloid and basal cells in comparison with their weak staining throughout the epidermis in perilesional normal controls. In contrast, immunostaining for IL-1alpha was almost negative in SK relative to distinctive staining throughout the epidermis in the perilesional normal controls. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the increased secretion of ET-1 leading to enhanced pigmentation in SK results from the co-ordinated increased expression of TNF-alpha and ECE-1alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Manaka
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Japan
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23
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Vural P, Erzengin D, Canbaz M, Selçuki D. Nitric oxide and endothelin-1,2 in actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma: changes in nitric oxide/endothelin ratio. Int J Dermatol 2001; 40:704-8. [PMID: 11737437 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2001.01249.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) is an inorganic free radical gas which has cytostatic/cytotoxic actions in tumoral tissues, including gynecologic, breast, and colon cancer. Nitric oxide is also a multifunctional signaling molecule active in many cells of the body, including endothelial cells, macrophages, monocytes, hepatocytes, mast cells, osteoblasts, and astrocytes. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a 21-amino acid peptide that stimulates the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and keratinocytes, and plays a role in the expression of proto-oncogenes (c-myc, c-fos), which precedes cell proliferation. Similar to NO, ET is secreted by different cell types, including macrophages, monocytes, hepatocytes, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and various tumor cells. Elevated ET-1 levels are observed in pulmonary, hepatocellular, and prostate cancers. Actinic keratosis (AK) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) are common skin tumors with accentuated hyperkeratinization, hyperpigmentation, and keratinocyte proliferation. AIM To investigate plasma NOx (nitrite/nitrate -- the end products of NO metabolism), ET, and the NOx/ET ratio in patients with AK and BCC in comparison with healthy controls. METHODS NOx, ET, and the NOx/ET ratio were measured in 13 patients with AK, 12 patients with BCC, and in 16 healthy controls. RESULTS Data analysis indicated a significant increase in plasma NOx, ET, and NOx/ET values in BCC patients in comparison with controls (P < 0.001, P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Plasma ET levels in AK were also increased in comparison with controls (P < 0.001). When the two study groups (AK and BCC) were compared, a significant increase (P < 0.001) in the NOx/ET ratio in BCC was found. CONCLUSIONS The increased plasma ET and NOx levels in AK and, especially, BCC are probably the result of and/or reason for the accentuated hyperkeratinization, hyperpigmentation, and keratinocyte proliferation. The increased production of ET and NO by keratinocytes may function as growth and cytotoxic factors and potential mitogens, and may accelerate further proliferation of these skin tumors. In addition, the increased NOx/ET ratio probably reflects a disturbed equilibrium between these two substances, leading to cell damage and tumor promotion and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vural
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Kadono S, Manaka I, Kawashima M, Kobayashi T, Imokawa G. The role of the epidermal endothelin cascade in the hyperpigmentation mechanism of lentigo senilis. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:571-7. [PMID: 11286625 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2001.01296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the mechanism(s) underlying hyperpigmentation in lentigo senilis. We have previously reported that keratinocyte-derived endothelins are intrinsic paracrine mitogens and melanogens for human melanocytes and that they play an essential role in stimulating ultraviolet-B-induced melanogenesis. In this study, we have used immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis to clarify the role of the endothelin cascade, including endothelin production, processing by endothelin-converting enzyme, and expression of the endothelin B receptor, in the hyperpigmentary mechanism(s) involved in lentigo senilis. The number of tyrosinase immunopositive melanocytes in lentigo senilis lesional skin was increased 2-fold over the perilesional epidermis. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies to endothelin-1 demonstrated relatively stronger staining in the lesional epidermis than in the perilesional epidermis. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis concomitantly demonstrated accentuated expression of transcripts for endothelin-1 and for the endothelin B receptor in lentigo senilis lesional skin, which was accompanied by a similar accentuated expression of tyrosinase mRNA compared with the perilesional control. The endothelin-1-inducible cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, was consistently upregulated in the lentigo senilis lesional epidermis as determined at the transcriptional level and by immunostaining, whereas interleukin-1alpha was downregulated. In contrast, endothelin-converting enzyme 1alpha mRNA was not substantially increased in the lesional epidermis. These findings suggest that an accentuation of the epidermal endothelin cascade, especially with respect to expression of endothelin and the endothelin B receptor, plays an important role in the mechanism involved in the hyperpigmentation of lentigo senilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kadono
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Lee YR, Yamazaki M, Mitsui S, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) activator expressed in hair follicles is involved in in vitro HGF-dependent hair follicle elongation. J Dermatol Sci 2001; 25:156-63. [PMID: 11164712 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-1811(00)00124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a paracrine factor secreted by follicular papilla cells, acts on neighboring follicular epithelial cells to promote follicular growth, while HGF activator is a serine proteinase, which converts inactive single-chain HGF to the active heterodimeric form. In this study, using 3' rapid amplification of cDNA end/nested polymerase chain reaction (3' RACE/nested PCR) and immunoblotting, we confirmed the expression of HGF activator in both cultured human follicular papilla cells and outer root sheath cells. HGF activator mRNA was expressed in all of the isolated 15 anagen hair follicles taken from the scalps of seven individuals. In an organ culture system, single-chain HGF stimulated hair follicle elongation, which was partially inhibited by aprotinin, a serine proteinase inhibitor (P<0.01). These results suggest that single-chain HGF secreted from follicular papilla cells is converted to an active heterodimeric form by intrinsic HGF activator and that the resultant active form of HGF stimulates hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y R Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
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26
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Mauschitz R, Cervar M, Hahn T, Pürstner P, Desoye G. Self-regulation of the endothelin receptor system in choriocarcinoma cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2000; 1502:224-34. [PMID: 11040447 DOI: 10.1016/s0925-4439(00)00049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The human trophoblast secretes endothelin-1 (ET-1) and expresses ET receptors. The present study tested whether the transformed BeWo, JAR and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells: (1) secrete endothelin-1 (ET-1); (2) express both ET-A and ET-B receptor subtypes; and (3) have the potential to allow for autologous regulation of ET-receptor proteins. The cells were cultured for 24/48 h with or without 10% FCS and, in experiments on receptor regulation, with ET-1 (5-20 nM and 10 microM). ET-1 secretion was measured by RIA and receptor levels by immunoblotting. All cell types secreted ET-1 albeit at different levels and sensitivity to FCS. All cell lines expressed both ET-A (JEG-3>BeWo=JAR) and ET-B (JEG-3=JAR>BeWo) receptor subtypes, which could be up- and downregulated depending on ET-1 concentration, culture time and FCS presence. It is concluded that BeWo, JAR and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells secrete ET-1 and express both ET-A and ET-B receptor subtypes. The receptor levels can be regulated by ET-1. This provides the molecular basis for an autocrine system with the potential of autologous regulation of yet unidentified ET-1-induced functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mauschitz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, A-8036, Graz, Austria
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27
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Jandeleit-Dahm K, Allen TJ, Youssef S, Gilbert RE, Cooper ME. Is there a role for endothelin antagonists in diabetic renal disease? Diabetes Obes Metab 2000; 2:15-24. [PMID: 11220349 DOI: 10.1046/j.1463-1326.2000.00045.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Jandeleit-Dahm
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg West, Australia
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28
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Takei T, Mills I, Arai K, Sumpio BE. Molecular basis for tissue expansion: clinical implications for the surgeon. Plast Reconstr Surg 1998; 102:247-58. [PMID: 9655439 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-199807000-00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A wide variety of tissue expansion techniques have been used for breast reconstruction, craniofacial surgery, and burn care in plastic reconstructive surgery. However, the basic mechanism by which skin and surrounding tissue respond to mechanical expansion remains unclear. Recent studies have revealed the biomechanical aspects of cells subjected to strain and various factors involved in the stretch-induced signal transduction pathway. In this regard, we have reported previously that mechanical force increases keratinocyte growth and protein synthesis and alters cell morphology. The mechanism by which strain causes an enhancement of cellular growth appears to be a network of several integrated cascades, implicating growth factors, cytoskeleton, and the protein kinase family. Recently, additional evidence has accumulated that mechanical strain stimulates signal transduction pathways that could trigger a series of cascades eventually leading to a new skin production. For example, we have evidence suggesting a key role for protein kinase C (PKC) in mechanosignaling as PKC is activated and translocated in keratinocytes subjected to strain in an isoform-specific manner. In this report, molecular mechanisms leading to enhancement of skin surface area are reviewed, and possible future applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Takei
- Department of Surgery at Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn 06510, USA
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29
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Ahn GY, Butt KI, Jindo T, Yaguchi H, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H. The expression of endothelin-1 and its binding sites in mouse skin increased after ultraviolet B irradiation or local injection of tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Dermatol 1998; 25:78-84. [PMID: 9563273 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.1998.tb02354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin (ET)-1 is a 21-amino acid peptide which has vasoconstrictor and growth regulatory activity. Recently, cultured keratinocytes have been reported to express ET-1 and its receptor when irradiated by ultraviolet (UV) B. In order to further understand the role of ET-1 in vivo during UVB-induced inflammation, we examined the localization, intensity and time course of the expression levels of ET-1 and its binding sites in UVB-exposed BALB/c mouse skin. Frozen and paraffin sections prepared from mouse skin 48 h after treatment with UVB irradiation (0.36 or 0.72 J/cm2) or after injection with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha (1.0 microgram) or interleukin (IL)-1 alpha (0.05 microgram) were incubated with monoclonal anti-ET-1 IgG and then visualized by peroxidase staining. In normal skin, faint ET-1 immunoreactivity was observed in the epidermis, pilosebaceous structures and blood vessels. Upon exposure to UVB irradiation or administration of TNF-alpha injection or IL-1 alpha injection, such immunoreactivity was found to be significantly enhanced. Subsequently, the frozen sections were incubated with 125I ET-1 for 30 min, and visualized by autoradiographic technique. In normal skin, ET-1 weakly bound to the skin, while UVB irradiation and TNF-alpha injection significantly enhanced ET-1 binding in the epidermis, pilosebaceous structures and blood vessels. Time course experiments (1, 2, 4 and 7 days) indicated that ET-1 immunoreactivity and ET-1 binding peaked 1 or 2 days after UVB irradiation or TNF-alpha injection. These results suggest that the up-regulated expression of ET-1 and its binding sites in the epidermis and pilosebaceous structures may act as an autocrine/paracrine factor during UVB-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Y Ahn
- Department of Dermatology, Juntentendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Cervar M, Desoye G. The endothelin/endothelin receptor system of human trophoblast in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Placenta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(98)80053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Speciale L, Roda K, Saresella M, Taramelli D, Ferrante P. Different endothelins stimulate cytokine production by peritoneal macrophages and microglial cell line. Immunol Suppl 1998; 93:109-14. [PMID: 9536126 PMCID: PMC1364113 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelins (ETs), potent vasoconstricting peptides, are produced by macrophages upon stimulation and may participate in the amplification or regulation of the inflammatory response. However, it is not clear whether ETs can act in an autocrine manner on macrophages and which role they play in relationship with other cytokines. To address these issues, we studied the effects of ETs on the production of inflammatory cytokines by mouse peritoneal macrophages or by a retrovirus-transformed microglial cell line. Here, we report that ET-2, but not ET-1 or ET-3, is able to stimulate the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) by peptone-elicited mouse macrophages (pMO). In contrast, ET-3 and ET-1, but not ET-2, are active on microglial cells. No tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) or nitric oxide (NO) were detected in the supernatants of ET-stimulated cultures. The activity of ET-2 on pMO was time and dose dependent and was inhibited by the addition of ETA and ETB receptor antagonists, BQ123 and IRL1038, respectively. In addition, when pMO were stimulated by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the presence of ET-2, a significant inhibition of IL-6 and IL-1 production was observed compared with the effects of the same doses of IFN-gamma or ET-2 used separately. The inhibition was specifically due to the activity of ET-2, since it was reversed by the addition of BQ123 or IRL1038. Similar results were seen when the content of NO in the supernatants of pMO stimulated by IFN-gamma plus ET-2 was evaluated. These results suggest that ETs may possess both a pro-inflammatory action on macrophages from different tissues and a regulatory activity on IFN-gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Speciale
- Laboratory of Biology, Don C. Gnocchi Foundation, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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32
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Yamazaki M, Ishidoh K, Suga Y, Saido TC, Kawashima S, Suzuki K, Kominami E, Ogawa H. Cytoplasmic processing of human profilaggrin by active mu-calpain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 235:652-6. [PMID: 9207214 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.6809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The differentiation of keratinocytes involves numerous steps including the formation of the cornified envelope and the aggregation of keratin filaments by filaggrin monomer molecules. In this study, we investigated whether mu-calpain is involved in the processing of profilaggrin to filaggrin monomers by using both an active mu-calpain specific antibody and a 27-mer synthetic calpastatin peptide, a cell-permeable calpain-specific inhibitor. Upon incubation of cultured keratinocytes with Ca2+ for 96 hours, active mu-calpain with a molecular mass of 76 kDa appeared preceded by an increase in mu-calpain mRNA. In synchrony with the appearance of active mu-calpain, the processing of profilaggrin occurred. Furthermore, the Ca2+-induced activation of mu-calpain and the processing of profilaggrin were affected by the addition of the synthetic calpastatin inhibitor. These results indicate that the activation of mu-calpain plays a major role in the profilaggrin processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamazaki
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Inui S, Higashiyama S, Hashimoto K, Higashiyama M, Yoshikawa K, Taniguchi N. Possible role of coexpression of CD9 with membrane-anchored heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor and amphiregulin in cultured human keratinocyte growth. J Cell Physiol 1997; 171:291-8. [PMID: 9180898 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4652(199706)171:3<291::aid-jcp7>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CD9 is a protein with 4 transmembrane domains, and functions as a cell surface antigen. We have previously reported that CD9 functions as an up-regulator of membrane-anchored heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (proHB-EGF) activity, which is a potent mitogen as well as a soluble HB-EGF. Anti-CD9 antibodies can neutralize the juxtacrine activity of proHB-EGF when both CD9 and proHB-EGF are coexpressed. We demonstrated here: (1) the CD9 gene was transcribed and translated in the cultured human keratinocytes; (2) anti-CD9 antibody inhibited the approximately 50% growth of human keratinocytes in culture; (3) CD9 was coprecipitated with proHB-EGF and membrane-anchored amphiregulin (proAR), and (4) the transient coexpression of CD9 with proHB-EGF or proAR in mouse L cells up-regulated their juxtacrine growth factor activities. These results suggest that CD9 would make a heterodimer and/or trimer complex with proHB-EGF and proAR, and might cooperate with proHB-EGF and proAR for human keratinocyte growth in a juxtacrine manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Inui
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Japan
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34
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35
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Teraki E, Tajima S, Manaka I, Kawashima M, Miyagishi M, Imokawa G. Role of endothelin-1 in hyperpigmentation in seborrhoeic keratosis. Br J Dermatol 1996; 135:918-23. [PMID: 8977712 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-1095.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Seborrhoeic keratosis (SK) is a benign epidermal tumour with a varying degree of pigmentation. We have recently demonstrated that endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a strong keratinocyte-derived mitogen and melanogen for human melanocytes in UVB-induced melanosis. To clarify the role of ET-1 in hyperpigmentation in SK, we have used immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to see whether the production of ET-1 is accentuated in SK. Immunohistochemical analysis in SK (n = 7; acanthotic and deeply pigmented types) revealed marked immunostaining with anti-ET-1 in almost all basaloid and basal cells as compared with definite staining confined to basal cells in the perilesional normal controls. In parallel, RT-PCR of ET-1 mRNA demonstrated accentuated expression of ET-1 transcript in SK (n = 4) in comparison with that in the perilesional normal controls, accompanied by a similarly accentuated expression of tyrosinase mRNA. These findings suggest that ET-1 plays a part in the hyperpigmentation seen in SK.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Teraki
- Department of Dermatology, Tokyo Women's Medical College, Japan
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36
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Travers JB, Harrison KA, Johnson CA, Clay KL, Morelli JG. Platelet-activating factor biosynthesis induced by various stimuli in human HaCaT keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 107:88-94. [PMID: 8752845 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12298295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a potent inflammatory mediator that is thought to play a role in cutaneous inflammation. These studies used mass spectrometry to examine the molecular species of PAF precursor glycerophosphocholine lipids (GPC) as well as the biosynthesis of PAF and other sn-2 acetyl-GPC in a human keratinocyte-derived cell line (HaCaT keratinocytes). Approximately 28% of HaCaT keratinocyte GPC consisted of 1-alkyl species, and the relative amounts of the sn-1 alkyl constituents of the PAF precursor 1-alkyl-2-acyl-GPC were as follows: hexadecyl > octadecenyl > octadecyl. Ionophore (A23187)-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes synthesized both PAF (1-hexadecyl, 1-octadecenyl, and 1-octadecyl species) and less potent 1-acyl analogs (1-palmitoyl, 1-oleoyl, and 1-stearoyl species). PAF production was rapid and maximal by 10 min. The major species of sn-2acetyl-GPC at 2.5 min were 1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-GPC (2.2 ng/10(6) cells) and 1-palmitoyl-2-acetyl-GPC (2.4 ng/10(6) cells). HaCaT keratinocytes also synthesized PAF and 1-acyl PAF analogs when stimulated with the peptide growth factor endothelin-1 and the nonhydrolyzable PAF receptor agonist carbamyl-PAF. Both 1-hexadecyl-2- acetyl-GPC and 1-palmitoyl-2-acetyl-GPC stimulated intracellular calcium mobilization in HaCaT cells, indicating that these sn-2 acetyl-GPC act in autocrine fashion. These studies revealed that the human keratinocyte-derived cell line HaCaT can synthesize significant amounts of PAF and 1-acyl analogs in vitro from both nonspecific (A23187) and specific (endothelin-1, carbamyl-PAF) stimulation, suggesting a role for this inflammatory lipid mediator in keratinocyte pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Travers
- Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, USA
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Gonindard C, Goigoux C, Hollande E, D'Hinterland LD. The administration of an alpha-MSH analogue reduces the serum release of IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha induced by the injection of a sublethal dose of lipopolysaccharides in the BALB/c mouse. PIGMENT CELL RESEARCH 1996; 9:148-53. [PMID: 8888314 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1996.tb00103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The injection of alpha-MSH or of one of its analogues ([Nle4-D.Phe7] alpha-MSH4-10) reduced, in vivo, the release of two cytokines (IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha) involved in inflammation. The inflammatory state was induced in BALB/c mice by intraperitoneal injection of a sublethal dose of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The assay of these cytokines by ELISA showed a reduction of 20% with alpha-MSH and between 30 and 60% with the alpha-MSH analogue. The alpha-MSH or the analogue was administered in one of two ways: intravenously or subcutaneously. The most efficient method seemed to be the subcutaneous one because it improved the activity 10,000 times more than the intravenous method. Moreover, the analogue induced a regression of mortality in the animals treated by the intravenous method. Our results show that alpha-MSH and one of its analogues inhibit IL-1 alpha and TNF alpha, and can be used as anti-inflammatory molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gonindard
- Institut Européen de Biologie Cellulaire et de Cytopathologie, Ramonville-Saint-Agne, France
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Tsuboi R, Sato C, Oshita Y, Hama H, Sakurai T, Goto K, Ogawa H. Ultraviolet B irradiation increases endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor expression in cultured human keratinocytes. FEBS Lett 1995; 371:188-90. [PMID: 7672125 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00912-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effect of ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation on endothelin-1 (ET-1) and ET receptor expression was examined using cultured normal human keratinocytes. Keratinocytes secreted ET-1 in the medium at a level of 2.1 pg/day/10(5) cells. UVB irradiation up to 10 mJ/cm2 increased ET-1 secretion 3-fold, and potentiated expression of mRNA for ET-1. Both ETA and ETB receptor mRNAs were detected in keratinocytes, and their expression was up-regulated by 5 mJ/cm2 UVB irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tsuboi
- Department of Dermatology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Cervar M, Kainer F, Desoye G. Pre-eclampsia and gestational age differently alter binding of endothelin-1 to placental and trophoblast membrane preparations. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1995; 110:65-71. [PMID: 7672454 DOI: 10.1016/0303-7207(95)03517-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the binding of endothelin-1 (ET-1) to membranes from placental tissue and trophoblast cells in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Plasma membranes from placental tissue and trophoblastic cells were prepared from 15 control and 18 pre-eclamptic pregnancies at either preterm (weeks 31-36) or term (weeks 37-40). ET-1 binding to tissue membranes was measured by a radioreceptor assay. In addition, binding of 56 nmol/l [125I]ET-1 to plasma membranes of trophoblastic cells was determined. In pre-eclampsia, placental membranes bound less (P < 0.01) ET-1 owing to fewer (P < 0.01) receptors at preterm than in the corresponding preterm controls. In contrast, binding of [125I]ET-1 to plasma membranes of trophoblast cells was higher (P < 0.01) in pre-eclampsia at both gestational stages than in the controls. Incubation of trophoblast cells with hydralazine reduced binding by 70%. We conclude that pre-eclampsia is associated with changes in the binding of ET-1 to its placental receptors. Moreover, the data suggest that pre-eclampsia affects non-trophoblast cells in the opposite manner to the trophoblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cervar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, Austria
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