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Ju T, Zhao Z, Ma L, Li W, Li S, Zhang J. Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate-Enhanced Calvarial Regeneration by Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on a Hydroxyapatite/Gelatin Scaffold. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:13684-13694. [PMID: 34095661 PMCID: PMC8173563 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a significant role in inducing new bone formation by mediating various signal pathways. However, cAMP, combined with biomaterials, is rarely investigated to reconstruct calvarial defects. In this study, cAMP was loaded into a hydroxyapatite (HA)/gelatin (Gel) construct and implanted into critical skull defects in rats to evaluate the potential for enhancing skull regeneration. The physiochemical characteristics, the biocompatibility of Gel and HA/Gel scaffolds, and the regenerated bone tissue were assessed. The resulting HA/Gel scaffolds possessed a 3D interconnected porous structure with extensively distributed HA crystals and favorable physiochemical properties. Rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs) within the HA/Gel scaffold showed greater biocompatibility. Compared with the Gel and HA/Gel groups, the cAMP-HA/Gel group revealed the highest bone density, more mature mineralized tissue, and more favorable integration between the new bone and inherent bone as analyzed by cone beam computed tomography and hematoxylin & eosin and Masson staining, respectively. Collectively, our study verified HA/Gel scaffolds as a prospective biomimetic treatment with biocompatibility and the therapeutic potential of cAMP in promoting new bone growth of a skull, which indicates its promise as a growth factor for bone tissue engineering.
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2
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Hart CG, Karimi-Abdolrezaee S. Bone morphogenetic proteins: New insights into their roles and mechanisms in CNS development, pathology and repair. Exp Neurol 2020; 334:113455. [PMID: 32877654 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are a highly conserved and diverse family of proteins that play essential roles in various stages of development including the formation and patterning of the central nervous system (CNS). Bioavailability and function of BMPs are regulated by input from a plethora of transcription factors and signaling pathways. Intriguingly, recent literature has uncovered novel roles for BMPs in regulating homeostatic and pathological responses in the adult CNS. Basal levels of BMP ligands and receptors are widely expressed in the adult brain and spinal cord with differential expression patterns across CNS regions, cell types and subcellular locations. Recent evidence indicates that several BMP isoforms are transiently or chronically upregulated in the aged or pathological CNS. Genetic knockout and pharmacological studies have elucidated that BMPs regulate several aspects of CNS injury and repair including cell survival and differentiation, reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation, axon regeneration, and myelin preservation and repair. Several BMP isoforms can be upregulated in the injured or diseased CNS simultaneously yet exert complementary or opposing effects on the endogenous cell responses after injury. Emerging studies also show that dysregulation of BMPs is associated with various CNS pathologies. Interestingly, modulation of BMPs can lead to beneficial or detrimental effects on CNS injury and repair mechanisms in a ligand, temporally or spatially specific manner, which reflect the complexity of BMP signaling. Given the significance of BMPs in neurodevelopment, a better understanding of their role in the context of injury may provide new therapeutic targets for the pathologic CNS. This review will provide a timely overview on the foundation and recent advancements in knowledge regarding the role and mechanisms of BMP signaling in the developing and adult CNS, and their implications in pathological responses and repair processes after injury or diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Hart
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Soheila Karimi-Abdolrezaee
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Regenerative Medicine Program, Spinal Cord Research Centre, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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3
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CREB Non-autonomously Controls Reproductive Aging through Hedgehog/Patched Signaling. Dev Cell 2020; 54:92-105.e5. [PMID: 32544391 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways are crucial for adjusting growth, reproduction, and cell maintenance in response to altered environmental conditions or energy balance. However, we have an incomplete understanding of the signaling networks and mechanistic changes that coordinate physiological changes across tissues. We found that loss of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) transcription factor significantly slows Caenorhabditis elegans' reproductive decline, an early hallmark of aging in many animals. Our results indicate that CREB acts downstream of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) Sma/Mab pathway in the hypodermis to control reproductive aging, and that it does so by regulating a Hedgehog-related signaling factor, WRT-10. Overexpression of hypodermal wrt-10 is sufficient to delay reproductive decline and oocyte quality deterioration, potentially acting via Patched-related receptors in the germline. This TGF-β-CREB-Hedgehog signaling axis allows a key metabolic tissue to communicate with the reproductive system to regulate oocyte quality and the rate of reproductive decline.
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4
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Mahmoudian RA, Forghanifard MM. Crosstalk between MEIS1 and markers of different cell signaling pathways in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:3439-3448. [PMID: 32372171 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05423-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The homeobox transcription factor MEIS1 is involved in cell fate decision, stem cells properties, gastrointestinal (GI) tract development, and progression of several malignancies such as esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Increasing evidences suggest the crosstalk between MEIS1 and cell signaling pathways. Therefore, our aim in present study was to investigate the probable linkage of MEIS1 expression with key genes of different cell signaling pathways in ESCC tumorigenesis, and their correlation with clinicopathological feature of the patients. The gene expression profiling of MEIS1 and different cell signaling genes including SALL4, SIZN1, and HEY1 (stemness state, BMP, and NOTCH signaling pathways, respectively) was performed using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in fresh tumoral compared to margin normal tissues of 50 treatment-naive ESCC samples. The mRNA expression of MEIS1/SIZN1, SIZN1/HEY1, and SIZN1/SALL4 were significantly associated to each other (P < 0.05). There were remarkable correlations between concomitant mRNA expression of MEIS1 and SIZN1 in tumors with invasion to adventitia, early stages of tumor progression and poorly differentiated tumors. Moreover, expression of MEIS1 and HEY1 was correlated to each other in primary stages of tumor progression and non-invaded tumors. Expression of MEIS1 was significantly associated with SALL4 in poorly differentiated tumors. Our results indicated that correlation between different cell signaling pathway-related genes may lead to esophageal tumorigenesis. It is illustrated that MEIS1 as a HOX gene has a significant correlation with stemness state, BMP, and NOTCH signaling pathways via the SIZN1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Forghanifard
- Department of Biology, Damghan branch, Islamic Azad University, Cheshmeh-Ali boulevard, Sa'dei square, Damghan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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5
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Zhang G, Ferg M, Lübke L, Takamiya M, Beil T, Gourain V, Diotel N, Strähle U, Rastegar S. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling regulates Id1-mediated neural stem cell quiescence in the adult zebrafish brain via a phylogenetically conserved enhancer module. Stem Cells 2020; 38:875-889. [PMID: 32246536 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the telencephalon of adult zebrafish, the inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (id1) gene is expressed in radial glial cells (RGCs), behaving as neural stem cells (NSCs), during constitutive and regenerative neurogenesis. Id1 controls the balance between resting and proliferating states of RGCs by promoting quiescence. Here, we identified a phylogenetically conserved cis-regulatory module (CRM) mediating the specific expression of id1 in RGCs. Systematic deletion mapping and mutation of conserved transcription factor binding sites in stable transgenic zebrafish lines reveal that this CRM operates via conserved smad1/5 and 4 binding motifs under both homeostatic and regenerative conditions. Transcriptome analysis of injured and uninjured telencephala as well as pharmacological inhibition experiments identify a crucial role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling for the function of the CRM. Our data highlight that BMP signals control id1 expression and thus NSC proliferation during constitutive and induced neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoqun Zhang
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco Ferg
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Luisa Lübke
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Masanari Takamiya
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tanja Beil
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Victor Gourain
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188, Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Uwe Strähle
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sepand Rastegar
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems-Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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6
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Kuttappan S, Jo JI, Menon D, Ishimoto T, Nakano T, Nair SV, Tabata Y, Nair MB. ONO-1301 loaded nanocomposite scaffolds modulate cAMP mediated signaling and induce new bone formation in critical sized bone defect. Biomater Sci 2019; 8:884-896. [PMID: 31822874 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01352k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies on bone regeneration demonstrate the use of low cost and stable small molecules, which avoid the adverse effect and high cost of growth factors. Herein, we investigate the chemotactic, angiogenic and osteoinductive potential of a prostacyclin analogue, ONO-1301, when delivered through a biomimetic nanocomposite scaffold (nanohydroxyapatite-gelatin matrix reinforced with fibers) for bone tissue regeneration. The small molecule was loaded onto the scaffold in three different concentrations. There was burst release from all the groups of scaffolds within 24 h followed by a sustained release up to 14 days, but the concentration was dependent on loading percentage. ONO-1301 loaded scaffolds augmented the migration, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), but increasing the concentration beyond a certain dose did not show any effect. The osteoinduction was mediated through the prostaglandin I2 receptor and cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathway. They also promoted new bone formation in large sized calvarial defects in rats compared to the scaffold alone, but did not show any impact on angiogenesis. Hence, this study suggests the chemotactic and osteoinductive capability of ONO-1301 for the repair and regeneration of critical sized bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruthy Kuttappan
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India.
| | - Jun-Ichiro Jo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - Deepthy Menon
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India.
| | - Takuya Ishimoto
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Nakano
- Division of Materials and Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shantikumar V Nair
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India.
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Japan.
| | - Manitha B Nair
- Centre for Nanosciences and Molecular Medicine, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India.
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7
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Bertoldo MJ, Cheung MY, Sia ZK, Agapiou D, Corley SM, Wilkins MR, Richani D, Harrison CA, Gilchrist RB. Non-canonical cyclic AMP SMAD1/5/8 signalling in human granulosa cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 490:37-46. [PMID: 30953749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Development of mammalian ovarian follicles is promoted by the combined action of endocrine cues and paracrine factors. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), through the action of cAMP drives follicular growth and development. The oocyte secretes powerful growth factors such as bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) to regulate granulosa cell proliferation, metabolism, steroidogenesis and differentiation through the activation of SMAD1/5/8. This study investigated the role of the cAMP signalling pathway on SMAD1/5/8 action in human granulosa cells. Cyclic AMP enhanced BMP15-induction of a SMAD1/5/8-specific BRE reporter. Moreover, in the absence of BMP ligand, cAMP also activated SMAD1/5/8-induced BRE activity. Cyclic AMP increased canonical downstream targets of BMP signalling such as inhibitor of differentiation (ID) mRNA expression. The observed effects were not mediated by secretion of BMPs as cAMP did not promote BMP ligand mRNA expression and a BMP extracellular antagonist, the BMP type II receptor ectodomain, did not affect cAMP-induced ID mRNA expression. Finally, the ERK1/2 pathway was shown to be required for the maintenance of cAMP-induced SMAD1/5/8 activity. Together our results suggest a novel and non-canonical pathway for cAMP signalling in human granulosa cells. Cyclic AMP appears to promote SMAD1/5/8 pathway activity intracellularly and has the ability to activate canonical SMAD1/5/8 downstream targets. Our results add another layer of complexity to the interactions between endocrine signalling and oocyte-secreted BMP ligands during folliculogenesis. Given the importance of both cAMP and SMAD1/5/8 pathways in follicular development, these interactions are likely required for the fine-tuning of oocyte paracrine signalling by endocrine stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Bertoldo
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Fertility and Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - M Y Cheung
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Fertility and Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Z K Sia
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Fertility and Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - D Agapiou
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Fertility and Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - S M Corley
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, NSW Systems Biology Initiative, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - M R Wilkins
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, NSW Systems Biology Initiative, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - D Richani
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Fertility and Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - C A Harrison
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - R B Gilchrist
- School of Women's and Children's Health, Fertility and Research Centre, University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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8
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Abstract
Liver fibrosis (LF) is known as a result of the progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), and always ascribed to chronic liver diseases. Advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis, liver failure, portal hypertension, and even multi-organ dysfunction and will bring up a health care burden worldwide. Cyclic AMP response-element binding protein (CREB), as a critical transcriptional factor, binds with conserved cAMP response-element (CRE), which is located in the promoter of targeted genes, to regulate the transcription. In the past decades, numerous studies have contributed to improved understanding of the links between CREB and liver fibrosis. In this review, we will summarize molecular mechanisms of CREB pathways and discuss contributions of CREB to liver fibrosis, focusing on activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), proliferation of cholangiocytes, deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) and inflammation, for the development of antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixin Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Qianqian Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Keshu Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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9
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Xiao T, Fu Y, Zhu W, Xu R, Xu L, Zhang P, Du Y, Cheng J, Jiang H. HDAC8, A Potential Therapeutic Target, Regulates Proliferation and Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells in Fibrous Dysplasia. Stem Cells Transl Med 2018; 8:148-161. [PMID: 30426726 PMCID: PMC6344909 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.18-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a disease of postnatal skeletal stem cells caused by activating mutations of guanine nucleotide-binding protein alpha-stimulating activity polypeptide (GNAS). FD is characterized by high proliferation and osteogenesis disorder of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), resulting in bone pain, deformities, and fractures. The cAMP-CREB pathway, which is activated by GNAS mutations, is known to be closely associated with the occurrence of FD. However, so far there is no available targeted therapeutic strategy for FD, as a critical issue that remains largely unknown is how this pathway is involved in FD. Our previous study revealed that histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs via epigenetic regulation. Here, compared with normal BMSCs, FD BMSCs exhibited significantly high proliferation and weak osteogenic capacity in response to HDAC8 upregulation and tumor protein 53 (TP53) downregulation. Moreover, inhibition of cAMP reduced HDAC8 expression, increased TP53 expression and resulted in the improvement of FD phenotype. Importantly, HDAC8 inhibition prevented cAMP-induced cell phenotype and promoted osteogenesis in nude mice that were implanted with FD BMSCs. Mechanistically, HDAC8 was identified as a transcriptional target gene of CREB1 and its transcription was directly activated by CREB1 in FD BMSCs. In summary, our study reveals that HDAC8 associates with FD phenotype and demonstrates the mechanisms regulated by cAMP-CREB1-HDAC8 pathway. These results provide insights into the molecular regulation of FD pathogenesis, and offer novel clues that small molecule inhibitors targeting HDAC8 are promising clinical treatment for FD. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2019;8:148&14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwen Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongyao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Du
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbing Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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10
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Deng L, Huang L, Guo Q, Shi X, Xu K. CREB1 and Smad3 mediate TGF‑β3‑induced Smad7 expression in rat hepatic stellate cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:8455-8462. [PMID: 28983617 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)‑β3 has previously been reported to antagonize hepatic fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. The present study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying the involvement of TGF‑β3 in hepatic fibrosis. Short hairpin (sh)RNA‑cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) 1 and small interfering (si)RNA‑Smad3 were utilized to silence the expression of CREB1 and Smad3 in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), whereas the vector pRSV‑CREB1 was used to induce CREB1 overexpression in HSCs. Cells were treated with or without exogenous TGF‑β3 or TGF‑β1, and mRNA and protein expression levels were assessed using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Untreated cells served as the control group. Exogenous TGF‑β3 increased Smad7 mRNA and protein expression levels in rat HSCs, and CREB1 and Smad3 appeared to be implicated in the mechanism of Smad7. CREB1 knockdown inhibited the TGF‑β3‑induced upregulation of Smad7, whereas its overexpression potentiated the Smad7 upregulation in HSCs; conversely, CREB1 manipulations had no effect on Smad7 expression under basal conditions. In addition, TGF‑β3‑induced Smad7 upregulation was blocked when the activity of p38, a kinase upstream of CREB1, was inhibited. Furthermore, silencing Smad3 resulted in decreased Smad7 expression under basal conditions and in TGF‑β3‑stimulated cells. Notably, Smad7 expression appeared to also be induced by exogenous TGF‑β1, independent of CREB1. The present study demonstrated that TGF‑β3 increased Smad7 expression in HSCs, whereas CREB1 and Smad3 appeared to participate in the mechanism of induction. Smad3 is the key regulator whereas CREB‑1 acts as a co‑regulator. These results suggested that this mechanism may underlie the antagonizing effects of TGF‑β3 on hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400014, P.R. China
| | - Qiongya Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Keshu Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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11
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Ampuja M, Kallioniemi A. Transcription factors-Intricate players of the bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2017; 57:3-11. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ampuja
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Anne Kallioniemi
- BioMediTech Institute and Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories; Tampere Finland
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12
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Rodón L, Gonzàlez-Juncà A, Inda MDM, Sala-Hojman A, Martínez-Sáez E, Seoane J. Active CREB1 promotes a malignant TGFβ2 autocrine loop in glioblastoma. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1230-41. [PMID: 25084773 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In advanced cancer, including glioblastoma, the TGFβ pathway acts as an oncogenic factor. Some tumors exhibit aberrantly high TGFβ activity, and the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well understood. We have observed that TGFβ can induce TGFβ2, generating an autocrine loop leading to aberrantly high levels of TGFβ2. We identified cAMP-responsive element-binding protein 1 (CREB1) as the critical mediator of the induction of TGFβ2 by TGFβ. CREB1 binds to the TGFB2 gene promoter in cooperation with SMAD3 and is required for TGFβ to activate transcription. Moreover, the PI3K-AKT and RSK pathways regulate the TGFβ2 autocrine loop through CREB1. The levels of CREB1 and active phosphorylated CREB1 correlate with TGFβ2 in glioblastoma. In addition, using patient-derived in vivo models of glioblastoma, we found that CREB1 levels determine the expression of TGFβ2. Our results show that CREB1 can be considered a biomarker to stratify patients for anti-TGFβ treatments and a therapeutic target in glioblastoma. SIGNIFICANCE TGFβ is considered a promising therapeutic target, and several clinical trials using TGFβ inhibitors are generating encouraging results. Here, we discerned the molecular mechanisms responsible for the aberrantly high levels of TGFβ2 found in certain tumors, and we propose biomarkers to predict the clinical response to anti-TGFβ therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rodón
- Vall d Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Ada Sala-Hojman
- Vall d Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Martínez-Sáez
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Seoane
- Vall d Hebron Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Barcelona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain. Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Kim TJ, Sun J, Lu S, Zhang J, Wang Y. The regulation of β-adrenergic receptor-mediated PKA activation by substrate stiffness via microtubule dynamics in human MSCs. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8348-8356. [PMID: 24973298 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical microenvironment surrounding cells has a significant impact on cellular function. One prominent example is that the stiffness of the substrate directs stem cell differentiation. However, the underlying mechanisms of how mechanical cues affect stem cell functions are largely elusive. Here, we report that in human mesenchymal stem cells (HMSCs), substrate stiffness can regulate cellular responses to a β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) agonist, Isoproterenol (ISO). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based A-Kinase Activity Reporter revealed that HMSCs displayed low activity of ISO-induced protein kinase A (PKA) signal on soft substrate, whereas a significantly higher activity can be observed on hard substrate. Meanwhile, there is an increasing ISO-induced internalization of β2-AR with increasing substrate stiffness. Further experiments revealed that the effects of substrate stiffness on both events were disrupted by interfering the polymerization of microtubules, but not actin filaments. Mechanistic investigation revealed that inhibiting ISO-induced PKA activation abolished β2-AR internalization and vice versa, forming a feedback loop. Thus, our results suggest that the cellular sensing mechanism of its mechanical environment, such as substrate stiffness, affects its response to chemical stimulation of β-AR signaling and PKA activation through the coordination of microtubules, which may contribute to how mechanical cues direct stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Jin Kim
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Bioengineering and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Integrative and Molecular Physiology, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Shaoying Lu
- Department of Bioengineering and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and the Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Department of Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Neuroscience Program, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and the Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience and Department of Oncology, the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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14
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Lee YS, Choi EM. Actein isolated from black cohosh promotes the function of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. J Med Food 2014; 17:414-23. [PMID: 24552231 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Actein, isolated from black cohosh, was subjected to in vitro experiments to investigate its functional bioactivities in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Actein caused a significant elevation of alkaline phosphatase activity, collagen synthesis, osteocalcin production, mineralization, and glutathione content in the cells, suggesting that actein has a stimulatory effect on osteoblastic bone formation or has potential activity against osteoporosis. We investigated the protective effects of actein on mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor, antimycin A induced toxicity in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Exposure of MC3T3-E1 cells to antimycin A caused significant decrease in cell viability and mineralization. However, pretreatment with actein prior to antimycin A exposure significantly reduced antimycin A-induced cell damage by preventing mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation, complex IV inactivation, cardiolipin oxidation, ROS release, and nitrotyrosine increase, suggesting that actein may be useful for protecting mitochondria against a burst of oxidative stress. In addition, actein increased the phosphorylation of CREB (cAMP-response element-binding protein) inhibited by antimycin A and decreased the production of TNF-α induced by antimycin A. These findings suggest that actein could prevent oxidative damage to osteoblasts in osteoporotic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Soon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University , Seoul, Korea
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15
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Association of age at onset in Huntington disease with functional promoter variations in NPY and NPY2R. J Mol Med (Berl) 2013; 92:177-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-013-1092-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Wang J, Wang X, Holz JD, Rutkowski T, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Dong Y. Runx1 is critical for PTH-induced onset of mesenchymal progenitor cell chondrogenic differentiation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74255. [PMID: 24058535 PMCID: PMC3776859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) plays a critical role in the regulation of chondrogenesis. In this study, we have found for the first time that Runt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) contributes to PTH-induced chondrogenesis. Upon PTH treatment, limb bud mesenchymal progenitor cells in micromass culture showed an enhanced chondrogenesis, which was associated with a significant increase of chondrogenic marker gene expression, such as type II collagen and type X collagen. Runx1 was also exclusively expressed in cells treated with PTH at the onset stage of chondrogenesis. Knockdown of Runx1 completely blunted PTH-mediated chondrogenesis. Furthermore, PTH induced Runx1 expression and chondrogenesis were markedly reduced by inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. Taken together, our present study indicates that chondrogenesis induced by PTH in mesenchymal progenitor cells is mediated by Runx1, which involves the activation of PKA. These data provide a novel insight into understanding the molecular mechanisms behind PTH-enhanced cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jonathan D. Holz
- Department of Math and Natural Sciences, D’Youville College, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy Rutkowski
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Institute of Spine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenan Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YD); (ZZ)
| | - Yufeng Dong
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (YD); (ZZ)
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17
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Kim JM, Choi JS, Kim YH, Jin SH, Lim S, Jang HJ, Kim KT, Ryu SH, Suh PG. An activator of the cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway promotes osteogenesis from human mesenchymal stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:617-26. [PMID: 22886506 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells capable of differentiating along the osteoblast, adipocyte, and chondrocyte lineages. Regulation of MSCs differentiation may be a useful tool for regenerative medicine and cell-based therapy. The discovery of small molecule that activates the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs could aid in the development of a new anabolic drug for osteoporosis treatment. We identified CW008, a derivative of pyrazole-pyridine, that stimulates osteoblast differentiation of human MSCs and increases bone formation in ovariectomized mice. CW008 promotes osteogenesis by activating cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway and inhibiting leptin secretion. These results suggest that CW008 is an agonist of cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in osteogenic differentiation and that application of CW008 may be useful for the treatment of bone-related diseases and for the study of bone biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Kim
- School of Nano-Bioscience and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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18
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Xie C, Schwarz EM, Dhillon RS, Sampson ER, Li D, O’Keefe RJ, Tyler W. Unique angiogenic and vasculogenic properties of renal cell carcinoma in a xenograft model of bone metastasis are associated with high levels of vegf-a and decreased ang-1 expression. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:325-33. [PMID: 21809376 PMCID: PMC3213285 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Management of various tumor metastases to bone has dramatically improved, but this is not so for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is a difficult surgical problem due to its great vascularity. Furthermore, the unique mechanisms that mediate RCC vasculogenesis in bone remain unknown. To understand this process we developed a xenograft model that recapitulates highly vascular RCC versus less vascular tumors that metastasize to bone. Human tumor cell lines of RCC (786-O), prostate cancer (PC3), lung cancer (A549), breast cancer (MDA-MB231), and melanoma (A375) were transduced with firefly luciferase (Luc), injected into the tibiae of nude mice, and differences in growth, osteolysis, and vascularity were assessed by longitudinal bioluminescent imaging, micro-CT for measurement of calcified tissues and vascularity and histology. The results showed that while RCC-Luc has reduced growth and osteolytic potential versus the other tumor lines, it displayed a significant increase in vascular volume (p < 0.05). This expansion was due to 3- and 5-fold increases in small and large vessel numbers respectively. In vitro gene expression profiling revealed that RCC-Luc expresses significantly (p < 0.05) more vegf-a (10-fold) and 20- to 30-fold less ang-1 versus the other lines. These data demonstrate the utility of this model to study the unique vasculogenic properties of RCC bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xie
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Edward M. Schwarz
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Robinder S. Dhillon
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Erik R. Sampson
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Dan Li
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Regis J. O’Keefe
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Wakenda Tyler
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY,Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dr. Wakenda Tyler, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, Phone 585-275-3100, FAX 585-756-4727,
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19
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Zhang R, Edwards JR, Ko SY, Dong S, Liu H, Oyajobi BO, Papasian C, Deng HW, Zhao M. Transcriptional regulation of BMP2 expression by the PTH-CREB signaling pathway in osteoblasts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20780. [PMID: 21695256 PMCID: PMC3111437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent application of parathyroid hormone (PTH) has well established anabolic effects on bone mass in rodents and humans. Although transcriptional mechanisms responsible for these effects are not fully understood, it is recognized that transcriptional factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) mediates PTH signaling in osteoblasts, and that there is a communication between the PTH-CREB pathway and the BMP2 signaling pathway, which is important for osteoblast differentiation and bone formations. These findings, in conjunction with putative cAMP response elements (CREs) in the BMP2 promoter, led us to hypothesize that the PTH-CREB pathway could be a positive regulator of BMP2 transcription in osteoblasts. To test this hypothesis, we first demonstrated that PTH signaling activated CREB by phosphorylation in osteoblasts, and that both PTH and CREB were capable of promoting osteoblastic differentiation of primary mouse osteoblast cells and multiple rodent osteoblast cell lines. Importantly, we found that the PTH-CREB signaling pathway functioned as an effective activator of BMP2 expression, as pharmacologic and genetic modulation of PTH-CREB activity significantly affected BMP2 expression levels in these cells. Lastly, through multiple promoter assays, including promoter reporter deletion, mutation, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), we identified a specific CRE in the BMP2 promoter which is responsible for CREB transactivation of the BMP2 gene in osteoblasts. Together, these results demonstrate that the anabolic function of PTH signaling in bone is mediated, at least in part, by CREB transactivation of BMP2 expression in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - James R. Edwards
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Seon-Yle Ko
- School of Dentistry, Dankook University, Cheonan, Choongnam, Korea
| | - Shanshan Dong
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Babatunde O. Oyajobi
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher Papasian
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Deng L, Li Y, Huang JM, Zhou GY, Qian W, Xu KS. Effects of p-CREB-1 on transforming growth factor-β3 auto-regulation in hepatic stellate cells. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:1046-54. [PMID: 21308733 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that transforming growth factor-β3 (TGF-β3) protected liver against fibrosis in vivo and vitro, but its regulation is poorly understood. In addition, the cAMP-responsive element (CRE) in TGF-β3 promoter is recognized as an important regulatory site for TGF-β3 auto-regulation. Thus, we hypothesize that transcription factor CRE-binding protein-1 (CREB-1) regulates the auto-induction of TGF-β3 in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We used exogenous TGF-β3 to activate the signal pathway of TGF-β3 auto-regulation in HSCs, results indicated that exogenous TGF-β3 could up-regulate the protein and mRNA expressions of TGF-β3, and provoke the phosphorylation of CREB-1 on Ser-133, besides, it could induce the DNA binding activity of p-CREB-1 and activate TGF-β3 promoter as well. Additionally, we used pGenesil-1.1-shRNA-CREB-1 and pRSV-CREB-1 expression vector to silence and up-regulate CREB-1 gene expression respectively, and the results indicated that inhibition of CREB-1 suppressed exogenous TGF-β3 stimulation of TGF-β3 mRNA and protein expressions in HSCs, whereas up-regulation of CREB-1 induced this stimulation. Our results indicate that exogenous TGF-β3 up-regulates the activity of TGF-β3 promoter by activating CREB-1, then induces the mRNA and protein expressions of TGF-β3. Especially, p-CREB-1 is a critical transcription factor in mediating TGF-β3 auto-induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical Collage, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, PR China
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21
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Schiller M, Dennler S, Anderegg U, Kokot A, Simon JC, Luger TA, Mauviel A, Böhm M. Increased cAMP levels modulate transforming growth factor-beta/Smad-induced expression of extracellular matrix components and other key fibroblast effector functions. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:409-21. [PMID: 19858184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.038620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
cAMP is a key messenger of many hormones and neuropeptides, some of which modulate the composition of extracellular matrix. Treatment of human dermal fibroblasts with dibutyryl cyclic AMP and forskolin antagonized the inductive effects of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) on the expression of collagen, connective tissue growth factor, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type I, four prototypical TGF-beta-responsive genes. Increased intracellular cAMP prevented TGF-beta-induced Smad-specific gene transactivation, although TGF-beta-mediated Smad phosphorylation and nuclear translocation remained unaffected. However, increased cAMP levels abolished TGF-beta-induced interaction of Smad3 with its transcriptional co-activator cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-binding protein (CBP)/p300. Overexpression of the transcriptional co-activator CBP/p300 rescued Smad-specific gene transcription in the presence of cAMP suggesting that sequestration of limited amounts of CBP/p300 by the activated cAMP/CREB pathway is the molecular basis of this inhibitory effect. These findings were extended by two functional assays. Increased intracellular cAMP levels suppressed the inductive activity of TGF-beta to contract mechanically unloaded collagen lattices and resulted in an attenuation of fibroblast migration of mechanically induced cell layer wounds. Of note, cAMP and TGF-beta synergistically induced hyaluronan synthase 2 (HAS2) expression and hyaluronan secretion, presumably via putative CREB-binding sites adjacent to Smad-binding sites within the HAS2 promoter. Our findings identify the cAMP pathway as a potent but differential and promoter-specific regulator of TGF-beta-mediated effects involved in extracellular matrix homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meinhard Schiller
- Department of Dermatology, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cell Biology and Immunobiology of the Skin, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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22
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Parathyroid hormone-related peptide represses chondrocyte hypertrophy through a protein phosphatase 2A/histone deacetylase 4/MEF2 pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:5751-62. [PMID: 19704004 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00415-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The maturation of immature chondrocytes to hypertrophic chondrocytes is regulated by parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP). We demonstrate that PTHrP or forskolin administration can block induction of collagen X-luciferase by exogenous Runx2, MEF2, and Smad1 in transfected chondrocytes. We have found that PTHrP/forskolin administration represses the transcriptional activity of MEF2 and that forced expression of MEF2-VP16 can restore expression of the collagen X reporter in chondrocytes treated with these agents. PTHrP/forskolin induces dephosphorylation of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) phospho-S246, which decreases interaction of HDAC4 with cytoplasmic 14-3-3 proteins and promotes nuclear translocation of HDAC4 and repression of MEF2 transcriptional activity. We have found that forskolin increases the activity of an HDAC4 phospho-S246 phosphatase and that forskolin-induced nuclear translocation of HDAC4 was reversed by the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) antagonist, okadaic acid. Finally, we demonstrate that knockdown of PP2A inhibits forskolin-induced nuclear translocation of HDAC4 and attenuates the ability of this signaling molecule to repress collagen X expression in chondrocytes, indicating that PP2A is critical for PTHrP-mediated regulation of chondrocyte hypertrophy.
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23
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Clark CA, Li TF, Kim KO, Drissi H, Zuscik MJ, Zhang X, O'Keefe RJ. Prostaglandin E2 inhibits BMP signaling and delays chondrocyte maturation. J Orthop Res 2009; 27:785-92. [PMID: 19023895 PMCID: PMC2737521 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
While cyclooxygenases are important in endochondral bone formation during fracture healing, mechanisms involved in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) regulation of chondrocyte maturation are incompletely understood. The present study was undertaken to determine if PGE2 effects on chondrocyte differentiation are related to modulation of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. In primary murine sternal chondrocytes, PGE2 differentially regulated genes involved in differentiation. PGE2 induced type II collagen and MMP-13, had minimal effects on alkaline phosphatase, and inhibited the expression of the maturational marker, type X collagen. In BMP-2-treated cultures, PGE2 blocked the induction of type X collagen. All four EP receptors were expressed in chondrocytes and tended to be inhibited by BMP-2 treatment. RCJ3.1C5.18 chondrocytes transfected with the protein kinase A (PKA) responsive reporter, CRE-luciferase, showed luciferase induction following exposure to PGE2, consistent with activation of PKA signaling and the presence of the EP2 and EP4 receptors. Both PGE2 and the PKA agonist, dibutyryl cAMP, blocked the induction of the BMP-responsive reporter, 12XSBE, by BMP-2 in RCJ3.1C5.18 chondrocytes. In contrast, PGE2 increased the ability of TGF-beta to activate the TGF-beta-responsive reporter, 4XSBE. Finally, PGE2 down-regulated BMP-mediated phosphorylation of Smads 1, 5, and 8 in RCJ3.1C5.18 cells and in primary murine sternal chondrocytes. Altogether, the findings show that PGE2 regulates chondrocyte maturation in part by targeting BMP/Smad signaling and suggest an important role for PGE2 in endochondral bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Clark
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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24
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Deng X, Liu H, Huang J, Cheng L, Keller ET, Parsons SJ, Hu CD. Ionizing radiation induces prostate cancer neuroendocrine differentiation through interplay of CREB and ATF2: implications for disease progression. Cancer Res 2009; 68:9663-70. [PMID: 19047143 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-2229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a first-line treatment for prostate cancer patients with localized tumors. Although some patients respond well to the treatment, approximately 10% of low-risk and up to 60% of high-risk prostate cancer patients experience recurrent tumors. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor recurrence remain largely unknown. Here we show that fractionated ionizing radiation (IR) induces differentiation of LNCaP prostate cancer cells into neuroendocrine (NE)-like cells, which are known to be implicated in prostate cancer progression, androgen-independent growth, and poor prognosis. Further analyses revealed that two cyclic AMP-responsive element binding transcription factors, cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2), function as a transcriptional activator and a repressor, respectively, of NE-like differentiation and that IR induces NE-like differentiation by increasing the nuclear content of phospho-CREB and cytoplasmic accumulation of ATF2. Consistent with this notion, stable expression of a nonphosphorylatable CREB or a constitutively nuclear-localized ATF2 in LNCaP cells inhibits IR-induced NE-like differentiation. IR-induced NE-like morphologies are reversible, and three IR-resistant clones isolated from dedifferentiated cells have acquired the ability to proliferate and lost the NE-like cell properties. In addition, these three IR-resistant clones exhibit differential responses to IR- and androgen depletion-induced NE-like differentiation. However, they are all resistant to cell death induced by IR and the chemotherapeutic agent docetaxel and to androgen depletion-induced growth inhibition. These results suggest that radiation therapy-induced NE-like differentiation may represent a novel pathway by which prostate cancer cells survive the treatment and contribute to tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehong Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and the Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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25
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Lai LP, Mitchell J. Beta2-adrenergic receptors expressed on murine chondrocytes stimulate cellular growth and inhibit the expression of Indian hedgehog and collagen type X. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:545-53. [PMID: 18059015 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system has been demonstrated to have a role in regulating bone remodeling through beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-AR) expressed on osteoblasts. Studies using beta(2)-adrenergic receptor agonists in vivo have also suggested an effect on endochondral bone development; however, it was not clear if this effect was mediated through osteoblasts or chondrocytes. To more thoroughly examine the role of beta-AR in chondrocytes we characterized the expression and signal transduction systems activated by beta-AR in growth plate chondrocytes prepared from ribs of embryonic E18.5 mice. Using RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry we found that the chondrocytes expressed only beta(2)-AR. The receptors were coupled to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, phosphorylation of the cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). Stimulation of ERK1/2 was transient and limited by the concomitant stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (MKP-1). Isoproterenol stimulated the growth of chondrocytes as assessed by increased incorporation of [(3)H]-thymidine into the cells. The cellular expression of two markers of chondrocyte differentiation, Indian hedgehog, expressed in pre-hypertrophic cells and collagen type X, expressed in hypertrophic chondrocytes, were both significantly inhibited after incubation with isoproterenol. Collectively, these findings demonstrate regulation of chondrocytes through beta(2)-AR expressed on the cells that stimulate their growth and inhibit their differentiation, indicating that the sympathetic nervous system may be an important regulator of embryonic cartilage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lick Pui Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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cAMP/PKA pathway activation in human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro results in robust bone formation in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:7281-6. [PMID: 18490653 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0711190105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering of large bone defects is approached through implantation of autologous osteogenic cells, generally referred to as multipotent stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Animal-derived MSCs successfully bridge large bone defects, but models for ectopic bone formation as well as recent clinical trials demonstrate that bone formation by human MSCs (hMSCs) is inadequate. The expansion phase presents an attractive window to direct hMSCs by pharmacological manipulation, even though no profound effect on bone formation in vivo has been described so far using this approach. We report that activation of protein kinase A elicits an immediate response through induction of genes such as ID2 and FosB, followed by sustained secretion of bone-related cytokines such as BMP-2, IGF-1, and IL-11. As a consequence, PKA activation results in robust in vivo bone formation by hMSCs derived from orthopedic patients.
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Chera S, Kaloulis K, Galliot B. The cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) as an integrative HUB selector in metazoans: Clues from the hydra model system. Biosystems 2007; 87:191-203. [PMID: 17030409 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2006.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2005] [Revised: 07/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, a multiplicity of extra-cellular signals can activate a unique signal transduction system that at the nuclear level will turn on a variety of target genes, eliciting thus diverse responses adapted to the initial signal. How distinct signals can converge on a unique signalling pathway that will nevertheless produce signal-specific responses provides a theoretical paradox that can be traced back early in evolution. In bilaterians, the CREB pathway connects diverse extra-cellular signals via cytoplasmic kinases to the CREB transcription factor and the CBP co-activator, regulating according to the context, cell survival, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, pro-apoptosis, long-term memory, hence achieving a "hub" function for cellular and developmental processes. In hydra, the CREB pathway is highly conserved and activated during early head regeneration through RSK-dependent CREB phosphorylation. We show here that the CREB transcription factor and the RSK kinase are co-expressed in all three hydra cell lineages including dividing interstitial stem cells, proliferating nematoblasts, proliferating spermatogonia and spermatocytes, differentiating and mature neurons as well as ectodermal and endodermal myoepithelial cells. In addition, CREB gene expression is specifically up-regulated during early regeneration and early budding. When the CREB function was chemically prevented, the early post-amputation induction of the HyBraI gene was no longer observed and head regeneration was stacked. Thus, in hydra, the CREB pathway appears already involved in multiple tasks, such as reactivation of developmental programs in an adult context, self-renewal of stem cells, proliferation of progenitors and neurogenesis. Consequently, the hub function played by the CREB pathway was established early in animal evolution and might have contributed to the formation of an efficient oral pole through the integration of the neurogenic and patterning functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Chera
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneve 4, Switzerland
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Wahab NA, Mason RM. A Critical Look at Growth Factors and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in the Adult Kidney. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 104:e129-34. [PMID: 16902316 DOI: 10.1159/000094963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the adult kidney, the cellular phenotypes are maintained by a strict balance of growth factors. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a program whereby injured epithelial cells that function as ion and fluid transporters become matrix remodelling mesenchymal cells. This process requires either transcriptional repression of genes that maintain the epithelial phenotype and transcriptional activation, or relieved repression of genes needed for functional myofibroblasts. The transcriptional regulators are controlled by several integrated signalling pathways which are triggered by growth factors. Emerging evidence indicates that the growth factors TGFbeta/CTGF and BMP-7/HGF are the main determinants that maintain the two cellular phenotypes. Both TGFbeta and BMP-7 counteract the activity of each other by cross-inducing their respective inhibitory Smads. Both growth factors may also induce the expression of other factors that can change the cellular environment and enhance their function. Chronic kidney diseases (regardless of the aetiology of the disease) are associated with increased TGFbeta and CTGF expression levels which, in turn, have an inverse effect on the activity level of BMP-7 and HGF, leading to an EMT of injured tubular epithelial cells and a progression of the disease. A detailed understanding of the complex interrelationship between these growth factors may lead to the development of novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Wahab
- Renal Section, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Zhao L, Yang S, Zhou GQ, Yang J, Ji D, Sabatakos G, Zhu T. Downregulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor gamma is required for BMP-2-induced osteoblastic differentiation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 38:2064-73. [PMID: 16870489 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 05/11/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts, normally derived from undifferentiated mesenchymal precursor cells, acquire their characteristic phenotypes when induced by various regulatory factors, one of which is bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Our recent studies suggest that expression of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibitor G (PKIG) is down-regulated as human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) undergo BMP-2-induced osteoblastic differentiation. This raises our hypothesis that the PKA pathway is involved in osteogenesis. In this report, we demonstrated that PKIG in human MSCs and its murine homologue PKA inhibitor gamma (PKIgamma) in murine pre-myoblast C2C12 cells were down-regulated when these cells were treated with BMP-2. On the contrary, the PKA activity of C2C12 cells was increased upon BMP-2 treatment. Overexpression of PKIgamma in C2C12 cells was shown to repress mRNA expression of early osteoblastic markers osterix and type I collagen while inhibiting the PKA activity. This correlated with decreased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities. Furthermore, inhibition of the PKA activity using its specific inhibitor KT5720 was found to have the similar effect, whereas 8-Br-cAMP, a specific PKA activator, accelerated BMP-2-induced ALP activities. Finally, this study showed that BMP-2 treatment promoted activities of transcription regulatory elements including cAMP response element (CRE) and activating protein-1 (AP1). This effect of BMP-2 was diminished in PKIgamma-overexpressed C2C12 cells. Taken together, our results indicate that the activation of the PKA pathway may be one of key BMP-2-activated signaling events that lead to osteogenesis and that downregulation of PKIgamma may be prerequisite for the PKA activation during the osteoblastic differentiation of precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhao
- Nankai University Medical College, Tianjin 300071, China
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Sugama R, Koike T, Imai Y, Nomura-Furuwatari C, Takaoka K. Bone morphogenetic protein activities are enhanced by 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate through suppression of Smad6 expression in osteoprogenitor cells. Bone 2006; 38:206-14. [PMID: 16203197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2005] [Revised: 07/30/2005] [Accepted: 08/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) belong to the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta superfamily, and some display potent osteogenic activity both in vivo and in vitro. The BMP signaling cascade involving BMP receptors at the cell membrane and intracellular messengers (Smads) has been elucidated, but the regulatory mechanisms of BMP signaling have not been clarified. We previously found that pentoxifyline (PeTx), a nonspecific inhibitor of phosphodiesterase (PDE), and rolipram, a PDE-4-specific inhibitor, enhance BMP-4-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells, probably through the elevation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) accumulation and modulation of BMP signaling pathways as enhanced BMP-4 action was reproduced by addition of dibutylyl-cAMP (dbcAMP). However, the precise mechanisms underlying the enhancing effects of those agents on BMP signaling were not completely revealed. As already reported, BMPs utilize a specific intracellular signaling cascade to target genes via R-Smads (Smad1,5,8), Co-Smad (Smad4) and I-Smads (Smad6,7). One possibility for cAMP-mediated effects on BMP signaling might be suppression of I-Smads expression since these proteins form a negative feedback loop in BMP signaling. To examine this possibility, changes in I-Smad (Smad6) expression on addition of dbcAMP or PeTx were examined in a bone-marrow-derived osteogenic cell line (ST2). Alkaline phosphatase activity in ST2 cells was consistently induced by BMP-4 treatment (300 ng/ml), and Smad6 mRNA expression was also induced by BMP-4 treatment. Although concurrent treatment of ST2 cells with BMP-4 and dbcAMP elicited further activation of alkaline phosphatase, addition of dbcAMP reduced BMP-4-induced Smad6 expression in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, detection of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 on Western blotting analysis was prolonged, suggesting prolonged kinase activity of BMP receptors through suppressed expression of Smad6. Elevated intracellular cAMP might thus enhance BMP signaling by suppressing Smad6 induction and prolonging intracellular BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Sugama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Medical School, Asahimachi 1-4-3, Abenoku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Li TF, Darowish M, Zuscik MJ, Chen D, Schwarz EM, Rosier RN, Drissi H, O'Keefe RJ. Smad3-deficient chondrocytes have enhanced BMP signaling and accelerated differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 2006; 21:4-16. [PMID: 16355269 PMCID: PMC2649698 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.050911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 07/30/2005] [Accepted: 09/16/2005] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Smad3 deficiency accelerates chondrocyte maturation and leads to osteoarthritis. Primary chondrocytes without Smad3 lack compensatory increases of TGF-beta signaling factors, but BMP-related gene expression is increased. Smad2 or Smad3 overexpression and BMP blockade abrogate accelerated maturation in Smad3-/- chondrocytes. BMP signaling is increased in TGF-beta deficiency and is required for accelerated chondrocyte maturation. INTRODUCTION Disruption of TGF-beta signaling results in accelerated chondrocyte maturation and leads to postnatal dwarfism and premature osteoarthritis. The mechanisms involved in this process were studied using in vitro murine chondrocyte cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS Primary chondrocytes were isolated from the sterna of neonatal wildtype and Smad3-/- mice. Expressions of maturational markers, as well as genes involved in TGF-beta and BMP signaling were examined. Chondrocytes were treated with TGF-beta and BMP-2, and effects on maturation-related genes and BMP/TGF-beta responsive reporters were examined. Recombinant noggin or retroviral vectors expressing Smad2 or Smad3 were added to the cultures. RESULTS Expression of colX and other maturational markers was markedly increased in Smad3-/- chondrocytes. Smad3-/- chondrocytes lacked compensatory increases in Smad2, Smad4, TGFRII, Sno, or Smurf2 and had reduced expression of TGF-beta1 and TGFRI. In contrast, Smad1, Smad5, BMP2, and BMP6 expression was increased, suggesting a shift from TGF-beta toward BMP signaling. In Smad3-/- chondrocytes, alternative TGF-beta signaling pathways remained responsive, as shown by luciferase assays. These non-Smad3-dependent TGF-beta pathways reduced colX expression and alkaline phosphatase activity in TGF-beta-treated Smad3-/- cultures, but only partially. In contrast, Smad3-/- chondrocytes were more responsive to BMP-2 treatment and had increased colX expression, phosphoSmads 1, 5, and 8 levels, and luciferase reporter activity. Overexpression of both Smad2 and Smad3 blocked spontaneous maturation in Smad3-deficient chondrocytes. Maturation was also abrogated by the addition of noggin, an extracellular BMP inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS These findings show a key role for BMP signaling during the chondrocyte maturation, occurring with loss of TGF-beta signaling with important implications for osteoarthritis and cartilage diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Fang Li
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
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Wang CY, Guo HY, Lim TM, Ng YK, Neo HP, Hwang PYK, Yee WC, Wang S. Improved neuronal transgene expression from an AAV-2 vector with a hybrid CMV enhancer/PDGF-beta promoter. J Gene Med 2005; 7:945-55. [PMID: 15756650 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) vectors are highly promising tools for gene therapy of neurological disorders. After accommodating a cellular promoter, AAV-2 vectors are able to drive sustained expression of transgene in the brain. This study aimed to develop AAV-2 vectors that also facilitate a high level of neuronal expression by enhancing the strength of a neuron-specific promoter, the human platelet-derived growth factor beta-chain (PDGF) promoter. METHODS AND RESULTS A hybrid promoter approach was adopted to fuse the enhancer of human cytomegalovirus immediately early (CMV) promoter to the PDGF promoter. In cultured cortex neurons, AAV-2 vectors containing the hybrid promoter augmented transgene expression up to 20-fold over that mediated by titer-matched AAV-2 vectors with the PDGF promoter alone and 4-fold over the CMV enhancer/promoter. Injection of AAV-2 vectors with the hybrid promoter into the rat striatum resulted in neuron-specific transgene expression, the level of which was about 10-fold higher than those provided by the two control AAV-2 expression cassettes at 4 weeks post-injection and maintained for at least 12 weeks. Gene expression in the substantia nigra through possible retrograde transport of the AAV-2 vectors injected into the striatum was not obvious. After direct injection of AAV-2 vectors into the substantia nigra, transgene expression driven by the hybrid promoter was observed specifically in dopaminergic neurons and its level was about 3 and 17 times higher than that provided by the PDGF promoter alone and the CMV enhancer/promoter, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced transgene capacity plus neuron-specificity of the AAV-2 vectors developed in this study might prove valuable for gene therapy of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Y Wang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Chiang MC, Lee YC, Huang CL, Chern Y. cAMP-response Element-binding Protein Contributes to Suppression of the A2A Adenosine Receptor Promoter by Mutant Huntingtin with Expanded Polyglutamine Residues. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:14331-40. [PMID: 15689617 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413279200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative disease resulting from a CAG (glutamine) trinucleotide expansion in exon 1 of the Huntingtin (Htt) gene. The role of the striatum-enriched A2A adenosine receptor (A2A-R) in Huntington's disease has attracted much attention lately. In the present study, we found that expression of mutant Htt with expanded poly(Q) significantly reduced the transcript levels of the endogenous A2A-R in PC12 cells and primary striatal neurons. Cotransfection of various promoter constructs of the A2A-R gene and an expression construct of poly(Q)-expanded Htt revealed that the Htt mutant suppressed the core promoter activity of the A2A-R gene. Stimulation of the A2A-R using CGS21680, forskolin, and a constitutively active cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) mutant elevated the reduced promoter activity of the A2A-R gene by mutant Htt. Moreover, the effect of CGS was blocked by an A2A-R-selective antagonist (CSC), two inhibitors of protein kinase A, and two dominant negative mutants of (CREB). The protein kinase A/CREB pathway therefore is involved in regulating A2A-R promoter activity. Consistently, an atypical CRE site (TCCAGG) is located in the core promoter region of the A2A-R gene. Electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay and mutational inactivation further demonstrated the functional binding of CREB to the core promoter region and showed that expression of poly(Q)-expanded Htt abolished the binding of CREB to this site. Stimulation of the A2A-R restored the reduced CREB binding caused by the mutant and concurrently reduced mutant Htt aggregation. Collectively, the poly(Q)-expanded mutant Htt suppressed expression of the A2A-R by inhibiting its core promoter at least partially by preventing CREB binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chang Chiang
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica and Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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Abstract
Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-beta family, including TGF-beta, bone morphorgenic protein (BMP), and activn, plays an important role in essential cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, tissue remodeling, angiognesis, immune responses, and cell adhesions. TGF-beta predominantly transmits the signals through serine/threonine receptor kinases and cytoplasmic proteins called Smads. Since the discovery of TGF-beta in the early 1980s, the dysregulation of TGF-beta /Smad signaling has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases. Among signal transducers in TGF-beta/Smad signaling, inhibitory Smads (I-Smads), Smad6 and Smad7, act as major negative regulators forming autoinhibitory feedback loops and mediate the cross-talking with other signaling pathways. Expressions of I-Smads are mainly regulated on the transcriptional levels and post-translational protein degradations and their intracellular levels are tightly controlled to maintain the homeostatic balances. However, abnormal levels of I-Smads in the pathological conditions elicit the altered TGF-beta signaling in cells, eventually causing TGF-beta-related human diseases. Thus, exploring the molecular mechanisms about the regulations of I-Smads may provide the therapeutic clues for human diseases induced by the abnormal TGF-beta signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Hee Park
- Department of Pathology and Research Institute of Medical Science, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
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Brugger SM, Merrill AE, Torres-Vazquez J, Wu N, Ting MC, Cho JYM, Dobias SL, Yi SE, Lyons K, Bell JR, Arora K, Warrior R, Maxson R. A phylogenetically conserved cis-regulatory module in the Msx2 promoter is sufficient for BMP-dependent transcription in murine and Drosophila embryos. Development 2004; 131:5153-65. [PMID: 15459107 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To understand the actions of morphogens, it is crucial to determine how they elicit different transcriptional responses in different cell types. Here, we identify a BMP-responsive enhancer of Msx2, an immediate early target of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. We show that the BMP-responsive region of Msx2 consists of a core element, required generally for BMP-dependent expression, and ancillary elements that mediate signaling in diverse developmental settings. Analysis of the core element identified two classes of functional sites: GCCG sequences related to the consensus binding site of Mad/Smad-related BMP signal transducers; and a single TTAATT sequence, matching the consensus site for Antennapedia superclass homeodomain proteins. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and mutagenesis experiments indicate that the GCCG sites are direct targets of BMP restricted Smads. Intriguingly, however, these sites are not sufficient for BMP responsiveness in mouse embryos; the TTAATT sequence is also required. DNA sequence comparisons reveal this element is highly conserved in Msx2 promoters from mammalian orders but is not detectable in other vertebrates or non-vertebrates. Despite this lack of conservation outside mammals, the Msx2 BMP-responsive element serves as an accurate readout of Dpp signaling in a distantly related bilaterian - Drosophila. Strikingly, in Drosophila embryos, as in mice, both TTAATT and GCCG sequences are required for Dpp responsiveness, showing that a common cis-regulatory apparatus can mediate the transcriptional activation of BMP-regulated genes in widely divergent bilaterians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Brugger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Norris Cancer Hospital, USC Keck School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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