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Bouza C, Losada AP, Fernández C, Álvarez-Dios JA, de Azevedo AM, Barreiro A, Costas D, Quiroga MI, Martínez P, Vázquez S. A comprehensive coding and microRNA transcriptome of vertebral bone in postlarvae and juveniles of Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). Genomics 2024; 116:110802. [PMID: 38290593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2024.110802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Understanding vertebral bone development is essential to prevent skeletal malformations in farmed fish related to genetic and environmental factors. This is an important issue in Solea senegalensis, with special impact of spinal anomalies in postlarval and juvenile stages. Vertebral bone transcriptomics in farmed fish mainly comes from coding genes, and barely on miRNA expression. Here, we used RNA-seq of spinal samples to obtain the first comprehensive coding and miRNA transcriptomic repertoire for postlarval and juvenile vertebral bone, covering different vertebral phenotypes and egg-incubation temperatures related to skeleton health in S. senegalensis. Coding genes, miRNA and pathways regulating bone development and growth were identified. Differential transcriptomic profiles and suggestive mRNA-miRNA interactions were found between postlarvae and juveniles. Bone-related genes and functions were associated with the extracellular matrix, development and regulatory processes, calcium binding, retinol and lipid metabolism or response to stimulus, including those revealed by the miRNA targets related to signaling, cellular and metabolic processes, growth, cell proliferation and biological adhesion. Pathway enrichment associated with fish skeleton were identified when comparing postlarvae and juveniles: growth and bone development functions in postlarvae, while actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion and proteasome related to bone remodeling in juveniles. The transcriptome data disclosed candidate coding and miRNA gene markers related to bone cell processes, references for functional studies of the anosteocytic bone of S. senegalensis. This study establishes a broad transcriptomic foundation to study healthy and anomalous spines under early thermal conditions across life-stages in S. senegalensis, and for comparative analysis of skeleton homeostasis and pathology in fish and vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bouza
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain.
| | - Ana P Losada
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Carlos Fernández
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - José A Álvarez-Dios
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Manuela de Azevedo
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Andrés Barreiro
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Damián Costas
- Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, ECIMAT, Vigo 36331, Spain
| | - María Isabel Quiroga
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Paulino Martínez
- Department of Zoology, Genetics and Physical Anthropology, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Sonia Vázquez
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary, Campus Terra, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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2
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Raghavan R, Coppola U, Wu Y, Ihewulezi C, Negrón-Piñeiro LJ, Maguire JE, Hong J, Cunningham M, Kim HJ, Albert TJ, Ali AM, Saint-Jeannet JP, Ristoratore F, Dahia CL, Di Gregorio A. Gene expression in notochord and nuclei pulposi: a study of gene families across the chordate phylum. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:63. [PMID: 37891482 PMCID: PMC10605842 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition from notochord to vertebral column is a crucial milestone in chordate evolution and in prenatal development of all vertebrates. As ossification of the vertebral bodies proceeds, involutions of residual notochord cells into the intervertebral discs form the nuclei pulposi, shock-absorbing structures that confer flexibility to the spine. Numerous studies have outlined the developmental and evolutionary relationship between notochord and nuclei pulposi. However, the knowledge of the similarities and differences in the genetic repertoires of these two structures remains limited, also because comparative studies of notochord and nuclei pulposi across chordates are complicated by the gene/genome duplication events that led to extant vertebrates. Here we show the results of a pilot study aimed at bridging the information on these two structures. We have followed in different vertebrates the evolutionary trajectory of notochord genes identified in the invertebrate chordate Ciona, and we have evaluated the extent of conservation of their expression in notochord cells. Our results have uncovered evolutionarily conserved markers of both notochord development and aging/degeneration of the nuclei pulposi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Raghavan
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Ugo Coppola
- Stazione Zoologica 'A. Dohrn', Villa Comunale 1, 80121, Naples, Italy
- Present Address: Molecular Cardiovascular Biology Division and Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Yushi Wu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Chibuike Ihewulezi
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Lenny J Negrón-Piñeiro
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Julie E Maguire
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | - Justin Hong
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Matthew Cunningham
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Han Jo Kim
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Todd J Albert
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Abdullah M Ali
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA
| | | | - Chitra L Dahia
- Hospital for Special Surgery, Orthopedic Soft Tissue Research Program, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Anna Di Gregorio
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, USA.
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3
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Yuan G, Yang S. Effect of Regulator of G Protein Signaling Proteins on Bone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:842421. [PMID: 35573989 PMCID: PMC9098968 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.842421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins are critical negative molecules of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, which mediates a variety of biological processes in bone homeostasis and diseases. The RGS proteins are divided into nine subfamilies with a conserved RGS domain which plays an important role in regulating the GTPase activity. Mutations of some RGS proteins change bone development and/or metabolism, causing osteopathy. In this review, we summarize the recent findings of RGS proteins in regulating osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and osteoclasts. We also highlight the impacts of RGS on bone development, bone remodeling, and bone-related diseases. Those studies demonstrate that RGS proteins might be potential drug targets for bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongsheng Yuan
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shuying Yang
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- The Penn Center for Musculoskeletal Disorders, Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Center for Innovation and Precision Dentistry, Penn Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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4
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Almutairi F, Lee JK, Rada B. Regulator of G protein signaling 10: Structure, expression and functions in cellular physiology and diseases. Cell Signal 2020; 75:109765. [PMID: 32882407 PMCID: PMC7579743 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling 10 (RGS10) belongs to the superfamily of RGS proteins, defined by the presence of a conserved RGS domain that canonically binds and deactivates heterotrimeric G-proteins. RGS proteins act as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), which accelerate GTP hydrolysis on the G-protein α subunits and result in termination of signaling pathways downstream of G protein-coupled receptors. RGS10 is the smallest protein of the D/R12 subfamily and selectively interacts with Gαi proteins. It is widely expressed in many cells and tissues, with the highest expression found in the brain and immune cells. RGS10 expression is transcriptionally regulated via epigenetic mechanisms. Although RGS10 lacks multiple of the defined regulatory domains found in other RGS proteins, RGS10 contains post-translational modification sites regulating its expression, localization, and function. Additionally, RGS10 is a critical protein in the regulation of physiological processes in multiple cells, where dysregulation of its expression has been implicated in various diseases including Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, osteopetrosis, chemoresistant ovarian cancer and cardiac hypertrophy. This review summarizes RGS10 features and its regulatory mechanisms, and discusses the known functions of RGS10 in cellular physiology and pathogenesis of several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Almutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jae-Kyung Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Balázs Rada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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5
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Lv M, Zhou Y, Polson SW, Wan LQ, Wang M, Han L, Wang L, Lu XL. Identification of Chondrocyte Genes and Signaling Pathways in Response to Acute Joint Inflammation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:93. [PMID: 30643177 PMCID: PMC6331554 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36500-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic joint injuries often result in elevated proinflammatory cytokine (such as IL-1β) levels in the joint cavity, which can increase the catabolic activities of chondrocytes and damage cartilage. This study investigated the early genetic responses of healthy in situ chondrocytes under IL-1β attack with a focus on cell cycle and calcium signaling pathways. RNA sequencing analysis identified 2,232 significantly changed genes by IL-1β, with 1,259 upregulated and 973 downregulated genes. Catabolic genes related to ECM degeneration were promoted by IL-1β, consistent with our observations of matrix protein loss and mechanical property decrease during 24-day in vitro culture of cartilage explants. IL-1β altered the cell cycle (108 genes) and Rho GTPases signaling (72 genes) in chondrocytes, while chondrocyte phenotypic shift was observed with histology, cell volume measurement, and MTT assay. IL-1β inhibited the spontaneous calcium signaling in chondrocytes, a fundamental signaling event in chondrocyte metabolic activities. The expression of 24 genes from 6 calcium-signaling related pathways were changed by IL-1β exposure. This study provided a comprehensive list of differentially expressed genes of healthy in situ chondrocytes in response to IL-1β attack, which represents a useful reference to verify and guide future cartilage studies related to the acute inflammation after joint trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Lv
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Yilu Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Shawn W Polson
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Leo Q Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States
| | - Meiqing Wang
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Physiology and TMD, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Liyun Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - X Lucas Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
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6
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Pallaki P, Georganta EM, Serafimidis I, Papakonstantinou MP, Papanikolaou V, Koutloglou S, Papadimitriou E, Agalou A, Tserga A, Simeonof A, Thomaidou D, Gaitanou M, Georgoussi Z. A novel regulatory role of RGS4 in STAT5B activation, neurite outgrowth and neuronal differentiation. Neuropharmacology 2017; 117:408-421. [PMID: 28219718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Regulator of G protein Signalling 4 (RGS4) is a multitask protein that interacts with and negatively modulates opioid receptor signalling. Previously, we showed that the δ-opioid receptor (δ-OR) forms a multiprotein signalling complex consisting of Gi/Go proteins and the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5B (STAT5B) that leads to neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth upon δ-ΟR activation. Here, we investigated whether RGS4 could participate in signalling pathways to regulate neurotropic events. We demonstrate that RGS4 interacts directly with STAT5B independently of δ-ΟR presence both in vitro and in living cells. This interaction involves the N-terminal portion of RGS4 and the DNA-binding SH3 domain of STAT5B. Expression of RGS4 in HEK293 cells expressing δ-OR and/or erythropoietin receptor results in inhibition of [D-Ser2, Leu5, Thr6]-enkephalin (DSLET)-and erythropoietin-dependent STAT5B phosphorylation and subsequent transcriptional activation. DSLET-dependent neurite outgrowth of neuroblastoma cells is also blocked by RGS4 expression, whereas primary cortical cultures of RGS4 knockout mice (RGS4-/-) exhibit enhanced neuronal sprouting after δ-OR activation. Additional studies in adult brain extracts from RGS4-/- mice revealed increased levels of p-STAT5B. Finally, neuronal progenitor cultures from RGS4-/- mice exhibit enhanced proliferation with concomitant increases in the mRNA levels of the anti-apoptotic STAT5B target genes bcl2 and bcl-xl. These observations suggest that RGS4 is implicated in opioid dependent neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth via a "non-canonical" signaling pathway regulating STAT5B-directed responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paschalina Pallaki
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research «Demokritos», 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini-Maria Georganta
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research «Demokritos», 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Serafimidis
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Pagona Papakonstantinou
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research «Demokritos», 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research «Demokritos», 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Koutloglou
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research «Demokritos», 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Elsa Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Adamantia Agalou
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research «Demokritos», 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Tserga
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research «Demokritos», 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Simeonof
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research «Demokritos», 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Thomaidou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gaitanou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Zafiroula Georgoussi
- Laboratory of Cellular Signalling and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research «Demokritos», 15310 Athens, Greece.
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7
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Liu Z, Chen J, Mirando AJ, Wang C, Zuscik MJ, O'Keefe RJ, Hilton MJ. A dual role for NOTCH signaling in joint cartilage maintenance and osteoarthritis. Sci Signal 2015. [PMID: 26198357 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Loss of NOTCH signaling in postnatal murine joints results in osteoarthritis, indicating a requirement for NOTCH during maintenance of joint cartilage. However, NOTCH signaling components are substantially increased in abundance in posttraumatic osteoarthritis in humans and mice, suggesting either a reparative or a pathological role for NOTCH activation in osteoarthritis. We investigated a potential dual role for NOTCH in joint maintenance and osteoarthritis by generating two mouse models overexpressing the NOTCH1 intracellular domain (NICD) within postnatal joint cartilage. The first mouse model exhibited sustained NOTCH activation to resemble pathological NOTCH signaling, whereas the second model had transient NOTCH activation, which more closely reflected physiological NOTCH signaling. Sustained NOTCH signaling in joint cartilage led to an early and progressive osteoarthritic-like pathology, whereas transient NOTCH activation enhanced the synthesis of cartilage matrix and promoted joint maintenance under normal physiological conditions. Through RNA-sequencing, immunohistochemical, and biochemical approaches, we identified several targets that could be responsible for NOTCH-mediated cartilage degradation, fibrosis, and osteoarthritis progression. These targets included components of the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, which may also contribute to the posttraumatic development of osteoarthritis. Together, these data suggest a dual role for the NOTCH pathway in joint cartilage, and they identify downstream effectors of NOTCH signaling as potential targets for disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jianquan Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Anthony J Mirando
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cuicui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Michael J Zuscik
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Regis J O'Keefe
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew J Hilton
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke Orthopaedic Cellular, Developmental, and Genome Laboratories, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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8
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Woodard GE, Jardín I, Berna-Erro A, Salido GM, Rosado JA. Regulators of G-protein-signaling proteins: negative modulators of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 317:97-183. [PMID: 26008785 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of G-protein-signaling (RGS) proteins are a category of intracellular proteins that have an inhibitory effect on the intracellular signaling produced by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). RGS along with RGS-like proteins switch on through direct contact G-alpha subunits providing a variety of intracellular functions through intracellular signaling. RGS proteins have a common RGS domain that binds to G alpha. RGS proteins accelerate GTPase and thus enhance guanosine triphosphate hydrolysis through the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins. As a result, they inactivate the G protein and quickly turn off GPCR signaling thus terminating the resulting downstream signals. Activity and subcellular localization of RGS proteins can be changed through covalent molecular changes to the enzyme, differential gene splicing, and processing of the protein. Other roles of RGS proteins have shown them to not be solely committed to being inhibitors but behave more as modulators and integrators of signaling. RGS proteins modulate the duration and kinetics of slow calcium oscillations and rapid phototransduction and ion signaling events. In other cases, RGS proteins integrate G proteins with signaling pathways linked to such diverse cellular responses as cell growth and differentiation, cell motility, and intracellular trafficking. Human and animal studies have revealed that RGS proteins play a vital role in physiology and can be ideal targets for diseases such as those related to addiction where receptor signaling seems continuously switched on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey E Woodard
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Isaac Jardín
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - A Berna-Erro
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Gines M Salido
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Juan A Rosado
- Department of Physiology, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
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9
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Physiology of RGS10 in Neurons and Immune Cells. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 133:153-67. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Geng X, Xu T, Niu Z, Zhou X, Zhao L, Xie Z, Xue D, Zhang F, Xu C. Differential proteome analysis of the cell differentiation regulated by BCC, CRH, CXCR4, GnRH, GPCR, IL1 signaling pathways in Chinese fire-bellied newt limb regeneration. Differentiation 2014; 88:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Regulator of G protein signaling 19 suppresses Ras-induced neoplastic transformation and tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2013; 339:33-41. [PMID: 23911936 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling 19 (RGS19) has recently been shown to inhibit Ras activation by upregulating the tumor metastasis suppressor Nm23. Here, we have examined the effect of RGS19 on Ras-induced oncogenesis. Coexpression of RGS19, but not RGS20, in NIH3T3 cells effectively suppressed neoplastic transformation and tumorigenesis induced by the oncogenic Ras(GV) mutant. In non-small cell lung carcinoma H1299 cells that harbor Ras mutations, shRNA-mediated knockdown of RGS19 facilitated tumorigenesis with the early appearance of large tumors in nude mice assays. Collectively, these results suggest that expression of RGS19 can suppress the oncogenic actions of Ras.
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12
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Differential gene expression by Osterix knockdown in mouse chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. Gene 2013; 518:368-75. [PMID: 23337593 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osterix (Osx) is a transcription factor required for osteoblast differentiation during intramembranous and endochondral ossification. Recently, several reports have described novel functions of Osx in chondrocyte differentiation. In an in vitro study, in which the effects of Osx gene silencing were examined in mouse chondrogenic ATDC5 cells, chondrocyte marker genes were found to be expressionally downregulated and chondrocyte differentiation reduced. On the other hand, in vivo studies based on chondrocyte-specific Osx knockouts demonstrated impaired endochondral bone formation with delayed chondrocyte differentiation and reduced cartilage matrix ossification. However, little is known about the mechanism or targets of Osx involved in the control of chondrocyte differentiation. Here, we attempted to high-density of Affymetrix GeneChip microarray to investigate global gene expression profile changes caused by Osx knockdown in ATDC5 chondrocytes. The mRNA expressions of 112 genes were significantly modified by Osx knockdown: 68 genes were upregulated and 44 genes downregulated. Functional categories of gene expression classified by gene ontology demonstrated that genes related to cell adhesion, development, and signal transduction were highly affected by Osx knockdown. The expressions of differential genes, such as Sfrp2, Sema3a, Nox4, Rgs4, Zfp521, Has2, Sox6, Scn2a1, Sirpa, and Thbs2, were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. This study shows that expression profiling can be used to identify genes that are transcriptionally modified following Osx knockdown and to reveal the molecular mechanism of chondrocyte differentiation regulated by Osx.
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13
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Kach J, Sethakorn N, Dulin NO. A finer tuning of G-protein signaling through regulated control of RGS proteins. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H19-35. [PMID: 22542620 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00764.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulators of G-protein signaling (RGS) proteins are GTPase-activating proteins (GAP) for various Gα subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins. Through this mechanism, RGS proteins regulate the magnitude and duration of G-protein-coupled receptor signaling and are often referred to as fine tuners of G-protein signaling. Increasing evidence suggests that RGS proteins themselves are regulated through multiple mechanisms, which may provide an even finer tuning of G-protein signaling and crosstalk between G-protein-coupled receptors and other signaling pathways. This review summarizes the current data on the control of RGS function through regulated expression, intracellular localization, and covalent modification of RGS proteins, as related to cell function and the pathogenesis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kach
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois, 60637, USA
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Gerter R, Kruegel J, Miosge N. New insights into cartilage repair - the role of migratory progenitor cells in osteoarthritis. Matrix Biol 2012; 31:206-13. [PMID: 22266025 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Revised: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is one of the most common musculo-skeletal diseases with a complex patholoy and a strong impact on cell biology, differentiation and migration behavior of mesenchymal stem cell-derived progenitor cells. In this review, we elucidate the influence of the pathologically altered extracellular matrix on progenitor cell behavior. Moreover, we discuss the modulation of progenitor cells especially of previously characterized chondrogenic progenitor cells (Koelling et al., 2009) in situ to enhance their regeneration potential. These options comprise the application of growth factors like fibroblast growth factor-2, a Runx-2 knock down and a contemporary anti-inflammatory therapy. This supports endogenous regeneration on behalf of the diseased osteoarthritic cartilage, which otherwise results mainly in an insufficient fibro-cartilaginous repair tissue. Furthermore, new results indicate a role of pericytes in osteoarthritis for these repair attempts. We discuss the biological mechanisms potentially leading to new therapeutic options in osteoarthritis to enhance regeneration in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Gerter
- Tissue regeneration work group, Department of Prosthodontics, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany.
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15
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Ip AKC, Tso PH, Lee MMK, Wong YH. Elevated expression of RGS19 impairs the responsiveness of stress-activated protein kinases to serum. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 362:159-68. [PMID: 22045062 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1138-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS proteins) serve as GTPase activating proteins for the signal transducing Gα subunits. RGS19, also known as Gα-interacting protein (GAIP), has been shown to subserve other functions such as the regulation of macroautophagy and growth factor signaling. We have recently demonstrated that the expression of RGS19 in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells resulted in the disruption of serum-induced mitogenic response along the classical Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Here, we further examined the effect of RGS19 expression on the stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs). Both c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) became non-responsive to serum in 293/RGS19 cells, yet the two SAPKs responded to UV irradiation or osmotic stress induced by sorbitol. Kinases upstream of JNK and p38 MAPK, including MKK3/6, MKK4, and MLK3, also failed to respond to serum stimulation in 293/RGS19 cells. Serum-induced activation of the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 was similarly suppressed in these cells. Our results indicate that elevated expression of RGS19 can severely disrupt the regulation of MAPKs by small GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel K C Ip
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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16
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RGS19 stimulates cell proliferation by deregulating cell cycle control and enhancing Akt signaling. Cancer Lett 2011; 309:199-208. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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17
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Warnock JJ, Fox DB, Stoker AM, Cook JL. Evaluation of in vitro growth factor treatments on fibrochondrogenesis by synovial membrane cells from osteoarthritic and nonosteoarthritic joints of dogs. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:500-11. [PMID: 21453151 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.4.500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the in vitro effects of selected growth factors on fibrochondrogenesis by synovial membrane cells from nonosteoarthritic (normal) and osteoarthritic joints of dogs. ANIMALS 5 dogs with secondary osteoarthritis of shoulder or stifle joints and 6 dogs with normal joints. PROCEDURES Synovial membrane cells were harvested from normal and osteoarthritic joints and cultured in monolayer with or without (control) basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, and insulin-like growth factor-1. In the cultured cells, fibrochondrogenesis was measured by use of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay to determine relative expressions of collagen I, collagen II, and aggrecan genes and of 3 genes involved in embryonic chondrogenesis: Sry-type homeobox protein-9 (SOX-9), frizzled-motif associated with bone development (Frzb), and regulator of G-protein signaling-10 (RGS-10). Tissue collagen content was measured via a hydroxyproline assay, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan content was measured via a 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay. Cellularity was determined via a double-stranded DNA assay. Immunohistochemical analysis for collagens I and II was also performed. RESULTS In vitro collagen synthesis was enhanced by growth factor stimulation. Although osteoarthritic-joint synoviocytes could undergo a fibrocartilage-like phenotypic shift, their production of collagenous extracellular matrix was less than that of normal-joint synoviocytes. Gene expressions of SOX-9 and RGS-10 were highest in the osteoarthritic-joint cells; Frzb expression was highest in growth factor treated cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Autogenous synovium may be a viable cell source for meniscal tissue engineering. Gene expressions of SOX-9 and RGS-10 may be potential future targets for in vitro enhancement of chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Warnock
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Choi HJ, Nepal M, Park YR, Lee HK, Oh SR, Soh Y. Stimulation of chondrogenesis in ATDC5 chondroprogenitor cells and hypertrophy in mouse by Genkwadaphnin. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 655:9-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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RGS19 enhances cell proliferation through its C-terminal PDZ motif. Cell Signal 2010; 22:1700-7. [PMID: 20599498 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Regulator of G protein signaling 19 (RGS19), also known as Galpha-interacting protein (GAIP), is a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for Galpha(i) subunits. Apart from its GAP function, RGS19 has been implicated in growth factor signaling through binding to GAIP-interacting protein C-terminus (GIPC) via its C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. To gain additional insight on its function, we have stably expressed RGS19 in a number of mammalian cell lines and examined its effect on cell proliferation. Interestingly, overexpression of RGS19 stimulated the growth of HEK293, PC12, Caco2, and NIH3T3 cells. This growth promoting effect was not shared by other RGS proteins including RGS4, RGS10 and RGS20. Despite its ability to stimulate cell proliferation, RGS19 failed to induce neoplastic transformation in NIH3T3 cells as determined by focus formation and soft-agar assays, and it did not induce tumor growth in athymic nude mice. Deletion mutants of RGS19 lacking the PDZ-binding motif failed to complex with GIPC and did not exhibit any growth promoting effect. Overexpression of GIPC alone in HEK293 cells stimulated cell proliferation whereas its knockdown in H1299 non-small cell lung carcinomas suppressed cell proliferation. This study demonstrates that RGS19, in addition to acting as a GAP, is able to stimulate cell proliferation in a GIPC-dependent manner.
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20
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Miller BG, Stamatoyannopoulos JA. Integrative meta-analysis of differential gene expression in acute myeloid leukemia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9466. [PMID: 20209125 PMCID: PMC2830886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous disease with an overall poor prognosis. Gene expression profiling studies of patients with AML has provided key insights into disease pathogenesis while exposing potential diagnostic and prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. A systematic comparison of the large body of gene expression profiling studies in AML has the potential to test the extensibility of conclusions based on single studies and provide further insights into AML. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, we systematically compared 25 published reports of gene expression profiling in AML. There were a total of 4,918 reported genes of which one third were reported in more than one study. We found that only a minority of reported prognostically-associated genes (9.6%) were replicated in at least one other study. In a combined analysis, we comprehensively identified both gene sets and functional gene categories and pathways that exhibited significant differential regulation in distinct prognostic categories, including many previously unreported associations. Conclusions/Significance We developed a novel approach for granular, cross-study analysis of gene-by-gene data and their relationships with established prognostic features and patient outcome. We identified many robust novel prognostic molecular features in AML that were undetected in prior studies, and which provide insights into AML pathogenesis with potential diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Our database and integrative analysis are available online (http://gat.stamlab.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady G. Miller
- Department of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John A. Stamatoyannopoulos
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bursell L, Woods A, James CG, Pala D, Leask A, Beier F. Src kinase inhibition promotes the chondrocyte phenotype. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:R105. [PMID: 17927818 PMCID: PMC2212572 DOI: 10.1186/ar2308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated differentiation of chondrocytes is essential for both normal skeletal development and maintenance of articular cartilage. The intracellular pathways that control these events are incompletely understood, and our ability to modulate the chondrocyte phenotype in vivo or in vitro is therefore limited. Here we examine the role played by one prominent group of intracellular signalling proteins, the Src family kinases, in regulating the chondrocyte phenotype. We show that the Src family kinase Lyn exhibits a dynamic expression pattern in the chondrogenic cell line ATDC5 and in a mixed population of embryonic mouse chondrocytes in high-density monolayer culture. Inhibition of Src kinase activity using the pharmacological compound PP2 (4-Amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo [3,4-d]pyrimidine) strongly reduced the number of primary mouse chondrocytes. In parallel, PP2 treatment increased the expression of both early markers (such as Sox9, collagen type II, aggrecan and xylosyltransferases) and late markers (collagen type X, Indian hedgehog and p57) markers of chondrocyte differentiation. Interestingly, PP2 repressed the expression of the Src family members Lyn, Frk and Hck. It also reversed morphological de-differentiation of chondrocytes in monolayer culture and induced rounding of chondrocytes, and reduced stress fibre formation and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. We conclude that the Src kinase inhibitor PP2 promotes chondrogenic gene expression and morphology in monolayer culture. Strategies to block Src activity might therefore be useful both in tissue engineering of cartilage and in the maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype in diseases such as osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bursell
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
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22
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Zacchigna S, Østli EK, Arsic N, Pattarini L, Giacca M, Djurovic S. A novel myogenic cell line with phenotypic properties of muscle progenitors. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 86:105-15. [PMID: 17957349 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal myogenesis is a multistep process starting with progenitor cell proliferation, followed by their exit from the cell cycle, differentiation, alignment, and fusion to form multinucleated myotubes, typical of the differentiated muscle tissue. While the molecular players involved in early myogenesis have been extensively characterized, information about the later steps of the process is scanty. Here, we describe a novel myogenic cell line (MYOP7), composed of highly proliferating Sca-1+ muscle precursor cells, which can be induced to terminally differentiate into spontaneously contracting multinucleated myotubes. By performing high-density microarray analysis on these cells, we identified a series of genes, differentially expressed in proliferating vs differentiating conditions, which are candidates to play a major role in the later phase of myogenesis. In addition, we confirmed that the late stages of muscle differentiation are characterized by a marked upregulation of the cellular receptors for the vascular endothelial growth factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Zacchigna
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
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Yang S, Li YP. RGS10-null mutation impairs osteoclast differentiation resulting from the loss of [Ca2+]i oscillation regulation. Genes Dev 2007; 21:1803-16. [PMID: 17626792 PMCID: PMC1920174 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1544107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increased osteoclastic resorption leads to many bone diseases, including osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. While rapid progress has been made in characterizing osteoclast differentiation signaling pathways, how receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) ligand (RANKL) evokes essential [Ca2+]i oscillation signaling remains unknown. Here, we characterized RANKL-induced signaling proteins and found regulator of G-protein signaling 10 (RGS10) is predominantly expressed in osteoclasts. We generated RGS10-deficient (RGS10-/-) mice that exhibited severe osteopetrosis and impaired osteoclast differentiation. Our data demonstrated that ectopic expression of RGS10 dramatically increased the sensitivity of osteoclast differentiation to RANKL signaling; the deficiency of RGS10 resulted in the absence of [Ca2+]i oscillations and loss of NFATc1; ectopic NFATc1 expression rescues impaired osteoclast differentiation from deletion of RGS10; phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3) is essential to PLCgamma activation; and RGS10 competitively interacts with Ca2+/calmodulin and PIP3 in a [Ca2+]i-dependent manner to mediate PLCgamma activation and [Ca2+]i oscillations. Our results revealed a mechanism through which RGS10 specifically regulates the RANKL-evoked RGS10/calmodulin-[Ca2+]i oscillation-calcineurin-NFATc1 signaling pathway in osteoclast differentiation using an in vivo model. RGS10 provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuying Yang
- Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Cytokine Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Corresponding author.E-MAIL ; FAX (617) 262-4021
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Appleton CTG, Pitelka V, Henry J, Beier F. Global analyses of gene expression in early experimental osteoarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:1854-68. [PMID: 17530714 DOI: 10.1002/art.22711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze genome-wide changes in chondrocyte gene expression in a surgically induced model of early osteoarthritis (OA) in rats, to assess the similarity of this model to human OA, and to identify genes and mechanisms leading to OA pathogenesis. METHODS OA was surgically induced in 5 rats by anterior cruciate ligament transection and partial medial meniscectomy. Sham surgery was performed in 5 additional animals, which were used as controls. Both groups underwent 4 weeks of forced mobilization, 3 times per week. RNA was extracted directly from articular chondrocytes in the OA (operated), contralateral, and sham-operated knees. Affymetrix GeneChip expression arrays were used to assess genome-wide changes in gene expression. Expression patterns of selected dysregulated genes, including Col2a1, Mmp13, Adamts5, Ctsc, Ptges, and Cxcr4, were validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, or immunohistochemistry 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. RESULTS After normalization, comparison of OA and sham-operated samples showed 1,619 differentially expressed probe sets with changes in their levels of expression > or = 1.5-fold, 722 with changes > or = 2-fold, 135 with changes > or = 4-fold, and 20 with changes of 8-fold. Dysregulated genes known to be involved in human OA included Mmp13, Adamts5, and Ptgs2, among others. Several dysregulated genes (e.g., Reln, Phex, and Ltbp2) had been identified in our earlier microarray study of hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation. Other genes involved in cytokine and chemokine signaling, including Cxcr4 and Ccl2, were identified. Changes in gene expression were also observed in the contralateral knee, validating the sham operation as the appropriate control. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the animal model mimics gene expression changes seen in human OA, supporting the relevance of newly identified genes and pathways to early human OA. We propose new avenues for OA pathogenesis research and potential targets for novel OA treatments, including cathepsins and cytokine, chemokine, and growth factor signaling pathways, in addition to factors controlling the progression of chondrocyte differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- ADAM Proteins/genetics
- ADAM Proteins/metabolism
- ADAMTS5 Protein
- Animals
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery
- Arthritis, Experimental/etiology
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/physiopathology
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/pathology
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Collagen Type II/genetics
- Collagen Type II/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/metabolism
- Menisci, Tibial/surgery
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Osteoarthritis/etiology
- Osteoarthritis/genetics
- Osteoarthritis/physiopathology
- Prostaglandin-E Synthases
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics
- Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, CXCR4/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR4/metabolism
- Reelin Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- C T G Appleton
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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C-type natriuretic peptide regulates endochondral bone growth through p38 MAP kinase-dependent and -independent pathways. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2007; 7:18. [PMID: 17374144 PMCID: PMC1847438 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-7-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) has recently been identified as an important anabolic regulator of endochondral bone growth, but the molecular mechanisms mediating its effects are not completely understood. Results We demonstrate in a tibia organ culture system that pharmacological inhibition of p38 blocks the anabolic effects of CNP. We further show that CNP stimulates endochondral bone growth largely through expansion of the hypertrophic zone of the growth plate, while delaying mineralization. Both effects are reversed by p38 inhibition. We also performed Affymetrix microarray analyses on micro-dissected tibiae to identify CNP target genes. These studies confirmed that hypertrophic chondrocytes are the main targets of CNP signaling in the growth plate, since many more genes were regulated by CNP in this zone than in the others. While CNP receptors are expressed at similar levels in all three zones, cGMP-dependent kinases I and II, important transducers of CNP signaling, are expressed at much higher levels in hypertrophic cells than in other areas of the tibia, providing a potential explanation for the spatial distribution of CNP effects. In addition, our data show that CNP induces the expression of NPR3, a decoy receptor for natriuretic peptides, suggesting the existence of a feedback loop to limit CNP signaling. Finally, detailed analyses of our microarray data showed that CNP regulates numerous genes involved in BMP signaling and cell adhesion. Conclusion Our data identify novel target genes of CNP and demonstrate that the p38 pathway is a novel, essential mediator of CNP effects on endochondral bone growth, with potential implications for understanding and treatment of numerous skeletal diseases.
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James CG, Woods A, Underhill TM, Beier F. The transcription factor ATF3 is upregulated during chondrocyte differentiation and represses cyclin D1 and A gene transcription. BMC Mol Biol 2006; 7:30. [PMID: 16984628 PMCID: PMC1584246 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-7-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coordinated chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation are required for normal endochondral bone growth. Transcription factors binding to the cyclicAMP response element (CRE) are known to regulate these processes. One member of this family, Activating Tanscription Factor 3 (ATF3), is expressed during skeletogenesis and acts as a transcriptional repressor, but the function of this protein in chondrogenesis is unknown. Results Here we demonstrate that Atf3 mRNA levels increase during mouse chondrocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, Atf3 mRNA levels are increased in response to cytochalasin D treatment, an inducer of chondrocyte maturation. This is accompanied by increased Atf3 promoter activity in cytochalasin D-treated chondrocytes. We had shown earlier that transcription of the cell cycle genes cyclin D1 and cyclin A in chondrocytes is dependent on CREs. Here we demonstrate that overexpression of ATF3 in primary mouse chondrocytes results in reduced transcription of both genes, as well as decreased activity of a CRE reporter plasmid. Repression of cyclin A transcription by ATF3 required the CRE in the cyclin A promoter. In parallel, ATF3 overexpression reduces the activity of a SOX9-dependent promoter and increases the activity of a RUNX2-dependent promoter. Conclusion Our data suggest that transcriptional induction of the Atf3 gene in maturing chondrocytes results in down-regulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin A expression as well as activation of RUNX2-dependent transcription. Therefore, ATF3 induction appears to facilitate cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine G James
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Anita Woods
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - T Michael Underhill
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- CIHR Group in Skeletal Development and Remodeling, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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