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Wakasugi R, Suzuki K, Kaneko-Kawano T. Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Vascular Endothelial Permeability. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6415. [PMID: 38928121 PMCID: PMC11203514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells form a monolayer in the vascular lumen and act as a selective barrier to control the permeability between blood and tissues. To maintain homeostasis, the endothelial barrier function must be strictly integrated. During acute inflammation, vascular permeability temporarily increases, allowing intravascular fluid, cells, and other components to permeate tissues. Moreover, it has been suggested that the dysregulation of endothelial cell permeability may cause several diseases, including edema, cancer, and atherosclerosis. Here, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms by which endothelial cells regulate the barrier function and physiological permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Takako Kaneko-Kawano
- Graduate School of Pharmacy, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan; (R.W.); (K.S.)
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2
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Yamamoto K, Watanabe-Takano H, Oguri-Nakamura E, Matsuno H, Horikami D, Ishii T, Ohashi R, Kubota Y, Nishiyama K, Murata T, Mochizuki N, Fukuhara S. Rap1 small GTPase is essential for maintaining pulmonary endothelial barrier function in mice. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23310. [PMID: 38010922 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300830rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Vascular permeability is dynamically but tightly controlled by vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin-mediated endothelial cell-cell junctions to maintain homeostasis. Thus, impairments of VE-cadherin-mediated cell adhesions lead to hyperpermeability, promoting the development and progression of various disease processes. Notably, the lungs are a highly vulnerable organ wherein pulmonary inflammation and infection result in vascular leakage. Herein, we showed that Rap1, a small GTPase, plays an essential role for maintaining pulmonary endothelial barrier function in mice. Endothelial cell-specific Rap1a/Rap1b double knockout mice exhibited severe pulmonary edema. They also showed vascular leakage in the hearts, but not in the brains. En face analyses of the pulmonary arteries and 3D-immunofluorescence analyses of the lungs revealed that Rap1 potentiates VE-cadherin-mediated endothelial cell-cell junctions through dynamic actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Rap1 inhibits formation of cytoplasmic actin bundles perpendicularly binding VE-cadherin adhesions through inhibition of a Rho-ROCK pathway-induced activation of cytoplasmic nonmuscle myosin II (NM-II). Simultaneously, Rap1 induces junctional NM-II activation to create circumferential actin bundles, which anchor and stabilize VE-cadherin at cell-cell junctions. We also showed that the mice carrying only one allele of either Rap1a or Rap1b out of the two Rap1 genes are more vulnerable to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary vascular leakage than wild-type mice, while activation of Rap1 by administration of 007, an activator for Epac, attenuates LPS-induced increase in pulmonary endothelial permeability in wild-type mice. Thus, we demonstrate that Rap1 plays an essential role for maintaining pulmonary endothelial barrier functions under physiological conditions and provides protection against inflammation-induced pulmonary vascular leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotake Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Information Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
- Laboratory of Vascular and Cellular Dynamics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Haruko Watanabe-Takano
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Oguri-Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Matsuno
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Horikami
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohashi
- Department of Integrated Diagnostic Pathology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kubota
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichi Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Vascular and Cellular Dynamics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Takahisa Murata
- Department of Animal Radiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Mochizuki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigetomo Fukuhara
- Department of Molecular Pathophysiology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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Vielmuth F, Radeva MY, Yeruva S, Sigmund AM, Waschke J. cAMP: A master regulator of cadherin-mediated binding in endothelium, epithelium and myocardium. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14006. [PMID: 37243909 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of cadherin-mediated cell adhesion is crucial not only for maintaining tissue integrity and barrier function in the endothelium and epithelium but also for electromechanical coupling within the myocardium. Therefore, loss of cadherin-mediated adhesion causes various disorders, including vascular inflammation and desmosome-related diseases such as the autoimmune blistering skin dermatosis pemphigus and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Mechanisms regulating cadherin-mediated binding contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases and may also be used as therapeutic targets. Over the last 30 years, cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) has emerged as one of the master regulators of cell adhesion in endothelium and, more recently, also in epithelial cells as well as in cardiomyocytes. A broad spectrum of experimental models from vascular physiology and cell biology applied by different generations of researchers provided evidence that not only cadherins of endothelial adherens junctions (AJ) but also desmosomal contacts in keratinocytes and the cardiomyocyte intercalated discs are central targets in this scenario. The molecular mechanisms involve protein kinase A- and exchange protein directly activated by cAMP-mediated regulation of Rho family GTPases and S665 phosphorylation of the AJ and desmosome adaptor protein plakoglobin. In line with this, phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors such as apremilast have been proposed as a therapeutic strategy to stabilize cadherin-mediated adhesion in pemphigus and may also be effective to treat other disorders where cadherin-mediated binding is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Vielmuth
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariya Y Radeva
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sunil Yeruva
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna M Sigmund
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Waschke
- Chair of Vegetative Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Guarino BD, Dado CD, Kumar A, Braza J, Harrington EO, Klinger JR. Deletion of the Npr3 gene increases severity of acute lung injury in obese mice. Pulm Circ 2023; 13:e12270. [PMID: 37528869 PMCID: PMC10387407 DOI: 10.1002/pul2.12270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) attenuates agonist-induced pulmonary edema and that this effect may be mediated in part by the ANP clearance receptor, natriuretic peptide receptor-C (NPR-C). Obesity has been associated with lower plasma ANP levels due to increased expression of NPR-C, and with decreased severity of acute lung injury (ALI). Therefore, we hypothesized that increased expression of NPR-C may attenuate ALI severity in obese populations. To test this, we examined ALI in Npr3 wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice fed normal chow (NC) or high-fat diets (HFD). After 12 weeks, ALI was induced with intra-tracheal administration of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 103 (PA103) or saline. ALI severity was determined by lung wet-to-dry ratio (W/D) along with measurement of cell count, protein levels from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed on whole lung to measure cytokine/chemokine and Npr3 mRNA expression. ANP levels were measured from plasma. PA103 caused ALI as determined by significant increases in W/D, BALF protein concentration, and whole lung cytokine/chemokine expression. PA103 increased Npr3 expression in the lungs of wild-type (WT) mice regardless of diet. There was a nonsignificant trend toward increased Npr3 expression in the lungs of WT mice fed HFD versus NC. No differences in ALI were seen between Npr3 knockout (KO) mice and WT-fed NC, but Npr3 KO mice fed HFD had a significantly greater W/D and BALF protein concentration than WT mice fed HFD. These findings support the hypothesis that Npr3 may help protect against ALI in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna D. Guarino
- Vascular Research LabProvidence Veterans Affairs Medical CenterProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Department of Medicine, Sleep and Critical Care MedicineRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Christopher D. Dado
- Vascular Research LabProvidence Veterans Affairs Medical CenterProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Department of Medicine, Sleep and Critical Care MedicineRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Vascular Research LabProvidence Veterans Affairs Medical CenterProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Julie Braza
- Vascular Research LabProvidence Veterans Affairs Medical CenterProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Elizabeth O. Harrington
- Vascular Research LabProvidence Veterans Affairs Medical CenterProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Department of Medicine, Sleep and Critical Care MedicineRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - James R. Klinger
- Vascular Research LabProvidence Veterans Affairs Medical CenterProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Department of Medicine, Sleep and Critical Care MedicineRhode Island HospitalProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
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Abstract
The endothelium is a dynamic, semipermeable layer lining all blood vessels, regulating blood vessel formation and barrier function. Proper composition and function of the endothelial barrier are required for fluid homeostasis, and clinical conditions characterized by barrier disruption are associated with severe morbidity and high mortality rates. Endothelial barrier properties are regulated by cell-cell junctions and intracellular signaling pathways governing the cytoskeleton, but recent insights indicate an increasingly important role for integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion and signaling in endothelial barrier regulation. Here, we discuss diseases characterized by endothelial barrier disruption, and provide an overview of the composition of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion complexes and associated signaling pathways, their crosstalk with cell-cell junctions, and with other receptors. We further present recent insights into the role of cell-matrix adhesions in the developing and mature/adult endothelium of various vascular beds, and discuss how the dynamic regulation and turnover of cell-matrix adhesions regulates endothelial barrier function in (patho)physiological conditions like angiogenesis, inflammation and in response to hemodynamic stress. Finally, as clinical conditions associated with vascular leak still lack direct treatment, we focus on how understanding of endothelial cell-matrix adhesion may provide novel targets for treatment, and discuss current translational challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurjan Aman
- Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the Netherlands (J.A.)
| | - Coert Margadant
- Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, the NetherlandsInstitute of Biology, Leiden University, the Netherlands (C.M.)
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Pleiotropic Roles of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Anti-Inflammation and Anti-Cancer Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163981. [PMID: 36010974 PMCID: PMC9406604 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The relationship between inflammation and carcinogenesis, as well as the response to anti-tumor therapy, is intimate. Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs) play a pivotal role in the homeostatic control of blood pressure, electrolytes, and water balance. In addition, ANPs exert immune-modulatory effects in the tissue microenvironment, thus exhibiting a fascinating ability to prevent inflammation-related tumorigenesis and cancer recurrence. In cancers, ANPs show anti-proliferative effects through several molecular pathways. Furthermore, ANPs attenuate the side effects of cancer therapy. Therefore, ANPs have potential therapeutic value in tumors. Here, we summarized the roles of ANPs in diverse aspects of the immune system and the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of ANPs, contributing to the development of ANP-based anti-cancer agents. Abstract The atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a cardiovascular hormone, plays a pivotal role in the homeostatic control of blood pressure, electrolytes, and water balance and is approved to treat congestive heart failure. In addition, there is a growing realization that ANPs might be related to immune response and tumor growth. The anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects of ANPs in the tissue microenvironment are mediated through autocrine or paracrine mechanisms, which further suppress tumorigenesis. In cancers, ANPs show anti-proliferative effects through several molecular pathways. Furthermore, ANPs attenuate the side effects of cancer therapy. Therefore, ANPs act on several hallmarks of cancer, such as inflammation, angiogenesis, sustained tumor growth, and metastasis. In this review, we summarized the contributions of ANPs in diverse aspects of the immune system and the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-cancer effects of ANPs.
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Uttarkar A, Niranjan V. Brefeldin A variant via combinatorial screening acts as an effective antagonist inducing structural modification in EPAC2. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2110271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Uttarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, R V College of Engineering, Rashtreeya Sikshana Samithi Trust, Bengaluru, India
| | - Vidya Niranjan
- Department of Biotechnology, R V College of Engineering, Rashtreeya Sikshana Samithi Trust, Bengaluru, India
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Hellenthal KEM, Brabenec L, Wagner NM. Regulation and Dysregulation of Endothelial Permeability during Systemic Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11121935. [PMID: 35741064 PMCID: PMC9221661 DOI: 10.3390/cells11121935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation can be triggered by infection, surgery, trauma or burns. During systemic inflammation, an overshooting immune response induces tissue damage resulting in organ dysfunction and mortality. Endothelial cells make up the inner lining of all blood vessels and are critically involved in maintaining organ integrity by regulating tissue perfusion. Permeability of the endothelial monolayer is strictly controlled and highly organ-specific, forming continuous, fenestrated and discontinuous capillaries that orchestrate the extravasation of fluids, proteins and solutes to maintain organ homeostasis. In the physiological state, the endothelial barrier is maintained by the glycocalyx, extracellular matrix and intercellular junctions including adherens and tight junctions. As endothelial cells are constantly sensing and responding to the extracellular environment, their activation by inflammatory stimuli promotes a loss of endothelial barrier function, which has been identified as a hallmark of systemic inflammation, leading to tissue edema formation and hypotension and thus, is a key contributor to lethal outcomes. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the major players, such as the angiopoietin-Tie2 signaling axis, adrenomedullin and vascular endothelial (VE-) cadherin, that substantially contribute to the regulation and dysregulation of endothelial permeability during systemic inflammation and elucidate treatment strategies targeting the preservation of vascular integrity.
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Binding of the Andes Virus Nucleocapsid Protein to RhoGDI Induces the Release and Activation of the Permeability Factor RhoA. J Virol 2021; 95:e0039621. [PMID: 34133221 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00396-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Andes virus (ANDV) nonlytically infects pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMECs), causing acute pulmonary edema termed hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). In HPS patients, virtually every PMEC is infected; however, the mechanism by which ANDV induces vascular permeability and edema remains to be resolved. The ANDV nucleocapsid (N) protein activates the GTPase RhoA in primary human PMECs, causing VE-cadherin internalization from adherens junctions and PMEC permeability. We found that ANDV N protein failed to bind RhoA but coprecipitates RhoGDI (Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor), the primary RhoA repressor that normally sequesters RhoA in an inactive state. ANDV N protein selectively binds the RhoGDI C terminus (residues 69 to 204) but fails to form ternary complexes with RhoA or inhibit RhoA binding to the RhoGDI N terminus (residues 1 to 69). However, we found that ANDV N protein uniquely inhibits RhoA binding to an S34D phosphomimetic RhoGDI mutant. Hypoxia and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) increase RhoA-induced PMEC permeability by directing protein kinase Cα (PKCα) phosphorylation of S34 on RhoGDI. Collectively, ANDV N protein alone activates RhoA by sequestering and reducing RhoGDI available to suppress RhoA. In response to hypoxia and VEGF-activated PKCα, ANDV N protein additionally directs the release of RhoA from S34-phosphorylated RhoGDI, synergistically activating RhoA and PMEC permeability. These findings reveal a fundamental edemagenic mechanism that permits ANDV to amplify PMEC permeability in hypoxic HPS patients. Our results rationalize therapeutically targeting PKCα and opposing protein kinase A (PKA) pathways that control RhoGDI phosphorylation as a means of resolving ANDV-induced capillary permeability, edema, and HPS. IMPORTANCE HPS-causing hantaviruses infect pulmonary endothelial cells (ECs), causing vascular leakage, pulmonary edema, and a 35% fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Hantaviruses do not lyse or disrupt the endothelium but dysregulate normal EC barrier functions and increase hypoxia-directed permeability. Our findings reveal a novel underlying mechanism of EC permeability resulting from ANDV N protein binding to RhoGDI, a regulatory protein that normally maintains edemagenic RhoA in an inactive state and inhibits EC permeability. ANDV N sequesters RhoGDI and enhances the release of RhoA from S34-phosphorylated RhoGDI. These findings indicate that ANDV N induces the release of RhoA from PKC-phosphorylated RhoGDI, synergistically enhancing hypoxia-directed RhoA activation and PMEC permeability. Our data suggest inhibiting PKC and activating PKA phosphorylation of RhoGDI as mechanisms of inhibiting ANDV-directed EC permeability and therapeutically restricting edema in HPS patients. These findings may be broadly applicable to other causes of ARDS.
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Aoyama T, Kuriyama H, Sato Y, Imai S, Kashiwagi H, Sugawara M, Takekuma Y. cAMP Signaling Pathway Prevents Dasatinib-Induced Vascular Hyperpermeability. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1101-1110. [PMID: 34334496 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dasatinib is a first-line pharmacotherapeutic treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It is more effective than traditional treatments but causes adverse effects such as pleural effusion that limits its effective treatment cycle. Since pleural effusion is caused by vascular hyperpermeability and causes discontinuation of treatment with dasatinib, it is important to explore the mechanism of pleural effusion caused by dasatinib and how to prevent it. In this study, we investigated how dasatinib increase vascular permeability, and how it can be prevented. Cytotoxicity was observed in vascular endothelial cells or epithelial cells were exposed to high concentrations of dasatinib. Thus, it was observed in vascular endothelial cells such as human umbilical vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC). Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin is one of the important factors that control vascular permeability. When VE-cadherin expression decreases, vascular permeability increases, but it did not change with tyrosine kinase inhibitor exposure. Monolayer permeability significantly increased only with high concentration of dasatinib, but this increase was prevented by cAMP activation. Furthermore, dasatinib affects the cell morphology of HUVEC, with increased inter celluar space compared to control and bosutinib, which were also attenuated by cAMP activation. Dasatinib significantly affected permeability control of vascular endothelial cells compared to bosutinib and imatinib. These results indicated that the cAMP signaling pathway may be involved in the pleural effusion caused by dasatinib in CML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Aoyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Hiroki Kuriyama
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Yuki Sato
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Shungo Imai
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Hitoshi Kashiwagi
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University
| | - Mitsuru Sugawara
- Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University.,Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital.,Global Station for Biosurfaces and Drug Discovery, Hokkaido University
| | - Yoh Takekuma
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital
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Chu W, Sun X, Zhu X, Zhao YC, Zhang J, Kong Q, Zhou L. Blockade of platelet glycoprotein receptor Ib ameliorates blood-brain barrier disruption following ischemic stroke via Epac pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 140:111698. [PMID: 34029954 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein (GP) Ib is a platelet membrane receptor complex exposed to vascular injury, proposed as an effective target for stroke therapy. Previously, we have observed that the GPIb antagonist anfibatide (ANF) could mitigate blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CI/R) injury. The current study was designed to investigate whether the amelioration of the BBB by ANF is mediated via the Epac signaling pathway. A murine model of CI/R injury was induced following 90 min of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). ANF (4 μg/kg) was intravenously injected 1 h after reperfusion. Herein, ANF ameliorated BBB disruption, increased the expression of tight junction proteins, suppressed F-actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, decreased the permeability of the ischemic brain tissue, and relieved brain edema. ANF-treated mice had smaller infarct volumes and less severe neurological deficits than the MCAO mice. Moreover, the effects of ANF and Epac1 agonists were very similar in the MCAO mice. Epac activation with a cAMP analog, 8-CPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP, mitigated the breakdown of BBB function and CI/R injury. The Epac specific antagonist, ESI-09, worsened barrier damage and cerebral impairment, antagonizing the protective effects afforded by ANF. In addition, ANF upregulated the expression of Epac1 protein in the ischemic cerebral cortex. Collectively, our results indicate that the protective effect of ANF on the BBB after CI/R could be attributed to the activation of the Epac pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China; Department of Medical College, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China; Department of Medical College, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xiaoxiao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China; Department of Medical College, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Yu Chen Zhao
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jingcheng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Qin Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China; Department of Medical College, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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Hoy JJ, Parra NS, Park J, Kuhn S, Iglesias-Bartolome R. Protein kinase A inhibitor proteins (PKIs) divert GPCR-Gαs-cAMP signaling toward EPAC and ERK activation and are involved in tumor growth. FASEB J 2020; 34:13900-13917. [PMID: 32830375 PMCID: PMC7722164 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001515r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The PKA-inhibitor (PKI) family members PKIα, PKIβ, and PKIγ bind with high affinity to PKA and block its kinase activity, modulating the extent, and duration of PKA-mediated signaling events. While PKA is a well-known regulator of physiological and oncogenic events, the role of PKI proteins in these pathways has remained elusive. Here, by measuring activation of the MAPK pathway downstream of GPCR-Gαs-cAMP signaling, we show that the expression levels of PKI proteins can alter the balance of activation of two major cAMP targets: PKA and EPAC. Our results indicate that PKA maintains repressive control over MAPK signaling as well as a negative feedback on cAMP concentration. Overexpression of PKI and its subsequent repression of PKA dysregulates these signaling pathways, resulting in increased intracellular cAMP, and enhanced activation of EPAC and MAPK. We also find that amplifications of PKIA are common in prostate cancer and are associated with reduced progression free survival. Depletion of PKIA in prostate cancer cells leads to reduced migration, increased sensitivity to anoikis and reduced tumor growth. By altering PKA activity PKI can act as a molecular switch, driving GPCR-Gαs-cAMP signaling toward activation of EPAC-RAP1 and MAPK, ultimately modulating tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Hoy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Natalia Salinas Parra
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeannie Park
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Skyler Kuhn
- Collaborative Bioinformatics Resource, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ramiro Iglesias-Bartolome
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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Epac1 Is Crucial for Maintenance of Endothelial Barrier Function through A Mechanism Partly Independent of Rac1. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102170. [PMID: 32992982 PMCID: PMC7601253 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epac1 (exchange protein activated by cAMP) stabilizes the endothelial barrier, but detailed studies are limited by the side effects of pharmacological Epac1 modulators and transient transfections. Here, we compare the key properties of barriers between endothelial cells derived from wild-type (WT) and Epac1-knockout (KO) mice myocardium. We found that KO cell layers, unlike WT layers, had low and cAMP-insensitive trans-endothelial resistance (TER). They also had fragmented VE-cadherin staining despite having augmented cAMP levels and increased protein expression of Rap1, Rac1, RhoA, and VE-cadherin. The simultaneous direct activation of Rac1 and RhoA by CN04 compensated Epac1 loss, since TER was increased. In KO-cells, inhibition of Rac1 activity had no additional effect on TER, suggesting that other mechanisms compensate the inhibition of the Rac1 function to preserve barrier properties. In summary, Epac1 is crucial for baseline and cAMP-mediated barrier stabilization through mechanisms that are at least partially independent of Rac1.
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Verin AD, Batori R, Kovacs-Kasa A, Cherian-Shaw M, Kumar S, Czikora I, Karoor V, Strassheim D, Stenmark KR, Gerasimovskaya EV. Extracellular adenosine enhances pulmonary artery vasa vasorum endothelial cell barrier function via Gi/ELMO1/Rac1/PKA-dependent signaling mechanisms. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 319:C183-C193. [PMID: 32432925 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00505.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The vasa vasorum (VV), the microvascular network around large vessels, has been recognized as an important contributor to the pathological vascular remodeling in cardiovascular diseases. In bovine and rat models of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (PH), we have previously shown that chronic hypoxia profoundly increased pulmonary artery (PA) VV permeability, associated with infiltration of inflammatory and progenitor cells in the arterial wall, perivascular inflammation, and structural vascular remodeling. Extracellular adenosine was shown to exhibit a barrier-protective effect on VV endothelial cells (VVEC) via cAMP-independent mechanisms, which involved adenosine A1 receptor-mediated activation of Gi-phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt pathway and actin cytoskeleton remodeling. Using VVEC isolated from the adventitia of calf PA, in this study we investigated in more detail the mechanisms linking Gi activation to downstream barrier protection pathways. Using a small-interference RNA (siRNA) technique and transendothelial electrical resistance assay, we found that the adaptor protein, engulfment and cell motility 1 (ELMO1), the tyrosine phosphatase Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-2, and atypical Gi- and Rac1-mediated protein kinase A activation are implicated in VVEC barrier enhancement. In contrast, the actin-interacting GTP-binding protein, girdin, and the p21-activated kinase 1 downstream target, LIM kinase, are not involved in this response. In addition, adenosine-dependent cytoskeletal rearrangement involves activation of cofilin and inactivation of ezrin-radixin-moesin regulatory cytoskeletal proteins, consistent with a barrier-protective mechanism. Collectively, our data indicate that targeting adenosine receptors and downstream barrier-protective pathways in VVEC may have a potential translational significance in developing pharmacological approach for the VV barrier protection in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Batori
- Augusta University Vascular Biology Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Sanjiv Kumar
- Augusta University Vascular Biology Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Istvan Czikora
- Augusta University Vascular Biology Center, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Vijaya Karoor
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Derek Strassheim
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kurt R Stenmark
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado
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15
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Young BM, Shankar K, Tho CK, Pellegrino AR, Heise RL. Laminin-driven Epac/Rap1 regulation of epithelial barriers on decellularized matrix. Acta Biomater 2019; 100:223-234. [PMID: 31593773 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Decellularized tissues offer a unique tool for developing regenerative biomaterials or in vitro platforms for the study of cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. One main challenge associated with decellularized lung tissue is that ECM components can be stripped away or altered by the detergents used to remove cellular debris. Without characterizing the composition of lung decellularized ECM (dECM) and the cellular response caused by the altered composition, it is difficult to utilize dECM for regeneration and specifically, engineering the complexities of the alveolar-capillary barrier. This study takes steps towards uncovering if dECM must be enhanced with lost ECM proteins to achieve proper epithelial barrier formation. To achieve this, the epithelial barrier function was assessed on dECM coatings with and without the systematic addition of several key basement membrane proteins. After comparing barrier function on collagen I, fibronectin, laminin, and dECM in varying combinations as an in vitro coating, the alveolar epithelium exhibited superior barrier function when dECM was supplemented with laminin as evidenced by trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and permeability assays. Increased barrier resistance with laminin addition was associated with upregulation of Claudin-18, E-cadherin, and junction adhesion molecule (JAM)-A, and stabilization of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 at junction complexes. The Epac/Rap1 pathway was observed to play a role in the ECM-mediated barrier function determined by protein expression and Epac inhibition. These findings revealed potential ECM coatings and molecular therapeutic targets for improved regeneration with decellularized scaffolds. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Efforts to produce a transplantable organ-scale biomaterial for lung regeneration has not been entirely successful to date, due to incomplete cell-cell junction formation, ultimately leading to severe edema in vivo. To fully understand the process of alveolar junction formation on ECM-derived biomaterials, this research has characterized and tailored decellularized ECM (dECM) to mitigate reductions in barrier strength or cell attachment caused by abnormal ECM compositions or detergent damage to dECM. These results indicate that laminin-driven Epac signaling plays a vital role in the stabilization of the alveolar barrier. Addition of laminin or Epac agonists during alveolar regeneration can reduce epithelial permeability within bioengineered lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany M Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St, Room 1071, Richmond, VA 23219, United States
| | - Keerthana Shankar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St, Room 1071, Richmond, VA 23219, United States
| | - Cindy K Tho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St, Room 1071, Richmond, VA 23219, United States
| | - Amanda R Pellegrino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Nursing, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania 15282, United States
| | - Rebecca L Heise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, 800 E. Leigh St, Room 1071, Richmond, VA 23219, United States; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, 1101 East Marshall St, Richmond, Virginia 23298, United States.
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16
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Wettschureck N, Strilic B, Offermanns S. Passing the Vascular Barrier: Endothelial Signaling Processes Controlling Extravasation. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1467-1525. [PMID: 31140373 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00037.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A central function of the vascular endothelium is to serve as a barrier between the blood and the surrounding tissue of the body. At the same time, solutes and cells have to pass the endothelium to leave or to enter the bloodstream to maintain homeostasis. Under pathological conditions, for example, inflammation, permeability for fluid and cells is largely increased in the affected area, thereby facilitating host defense. To appropriately function as a regulated permeability filter, the endothelium uses various mechanisms to allow solutes and cells to pass the endothelial layer. These include transcellular and paracellular pathways of which the latter requires remodeling of intercellular junctions for its regulation. This review provides an overview on endothelial barrier regulation and focuses on the endothelial signaling mechanisms controlling the opening and closing of paracellular pathways for solutes and cells such as leukocytes and metastasizing tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Wettschureck
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany ; and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Boris Strilic
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany ; and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research , Bad Nauheim , Germany ; and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, J.W. Goethe University Frankfurt , Frankfurt , Germany
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17
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Strassheim D, Gerasimovskaya E, Irwin D, Dempsey EC, Stenmark K, Karoor V. RhoGTPase in Vascular Disease. Cells 2019; 8:E551. [PMID: 31174369 PMCID: PMC6627336 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras-homologous (Rho)A/Rho-kinase pathway plays an essential role in many cellular functions, including contraction, motility, proliferation, and apoptosis, inflammation, and its excessive activity induces oxidative stress and promotes the development of cardiovascular diseases. Given its role in many physiological and pathological functions, targeting can result in adverse effects and limit its use for therapy. In this review, we have summarized the role of RhoGTPases with an emphasis on RhoA in vascular disease and its impact on endothelial, smooth muscle, and heart and lung fibroblasts. It is clear from the various studies that understanding the regulation of RhoGTPases and their regulators in physiology and pathological conditions is required for effective targeting of Rho.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Strassheim
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Lab, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Evgenia Gerasimovskaya
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Lab, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - David Irwin
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Lab, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Edward C Dempsey
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Lab, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Kurt Stenmark
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Lab, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Vijaya Karoor
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research Lab, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
- Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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18
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Xia W, Zhang H, Pan Z, Li G, Zhou Q, Hu D, Liu Y. Inhibition of MRP4 alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury in rats. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:211-217. [PMID: 30995593 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the regulatory role of multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 (MRP4) in an experimental model of sepsis-induced acute lung injury in rats. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture in anesthetized rats. Animals were then randomly assigned to receive intravenous injection of vehicle or MRP4 inhibitor (MK571, 20 mg/kg). The pathological changes were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Lung water content, lung vascular permeability and inflammatory cell count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were quantified. Serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured. In addition, lung tissue cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the effects of MRP4 knockdown on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endothelial permeability and the cytoskeleton of rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) were detected. The protein expression levels of MRP4, Rac1, VE-cadherin, β-catenin and ZO-1 were measured by Western blot analysis. MK571 significantly reduced lung tissue damage, lung water content and lung vascular permeability. Lung tissue cAMP levels were attenuated in MK571-treated animals compared with vehicle controls. MK571 also decreased sepsis-induced inflammatory cell accumulation in BALF. In addition, the MK571 group had significantly lower serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels compared with vehicle controls. Consistently, knockdown of MRP4 protected against LPS-induced increase in the endothelial permeability and the destruction of cytoskeleton in vitro. Furthermore, silencing MRP4 gene significantly reduced MRP4 protein expression and restored the protein expression of Rac1, VE-cadherin, β-catenin and ZO-1 in rat PMVECs in response to LPS stimulation. These data suggest that inhibition of MRP4 significantly alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Xia
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huanming Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zhou Pan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Qingshan Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Dan Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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19
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Fang Y, Wu D, Birukov KG. Mechanosensing and Mechanoregulation of Endothelial Cell Functions. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:873-904. [PMID: 30873580 PMCID: PMC6697421 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form a semiselective barrier for macromolecules and cell elements regulated by dynamic interactions between cytoskeletal elements and cell adhesion complexes. ECs also participate in many other vital processes including innate immune reactions, vascular repair, secretion, and metabolism of bioactive molecules. Moreover, vascular ECs represent a unique cell type exposed to continuous, time-dependent mechanical forces: different patterns of shear stress imposed by blood flow in macrovasculature and by rolling blood cells in the microvasculature; circumferential cyclic stretch experienced by the arterial vascular bed caused by heart propulsions; mechanical stretch of lung microvascular endothelium at different magnitudes due to spontaneous respiration or mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that vascular ECs contain mechanosensory complexes, which rapidly react to changes in mechanical loading, process the signal, and develop context-specific adaptive responses to rebalance the cell homeostatic state. The significance of the interactions between specific mechanical forces in the EC microenvironment together with circulating bioactive molecules in the progression and resolution of vascular pathologies including vascular injury, atherosclerosis, pulmonary edema, and acute respiratory distress syndrome has been only recently recognized. This review will summarize the current understanding of EC mechanosensory mechanisms, modulation of EC responses to humoral factors by surrounding mechanical forces (particularly the cyclic stretch), and discuss recent findings of magnitude-specific regulation of EC functions by transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic mechanisms using -omics approaches. We also discuss ongoing challenges and future opportunities in developing new therapies targeting dysregulated mechanosensing mechanisms to treat vascular diseases. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:873-904, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Correspondence to
| | - David Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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20
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Wang XF, Song SD, Li YJ, Hu ZQ, Zhang ZW, Yan CG, Li ZG, Tang HF. Protective Effect of Quercetin in LPS-Induced Murine Acute Lung Injury Mediated by cAMP-Epac Pathway. Inflammation 2018; 41:1093-1103. [PMID: 29569077 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-018-0761-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin (Que) as an abundant flavonol element possesses potent antioxidative properties and has protective effect in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI), but the specific mechanism is still unclear, so we investigated the effect of Que from in vivo and in vitro studies and the related mechanism of cAMP-PKA/Epac pathway. The results in mice suggested that Que can inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokine, block neutrophil recruitment, and decrease the albumin leakage in dose-dependent manners. At the same time, Que can increase the cAMP content of lung tissue, and Epac content, except PKA. The results in epithelial cell (MLE-12) suggested that Que also can inhibit the inflammatory mediators keratinocyte-derived chemokines release after LPS stimulation; Epac inhibitor ESI-09 functionally antagonizes the inhibitory effect of Que; meanwhile, PKA inhibitor H89 functionally enhances the inhibitory effect of Que. Overexpression of Epac1 in MLE-12 suggested that Epac1 enhance the effect of Que. All those results suggested that the protective effect of quercetin in ALI is involved in cAMP-Epac pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, China
| | - Shun-de Song
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ya-Jun Li
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zheng Qiang Hu
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhe-Wen Zhang
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chun-Guang Yan
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zi-Gang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Women's Hospital,School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Hui-Fang Tang
- Zhejiang Respiratory Drugs Research Laboratory, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Chen X, Shibata AC, Hendi A, Kurashina M, Fortes E, Weilinger NL, MacVicar BA, Murakoshi H, Mizumoto K. Rap2 and TNIK control Plexin-dependent tiled synaptic innervation in C. elegans. eLife 2018; 7:38801. [PMID: 30063210 PMCID: PMC6067881 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, neurons form synapses with their fate-determined targets. While we begin to elucidate the mechanisms by which extracellular ligand-receptor interactions enhance synapse specificity by inhibiting synaptogenesis, our knowledge about their intracellular mechanisms remains limited. Here we show that Rap2 GTPase (rap-2) and its effector, TNIK (mig-15), act genetically downstream of Plexin (plx-1) to restrict presynaptic assembly and to form tiled synaptic innervation in C. elegans. Both constitutively GTP- and GDP-forms of rap-2 mutants exhibit synaptic tiling defects as plx-1 mutants, suggesting that cycling of the RAP-2 nucleotide state is critical for synapse inhibition. Consistently, PLX-1 suppresses local RAP-2 activity. Excessive ectopic synapse formation in mig-15 mutants causes a severe synaptic tiling defect. Conversely, overexpression of mig-15 strongly inhibited synapse formation, suggesting that mig-15 is a negative regulator of synapse formation. These results reveal that subcellular regulation of small GTPase activity by Plexin shapes proper synapse patterning in vivo. Genes do more than just direct the color of our hair or eyes. They produce proteins that are involved in almost every process in the body. In humans, the majority of active genes can be found in the brain, where they help it to develop and work properly – effectively controlling how we move and behave. The brain’s functional units, the nerve cells or neurons, communicate with each other by releasing messenger molecules in the gap between them, the synapse. These molecules are then picked up from specific receptor proteins of the receiving neuron. In the nervous system, neurons only form synapses with the cells they need to connect with, even though they are surrounded by many more cells. This implies that they use specific mechanisms to stop neurons from forming synapses with incorrect target cells. This is important, because if too many synapses were present or if synapses formed with incorrect target cells, it would compromise the information flow in the nervous system. This would ultimately lead to various neurological conditions, including Autism Spectrum Disorder. In 2013, researchers found that in the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, a receptor protein called Plexin, is located at the surface of the neurons and can inhibit the formation of nearby synapses. Now, Chen et al. – including one author involved in the previous research – wanted to find out what genes Plexin manipulates when it stops synapses from growing. Knowing what each of those genes does can help us understand how neurons can inhibit synapses. The results revealed that Plexin appears to regulate two genes, Rap2 and TNIK. Plexin reduced the activity of Rap2 in the neuron that released the messenger, which hindered the formation of synapses. The gene TNIK and its protein on the other hand, have the ability to modify other proteins and could so inhibit the growth of synapses. When TNIK was experimentally removed, the number of synapses increased, but when its activity was increased, the number of synapses was strongly reduced. These findings could help scientists understand how mutations in Rap2 or TNIK can lead to various neurological conditions. A next step will be to test if these genes also affect the formation of synapses in other species such as mice, which have a more complex nervous system that is structurally and functionally more similar to that of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Akihiro Ce Shibata
- Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Ardalan Hendi
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mizuki Kurashina
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ethan Fortes
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Brian A MacVicar
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hideji Murakoshi
- Supportive Center for Brain Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kota Mizumoto
- Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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22
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Kosutova P, Mikolka P, Kolomaznik M, Rezakova S, Calkovska A, Mokra D. Effects of roflumilast, a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, on the lung functions in a saline lavage-induced model of acute lung injury. Physiol Res 2018; 66:S237-S245. [PMID: 28937238 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with deterioration of alveolar-capillary lining and transmigration and activation of inflammatory cells. Whereas a selective phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor roflumilast has exerted potent anti-inflammatory properties, this study evaluated if its intravenous delivery can influence inflammation, edema formation, and respiratory parameters in rabbits with a lavage-induced model of ALI. ALI was induced by repetitive saline lung lavage (30 ml/kg). Animals were divided into 3 groups: ALI without therapy (ALI), ALI treated with roflumilast i.v. (1 mg/kg; ALI+Rofl), and healthy ventilated controls (Control), and were ventilated for following 4 h. Respiratory parameters (blood gases, ventilatory pressures, lung compliance, oxygenation indexes etc.) were measured and calculated regularly. At the end of experiment, animals were overdosed by anesthetics. Total and differential counts of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BAL) were estimated microscopically. Lung edema was expressed as wet/dry lung weight ratio. Treatment with roflumilast reduced leak of cells (P<0.01), particularly of neutrophils (P<0.001), into the lung, decreased lung edema formation (P<0.01), and improved respiratory parameters. Concluding, the results indicate a future potential of PDE4 inhibitors also in the therapy of ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kosutova
- Biomedical Center Martin and Department of Physiology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia.
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23
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Robichaux WG, Cheng X. Intracellular cAMP Sensor EPAC: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics Development. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:919-1053. [PMID: 29537337 PMCID: PMC6050347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMP-GEFs). Although EPAC proteins are fairly new additions to the growing list of cAMP effectors, and relatively "young" in the cAMP discovery timeline, the significance of an EPAC presence in different cell systems is extraordinary. The study of EPACs has considerably expanded the diversity and adaptive nature of cAMP signaling associated with numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. This review comprehensively covers EPAC protein functions at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and pathophysiological levels; and in turn, the applications of employing EPAC-based biosensors as detection tools for dissecting cAMP signaling and the implications for targeting EPAC proteins for therapeutic development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
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24
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Kovacs-Kasa A, Kim KM, Cherian-Shaw M, Black SM, Fulton DJ, Verin AD. Extracellular adenosine-induced Rac1 activation in pulmonary endothelium: Molecular mechanisms and barrier-protective role. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:5736-5746. [PMID: 29168172 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that Gs-coupled adenosine receptors (A2a) are primarily involved in adenosine-induced human pulmonary artery endothelial cell (HPAEC) barrier enhancement. However, the downstream events that mediate the strengthening of the endothelial cell (EC) barrier via adenosine signaling are largely unknown. In the current study, we tested the overall hypothesis that adenosine-induced Rac1 activation and EC barrier enhancement is mediated by Gs-dependent stimulation of cAMP-dependent Epac1-mediated signaling cascades. Adenoviral transduction of HPAEC with constitutively-active (C/A) Rac1 (V12Rac1) significantly increases transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) reflecting an enhancement of the EC barrier. Conversely, expression of an inactive Rac1 mutant (N17Rac1) decreases TER reflecting a compromised EC barrier. The adenosine-induced increase in TER was accompanied by activation of Rac1, decrease in contractility (MLC dephosphorylation), but not Rho inhibition. Conversely, inhibition of Rac1 activity attenuates adenosine-induced increase in TER. We next examined the role of cAMP-activated Epac1 and its putative downstream targets Rac1, Vav2, Rap1, and Tiam1. Depletion of Epac1 attenuated the adenosine-induced Rac1 activation and the increase in TER. Furthermore, silencing of Rac1 specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), Vav2 and Rap1a expression significantly attenuated adenosine-induced increases in TER and activation of Rac1. Depletion of Rap1b only modestly impacted adenosine-induced increases in TER and Tiam1 depletion had no effect on adenosine-induced Rac1 activation and TER. Together these data strongly suggest that Rac1 activity is required for adenosine-induced EC barrier enhancement and that the activation of Rac1 and ability to strengthen the EC barrier depends, at least in part, on cAMP-dependent Epac1/Vav2/Rap1-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kovacs-Kasa
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Kyung Mi Kim
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Mary Cherian-Shaw
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Stephen M Black
- Center for Lung Vascular Pathobiology, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David J Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Alexander D Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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25
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Insights into exchange factor directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) as potential target for cancer treatment. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 447:77-92. [PMID: 29417338 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a global health problem and approximately 1.7 million new cancer cases are diagnosed every year worldwide. Although diverse molecules are currently being explored as targets for cancer therapy the tumor treatment and therapy is highly tricky. Secondary messengers are important for hormone-mediated signaling pathway. Cyclic AMP (cAMP), a secondary messenger responsible for various physiological processes regulates cell metabolism by activating Protein kinase A (PKA) and by targeting exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). EPAC is present in two isoforms EPAC1 and EPAC2, which exhibit different tissue distribution and is involved in GDP/GTP exchange along with activating Rap1- and Rap2-mediated signaling pathways. EPAC is also known for its dual role in cancer as pro- and anti-proliferative in addition to metastasis. Results after perturbing EPAC activity suggests its involvement in cancer cell migration, proliferation, and cytoskeleton remodeling which makes it a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatments.
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26
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Lakshmikanthan S, Sobczak M, Li Calzi S, Shaw L, Grant MB, Chrzanowska-Wodnicka M. Rap1B promotes VEGF-induced endothelial permeability and is required for dynamic regulation of the endothelial barrier. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.207605. [PMID: 29222111 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.207605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a key angiogenic and permeability factor, plays an important role in new blood vessel formation. However, abnormal VEGF-induced VEGFR2 signaling leads to hyperpermeability. We have shown previously that Rap1, best known for promoting cell adhesion and vessel stability, is a critical regulator of VEGFR2-mediated angiogenic and shear-stress EC responses. To determine the role of Rap1 role in endothelial barrier dynamics, we examined vascular permeability in EC-specific Rap1A- and Rap1B-knockout mice, cell-cell junction remodeling and EC monolayer resistivity in Rap1-deficient ECs under basal, inflammatory or elevated VEGF conditions. Deletion of either Rap1 isoform impaired de novo adherens junction (AJ) formation and recovery from LPS-induced barrier disruption in vivo However, only Rap1A deficiency increased permeability in ECs and lung vessels. Interestingly, Rap1B deficiency attenuated VEGF-induced permeability in vivo and AJ remodeling in vitro Therefore, only Rap1A is required for the maintenance of normal vascular integrity. Importantly, Rap1B is the primary isoform essential for normal VEGF-induced EC barrier dissolution. Deletion of either Rap1 isoform protected against hyper permeability in the STZ-induced diabetes model, suggesting clinical implications for targeting Rap1 in pathologies with VEGF-induced hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Sobczak
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sergio Li Calzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Lynn Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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27
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Birukov KG, Karki P. Injured lung endothelium: mechanisms of self-repair and agonist-assisted recovery (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217752660. [PMID: 29261029 PMCID: PMC6022073 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217752660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung endothelium is vulnerable to both exogenous and endogenous insults, so a properly coordinated efficient repair system is essential for the timely recovery of the lung after injury. The agents that cause endothelial injury and dysfunction fall into a broad range from mechanical forces such as pathological cyclic stretch and shear stress to bacterial pathogens and their virulent components, vasoactive agonists including thrombin and histamine, metabolic causes including high glucose and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), circulating microparticles, and inflammatory cytokines. The repair mechanisms employed by endothelial cells (EC) can be broadly categorized into three groups: (1) intrinsic mechanism of recovery regulated by the cross-talk between small GTPases as exemplified by Rap1-mediated EC barrier recovery from Rho-mediated thrombin-induced EC hyperpermeability; (2) agonist-assisted recovery facilitated by the activation of Rac and Rap1 with subsequent inhibition of Rho signaling as observed with many barrier protective agonists including oxidized phospholipids, sphingosine 1-phosphate, prostacyclins, and hepatocyte growth factor; and (3) self-recovery of EC by the secretion of growth factors and other pro-survival bioactive compounds including anti-inflammatory molecules such as lipoxins during the resolution of inflammation. In this review, we will discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms of pulmonary endothelium repair that is critical for the recovery from various forms of lung injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin G. Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of
Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Konstantin G. Birukov, Department of Anesthesiology,
University of Maryland, School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, HSF-2, Room 145 Baltimore, MD
21201, USA.
| | - Pratap Karki
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, USA
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28
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Combedazou A, Gayral S, Colombié N, Fougerat A, Laffargue M, Ramel D. Small GTPases orchestrate cell-cell communication during collective cell movement. Small GTPases 2017; 11:103-112. [PMID: 28980871 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1366965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is a critical mechanism involved in cell movement during various physiological and pathological processes such as angiogenesis and metastasis formation. During collective movement, cells remain functionally connected and can coordinate individual cell behaviors to ensure efficient migration. A cell-cell communication process ensures this complex coordination. Although the mechanisms regulating cell-cell communication remain unclear, recent findings indicate that it is based on acto-myosin cytoskeleton tension transmission from cell to cell through adherens junctions. As for single cell migration, small GTPases of the Rho and Rab families have been shown to be critical regulators of collective motion. Here, we discuss our current understanding on how these small GTPases are themselves regulated and how they control cell-cell communication during collective migration. Moreover, we also shed light on the key role of cell-cell communication and RhoGTPases in the physiological context of endothelial cell migration during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Combedazou
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Stéphanie Gayral
- INSERM, U1048, I2MC and Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Colombié
- Centre de Biologie du Développement (CBD), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, France
| | - Anne Fougerat
- INSERM, U1048, I2MC and Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Muriel Laffargue
- INSERM, U1048, I2MC and Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Damien Ramel
- INSERM, U1048, I2MC and Université Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
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29
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Wang X, Song S, Hu Z, Zhang Z, Li Y, Yan C, Li Z, Tang H. Activation of Epac alleviates inflammation and vascular leakage in LPS-induced acute murine lung injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1127-1136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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30
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Huang RT, Wu D, Meliton A, Oh MJ, Krause M, Lloyd JA, Nigdelioglu R, Hamanaka RB, Jain MK, Birukova A, Kress JP, Birukov KG, Mutlu GM, Fang Y. Experimental Lung Injury Reduces Krüppel-like Factor 2 to Increase Endothelial Permeability via Regulation of RAPGEF3-Rac1 Signaling. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:639-651. [PMID: 27855271 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0668oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is caused by widespread endothelial barrier disruption and uncontrolled cytokine storm. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have linked multiple genes to ARDS. Although mechanosensitive transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) is a major regulator of endothelial function, its role in regulating pulmonary vascular integrity in lung injury and ARDS-associated GWAS genes remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVES To examine KLF2 expression in multiple animal models of acute lung injury and further elucidate the KLF2-mediated pathways involved in endothelial barrier disruption and cytokine storm in experimental lung injury. METHODS Animal and in vitro models of acute lung injury were used to characterize KLF2 expression and its downstream effects responding to influenza A virus (A/WSN/33 [H1N1]), tumor necrosis factor-α, LPS, mechanical stretch/ventilation, or microvascular flow. KLF2 manipulation, permeability measurements, small GTPase activity, luciferase assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, and network analyses were used to determine the mechanistic roles of KLF2 in regulating endothelial monolayer integrity, ARDS-associated GWAS genes, and lung pathophysiology. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS KLF2 is significantly reduced in several animal models of acute lung injury. Microvascular endothelial KLF2 is significantly induced by capillary flow but reduced by pathologic cyclic stretch and inflammatory stimuli. KLF2 is a novel activator of small GTPase Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 by transcriptionally controlling Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3/exchange factor directly activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate, which maintains vascular integrity. KLF2 regulates multiple ARDS GWAS genes related to cytokine storm, oxidation, and coagulation in lung microvascular endothelium. KLF2 overexpression ameliorates LPS-induced lung injury in mice. CONCLUSIONS Disruption of endothelial KLF2 results in dysregulation of lung microvascular homeostasis and contributes to lung pathology in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Ting Huang
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David Wu
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Angelo Meliton
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Myung-Jin Oh
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthew Krause
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joyce A Lloyd
- 2 Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; and
| | - Recep Nigdelioglu
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Robert B Hamanaka
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mukesh K Jain
- 3 Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Anna Birukova
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John P Kress
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Konstantin G Birukov
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gökhan M Mutlu
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yun Fang
- 1 Section of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Garcia-Morales V, Friedrich J, Jorna LM, Campos-Toimil M, Hammes HP, Schmidt M, Krenning G. The microRNA-7-mediated reduction in EPAC-1 contributes to vascular endothelial permeability and eNOS uncoupling in murine experimental retinopathy. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:581-591. [PMID: 28353063 PMCID: PMC5429352 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-0985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the consequences of oxidative stress and hypoxia on EPAC-1 expression during retinopathy. METHODS Oxygen-induced retinopathy was induced in mice and EPAC-1 expression investigated by immunofluorescence. In silico analyses were used to identify a link between EPAC-1 expression and microRNA-7-5p in endothelial cells and confirmed by western blot analyses on cells expressing microRNA-7-5p. In vitro, endothelial cells were either incubated at 2% oxygen or transfected with microRNA-7-5p, and the effects of these treatments on EPAC-1 expression, endothelial hyperpermeability and NO production were assessed. In the Ins2Akita mouse model, levels of EPAC-1 expression as well as microRNA-7-5p were assessed by qPCR. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase was assessed by immunoblotting in the Ins2Akita model. RESULTS Hypoxia induces the expression of microRNA-7-5p that translationally inhibits the expression of EPAC-1 in endothelial cells, resulting in hyperpermeability and the loss of eNOS activity. Activation of EPAC-1 by the cAMP analogue 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP reduced the sensitivity of EPAC-1 to oxidative stress and restored the endothelial permeability to baseline levels. Additionally, 8-pCPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP rescued eNOS activity and NO production. In mouse models of retinopathy, i.e., oxygen-induced retinopathy and the spontaneous diabetic heterozygous Ins2Akita mice, EPAC-1 levels are decreased which is associated with an increase in microRNA-7-5p expression and reduced eNOS activity. CONCLUSION/INTERPRETATION In retinopathy, EPAC-1 expression is decreased in a microRNA-7-mediated manner, contributing to endothelial dysfunction. Pharmacological activation of remnant EPAC-1 rescues endothelial function. Collectively, these data indicate that EPAC-1 resembles an efficacious and druggable target molecule for the amelioration of (diabetic) retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Garcia-Morales
- Group of Research in Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (CDPHARMA), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- International Research and Training Network on Diabetic Microvascular Complications (GRK1874/DIAMICOM), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- International Research and Training Network on Diabetic Microvascular Complications (GRK1874/DIAMICOM), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (CAVAREM), Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Friedrich
- International Research and Training Network on Diabetic Microvascular Complications (GRK1874/DIAMICOM), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- International Research and Training Network on Diabetic Microvascular Complications (GRK1874/DIAMICOM), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (CAVAREM), Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Section of Endocrinology, 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lysanne M Jorna
- Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (CAVAREM), Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Campos-Toimil
- Group of Research in Pharmacology of Chronic Diseases (CDPHARMA), Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- International Research and Training Network on Diabetic Microvascular Complications (GRK1874/DIAMICOM), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- International Research and Training Network on Diabetic Microvascular Complications (GRK1874/DIAMICOM), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Section of Endocrinology, 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Schmidt
- International Research and Training Network on Diabetic Microvascular Complications (GRK1874/DIAMICOM), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- International Research and Training Network on Diabetic Microvascular Complications (GRK1874/DIAMICOM), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Krenning
- International Research and Training Network on Diabetic Microvascular Complications (GRK1874/DIAMICOM), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- International Research and Training Network on Diabetic Microvascular Complications (GRK1874/DIAMICOM), University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (CAVAREM), Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1 (EA11), 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Kopperud RK, Rygh CB, Karlsen TV, Krakstad C, Kleppe R, Hoivik EA, Bakke M, Tenstad O, Selheim F, Lidén Å, Madsen L, Pavlin T, Taxt T, Kristiansen K, Curry FRE, Reed RK, Døskeland SO. Increased microvascular permeability in mice lacking Epac1 (Rapgef3). Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:441-452. [PMID: 27096875 PMCID: PMC5073050 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim Maintenance of the blood and extracellular volume requires tight control of endothelial macromolecule permeability, which is regulated by cAMP signalling. This study probes the role of the cAMP mediators rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 and 4 (Epac1 and Epac2) for in vivo control of microvascular macromolecule permeability under basal conditions. Methods Epac1−/− and Epac2−/− C57BL/6J mice were produced and compared with wild‐type mice for transvascular flux of radio‐labelled albumin in skin, adipose tissue, intestine, heart and skeletal muscle. The transvascular leakage was also studied by dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) using the MRI contrast agent Gadomer‐17 as probe. Results Epac1−/− mice had constitutively increased transvascular macromolecule transport, indicating Epac1‐dependent restriction of baseline permeability. In addition, Epac1−/− mice showed little or no enhancement of vascular permeability in response to atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), whether probed with labelled albumin or Gadomer‐17. Epac2−/− and wild‐type mice had similar basal and ANP‐stimulated clearances. Ultrastructure analysis revealed that Epac1−/− microvascular interendothelial junctions had constitutively less junctional complex. Conclusion Epac1 exerts a tonic inhibition of in vivo basal microvascular permeability. The loss of this tonic action increases baseline permeability, presumably by reducing the interendothelial permeability resistance. Part of the action of ANP to increase permeability in wild‐type microvessels may involve inhibition of the basal Epac1‐dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. K. Kopperud
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO); University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - C. Brekke Rygh
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - T. V. Karlsen
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - C. Krakstad
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - R. Kleppe
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - E. A. Hoivik
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - M. Bakke
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - O. Tenstad
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - F. Selheim
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Å. Lidén
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - L. Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - T. Pavlin
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - T. Taxt
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - K. Kristiansen
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F.-R. E. Curry
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology; School of Medicine; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - R. K. Reed
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers (CCBIO); University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - S. O. Døskeland
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
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Curry FRE, Clark JF, Jiang Y, Kim MH, Adamson RH, Simon SI. The role of atrial natriuretic peptide to attenuate inflammation in a mouse skin wound and individually perfused rat mesenteric microvessels. Physiol Rep 2016; 4:4/18/e12968. [PMID: 27670406 PMCID: PMC5037917 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that the anti‐inflammatory actions of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) result from the modulation of leukocyte adhesion to inflamed endothelium and not solely ANP ligation of endothelial receptors to stabilize endothelial barrier function. We measured vascular permeability to albumin and accumulation of fluorescent neutrophils in a full‐thickness skin wound on the flank of LysM‐EGFP mice 24 h after formation. Vascular permeability in individually perfused rat mesenteric microvessels was also measured after leukocytes were washed out of the vessel lumen. Thrombin increased albumin permeability and increased the accumulation of neutrophils. The thrombin‐induced inflammatory responses were attenuated by pretreating the wound with ANP (30 min). During pretreatment ANP did not lower permeability, but transiently increased baseline albumin permeability concomitant with the reduction in neutrophil accumulation. ANP did not attenuate acute increases in permeability to histamine and bradykinin in individually perfused rat microvessels. The hypothesis that anti‐inflammatory actions of ANP depend solely on endothelial responses that stabilize the endothelial barrier is not supported by our results in either individually perfused microvessels in the absence of circulating leukocytes or the more chronic skin wound model. Our results conform to the alternate hypothesis that ANP modulates the interaction of leukocytes with the inflamed microvascular wall of the 24 h wound. Taken together with our previous observations that ANP reduces deformability of neutrophils and their strength of attachment, rolling, and transvascular migration, these observations provide the basis for additional investigations of ANP as an anti‐inflammatory agent to modulate leukocyte–endothelial cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitz-Roy E Curry
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Joyce F Clark
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Roger H Adamson
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Scott I Simon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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Lezoualc'h F, Fazal L, Laudette M, Conte C. Cyclic AMP Sensor EPAC Proteins and Their Role in Cardiovascular Function and Disease. Circ Res 2016; 118:881-97. [PMID: 26941424 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.306529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
cAMP is a universal second messenger that plays central roles in cardiovascular regulation influencing gene expression, cell morphology, and function. A crucial step toward a better understanding of cAMP signaling came 18 years ago with the discovery of the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). The 2 EPAC isoforms, EPAC1 and EPAC2, are guanine-nucleotide exchange factors for the Ras-like GTPases, Rap1 and Rap2, which they activate independently of the classical effector of cAMP, protein kinase A. With the development of EPAC pharmacological modulators, many reports in the literature have demonstrated the critical role of EPAC in the regulation of various cAMP-dependent cardiovascular functions, such as calcium handling and vascular tone. EPAC proteins are coupled to a multitude of effectors into distinct subcellular compartments because of their multidomain architecture. These novel cAMP sensors are not only at the crossroads of different physiological processes but also may represent attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of several cardiovascular disorders, including cardiac arrhythmia and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Lezoualc'h
- From the Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling of the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.); and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.).
| | - Loubina Fazal
- From the Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling of the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.); and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.)
| | - Marion Laudette
- From the Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling of the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.); and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.)
| | - Caroline Conte
- From the Department of Cardiac and Renal Remodeling of the Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases (I2MC), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), UMR-1048, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.); and Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France (F.L., L.F., M.L., C.C.)
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p21-Activated Kinase 2 Regulates Endothelial Development and Function through the Bmk1/Erk5 Pathway. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:3990-4005. [PMID: 26391956 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00630-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (Paks) have been shown to regulate cytoskeleton rearrangements, cell proliferation, attachment, and migration in a variety of cellular contexts, including endothelial cells. However, the role of endothelial Pak in embryo development has not been reported, and currently, there is no consensus on the endothelial function of individual Pak isoforms, in particular p21-activated kinase 2 (Pak2), the main Pak isoform expressed in endothelial cells. In this work, we employ genetic and molecular studies that show that Pak2, but not Pak1, is a critical mediator of development and maintenance of endothelial cell function. Endothelial depletion of Pak2 leads to early embryo lethality due to flawed blood vessel formation in the embryo body and yolk sac. In adult endothelial cells, Pak2 depletion leads to severe apoptosis and acute angiogenesis defects, and in adult mice, endothelial Pak2 deletion leads to increased vascular permeability. Furthermore, ubiquitous Pak2 deletion is lethal in adult mice. We show that many of these defects are mediated through a newly unveiled Pak2/Bmk1 pathway. Our results demonstrate that endothelial Pak2 is essential during embryogenesis and also for adult blood vessel maintenance, and they also pinpoint the Bmk1/Erk5 pathway as a critical mediator of endothelial Pak2 signaling.
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Li Z, Liu XB, Liu YH, Xue YX, Liu J, Teng H, Xi Z, Yao YL. Low-Dose Endothelial Monocyte-Activating Polypeptide-II Induces Blood-Tumor Barrier Opening Via the cAMP/PKA/Rac1 Pathway. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 58:153-61. [PMID: 26358039 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that low-dose endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) induces blood-tumor barrier (BTB) hyperpermeability via both paracellular and transcellular pathways. In a recent study, we revealed that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent signaling pathway is involved in EMAP-II-induced BTB hyperpermeability. This study further investigated the exact mechanisms through which the cAMP/PKA-dependent signaling pathway affects EMAP-II-induced BTB hyperpermeability. In an in vitro BTB model, low-dose EMAP-II (0.05 nM) induced a significant decrease in Rac1 activity in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMECs). Pretreatment with forskolin to elevate intracellular cAMP concentration completely blocked EMAP-II-induced inactivation of Rac1. Besides, pretreatment with 6Bnz-cAMP to activate PKA partially attenuated EMAP-II-induced Rac1 inactivation. Moreover, 6Bnz-cAMP pretreatment significantly diminished EMAP-II-induced changes in BTB permeability, myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, expression and distribution of ZO-1, and actin cytoskeleton arrangement in RBMECs. These effects of 6Bnz-cAMP were completely blocked in the presence of NSC-23766 (the specific inhibitor of Rac1). In conclusion, this study demonstrates that low-dose EMAP-II induces BTB hyperpermeability via the cAMP/PKA/Rac1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-bai Liu
- The 96th Class, 7-Year Program, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-hui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-xue Xue
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-long Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110004, People's Republic of China
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Doggett TM, Breslin JW. Acute alcohol intoxication-induced microvascular leakage. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 38:2414-26. [PMID: 25257290 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol intoxication can increase inflammation and worsen injury, yet the mechanisms involved are not clear. We investigated whether acute alcohol intoxication increases microvascular permeability and investigated potential signaling mechanisms in endothelial cells that may be involved. METHODS Conscious rats received a 2.5 g/kg alcohol bolus via gastric catheters to produce acute intoxication. Microvascular leakage of intravenously administered fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated albumin (FITC-albumin) from the mesenteric microcirculation was assessed by intravital microscopy. Endothelial-specific mechanisms were studied using cultured endothelial cell monolayers. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) served as an index of barrier function, before and after treatment with alcohol or its metabolite acetaldehyde. Pharmacologic agents were used to test the roles of alcohol metabolism, oxidative stress, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK), rho kinase (ROCK), and exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac). VE-cadherin localization was investigated to assess junctional integrity. Rac1 and RhoA activation was assessed by ELISA assays. RESULTS Alcohol significantly increased FITC-albumin extravasation from the mesenteric microcirculation. Alcohol also significantly decreased TER and disrupted VE-cadherin organization at junctions. Acetaldehyde significantly decreased TER, but inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase or application of a superoxide dismutase mimetic failed to prevent alcohol-induced decreases in TER. Inhibition of p38 MAPK, but not MLCK or ROCK, significantly attenuated the alcohol-induced barrier dysfunction. Alcohol rapidly decreased GTP-bound Rac1 but not RhoA during the drop in TER. Activation of Epac increased TER, but did not prevent alcohol from decreasing TER. However, activation of Epac after initiation of alcohol-induced barrier dysfunction quickly resolved TER to baseline levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that alcohol intoxication increases microvascular permeability to plasma proteins. The data also suggest the endothelial-specific mechanism involves the p38 MAPK, Rac1, and reorganization of VE-cadherin at junctions. Last, activation of Epac can quickly resolve alcohol-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis M Doggett
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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38
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Interactions between Epac1 and ezrin in the control of endothelial barrier function. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 42:274-8. [PMID: 24646230 DOI: 10.1042/bst20130271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Loss of barrier function in the vasculature promotes inflammatory signalling which in turn contributes to the progression of cardiovascular disease. cAMP can protect against endothelial dysfunction through the effectors PKA (protein kinase A) and Epac (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP). The present review outlines the role of Epac1 signalling within the endothelium and, in particular, the role of Epac1 in cytoskeletal dynamics and the control of cell morphology. The actin/cytoskeleton linker ezrin will be described in terms of the growing body of evidence placing it downstream of cAMP signalling as a mediator of altered cellular morphology.
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Abstract
The small G-protein Rap1 plays an important role in the regulation of endothelial barrier function, a process controlled largely by cell–cell adhesions and their connection to the actin cytoskeleton. During the various stages of barrier dynamics, different guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) control Rap1 activity, indicating that Rap1 integrates multiple input signals. Once activated, Rap1 induces numerous signaling cascades, together responsible for the increased endothelial barrier function. Most notably, Rap1 activation results in the inhibition of Rho to decrease radial stress fibers and the activation of Cdc42 to increase junctional actin. This implies that Rap regulates endothelial barrier function by dual control of cytoskeletal tension. The molecular details of the signaling pathways are becoming to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem-Jan Pannekoek
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Post
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes L Bos
- Molecular Cancer Research and Cancer Genomics Netherlands; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht, The Netherlands
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40
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Adderley SP, Lawrence C, Madonia E, Olubadewo JO, Breslin JW. Histamine activates p38 MAP kinase and alters local lamellipodia dynamics, reducing endothelial barrier integrity and eliciting central movement of actin fibers. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C51-9. [PMID: 25948734 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00096.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of the actin cytoskeleton in endothelial barrier function has been debated for nearly four decades. Our previous investigation revealed spontaneous local lamellipodia in confluent endothelial monolayers that appear to increase overlap at intercellular junctions. We tested the hypothesis that the barrier-disrupting agent histamine would reduce local lamellipodia protrusions and investigated the potential involvement of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation and actin stress fiber formation. Confluent monolayers of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) expressing green fluorescent protein-actin were studied using time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. The protrusion and withdrawal characteristics of local lamellipodia were assessed before and after addition of histamine. Changes in barrier function were determined using electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing. Histamine initially decreased barrier function, lamellipodia protrusion frequency, and lamellipodia protrusion distance. A longer time for lamellipodia withdrawal and reduced withdrawal distance and velocity accompanied barrier recovery. After barrier recovery, a significant number of cortical fibers migrated centrally, eventually resembling actin stress fibers. The p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB203580 attenuated the histamine-induced decreases in barrier function and lamellipodia protrusion frequency. SB203580 also inhibited the histamine-induced decreases in withdrawal distance and velocity, and the subsequent actin fiber migration. These data suggest that histamine can reduce local lamellipodia protrusion activity through activation of p38 MAP kinase. The findings also suggest that local lamellipodia have a role in maintaining endothelial barrier integrity. Furthermore, we provide evidence that actin stress fiber formation may be a reaction to, rather than a cause of, reduced endothelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaquria P Adderley
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
| | - Curtis Lawrence
- Biology Unit, Department of Natural Sciences, Southern University at New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Eyong Madonia
- Biology Unit, Department of Natural Sciences, Southern University at New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Joseph O Olubadewo
- Biology Unit, Department of Natural Sciences, Southern University at New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jerome W Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida; and
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Parnell E, Palmer TM, Yarwood SJ. The future of EPAC-targeted therapies: agonism versus antagonism. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:203-14. [PMID: 25744542 PMCID: PMC4392396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although tractable to drug development, targeting of cAMP signalling has side effects. Selectively targeting EPAC1 and EPAC2 cAMP sensor enzymes may limit some of these off-target effects. EPAC agonists could be used to treat vascular inflammation (EPAC1) or type 2 diabetes (EPAC2). EPAC1 and EPAC2 antagonists could be used to treat heart disease.
Pharmaceutical manipulation of cAMP levels exerts beneficial effects through the regulation of the exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC) and protein kinase A (PKA) signalling routes. Recent attention has turned to the specific regulation of EPAC isoforms (EPAC1 and EPAC2) as a more targeted approach to cAMP-based therapies. For example, EPAC2-selective agonists could promote insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells, whereas EPAC1-selective agonists may be useful in the treatment of vascular inflammation. By contrast, EPAC1 and EPAC2 antagonists could both be useful in the treatment of heart failure. Here we discuss whether the best way forward is to design EPAC-selective agonists or antagonists and the current strategies being used to develop isoform-selective, small-molecule regulators of EPAC1 and EPAC2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan Parnell
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Timothy M Palmer
- School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Stephen J Yarwood
- Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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Artamonov MV, Jin L, Franke AS, Momotani K, Ho R, Dong XR, Majesky MW, Somlyo AV. Signaling pathways that control rho kinase activity maintain the embryonic epicardial progenitor state. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10353-67. [PMID: 25733666 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.613190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study identifies signaling pathways that play key roles in the formation and maintenance of epicardial cells, a source of progenitors for coronary smooth muscle cells (SMCs). After epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), mesenchymal cells invade the myocardium to form coronary SMCs. RhoA/Rho kinase activity is required for EMT and for differentiation into coronary SMCs, whereas cAMP activity is known to inhibit EMT in epithelial cells by an unknown mechanism. We use outgrowth of epicardial cells from E9.5 isolated mouse proepicardium (PE) explants, wild type and Epac1 null E12.5 mouse heart explants, adult rat epicardial cells, and immortalized mouse embryonic epicardial cells as model systems to identify signaling pathways that regulate RhoA activity to maintain the epicardial progenitor state. We demonstrate that RhoA activity is suppressed in the epicardial progenitor state, that the cAMP-dependent Rap1 GTP exchange factor (GEF), Epac, known to down-regulate RhoA activity through activation of Rap1 GTPase activity increased, that Rap1 activity increased, and that expression of the RhoA antagonistic Rnd proteins known to activate p190RhoGAP increased and associated with p190RhoGAP. Finally, EMT is associated with increased p63RhoGEF and RhoGEF-H1 protein expression, increased GEF-H1 activity, with a trend in increased p63RhoGEF activity. EMT is suppressed by partial silencing of p63RhoGEF and GEF-H1. In conclusion, we have identified new signaling molecules that act together to control RhoA activity and play critical roles in the maintenance of coronary smooth muscle progenitor cells in the embryonic epicardium. We suggest that their eventual manipulation could promote revascularization after myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mykhaylo V Artamonov
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 and
| | - Li Jin
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 and
| | - Aaron S Franke
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 and
| | - Ko Momotani
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 and
| | - Ruoya Ho
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 and
| | - Xiu Rong Dong
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Mark W Majesky
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98101
| | - Avril V Somlyo
- From the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908 and
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43
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Breslin JW, Zhang XE, Worthylake RA, Souza-Smith FM. Involvement of local lamellipodia in endothelial barrier function. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117970. [PMID: 25658915 PMCID: PMC4320108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently we observed that endothelial cells cultured in tightly confluent monolayers display frequent local lamellipodia, and that thrombin, an agent that increases endothelial permeability, reduces lamellipodia protrusions. This led us to test the hypothesis that local lamellipodia contribute to endothelial barrier function. Movements of subcellular structures containing GFP-actin or VE-cadherin-GFP expressed in endothelial cells were recorded using time-lapse microscopy. Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) served as an index of endothelial barrier function. Changes in both lamellipodia dynamics and TER were assessed during baseline and after cells were treated with either the barrier-disrupting agent thrombin, or the barrier-stabilizing agent sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). The myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin was used to selectively block lamellipodia formation, and was used to test their role in the barrier function of endothelial cell monolayers and isolated, perfused rat mesenteric venules. Myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Rac1 and RhoA activation were evaluated using G-LISA assays. The role of Rac1 was tested with the specific inhibitor NSC23766 or by expressing wild-type or dominant negative GFP-Rac1. The results show that thrombin rapidly decreased both TER and the lamellipodia protrusion frequency. S1P rapidly increased TER in association with increased protrusion frequency. Blebbistatin nearly abolished local lamellipodia protrusions while cortical actin fibers and stress fibers remained intact. Blebbistatin also significantly decreased TER of cultured endothelial cells and increased permeability of isolated rat mesenteric venules. Both thrombin and S1P increased MLC phosphorylation and activation of RhoA. However, thrombin and S1P had differential impacts on Rac1, correlating with the changes in TER and lamellipodia protrusion frequency. Overexpression of Rac1 elevated, while NSC23766 and dominant negative Rac1 reduced barrier function and lamellipodia activity. Combined, these data suggest that local lamellipodia, driven by myosin II and Rac1, are important for dynamic changes in endothelial barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome W. Breslin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Xun E. Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Worthylake
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Flavia M. Souza-Smith
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Meng F, Meliton A, Moldobaeva N, Mutlu G, Kawasaki Y, Akiyama T, Birukova AA. Asef mediates HGF protective effects against LPS-induced lung injury and endothelial barrier dysfunction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 308:L452-63. [PMID: 25539852 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00170.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased vascular endothelial permeability and inflammation are major pathological mechanisms of pulmonary edema and its life-threatening complication, the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We have previously described potent protective effects of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) against thrombin-induced hyperpermeability and identified the Rac pathway as a key mechanism of HGF-mediated endothelial barrier protection. However, anti-inflammatory effects of HGF are less understood. This study examined effects of HGF on the pulmonary endothelial cell (EC) inflammatory activation and barrier dysfunction caused by the gram-negative bacterial pathogen lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We tested involvement of the novel Rac-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Asef in the HGF anti-inflammatory effects. HGF protected the pulmonary EC monolayer against LPS-induced hyperpermeability, disruption of monolayer integrity, activation of NF-kB signaling, expression of adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and production of IL-8. These effects were critically dependent on Asef. Small-interfering RNA-induced downregulation of Asef attenuated HGF protective effects against LPS-induced EC barrier failure. Protective effects of HGF against LPS-induced lung inflammation and vascular leak were also diminished in Asef knockout mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate potent anti-inflammatory effects by HGF and delineate a key role of Asef in the mediation of the HGF barrier protective and anti-inflammatory effects. Modulation of Asef activity may have important implications in therapeutic strategies aimed at the treatment of sepsis and acute lung injury/ARDS-induced gram-negative bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanyong Meng
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Angelo Meliton
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Nurgul Moldobaeva
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Gokhan Mutlu
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Yoshihiro Kawasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsu Akiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anna A Birukova
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
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Tian Y, Gawlak G, Shah AS, Higginbotham K, Tian X, Kawasaki Y, Akiyama T, Sacks DB, Birukova AA. Hepatocyte growth factor-induced Asef-IQGAP1 complex controls cytoskeletal remodeling and endothelial barrier. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:4097-109. [PMID: 25492863 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.620377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) attenuates agonist-induced endothelial cell (EC) permeability and increases pulmonary endothelial barrier function via Rac-dependent enhancement of the peripheral actin cytoskeleton. However, the precise mechanisms of HGF effects on the peripheral cytoskeleton are not well understood. This study evaluated a role for Rac/Cdc42-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor Asef and the multifunctional Rac effector, IQGAP1, in the mechanism of HGF-induced EC barrier enhancement. HGF induced Asef and IQGAP1 co-localization at the cell cortical area and stimulated formation of an Asef-IQGAP1 functional protein complex. siRNA-induced knockdown of Asef or IQGAP1 attenuated HGF-induced EC barrier enhancement. Asef knockdown attenuated HGF-induced Rac activation and Rac association with IQGAP1, and it abolished both IQGAP1 accumulation at the cell cortical layer and IQGAP1 interaction with actin cytoskeletal regulators cortactin and Arp3. Asef activation state was essential for Asef interaction with IQGAP1 and protein complex accumulation at the cell periphery. In addition to the previously reported role of the IQGAP1 RasGAP-related domain in the Rac-dependent IQGAP1 activation and interaction with its targets, we show that the IQGAP1 C-terminal domain is essential for HGF-induced IQGAP1/Asef interaction and Asef-Rac-dependent activation leading to IQGAP1 interaction with Arp3 and cortactin as a positive feedback mechanism of IQGAP1 activation. These results demonstrate a novel feedback mechanism of HGF-induced endothelial barrier enhancement via Asef/IQGAP1 interactions, which regulate the level of HGF-induced Rac activation and promote cortical cytoskeletal remodeling via IQGAP1-Arp3/cortactin interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Tian
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Grzegorz Gawlak
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Alok S Shah
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Katherine Higginbotham
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Xinyong Tian
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Yoshihiro Kawasaki
- the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 113-8654 Tokyo, Japan, and
| | - Tetsu Akiyama
- the Laboratory of Molecular and Genetic Information, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 113-8654 Tokyo, Japan, and
| | - David B Sacks
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Anna A Birukova
- From the Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637,
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46
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Li Z, Liu XB, Liu YH, Xue YX, Wang P, Liu LB. Role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A activity in low-dose endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II-induced opening of blood-tumor barrier. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 56:60-9. [PMID: 25416651 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0467-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that low-dose endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide-II (EMAP-II) can selectively increase the permeability of blood-tumor barrier (BTB). In addition, low-dose EMAP-II significantly decreases the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration and the protein kinase A (PKA) expression level in tumor tissues in the rat C6 glioma model. In this study, an in vitro BTB model was used to investigate the potential role of cAMP/PKA signaling cascade in EMAP-II-induced BTB hyperpermeability. Our data revealed that low-dose EMAP-II (0.05 nM) induced a significant decrease in total intracellular cAMP concentration and PKA activity in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (RBMECs). Pretreatment with forskolin to increase intracellular cAMP nearly completely blocked the EMAP-II-induced decrease in transendothelial electric resistance and increase in horseradish peroxidase flux across the BTB. Similar pretreatment completely prevented the EMAP-II-induced changes in RhoA/Rho kinase activity, expression and distribution of tight junction-associated protein ZO-1, and myosin light chain phosphorylation, as well as actin cytoskeleton arrangement in RBMECs. Pretreatment with 6Bnz-cAMP to activate PKA significantly attenuated these EMAP-II-induced alterations in RBMECs. In summary, our present study demonstrates that the cAMP/PKA signaling cascade works as a crucial signaling pathway in EMAP-II-induced BTB hyperpermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China,
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Role of microtubules in attenuation of PepG-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction by atrial natriuretic peptide. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1852:104-19. [PMID: 25445540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apart from control of circulating fluid, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in the lung. However, molecular mechanisms of ANP anti-inflammatory effects are not well-understood. Peripheral microtubule (MT) dynamics is essential for agonist-induced regulation of vascular endothelial permeability. Here we studied the role of MT-dependent signaling in ANP protective effects against endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction and acute lung injury induced by Staphylococcus aureus-derived peptidoglican-G (PepG). PepG-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction was accompanied by MT destabilization and disruption of MT network. ANP attenuated PepG-induced MT disassembly, NFκB signaling and activity of MT-associated Rho activator GEF-H1 leading to attenuation of EC inflammatory activation reflected by expression of adhesion molecules ICAM1 and VCAM1. ANP-induced EC barrier preservation and MT stabilization were linked to phosphorylation and inactivation of MT-depolymerizing protein stathmin. Expression of stathmin phosphorylation-deficient mutant abolished ANP protective effects against PepG-induced inflammation and EC permeability. In contrast, siRNA-mediated stathmin knockdown prevented PepG-induced peripheral MT disassembly and endothelial barrier dysfunction. ANP protective effects in a murine model of PepG-induced lung injury were associated with increased phosphorylation of stathmin, while exacerbated lung injury in the ANP knockout mice was accompanied by decreased pool of stable MT. Stathmin knockdown in vivo reversed exacerbation of lung injury in the ANP knockout mice. These results show a novel MT-mediated mechanism of endothelial barrier protection by ANP in pulmonary EC and animal model of PepG-induced lung injury via stathmin-dependent control of MT assembly.
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Wittchen ES, Aghajanian A, Burridge K. Isoform-specific differences between Rap1A and Rap1B GTPases in the formation of endothelial cell junctions. Small GTPases 2014; 2:65-76. [PMID: 21776404 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.2.2.15735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rap1 is a Ras-like GTPase that has been studied with respect to its role in cadherin-based cell adhesion. Rap1 exists as two separate isoforms, Rap1A and Rap1B, which are 95% identical and yet the phenotype of the isoform-specific knockout mice is different. We and others have previously identified a role for Rap1 in regulating endothelial adhesion, junctional integrity and barrier function; however, these early studies did not distinguish a relative role for each isoform. To dissect the individual contribution of each isoform in regulating the endothelial barrier, we utilized an engineered microRNA-based approach to silence Rap1A, Rap1B or both, then analyzed barrier properties of the endothelium. Electrical impedance sensing experiments show that Rap1A is the predominant isoform involved in endothelial cell junction formation. Quantification of monolayer integrity by VE-cadherin staining revealed that knockdown of Rap1A, but not Rap1B, increased the number of gaps in the confluent monolayer. This loss of monolayer integrity could be rescued by re-expression of exogenous Rap1A protein. Expression of GFP-tagged Rap1A or 1B revealed quantifiable differences in localization of each isoform, with the junctional pool of Rap1A being greater. The junctional protein AF-6 also co-immunoprecipitates more strongly with expressed GFP-Rap1A. Our results show that Rap1A is the more critical isoform in the context of endothelial barrier function, indicating that some cellular processes differentially utilize Rap1A and 1B isoforms. Studying how Rap1 isoforms differentially regulate EC junctions may thus reveal new targets for developing therapeutic strategies during pathological situations where endothelial barrier disruption leads to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika S Wittchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Aslam M, Tanislav C, Troidl C, Schulz R, Hamm C, Gündüz D. cAMP controls the restoration of endothelial barrier function after thrombin-induced hyperpermeability via Rac1 activation. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/10/e12175. [PMID: 25344477 PMCID: PMC4254100 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators like thrombin disrupt endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) and barrier integrity leading to oedema formation followed by resealing of AJs and a slow recovery of the barrier function. The molecular mechanisms of this process have not yet been fully delineated. The aim of the present study was to analyse the molecular mechanism of endothelial barrier recovery and thrombin was used as model inflammatory mediator. Thrombin caused a strong increase in endothelial permeability within 10 min accompanied by loss of Rac1 but not cdc42 activity, drop in cellular cAMP contents, and a strong activation of the endothelial contractile machinery mainly via RhoA/Rock signalling. Activation of RhoA/Rock signalling precedes and is dependent upon a rise in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Inhibition of cytosolic Ca2+ rise but not MLCK or Rock enhances the recovery of endothelial barrier function. The cellular cAMP contents increased gradually during the barrier recovery phase (30–60 min after thrombin challenge) accompanied by an increase in Rac1 activity. Inhibition of Rac1 activity using a specific pharmacological inhibitor (NSC23766) abrogated the endothelial barrier recovery process, suggesting a Rac1‐dependent phenomenon. Likewise, inhibition of either adenylyl cyclase or the cAMP‐effectors PKA and Epac (with PKI and ESI‐09, respectively) caused an abrogation of Rac1 activation, resealing of endothelial AJs and recovery of endothelial barrier function. The data demonstrate that endothelial barrier recovery after thrombin challenge is regulated by Rac1 GTPase activation. This Rac1 activation is due to increased levels of cellular cAMP and activation of downstream signalling during the barrier recovery phase. e12175 In the present study, we analysed the changes in the dynamic activities of members of the Rho family of GTPases and the role of endogenous cAMP signalling in the restoration of thrombin‐induced EC hyperpermeability. To imitate the in vivo conditions, the thrombin was present during whole experiments. The study demonstrates that challenging the human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) monolayers with thrombin results in a prompt activation (within first 10 min) of RhoA/Rock signalling and inhibition of Rac1 activity accompanied by a reduction in cellular cAMP contents. During the recovery phase of EC barrier function (30–60 min), an activation of Rac1 but not cdc42 occurs which is accompanied by an increase in intracellular levels of cAMP. Inhibition of adenylyl cyclase (AC) or downstream cAMP signalling abrogates Rac1 activation during the recovery phase and impedes the restoration of EC barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Aslam
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Christian Troidl
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christian Hamm
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dursun Gündüz
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
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Marcos-Ramiro B, García-Weber D, Millán J. TNF-induced endothelial barrier disruption: beyond actin and Rho. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:1088-102. [PMID: 25078148 DOI: 10.1160/th14-04-0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The decrease of endothelial barrier function is central to the long-term inflammatory response. A pathological alteration of the ability of endothelial cells to modulate the passage of cells and solutes across the vessel underlies the development of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and multiple sclerosis. The inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor (TNF) mediates changes in the barrier properties of the endothelium. TNF activates different Rho GTPases, increases filamentous actin and remodels endothelial cell morphology. However, inhibition of actin-mediated remodelling is insufficient to prevent endothelial barrier disruption in response to TNF, suggesting that additional molecular mechanisms are involved. Here we discuss, first, the pivotal role of Rac-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to regulate the integrity of endothelial cell-cell junctions and, second, the ability of endothelial adhesion receptors such as ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and PECAM-1, involved in leukocyte transendothelial migration, to control endothelial permeability to small molecules, often through ROS generation. These adhesion receptors regulate endothelial barrier function in ways both dependent on and independent of their engagement by immune cells, and orchestrate the crosstalk between leukocyte transendothelial migration and endothelial permeability during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - J Millán
- Jaime Millán, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain, Tel.: +34 911964713, Fax: +34 911964420, E-mail:
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