Zearalenone induces apoptosis and necrosis in porcine granulosa cells via a caspase-3- and caspase-9-dependent mitochondrial signaling pathway

Selenium-Chitosan Protects Porcine Endometrial Epithelial Cells from Zearalenone-induced Apoptosis via the JNK/SAPK Signaling Pathway

This study was designed to assess whether selenium-chitosan (Se-CTS) can protect porcine endometrial epithelial cells (PEECs) against damage and apoptosis induced by zearalenone (ZEA) via modulating the JNK/SAPK signaling pathway. The cell cycle, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and apoptosis rates of porcine endometrial epithelial cells were determined, as well as the expression levels of genes related to the SAPK/JNK signaling pathway. The results showed that 3.0 µmol/L Se-CTS decreased the percentage of ZEA-induced G1 phase in PEECs (P < 0.01), whereas 1.5 and 3.0 µmol/L Se-CTS increased the percentage of ZEA-induced percentage of G2 phase of PEECs (P < 0.01). Further, Se-CTS at 1.5 and 3.0 µmol/L improved the ZEA-induced decrease in MMP (P < 0.01), whereas Se-CTS at 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 µmol/L reduced the increase in ROS levels and apoptosis rate induced by ZEA in PEECs (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). Furthermore, 3.0 µmol/L Se-CTS ameliorated the increase in the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), apoptosis signal-regulated kinase (ASK1), and c-Jun induced by ZEA (P < 0.01) and the reduction in mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) and protein 53 (p53) expression (P < 0.01), while 1.5 µmol/L Se-CTS improved the expression of ASK1 and c-Jun induced by ZEA (P < 0.05). The results proved that Se-CTS alleviates ZEA-induced cell cycle stagnation, cell mitochondrial damage, and cell apoptosis via decreasing ZEA-produced ROS and modulating the JNK/SAPK signaling pathway.

Prediction of shared gene signatures and biological mechanisms between polycystic ovary syndrome and asthma: Based on weighted gene coexpression network analysis

OBJECTIVE

Several clinical studies have shown an association between polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and asthma; however, the molecular link between these conditions remains unclear. In this study, we conducted a reanalysis and repurposing of existing databases in order to depict the common key genes, related signaling pathways, and similarity of the immune microenvironment between PCOS and asthma.

METHODS

PCOS and asthma data sets were downloaded, and common signal pathways were identified by using gene set enrichment analysis. Identified common susceptibility genes were explored by intersecting the weighted gene coexpression network analysis module genes for both diseases. Then, we performed protein-protein interaction, Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses of the common susceptibility genes. Finally, we analyzed the immune environment of PCOS and asthma.

RESULTS

We identified five hub genes, namely, MMP9, CDC42, CD44, CD19, and BCL2L1, and uncovered that these five hub genes showed a tendency to be upregulated in both PCOS and asthma and possessed good diagnostic ability. In addition, we revealed that both PCOS and asthma were significantly enriched in the FcεRI-mediated signaling pathway. Moreover, we found that both PCOS and asthma exhibited infiltration of similar types of immune cells, such as monocytes, suggesting that the two diseases have similar pathological features.

CONCLUSION

PCOS and asthma share common causative genes with a similar immune environment. Taken together, we uncovered previously unsuspected traits for comprehensive diagnosis and treatment of PCOS and asthma in the future.

Toxicity, biodegradation, and nutritional intervention mechanism of zearalenone

Zearalenone (ZEA), a global mycotoxin commonly found in a variety of grain products and animal feed, causes damage to the gastrointestinal tract, immune organs, liver and reproductive system. Many treatments, including physical, chemical and biological methods, have been reported for the degradation of ZEA. Each degradation method has different degradation efficacies and distinct mechanisms. In this article, the global pollution status, hazard and toxicity of ZEA are summarized. We also review the biological detoxification methods and nutritional regulation strategies for alleviating the toxicity of ZEA. Moreover, we discuss the molecular detoxification mechanism of ZEA to help explore more efficient detoxification methods to better reduce the global pollution and hazard of ZEA.

Bacillus velezensis A2 Can Protect against Damage to IPEC-J2 Cells Induced by Zearalenone via the Wnt/FRZB/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

Zearalenone (ZEA) has adverse effects on human and animal health, and finding effective strategies to combat its toxicity is essential. The probiotic Bacillus velezensis A2 shows various beneficial physiological functions, including the potential to combat fungal toxins. However, the detailed mechanism by which the Bacillus velezensis A2 strain achieves this protective effect is not yet fully revealed. This experiment was based on transcriptome data to study the protective mechanism of Bacillus velezensis A2 against ZEA-induced damage to IPEC-J2 cells. The experiment was divided into CON, A2, ZEA, and A2+ZEA groups. This research used an oxidation kit to measure oxidative damage indicators, the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling (TUNEL) method to detect cell apoptosis, flow cytometry to determine the cell cycle, and transcriptome sequencing to screen and identify differentially expressed genes. In addition, gene ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were adopted to screen out relevant signaling pathways. Finally, to determine whether A2 can alleviate the damage caused by ZEA to cells, the genes and proteins involved in inflammation, cell apoptosis, cell cycles, and related pathways were validated using a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot methods. Compared with the CON group, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the ZEA group increased significantly (p < 0.01), while the levels of antioxidant enzyme activity, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and catalase (CAT) decreased significantly (p < 0.01). Compared with the ZEA group, the A2+ZEA group showed a significant decrease in ROS and MDA levels (p < 0.01), while the levels of T-SOD, GSH-PX, T-AOC, and CAT increased significantly (p < 0.01). TUNEL and cell cycle results indicated that compared with the ZEA group, the A2+ZEA group demonstrated a significant decrease in the cell apoptosis rate (p < 0.01), and the cell cycle was restored. Combining transcriptome data, qRT-PCR, and Western blot, the results showed that compared with the CON group, the mRNA and protein expression levels of Wnt10 and β-catenin increased significantly (p < 0.01), while the expression level of FRZB decreased significantly (p < 0.01); compared with the ZEA group, the expression levels of these mRNA and proteins were reversed. Bacillus velezensis A2 can increase the antioxidant level, reduce inflammatory damage, decrease cell apoptosis, and correct the cell cycle when that damage is being caused by ZEA. The protective mechanism may be related to the regulation of the Wnt/FRZB cell/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Phenotypic, endocrinological, and metabolic effects of zearalenone exposure and additive effect of heat stress in prepubertal female pigs

Independently, both heat stress (HS) and zearalenone (ZEN) compromise female reproduction, thus the hypothesis that ZEN would affect phenotypic, endocrine, and metabolic parameters in pigs with a synergistic and/or additive impact of HS was investigated. Prepubertal gilts (n = 6-7) were assigned to: thermoneutral (TN) vehicle control (TC; n = 6); TN ZEN (40 μg/kg; TZ; n = 6); pair-fed (PF; n = 6) vehicle control (PC; n = 6); PF ZEN (40 μg/kg; PZ; n = 6); HS vehicle control (HC; n = 7); and HS ZEN (40 μg/kg; HZ; n = 7) and experienced either constant 21.0 ± 0.10 °C (TN and PF) or 35.0 ± 0.2 °C (12 h) and 32.2 ± 0.1 °C (12 h) to induce HS for 7 d. Elevated rectal temperature (P < 0.01) and respiration rate (P < 0.01) confirmed induction of HS. Rectal temperature was decreased (P = 0.03) by ZEN. Heat stress decreased (P < 0.01) feed intake, body weight, and average daily gain, with absence of a ZEN effect (P > 0.22). White blood cells, hematocrit, and lymphocytes decreased (P < 0.04) with HS. Prolactin increased (P < 0.01) in PC and PZ and increased in HZ females (P < 0.01). 17β-estradiol reduced (P < 0.01) in HC and increased in TZ females (P = 0.03). Serum metabolites were altered by both HS and ZEN. Neither HS nor ZEN impacted ovary weight, uterus weight, teat size or vulva area in TN and PF treatments, although ZEN increased vulva area (P = 0.02) in HS females. Thus, ZEN and HS, independently and additively, altered blood composition, impacted the serum endocrine and metabolic profile and increased vulva size in prepubertal females, potentially contributing to infertility.

Hepatoprotective effect of syringin combined with costunolide against LPS-induced acute liver injury in L-02 cells via Rac1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway

Acute liver injury (ALI) leads to abnormal liver function and damage to liver cells. Syringin (syr) and costunolide (cos) are the major extracts from Dolomiaea souliei (Franch.) C.Shih (D. souliei), showing diverse biological functions in various biological processes. We explored the underlying hepatoprotective effects of syr+cos against LPS-induced ALI. Cell viability and proliferation were assessed using an MTT assay and immunofluorescence staining. Flow cytometry analysis was used to detect cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. ELISA was utilized to measure liver function and antioxidant stress indexes. qRT-PCR and western blotting was performed to determine mRNA and protein levels respectively. Using shRNA approach to Rac1 analyzed transcriptional targets. The results showed that syr+cos promoted L-02 cell proliferation, inhibiting the cell apoptosis and blocking cell cycle in G1 and G2/M phase. Syr+cos decreased the production of ALT, AST, LDH, MDA and ROS while increased SOD and CAT activities. Pretreated with syr+cos may decrease expressions of caspase-3,7,9, NF-κB, TNF-α proteins, Cyclin B, CDK1 and p-IκB proteins while p-IκB increased. Silencing of Rac-1 may protect the liver by increasing AKT, S473, T308 and reducing p-AKT proteins. Syr+cos exhibits anti-ALI activity via Rac1/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway which might act as an effective candidate drug for the treatment of ALI.

LncRNA profiles of Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside ameliorated Zearalenone-induced damage in porcine granulosa cells

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), a class of RNA molecules with transcripts longer than 200 nt, is crucial for maintaining animal reproductive function. Zearalenone (ZEN) damaged animal reproduction by targeting ovarian granulosa cells (GCs), especially in pigs. Nonetheless, it is not quite clear that whether Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) exert effects on porcine GCs (pGCs) after ZEN exposure by altering lncRNA expression. Here, we sought to gain novel information regarding C3G protect against damages induced by ZEN in pGCs. The pGCs were divided into control (Ctrl), ZEN, ZEN + C3G (Z + C), and C3G groups. Results revealed that C3G effectively increased cell viability and suppressed ZEN-induced apoptosis in pGCs. 87 and 82 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were identified in ZEN vs. Ctrl and Z + C vs. ZEN group, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis observed that the DELs were related to cell metabolism and cell-matrix adhesion biological processes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis found that the DELs were associated with the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway. In brief, we demonstrated that C3G could shield apoptosis induced by ZEN, which may be connected with the changes of lncRNA expression profiles in pGCs. This study complemented our understanding of the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms by which C3G mitigated the toxicity of ZEN in pGCs.

Exploring the Toxic Effects of ZEA on IPEC-J2 Cells from the Inflammatory Response and Apoptosis

Zearalenone (ZEA) is the most common fungal toxin contaminating livestock and poultry feeding, especially in pigs, causing severe toxic effects and economic losses. However, the mechanism of ZEA damage to the intestine is unknown. We constructed an in vitro model of ZEA toxicity in a porcine small intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) line. ZEA causes severe oxidative stress in porcine small intestine cells, such as the production of ROS and a significant decrease in the levels of antioxidant enzymes GSH, CAT, SOD, and T-AOC. ZEA also caused apoptosis in porcine small intestine cells, resulting in a significant reduction in protein and/or mRNA expression of apoptosis-related pathway factors such as P53, caspase 3, caspase 9, Bax, and Cyt-c, which in turn caused a significant decrease in protein and/or mRNA expression of inflammatory-related factors such as IL-1β, IL-2, Cox-2, NF-κD, NLRP3, IL-6, and IL -18, which in turn caused a significant increase in protein and/or mRNA expression levels. The final results suggest that ZEA can cause a severe toxic response in porcine small intestine cells, with oxidative stress, apoptotic cell death and inflammatory damage.

High-Resolution Magic Angle Spinning (HRMAS) NMR Identifies Oxidative Stress and Impairment of Energy Metabolism by Zearalenone in Embryonic Stages of Zebrafish (Danio rerio), Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and Yellowtail Snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus)

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin, commonly found in agricultural products, linked to adverse health impacts in humans and livestock. However, less is known regarding effects on fish as both ecological receptors and economically relevant "receptors" through contamination of aquaculture feeds. In the present study, a metabolomics approach utilizing high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HRMAS NMR) was applied to intact embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio), and two marine fish species, olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and yellowtail snapper (Ocyurus chrysurus), to investigate the biochemical pathways altered by ZEA exposure. Following the assessment of embryotoxicity, metabolic profiling of embryos exposed to sub-lethal concentrations showed significant overlap between the three species and, specifically, identified metabolites linked to hepatocytes, oxidative stress, membrane disruption, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired energy metabolism. These findings were further supported by analyses of tissue-specific production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipidomics profiling and enabled an integrated model of ZEA toxicity in the early life stages of marine and freshwater fish species. The metabolic pathways and targets identified may, furthermore, serve as potential biomarkers for monitoring ZEA exposure and effects in fish in relation to ecotoxicology and aquaculture.

Zearalenone attenuates colitis associated colorectal tumorigenesis through Ras/Raf/ERK pathway suppression and SCFA-producing bacteria promotion

The high prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its leading death causing rate have placed a considerable burden on patients and healthcare providers. There is a need for a therapy that has fewer adverse effects and greater efficiency. Zearalenone (ZEA), an estrogenic mycotoxin, has been demonstrated to exert apoptotic properties when administrated in higher doses. However, it is unclear whether such apoptotic effect remains valid in an in vivo setting. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of ZEA on CRC and its underlying mechanisms in the azoxymethane/ dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) model. Our results revealed that ZEA significantly lowered the total number of tumours, colon weight, colonic crypt depth, collagen fibrosis and spleen weight. ZEA suppressed Ras/Raf/ERK/cyclin D1 pathway, increasing the expression of apoptosis parker, cleaved caspase 3, while decreasing the expression of proliferative marker, Ki67 and cyclin D1. The gut microbiota composition in ZEA group showed higher stability and lower vulnerability in the microbial community when compared to AOM/DSS group. ZEA increased the abundance of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producing bacteria unidentified Ruminococcaceae, Parabacteroidies and Blautia, as well as the faecal acetate content. Notably, unidentified Ruminococcaceae and Parabacteroidies were substantially correlated with the decrease in tumour count. Overall, ZEA demonstrated a promising inhibitory effect on colorectal tumorigenesis and exhibited the potential for further development as a CRC treatment.

4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide induces apoptosis by excessive reactive oxygen species and DNA damage in human ovarian granulosa cells

4-Vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) is a hazardous industrial material which is widely used in the production of fragrances, rubber tires, antioxidants, pesticides, flame retardants and plasticizers. Previous studies have shown that exposure to VCD damages the female reproductive system, but the effects and mechanisms of VCD exposure on human granulosa cells are not reported. In this study, we used a human granulosa cell line (SVOG) to explore the effects of VCD exposure and found that VCD exposure had toxic effects on SVOG cells in vitro. VCD exposure led to excessive accumulation of intracellular ROS, caused DNA damage in cells, altered the expression of some key genes related with apoptosis and oxidative stress, and ultimately inhibited the proliferative capacity of granulosa cells, resulting in increased apoptosis. Overall, our findings provide solid evidence showing that VCD exposure produces severe damage to human granulosa cells, which is helpful for understanding the reproductive toxicity of VCD and etiology of infertility.

Cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside Rescues Zearalenone-Induced Apoptosis via the ITGA7-PI3K-AKT Signaling Pathway in Porcine Ovarian Granulosa Cells

Zearalenone (ZEN) is an important secondary metabolite of Fusarium fungi, exposure to which can cause reproductive disorders through its effects on ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) in many mammals, especially in pigs. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) on the ZEN-induced negative effects in porcine GCs (pGCs). The pGCs were treated with 30 µM ZEN and/or 20 µM C3G for 24 h; they were divided into a control (Ctrl) group, ZEN group, ZEN+C3G (Z+C) group, and a C3G group. Bioinformatics analysis was used to systematically screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the rescue process. Results showed that C3G could effectively rescue ZEN-induced apoptosis in pGCs, and notably increase cell viability and proliferation. Furthermore, 116 DEGs were identified, and the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases-protein kinase B (PI3K-AKT) signaling pathway was the center of attention, of which five genes and the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway were confirmed by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and/or Western blot (WB). As analyzed, ZEN inhibited mRNA and protein levels of integrin subunit alpha-7 (ITGA7), and promoted the expression of cell cycle inhibition kinase cyclin-D3 (CCND3) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (CDKN1A). After the knock-down of ITGA7 by siRNA, the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway was significantly inhibited. Meanwhile, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression decreased, and apoptosis rates and pro-apoptotic proteins increased. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that C3G exhibited significant protective effects on the ZEN-induced inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis via the ITGA7-PI3K-AKT pathway.

Isorhamnetin protects porcine oocytes from zearalenone-induced reproductive toxicity through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Zearalenone (ZEA) widely exists in moldy grains, which seriously destroys the fertility of females. Isorhamnetin, a natural flavonoid, has extensive of pharmacological activities. However, the beneficial effect and the underlying molecular mechanism of isorhamnetin involvement in ZEA-induced porcine oocyte damage have not been investigated.

METHODS

Oocytes were treated with different concentrations of ZEA (3, 5, 8 and 10 μmol/L) and isorhamnetin (5, 10, 20 and 30 μmol/L) for 44 h at 39 ℃. ZEA (5 μmol/L) and isorhamnetin (10 μmol/L) were selected for subsequent studies. Polar body exclusion rate, apoptosis rate and apoptosis related proteins, ROS levels and SOD2 protein, mitochondrial membrane potential and distribution, endoplasmic reticulum distribution and proteins expression, and PI3K, Akt and p-Akt proteins expression of oocytes were detected. In addition, the effect of PI3K antagonist (LY294002) on oocyte nuclear maturation and apoptosis were used to determine the involvement of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

RESULTS

Our findings showed that ZEA exposure damaged oocytes and isorhamnetin therapy restored the developmental capability of porcine oocytes. Isorhamnetin promoted polar body extrusion rate to rescue ZEA-induced meiotic arrest in porcine oocytes. Isorhamnetin alleviated ZEA-induced oxidative stress by stimulating SOD2 protein expression and inhibiting ROS production. Moreover, isorhamnetin enhanced normal mitochondrial distribution and mitochondrial membrane potential to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction induced by ZEA. Changing the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress-related marker proteins (CHOP, GRP78) and the distribution rate of normal endoplasmic reticulum showed that isorhamnetin relieved ZEA-caused endoplasmic reticulum stress. Mechanistically, isorhamnetin decreased Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression and inhibited ZEA-induced apoptosis through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, these results suggest that isorhamnetin protects oocytes from ZEA-caused damage through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which enhances meiotic maturation and mitochondrial function, and inhibits early apoptosis, oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress in porcine oocytes. Our study provides a new strategy for solving the reproductive toxicity induced by ZEA and treating woman infertility. A possible mechanism by which isorhamnetin protected porcine oocytes from ZEA-induced damage. Isorhamnetin inhibited meiosis arrest and apoptosis of porcine oocytes induced by ZEA through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Moreover, isorhamnetin repaired ZEA-induced oocyte damage by alleviating oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and ER stress.

Effects of Zearalenone on Apoptosis and Copper Accumulation of Goat Granulosa Cells In Vitro

Zearalenone (ZEA), also known as F-2 toxin, is a mycotoxin. Despite numerous reports of ZEA impairing livestock production performance and fertility, little information is available, including information about the mechanism underlying damage to cell metal ion transport. Copper, which is essential for cell survival as a metal ion, can consist of a variety of enzymes that facilitate abundant metabolic processes. However, the accumulation of copper in cells can have toxic effects. Here, we intended to determine whether ZEA could impair goat granulosa cells (GCs) and alter the cellular copper concentration. GCs were divided into a negative control (NC) group (cells cultured with 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 8 h) and a ZEA group (cells cultured with 200 μmol/L ZEA diluted in DMSO for 8 h). The results showed that ZEA could inhibit GC proliferation and impair cell viability. GCs showed significant increases in the apoptosis rate and oxidative stress levels, while their ability to synthesize estrogen decreased. In addition, RNA-seq results showed dramatic changes in the expression of copper transport-related genes. The expression levels of ATPase copper transporting alpha (ATP7A) and ATPase copper transporting beta (ATP7B) were significantly downregulated (p < 0.01), while the expression of solute carrier family 31 member 1 (SLC31A1) was not modified in the ZEA group compared with the NC group. In accordance with these trends, the copper concentration increased significantly in the ZEA group (p < 0.01). In summary, our results show that ZEA can negatively affect GCs and cause copper accumulation. This finding may provide a prospective line of research on the relationship between ZEA and the transport of copper ions in GCs.

Betulinic acid alleviates zearalenone-induced uterine injury in mice

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin with estrogen-like biological activity, which widely present in feed and raw materials, with strong reproductive system toxicity and a major threat to animal reproduction. Betulinic acid (BA) is a natural plant compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other pharmacological activities. However, the mechanism of ZEA-induced uterine injury and the protective effect of BA have not been reported. Our results show that ZEA could cause uterine histopathological damage and cellular ultrastructural damage, affecting the secretion of sex hormones, such as estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), and increase the mRNA and protein expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα). ZEA could inhibit the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), increase the production of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cause uterine oxidative stress. Furthermore, ZEA affected the homeostasis of uterine cell proliferation and death by regulating the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. ZEA-induced uterine injury might be related to the activation of p38/ERK MAPK signaling pathway. However, the regulatory effect of ZEA on the uterus was reversed after BA treatment. In conclusion, the uterus is an important target organ attacked by ZEA, and BA showed a good therapeutic effect.

Zearalenone affects the growth of endometriosis via estrogen signaling and inflammatory pathways

Endometriosis is a chronic, inflammatory, estrogen-dependent gynecological disease characterized by the growth of endometrial stromal cells and glands outside the uterine cavity in response to hormones, which commonly occurs in reproductive-age women. Zearalenone (ZEA) is a toxic metabolite produced by Fusarium, which acts as estrogen activity because of the similarity of its structure to estrogen. In this study, we used an endometriosis mouse model: 15 days after ovariectomy, endometrial fragments were sutured on the pelvic wall, and exogenous estrogen was supplied using an estrogen-releasing silicone tube embedded subcutaneously. Mice were treated with different doses of ZEA by gavage for 21 days. The results show that ZEA significantly inhibited the growth of ectopic endometrium in a dose-dependent manner. The proliferation of cells decreased while apoptosis increased in the ectopic tissues of ZEA-treated mice compared to the vehicle group. The expression of estrogen receptor-α and its downstream targets MUC1 and p-AKT decreased, indicating an impaired estrogen signaling activity by ZEA treatment. In addition, the decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine Tnf-α, Il-1β, and Il-6, the lower number of macrophages and neutrophils cells, and the inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway suggest the inflammatory response in the ectopic endometrium was also suppressed by ZEA treatment. However, when the exogenous estrogen supply is removed, ZEA, in turn, plays an estrogen-like role that promotes cell proliferation in the ectopic endometrium. In summary, our data suggest ZEA acts as an antagonist in endometriotic tissue when estrogen is sufficient but turns to estrogenic activity in the absence of estrogen in the development of endometriosis. ZEA also inhibits ectopic tissue growth by inhibiting inflammatory response in the endometriosis model.

Curcumin- and resveratrol-co-loaded nanoparticles in synergistic treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Currently, systemic therapies for patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rely mainly on systemic drugs. However, traditional systemic drugs have a high rate of serious adverse events, and the curative effects of some potential anticancer drugs, such as curcumin (CUR) and resveratrol (RSV), are less apparent due to their poor bioavailability. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a highly effective therapy to improve patient prognosis. Herein, an injectable HCC-targeted nanoparticle (NP) was designed to deliver CUR and RSV to hepatoma cells.

RESULTS

The molecular self-assembled NPs showed higher tumour retention through the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect of the NPs and surface modification with the HCC-specific peptide moiety SP94 to effectively treat HCC. These HCC-targeted NPs led to a significant reduction in the drug dosage, delayed the rate of drug release and improved the bioavailability of the encapsulated drugs. The drug concentrations in the vicinity of the tumour increased, and a good therapeutic effect was observed without obvious side effects.

CONCLUSIONS

These SP94-mediated NPs allowed large amounts of antitumor drugs to accumulate in tumours, providing a novel strategy for innovative HCC therapy. This nanoplatform also offers an idea for exploring other potential chemotherapeutics.

Roles of stress response-related signaling and its contribution to the toxicity of zearalenone in mammals

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a mycotoxin frequently found in cereal crops and cereal-derived foodstuffs worldwide. It affects plant productivity, and is also a serious hazard to humans and animals if being exposed to food/feed contaminated by ZEA. Studies over the last decade have shown that the toxicity of ZEA in animals is mainly mediated by the various stress responses, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, oxidative stress, and others. Accumulating evidence shows that oxidative stress and ER stress signaling are actively implicated in and contributes to the pathophysiology of various diseases. Biochemically, the deleterious effects of ZEA are associated with apoptosis, DNA damage, and lipid peroxidation by regulating the expression of genes implicated in these biological processes. Despite these findings, the underlying mechanisms responsible for these alterations remain unclear. This review summarized the characteristics, metabolism, toxicity and the deleterious effects of ZEA exposure in various tissues of animals. Stress response signaling implicated in the toxicity as well as potential therapeutic options with the ability to reduce the deleterious effects of ZEA in animals were highlighted and discussed.

Microbial and enzymatic battle with food contaminant zearalenone (ZEN)

Zearalenone (ZEN) contamination of various foods and feeds is an important global problem. In some animals and humans, ZEN causes significant health issues in addition to massive economic losses, annually. Therefore, removal or degradation of the ZEN in foods and feeds is required to be done. The conventional physical and chemical methods have some serious issues including poor efficiency, decrease in nutritional value, palatability of feed, and use of costly equipment. Research examined microbes from diverse media for their ability to degrade zearalenone and other toxins, and the findings of several investigations revealed that enzymes produced from microbes play a significant role in the degradation of mycotoxins. In established bacterial hosts, genetically engineered technique was used to enhance heterologously produced degrading enzymes. Then, the bio-degradation of ZEN by the use of micro-organisms or their enzymes is much more advantageous and is close to nature and ecofriendly. Furthermore, an effort is made to put forward the work done by different scientists on the biodegradation of ZEN by the use of fungi, yeast, bacteria, and/or their enzymes to degrade the ZEN to non-toxic products. KEY POINTS: •Evolved microbial strains degraded ZEA more quickly •Different degrading properties were studied.

Identification of apoptotic pathways in zearalenone-treated mouse sertoli cells

Zearalenone (ZEN), one of the most prevalent non-steroidal oestrogenic mycotoxins, is primarily produced by Fusarium fungi. Due to its toxicity as an oestrogenic compound and wide distribution in feed and foods, the reproductive toxicology of ZEN exposure is of public concern. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ZEN on Sertoli cells to identify apoptotic pathways induced by this compound. We found that ZEN reduced the viability and caused apoptosis in Sertoli cells in vitro. Notably, we observed that such effects were associated with a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the number of cells that showed positive staining for γH2AX and RAD51, enzymes essential for repairing DNA damage. There was a parallel decrease in the expression of occludin and connexin 43, proteins that are present in the testis-blood barrier and gap junctions of Sertoli cells, respectively. Overall, the present study confirms that ZEN exposure can have serious deleterious effects on mammalian Sertoli cells and offers novel insight about its molecular targets in these cells.

Zearalenone promotes follicle development through activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway in the ovaries of weaned gilts

This study aimed to investigate the effect of zearalenone (ZEA) exposure on follicular development in weaned gilts, and its mechanism based on the silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1α (PGC-1α) signaling pathway. A total of 32 healthy female weaned piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) with an average body weight of 12.39 ± 0.24 kg were randomly allotted to a basal diet supplemented with 0, 0.15, 1.5, or 3.0 mg/kg ZEA for a 32-d feeding test. Blood and ovarian samples were obtained at the end of the experiment to determine serum toxin concentrations, ovarian histology, and the expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway-related genes. Results showed that the vulva area, serum concentrations of ZEA, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol, the thickness of the growing follicular layer, and the diameter of the largest growing follicles, as well as the expressions of SIRT1, PGC-1α, estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα), ATP synthase subunit beta (ATP5B), and PCNA, increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary ZEA, whereas the thickness of the primordial follicle layer decreased linearly (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the immunoreactive substances of SIRT1 and PGC-1α in the ovaries enhanced with the increasing dietary ZEA (P < 0.05). In addition, the thickness of the growing follicular layer and the diameter of the largest growing follicle were positively correlated with relative mRNA and protein expressions of SIRT1, PGC-1α, ERRα, ATP5B, and PCNA (P < 0.05). However, the thickness of the primordial follicle layer was negatively correlated with the mRNA and protein expression of SIRT1, PGC-1α, ERRα, ATP5B, and PCNA (P < 0.05). Interestingly, the 1.5 mg/kg ZEA treatment had highly hyperplastic follicles, whereas 3.0 mg/kg ZEA resulted in a large number of follicular atresia, which indicated that low-dose ZEA exposure accelerated follicular proliferation, while high-dose ZEA promoted follicular atresia, although the critical value interval needs further confirmation. Results provide a theoretical basis for finding the therapeutic target of ZEA-induced reproductive disorders in weaned gilts.

Practical Application of Urinary Zearalenone Monitoring System for Feed Hygiene Management of a Japanese Black Cattle Breeding Herd—The Relationship between Monthly Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Serum Amyloid A Concentrations

This study addresses an advantageous application of a urinary zearalenone (ZEN) monitoring system not only for surveillance of ZEN exposure at the production site of breeding cows but also for follow-up monitoring after improvement of feeds provided to the herd. As biomarkers of effect, serum levels of the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations were used. Based on the results of urinary ZEN measurement, two cows from one herd had urinary ZEN concentrations which were two orders of magnitude higher (ZEN: 1.34 mg/kg, sterigmatocystin (STC): 0.08 mg/kg in roughages) than the levels of all cows from three other herds (ZEN: not detected, STC: not detected in roughages). For the follow-up monitoring of the herd with positive ZEN and STC exposure, urine, blood, and roughage samples were collected from five cows monthly for one year. A monitoring series in the breeding cattle herd indicated that feed concentrations were not necessarily reflected in urinary concentrations; urinary monitoring assay by ELISA may be a simple and accurate method that reflects the exposure/absorption of ZEN. Additionally, although the ZEN exposure level appeared not to be critical compared with the Japanese ZEN limitation in dietary feeds, a negative regression trend between the ZEN and AMH concentrations was observed, indicating that only at extremely universal mycotoxin exposure levels, ZEN exposure may affect the number of antral follicles in cattle. A negative regression trend between the ZEN and SAA concentrations could also be demonstrated, possibly indicating the innate immune suppression caused by low-level chronic ZEN exposure. Finally, significant differences (p = 0.0487) in calving intervals between pre-ZEN monitoring (mean ± SEM: 439.0 ± 41.2) and post-ZEN monitoring (349.9 ± 6.9) periods were observed in the monitored five cows. These preliminary results indicate that the urinary ZEN monitoring system may be a useful practical tool not only for detecting contaminated herds under field conditions but also provides an initial look at the effects of long-term chronic ZEN/STC (or other co-existing mycotoxins) exposure on herd productivity and fertility.

LvHemB1, a novel cationic antimicrobial peptide derived from the hemocyanin of Litopenaeus vannamei, induces cancer cell death by targeting mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1

Current cancer treatment regimens such as chemotherapy and traditional chemical drugs have adverse side effects including the appearance of drug-resistant tumor cells. For these reasons, it is imperative to find novel therapeutic agents that overcome these factors. To this end, we explored a cationic antimicrobial peptide derived from Litopenaeus vannamei hemocyanin (designated LvHemB1) that induces cancer cell death, but sparing normal cells. LvHemB1 inhibits the proliferation of human cervical (HeLa), esophageal (EC109), hepatocellular (HepG2), and bladder (EJ) cancer cell lines, but had no significant effect on normal liver cell lines (T-antigen-immortalized human liver epithelial (THLE-3) cells). In addition to its antiproliferative effects, LvHemB1 induced apoptosis, by permeating cells and targeting mitochondrial voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1). Colocalization studies revealed the localization of LvHemB1 in mitochondria, while molecular docking and pull-down analyses confirmed LvHemB1-VDAC1 interaction. Moreover, LvHemB1 causes loss in mitochondrial membrane potential and increases levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptotic proteins (caspase-9, caspase-3, and Bax (Bcl-2-associated X)), which results in mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis. Thus, peptide LvHemB1 has the potential of being used as an anticancer agent due to its antiproliferation effect and targeting to VDAC1 to cause mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells, as well as its ability to induce apoptosis by increasing ROS levels, and the expression of proapoptotic proteins.

Hyperoside Attenuates Zearalenone-induced spleen injury by suppressing oxidative stress and inhibiting apoptosis in mice

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin contaminant that causes immune toxicity, apoptosis, and oxidative stress in animals. Hyperoside (Hyp) is a flavonol glycoside compound with antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. However, the potential of Hyp to prevent ZEA-induced spleen injury remains unknown. To evaluate the chemoprotective effect of Hyp against ZEA-induced spleen injury, 60 male Kunming mice were randomly assigned into five groups. The first two groups were orally treated with ZEA (40 mg/kg) for 30 days, and combined with Hyp (0, 100 mg/kg) treatment. The other three groups are orally treated with normal saline, olive oil, or Hyp (100 mg/kg) for 30 days. Hyperoside had an inhibitory effect against ZEA-induced spleen lesions. In addition, Hyp significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT)], the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and significantly reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) content reducing ZEA-induced oxidative stress in the spleen. Moreover, the translation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream target genes (CAT, NQO1, SOD1, GSS, GCLM, and GCLC) were ameliorated using co-therapy with Hyp before treatment with ZEA. Hyperoside also significantly inhibited the translation and expression of apoptotic genes (caspase3, casepase9, Bax, Bcl-2) and the production of apoptotic bodies induced by ZEA in the spleen. In conclusion, the findings revealed that Hyp inhibited ZEA-induced spleen injury through its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic effects. Thus, it provides a new treatment option for immune system diseases caused by ZEA.

Geniposide Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis Through Reducing Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Respose, Inhibiting Apoptosis and Modulating Overall Metabolism

Liver fibrosis is a progressive liver damage condition caused by various factors and may progress toward liver cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Many studies have found that the disfunction in metabolism could contribute to the development of liver fibrosis. Geniposide, derived from Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis, has been demonstrated with therapeutic effects on liver fibrosis. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of such liver-protection remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to explored the effect of geniposide on metabolic regulations in liver fibrosis. We used carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) to construct a mouse model of liver fibrosis and subsequently administered geniposide treatment. Therapeutic effects of geniposide on liver fibrosis were accessed through measuring the levels of hepatic enzymes in serum and the pathological changes in liver. We also investigated the effects of geniposide on inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis in liver. Furthermore, serum untargeted metabolomics were used to explore the metabolic regulatory mechanisms behind geniposide on liver fibrosis. Our results demonstrated that geniposide could reduce the levels of hepatic enzymes in serum and ameliorate the pathological changes in liver fibrosis mice. Geniposide enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and decreased methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) levels in liver. Geniposide treatment also decreased the levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) in liver tissue homogenate. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling assay (TUNEL) staining demonstrated that geniposide could reduce the apoptosis of hepatocytes. Geniposide increased the protein expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and downregulated the protein expression of Bcl-2 Associated X (Bax), cleaved-Caspase 3, and cleaved-Caspase 9. Serum untargeted metabolomics analysis demonstrated that geniposide treatment improved the metabolic disorders including glycerophospholipid metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. In conclusion, our study demonstrated the protective effects of geniposide on liver fibrosis. We found that geniposide could treat liver fibrosis by inhibiting oxidative stress, reducing inflammatory response and apoptosis in the liver, and modulating glycerophospholipid, and arginine, proline, and AA metabolism processes.

USP25 Regulates the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Ovarian Granulosa Cells in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Modulating the PI3K/AKT Pathway via Deubiquitinating PTEN

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine-related disease related to abnormal folliculogenesis and is a leading cause of infertility worldwide. Inhibition of granulosa cells (GCs) proliferation and increased GCs apoptosis have been identified as the major factors in aberrant follicle maturation. Methods: USP25 and PTEN expression in GCs from women with and without PCOS was analyzed using Western blotting. A PCOS-like mouse model was constructed using USP25 knockout and wild-type mice to explore the role of USP25 in PCOS. The human granular cell line KGN was cultured for proliferation and apoptosis assays, and the effect of USP25 on PTEN was investigated after transfection with shRNA-USP25 lentivirus. Results: USP25 expression was found to be elevated in patients and mice with PCOS. With mouse model, we observed a reduction in PCOS symptoms in mice after USP25 deletion. Increased proliferation, reduced apoptosis, activation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway and decreased PTEN expression were found in KGN cells after USP25 knockdown. Finally, we verified that USP25 could deubiquitinate PTEN in KGN cells. Conclusions: In this study, we investigated that USP25 can regulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by deubiquitinating PTEN, thus affecting the proliferation and apoptosis of GCs and contributing to the pathogenesis of PCOS.

Proteomic analysis of zearalenone toxicity on mouse thymic epithelial cells

Zearalenone (ZEA) is one of the most major food contaminants in cereal crops worldwide, risking health of both livestock and humans. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity and the underlying mechanism of ZEA on thymic epithelial cells. By using proteomics analysis, we identified 596 differentially expressed proteins in MTEC1 cells upon zearalenone exposure, of which 245 were upregulated and 351 were downregulated. Gene ontology (GO) analysis suggested that differentially expressed proteins were participated in protein synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and ATP binding. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that differentially expressed proteins were mainly related to mitochndrial metabolism, such as citrate cycle (TCA cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation. We demonstrated that ZEA treatment was able to increase the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, to decrease ΔΨm, ATP level, and the copy number of mtDNA, leading to necrotic cell death. Moreover, we showed that ZEA treatment inhibited cell proliferation and induced G2/M phase arrest by downregulation of proliferation-associated proteins ERK, p-ERK, CDK1, and p-CHK1. Taken together, we found that the toxicity of ZEA on thymic epithelial cells is mainly caused by the inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction and cell proliferation. Our study might open new avenues for treatment strategies.

Tannic acid repair of zearalenone-induced damage by regulating the death receptor and mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway in mice

Zearalenone (ZEA) is an estrogenic toxin produced by Fusarium strains, that is widely present in crops, and endangers the reproductive system of animals. Tannic acid (TA) is a natural polyphenolic substance that is widespread in the roots, stems, and leaves of plants, and has special pharmacological activity. This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic effect of TA on ZEA-induced ovarian damage in mice and to explore the molecular mechanism involved. Ninety healthy Kunming female mice were divided into six equal groups. All the groups but the control group were administered daily with ZEA [10 mg/kg body weight (bw)] orally, for 7 days, to induce damage to the reproductive system. Some groups were also administered with TA (50, 100, and 200 mg/bw) for 7 days. Mice were euthanized 24 h later to allow for collection of serum and ovaries. TA can effectively alleviate the appearance of congestion and redness of the ovary, caused by ZEA, and increase the number of healthy growing follicles. Moreover, the estrogen content and the levels of MDA and ROS in the ovaries can be effectively reduced by TA. It can also reduce the apoptosis of ovarian cells, decreases the protein expression of the estrogen receptor, Fas, Fasl, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and Bax, and increases the protein expression of Bcl-2. Our study indicates that TA reduces the strong estrogen and oxidative damage induced by ZEA, and these therapeutic effects may be partially mediated by the death receptor and mitochondrial apoptosis signaling pathway.

Zearalenone Induces Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration via DRP-1-Involved Mitochondrial Fragmentation and Apoptosis in a Caenorhabditis elegans Parkinson's Disease Model

The contamination of mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEN) in foods has been reported worldwide, resulting in potential risks to food safety. However, the toxic mechanism of ZEN on neurodegenerative diseases has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study conducted in vivo ZEN neurotoxicity assessment on Parkinson's disease (PD)-related dopaminergic neurodegeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction using Caenorhabditis elegans. The results demonstrated that dopaminergic neuron damage was induced by ZEN exposure (1.25, 10, and 50 μM), and dopaminergic neuron-related behaviors were adversely affected subsequently. Additionally, the mitochondrial fragmentation was significantly increased by ZEN exposure. Moreover, upregulated expression of mitochondrial fission and cell apoptosis-related genes (drp-1, egl-1, ced-4, and ced-3) revealed the crucial role of DRP-1 on ZEN-induced neurotoxicity, which was further confirmed by drp-1 mutant and RNAi assays. In conclusion, our study indicates ZEN-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration via DRP-1-involved mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis, which might cause harmful effects on PD-related symptoms.

DL-Selenomethionine Alleviates Oxidative Stress Induced by Zearalenone via Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathway in IPEC-J2 Cells

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a kind of nonsteroidal mycotoxin that is considered a risk affecting the safety of human food and livestock feed that causes oxidative damages in mammalian cells. Selenomethionine (SeMet) was indicated to have antioxidant activity and received great interest in investigating the role of SeMet as a therapeutic agent in oxidation. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the hormetic role of DL-SeMet in porcine intestinal epithelial J2 (IPEC-J2) cells against ZEN-induced oxidative stress injury. As a result of this experiment, 30 μg/mL of ZEN was observed with significantly statistical effects in cell viability. Following the dose-dependent manner, 20 μg/mL was chosen for the subsequent experiments. Then, further results in the current study showed that the ZENinduced oxidative stress with subsequent suppression of the expression of antioxidant stress pathway-related genes species. Moreover, SeMet reversed the oxidative damage and cell death of ZEN toxins to some extent, by a Nrf2/Keap1-ARE pathway. The finding of this experiment provided a foundation for further research on the ZEN-caused cell oxidative damage and the cure technology.

Scutellarin protects mouse ovarian granulosa cells from injury induced by the toxin zearalenone

Zearalenone (ZEA), present in animal grain feed is produced by Fusarium fungi and this toxin targets ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) to cause reproductive disorders in female animals. Current research on drugs that can rescue ZEA-induced ovarian GC damage is limited. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of scutellarin (Scu) on ZEA-induced apoptosis of mouse ovarian GCs and its mechanism. In one set of experiments, the primary cultured mouse ovarian GCs were co-treated with ZEA and Scu for 24 h. The results showed that Scu significantly alleviated ZEA-induced cell damage, restored cell cycle arrest, and inhibited apoptosis by reducing the ratio of cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-PARP, and Bax/Bcl-2. In another set of experiments, six-week-old mice were intragastrically administered with 40 mg kg-1 ZEA for 2 h, followed by 100 mg kg-1 Scu for 3 days. It was observed that Scu inhibited ZEA-induced apoptosis and positive signal expression of cleaved-caspase-3 in the ovarian granulosa layer, with the involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. These data provide strong evidence that Scu can be further developed as a potential new therapeutic drug for preventing or treating reproductive toxicity caused by the exposure of animals to ZEA found in the grains of animal feeds.

Zearalenone Blocks Autophagy Flow and Induces Cell Apoptosis During Embryo Implantation in Gilts

Zearalenone (ZEA) has been proved to be toxic, particularly to the reproductive system of gilts. The effect of ZEA on gilts during embryo implantation window period is of particular interests. Here, we observed window stage dysontogenesis of gilts treated with ZEA. In endometrial tissues and cells, autophagosomes increased significantly and mitochondria were damaged with increasing ZEA concentration. Addition of autophagy inhibitor confirmed that ZEA blocks the autophagic flow in the fusion of autophagosomes and lysosomes. In conclusion, ZEA exposure during embryo implantation results in endometrium inflammation by activating autophagy while blocking autophagy flow at the same time, leading to the significant accumulation of autophagosomes. The aforementioned effects of ZEA induce the apoptosis of primary endometrial cells through the caspase3 pathway, which would break the uterus environment balance and finally lead to embryo implantation failure and dysontogenesis in gilts.

Impact of Fusarium-Derived Mycoestrogens on Female Reproduction: A Systematic Review

Contamination of the world’s food supply and animal feed with mycotoxins is a growing concern as global temperatures rise and promote the growth of fungus. Zearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi, is a common contaminant of cereal grains and has also been detected at lower levels in meat, milk, and spices. ZEN’s synthetic derivative, zeranol, is used as a growth promoter in United States (US) and Canadian beef production. Experimental research suggests that ZEN and zeranol disrupt the endocrine and reproductive systems, leading to infertility, polycystic ovarian syndrome-like phenotypes, pregnancy loss, and low birth weight. With widespread human dietary exposure and growing experimental evidence of endocrine-disrupting properties, a comprehensive review of the impact of ZEN, zeranol, and their metabolites on the female reproductive system is warranted. The objective of this systematic review was to summarize the in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological literature and evaluate the potential impact of ZEN, zeranol, and their metabolites (commonly referred to as mycoestrogens) on female reproductive outcomes. We conducted a systematic review (PROSPERO registration CRD42020166469) of the literature (2000–2020) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The data sources were primary literature published in English obtained from searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The ToxR tool was applied to assess risk of bias. In vitro and in vivo studies (n = 104) were identified and, overall, evidence consistently supported adverse effects of mycoestrogens on physiological processes, organs, and tissues associated with female reproduction. In non-pregnant animals, mycoestrogens alter follicular profiles in the ovary, disrupt estrus cycling, and increase myometrium thickness. Furthermore, during pregnancy, mycoestrogen exposure contributes to placental hemorrhage, stillbirth, and impaired fetal growth. No epidemiological studies fitting the inclusion criteria were identified.

Neurotoxicity of zearalenone's metabolites and beauvericin mycotoxins via apoptosis and cell cycle disruption

Cell cycle progression and programmed cell death are imposed by pathological stimuli of extrinsic or intrinsic including the exposure to neurotoxins, oxidative stress and DNA damage. All can cause abrupt or delayed cell death, inactivate normal cell survival or cell death networks. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of the neuronal cell death are unresolved. One of the cell deaths triggers which have been wildly studied, correspond to mycotoxins produced by Fusarium species, which have been demonstrated cytotoxicity and neurotoxicity through impairing cell proliferation, gene expression and induction of oxidative stress. The aim of present study was to analyze the cell cycle progression and cell death pathway by flow cytometry in undifferentiated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells exposed to α-zearalenol (α-ZEL), β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) and beauvericin (BEA) over 24 h and 48 h individually and combined at the following concentration ranges: from 1.56 to 12.5 μM for α-ZEL and β-ZEL, from 0.39 to 2.5 μM for BEA, from 1.87 to 25 μM for binary combinations and from 3.43 to 27.5 μM for tertiary combination. Alterations in cell cycle were observed remarkably for β-ZEL at the highest concentration in all treatments where engaged (β-ZEL, β-ZEL + BEA and β-ZEL + α-ZEL), for both 24 h and 48 h. by activating the cell proliferation in G0/G1 phase (up to 43.6 %) and causing delays or arrests in S and G2/M phases (up to 19.6 %). Tertiary mixtures revealed increases of cell proliferation in subG0 phase by 4-folds versus control. Similarly, for cell death among individual treatments β-ZEL showed a significant growth in early apoptotic cells population at the highest concentration assayed as well as for all combination treatments where β-ZEL was involved, in both early apoptotic and apoptotic/necrotic cell death pathways.

Zearalenone Induces Apoptosis and Cytoprotective Autophagy in Chicken Granulosa Cells by PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MAPK Signaling Pathways

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin found in several food commodities worldwide. ZEA causes reproductive disorders, genotoxicity, and testicular toxicity in animals. However, little is known about the functions of apoptosis and autophagy after exposure to ZEA in granulosa cells. This study investigated the effects of ZEA on chicken granulosa cells. The results show that ZEA at different doses significantly inhibited the growth of chicken granulosa cells by inducing apoptosis. ZEA treatment up-regulated Bax and downregulated Bcl-2 expression, promoted cytochrome c release into the cytosol, and triggered mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Consequently, caspase-9 and downstream effector caspase-3 were activated, resulting in chicken granulosa cells apoptosis. ZEA treatment also upregulated LC3-II and Beclin-1 expression, suggesting that ZEA induced a high level of autophagy. Pretreatment with chloroquine (an autophagy inhibitor) and rapamycin (an autophagy inducer) increased and decreased the rate of apoptosis, respectively, in contrast with other ZEA-treated groups. Autophagy delayed apoptosis in the ZEA-treated cells. Therefore, autophagy may prevent cells from undergoing apoptosis by reducing ZEA-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, our results further show that the autophagy was stimulated by ZEA through PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways in chicken granulosa cells.

Zearalenone Induces Endothelial Cell Apoptosis through Activation of a Cytosolic Ca2+/ERK1/2/p53/Caspase 3 Signaling Pathway

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that has been reported to damage various types of cells/tissues, yet its effects on endothelial cells (ECs) have never been investigated. Therefore, this study investigates the potential effects of ZEN using bovine aortic ECs (BAECs). In this study, we found that ZEN induced apoptosis of BAECs through increased cleavage of caspase 3 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). ZEN also increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p53, and treatment with the ERK1/2 or p53 inhibitor reversed ZEN-induced EC apoptosis. Transfection of BAECs with small interfering RNA against ERK1/2 or p53 revealed ERK1/2 as an upstream target of p53 in ZEN-stimulated apoptosis. ZEN increased the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), yet treatment with the antioxidant did not prevent EC apoptosis. Similarly, blocking of estrogen receptors by specific inhibitors also did not prevent ZEN-induced apoptosis. Finally, chelation of cytosolic calcium (Ca²⁺) using BAPTA-AM or inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca²⁺ channel using 2-APB reversed ZEN-induced EC apoptosis, but not by inhibiting ER stress using 4-PBA. Together, our findings demonstrate that ZEN induces EC apoptosis through an ERK1/2/p53/caspase 3 signaling pathway activated by Ca²⁺ release from the ER, and this pathway is independent of ROS production and estrogen receptor activation.

Protective effect of dietary supplementation of Bupleurum falcatum L saikosaponins on ammonia exposure-induced ileum injury in broilers

Ammonia (NH3) at a high concentration has been recognized as a highly poisonous pollutant affecting both air and water quality. NH3, as a stimulus, exerts negative impact on broiler growth and production, but the molecular mechanisms are not clear yet. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Bupleurum falcatum L saikosaponins (SP) on the growth and ileum health status in broilers exposed to NH3. Day-old Arbor Acers broilers (n = 480) were randomly allocated into 1 of 4 treatments. The main factors were dietary SP supplementation (0 or 80 mg/kg of diet) and NH3 challenge (with or without 70 ± 5 ppm NH3). The data of growth, intestinal morphology, and mRNA expression related to ileal function were collected from broilers exposed to NH3 for 7 d. Results showed that NH3 remarkably suppressed growth performance and intestinal development as well as induced biological injuries in the ileum of broilers, resulting from oxidative stress, mucous barrier damage, and immune dysfunction as well as upregulated apoptosis. These negative effects of NH3 were alleviated by the SP supplement. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of SP may be helpful in alleviating the detrimental effects of NH3 on the ileum development in broilers.

Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review

Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with natural estrogens that enables its binding to the estrogen receptors leading to hormonal misbalance and numerous reproductive diseases. ZEN is mainly found in crops belonging to temperate regions, primarily in maize and other cereal crops that form an important part of various food and feed. Because of the significant adverse effects of ZEN on both human and animal, there is an alarming need for effective detection, mitigation, and management strategies to assure food and feed safety and security. The present review tends to provide an updated overview of the different sources, occurrence and biosynthetic mechanisms of ZEN in various food and feed. It also provides insight to its harmful effects on human health and agriculture along with its effective detection, management, and control strategies.

Deoxynivalenol Induces Caspase-8-Mediated Apoptosis through the Mitochondrial Pathway in Hippocampal Nerve Cells of Piglet

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common trichothecene mycotoxin found worldwide. DON has broad toxicity towards animals and humans. However, the mechanism of DON-induced neurotoxicity in vitro has not been fully understood. This study investigated the hypothesis that DON toxicity in neurons occurs via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Using piglet hippocampal nerve cells (PHNCs), we evaluated the effects of different concentrations of DON on typical indicators of apoptosis. The obtained results demonstrated that DON treatment inhibited PHNC proliferation and led to morphological, biochemical, and transcriptional changes consistent with apoptosis, including decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial release of cytochrome C (CYCS) and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), and increased abundance of active cleaved-caspase-9 and cleaved-caspase-3. Increasing concentrations of DON led to decreased B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression and increased expression of BCL2-associated X (Bax) and B-cell lymphoma-2 homology 3 interacting domain death agonist (Bid), which in turn increased transcriptional activity of the transcription factors AIF and P53 (a tumor suppressor gene, promotes apoptosis). The addition of a caspase-8 inhibitor abrogated these effects. These results reveal that DON induces apoptosis in PHNCs via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, and caspase-8 is shown to play an important role during apoptosis regulation.

A functional polymorphism of inhibin alpha subunit at miR-181b-1-3p-binding site regulates proliferation and apoptosis of chicken ovarian granular cells

INHA, the gene encoding the inhibin alpha subunit, was involved in folliculogenesis in mammals, but no study was reported for its working pathway in birds. Here we hypothesize that gene polymorphism in INHA 3'UTR might influence miRNAs binding efficiency and further affect the function of this gene. Thus, we investigated the association between the 3'UTR single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in INHA and the laying performance in chickens and further explore their possible molecular cascades in granulosa cells (GC). Five SNPs were detected in Tianfu green-shell layers and g. 22,178,975 G > A was significantly associated with total egg numbers at the age of 300 days (EN, n = 286). Birds carrying the AA genotype laid more EN than those with GG (P < 0.05). The allele transition from G to A in the 3'UTR of INHA gene destroyed a binding site which was targeted by miR-181b-1-3p. The expression abundances of INHA mRNA increased firstly and then decreased with follicle growing, and reached the top in the sixth largest pre-ovulation follicle, whereas miR-181b-1-3p levels in chicken pre-hierarchical follicles had the contrary tendency. Further studies indicated that high levels of miR-181b-1-3p increased apoptosis and reduced GC proliferation while miR-181b-1-3p inhibitors decreased apoptosis and promoted GC proliferation. Additionally, depression of INHA increased apoptosis and reduced GC proliferation via a caspase-3-dependent mitochondrial pathway. Generally, the mutation in INHA 3'UTR was tightly correlated with egg production in chickens, and blocked a binding site of miR-181b-1-3p. miR-181b-1-3p inhibited GC proliferation and promoted apoptosis by targeting INHA.

Growth hormone activates PI3K/Akt signaling and inhibits ROS accumulation and apoptosis in granulosa cells of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

BACKGROUND

It is reported that growth hormone (GH) can alleviate oxidative stress (OS) induced apoptosis in some types of cells by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study investigated the role and underlying mechanism of GH in OS and apoptosis in granulosa cells (GCs) of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

METHODS

Primary GCs were collected from patients with and without PCOS (controls, n = 32) during oocyte retrieval. The patients with PCOS were randomly assigned to take GH treatment (PCOS-GH, n = 30) or without GH treatment (PCOS-C, n = 31). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was determined by spectrophotometry and fluorescence microscopy. GC apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining and JC-1 staining, respectively (flow cytometry). The expression of apoptosis-related genes and proteins involved in PI3K/Akt signaling was determined by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting, while active caspase-9 and caspase-3 levels of GCs were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

Our study found that in GCs of the PCOS-GH group, the ROS levels and apoptotic rates were significantly decreased, whereas MMP was significantly increased when compared to those in the PCOS-C group (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels of FOXO1, Bax, caspase-9, and caspase-3 were significantly decreased, whereas Bcl-2 was increased in GCs of the PCOS-GH group than those in the PCOS-C group (P < 0.05). The protein levels of FOXO1, Bax, cleaved caspase-9/caspase-9 and cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 were decreased, whereas p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, p-FOXO1 and Bcl-2 were increased in GCs of the PCOS-GH group, compared with those in the PCOS-C group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

OS induced apoptosis and downregulated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in patients with PCOS. GH could alleviate apoptosis and activate the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

Chinese Clinical Trial Registry. ChiCTR1800019437 . Prospectively registered on October 20, 2018.

Effects of Dietary Zearalenone Exposure on the Growth Performance, Small Intestine Disaccharidase, and Antioxidant Activities of Weaned Gilts

Simple Summary

This study was conducted to assess the effects of Zearalenone (ZEA) exposure on the growth performance, small intestine disaccharidase, and antioxidant activities of weaned gilts. Twenty weaned gilts were randomly divided into control and ZEA treatment (1.04 mg/kg) groups. The data showed that 1.04 mg/kg ZEA in gilt’s diet could reduce the activity of disaccharidase enzymes and induce oxidative stress in the small intestine. Therefore, ZEA may induce intestinal injury by oxidative stress, or induce oxidative stress through intestinal injury, thus reducing the effect of animals on nutrient absorption.

Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEA) is a secondary metabolite with estrogenic effects produced by Fusarium fungi and mainly occurs as a contaminant of grains such as corn and wheat. ZEA, to which weaned gilts are extremely sensitive, is the main Fusarium toxin detected in corn–soybean meal diets. Our aim was to examine the effects of ZEA on the growth performance, intestinal disaccharidase activity, and anti-stress capacity of weaned gilts. Twenty 42-day-old healthy Duroc × Landrace × Large White weaned gilts (12.84 ± 0.26 kg) were randomly divided into control and treatment (diet containing 1.04 mg/kg ZEA) groups. The experiment included a 7-day pre-trial period followed by a 35-day test period, all gilts were euthanized and small intestinal samples were collected and subjected to immunohistochemical and western blot analyses. The results revealed that inclusion of 1.04 mg/kg ZEA in the diet significantly reduced the activities of lactase, sucrase, and maltase in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of gilts. Similarly, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and activities of catalase in the jejunum and ileum were reduced (p < 0.05). Conversely, the content of malondialdehyde in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and the integrated optical density (IOD), IOD in single villi, and the mRNA and protein expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The results of immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the positive reaction of Hsp70 in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of weaned gilts was enhanced in the ZEA treatment, compared with the control. The findings of this study indicate the inclusion of ZEA (1.04 mg/kg) in the diet of gilts reduced the activity of disaccharidase enzymes and induced oxidative stress in the small intestine, thereby indicating that ZEA would have the effect of reducing nutrient absorption in these animals.

In silico methods for metabolomic and toxicity prediction of zearalenone, α-zearalenone and β-zearalenone

Zearalenone (ZEA), α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) and β-zearalenol (β-ZEL) (ZEA's metabolites) are co/present in cereals, fruits or their products. All three with other compounds, constitute a cocktail-mixture that consumers (and also animals) are exposed and never entirely evaluated, nor in vitro nor in vivo. Effect of ZEA has been correlated to endocrine disruptor alterations as well as its metabolites (α-ZEL and β-ZEL); however, toxic effects associated to metabolites generated once ingested are unknown and difficult to study. The present study defines the metabolomics profile of all three mycotoxins (ZEA, α-ZEL and β-ZEL) and explores the prediction of their toxic effects proposing an in silico workflow by using three programs of predictions: MetaTox, SwissADME and PASS online. Metabolomic profile was also defined and toxic effect evaluated for all metabolite products from Phase I and II reaction (a total of 15 compounds). Results revealed that products describing metabolomics profile were: from O-glucuronidation (1z and 2z for ZEA and 1 ab, 2 ab and 3 ab for ZEA's metabolites), S-sulfation (3z and 4z for ZEA and 4 ab, 5 ab and 6 ab for ZEA's metabolites) and hydrolysis (5z and 7 ab for ZEA's metabolites, respectively). Lipinsky's rule-of-five was followed by all compounds except those coming from O-glucuronidation (HBA>10). Metabolite products had better properties to reach blood brain barrier than initial mycotoxins. According to Pa values (probability of activation) order of toxic effects studied was carcinogenicity > nephrotoxic > hepatotoxic > endocrine disruptor > mutagenic (AMES TEST) > genotoxic. Prediction of inhibition, induction and substrate function on different isoforms of Cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4) varied for each compounds analyzed; similarly, for activation of caspases 3 and 8. Relying to our findings, the metabolomics profile of ZEA, α-ZEL and β-ZEL analyzed by in silico programs predicts alteration of systems/pathways/mechanisms that ends up causing several toxic effects, giving an excellent sight and direct studies before starting in vitro or in vivo assays contributing to 3Rs principle; however, confirmation can be only demonstrated by performing those assays.

Whole-transcriptome analysis of the toxic effects of zearalenone exposure on ceRNA networks in porcine granulosa cells

Zearalenone (ZEA), an estrogen-like mycotoxin, is commonly detected in animal feeds including improperly stored grains. It has been well demonstrated that ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) perform vital roles during follicular development, however, the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network in GCs after ZEA exposure remains to be well described. Here, for the first time, we adopted whole-transcriptome sequence technology to explore the molecular mechanism of ZEA toxicology on porcine GCs. The results provide evidence that the cell cycle of porcine GCs is arrested in the G2/M phase after exposure to ZEA. Furthermore, bioinformation analysis found that cell cycle arrest related genes were perturbed, including CDK1, CCNB1, CDC25A, and CDC25C, which was consistent with the results of RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, and Western Blotting. Based on the whole-transcriptome sequence data, by constructing ceRNA networks related to cell cycle arrest, we observed that ZEA exposure arrested cell cycle progression at the G2/M phase in porcine GCs, and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) played an important role in this process via regulating the expressions of cell cycle arrest related genes. Taken together, our data here provides strong data to support that the toxicological mechanism regarding the widely distributed toxicant ZEA acts through ceRNA networks in porcine granulosa cells.

Effects of mycotoxin-contaminated feed on farm animals

Mycotoxins are secondary products produced by fungi in cereals and are frequently found in the livestock industry as contaminants of farm animal feed. Studies analyzing feed mycotoxins have been conducted worldwide and have confirmed the presence of mycotoxins with biological activity, including aflatoxin, ochratoxin A, fumonisin, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol, in a large proportion of feed samples. Exposure to mycotoxins can cause immunotoxicity and impair reproductive function in farm animals. In addition, exposure of tissues, such as the kidneys, liver, and intestines, to mycotoxins can exert histopathological changes that can interfere with animal growth and survival. This review describes previous studies regarding the presence of major mycotoxins in the feed of farm animals, especially pigs and poultry. Moreover, it describes the adverse effects of mycotoxins in farm animals following exposure, as well as the biological activity of mycotoxins in animal-derived cells. Mycotoxins have been shown to regulate signaling pathways, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis, and proliferation in porcine and bovine cells. A clear understanding of the effects of mycotoxins on farm animals will help reduce farm household economic loss and address the health concerns of people who consume these meat and dairy products.

Understanding the Toxin Effects of β-Zearalenol and HT-2 on Bovine Granulosa Cells Using iTRAQ-Based Proteomics

Simple Summary

Zearalenone (ZEA) and T-2 are two important mycotoxins, which have deleterious effects on the health of humans and livestock. ZEA and its derivatives, α-zearalenol and β-zearalenol, disturb the hormonal homeostasis and lead to numerous problems in the reproductive system. The HT-2 toxin, as the primary metabolite of the T-2 toxin, exerts a series of toxic effects on humans and livestock. The T-2 toxin and its metabolite HT-2 toxin induce damages in multiple tissues, which include the reproductive system. However, toxic response profiles of these mycotoxins on bovine ovarian granulosa cells (bGCs) are unclear. In this study, we determined the importance of heat shock proteins, clarified oxidative stress, and the caspase-3 signaling cascade involved in the mycotoxin-treated toxic response. These results could provide new insights for future studies on prevention and treatment of reproductive problems caused by mycotoxins in bovines.

Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEA) and T-2 are the most common mycotoxins in grains and can enter the animal and human food-chain and cause many health disorders. To elucidate the toxic response profile, we stimulated bovine granulosa cells (GCs) with β-zearalenol or HT-2. Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteomic, 178 and 291 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs, fold change ≥ 1.3 and p-value < 0.05) in β-zearalenol and HT-2 groups were identified, respectively. Among these DEPs, there were 66 common DEPs between β-zearalenol and HT-2 groups. These 66 DEPs were associated with 23 biological processes terms, 14 molecular functions terms, and 19 cellular components terms. Most heat shock proteins (HSPs) were involved in the toxic response. Reactive oxygen species accumulation, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress related marker molecule (GRP78), and apoptosis were activated. β-zearalenol and HT-2 inhibited oestradiol (E₂) production. These results emphasized the important function of HSPs, clarified oxidative stress, and demonstrated the caspase-3 signaling cascade involved in mycotoxin-treated toxic response, along with decreased E₂ production. This study offers new insights into the toxicity of β-zearalenol and HT-2 on ovarian granulosa cells.

The lncRNA EGFR-AS1 is linked to migration, invasion and apoptosis in glioma cells by targeting miR-133b/RACK1

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common in situ neoplasms in central nervous system (CNS). However, the pathogenesis of GBM is poorly understood. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in GBM progression. In this study, we attempted to identify the biological role of the EGFR-AS1 in glioma cells and tissues, as well as reveal the molecular mechanism associated. The results indicated that lnc-EGFR-AS1 expression was increased in glioma cells and tissues. EGFR-AS1 knockdown suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion of glioma cells, but induced apoptosis. Additionally, lnc-EGFR-AS1 functioned as a sponge for miR-133b. Promoting lnc-EGFR-AS1 expression significantly reduced miR-133b expression. Furthermore, miR-133b could target the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of RACK1 and reduced its expression levels. What's more, lnc-EGFR-AS1 knockdown reduced RACK1 expression partly through enhancing miR-133b expression. In vivo experiments confirmed the anti-tumorigenesis capability of EGFR-AS1 knockdown. These findings elucidated that EGFR-AS1 accelerated cell proliferation, migration, invasion and prevented apoptosis in glioma cells by regulating miR-133b/RACK1, providing new insights for the diagnosis and molecular therapy of GBM.