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Kandouz M. Cell Death, by Any Other Name…. Cells 2024; 13:325. [PMID: 38391938 PMCID: PMC10886887 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies trying to understand cell death, this ultimate biological process, can be traced back to a century ago. Yet, unlike many other fashionable research interests, research on cell death is more alive than ever. New modes of cell death are discovered in specific contexts, as are new molecular pathways. But what is "cell death", really? This question has not found a definitive answer yet. Nevertheless, part of the answer is irreversibility, whereby cells can no longer recover from stress or injury. Here, we identify the most distinctive features of different modes of cell death, focusing on the executive final stages. In addition to the final stages, these modes can differ in their triggering stimulus, thus referring to the initial stages. Within this framework, we use a few illustrative examples to examine how intercellular communication factors in the demise of cells. First, we discuss the interplay between cell-cell communication and cell death during a few steps in the early development of multicellular organisms. Next, we will discuss this interplay in a fully developed and functional tissue, the gut, which is among the most rapidly renewing tissues in the body and, therefore, makes extensive use of cell death. Furthermore, we will discuss how the balance between cell death and communication is modified during a pathological condition, i.e., colon tumorigenesis, and how it could shed light on resistance to cancer therapy. Finally, we briefly review data on the role of cell-cell communication modes in the propagation of cell death signals and how this has been considered as a potential therapeutic approach. Far from vainly trying to provide a comprehensive review, we launch an invitation to ponder over the significance of cell death diversity and how it provides multiple opportunities for the contribution of various modes of intercellular communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Kandouz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield Avenue, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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2
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Pearce LL, Zheng X, Wilen DS, Cronican AA, Frawley KL, Peterson J. Oxidant-Dependent Sensitizing, Protective, and Mitigative Effects in X-Ray-Irradiated Pulmonary Endothelial Cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:624-636. [PMID: 38182415 PMCID: PMC10801727 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The primary response of proliferating bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells (BPAECs) after X-ray irradiation [≤10 gray (Gy)] is shown to be transient cell-cycle arrest. Accompanying oxidant-linked functional changes within the mitochondria are readily measured, but increased autophagy is not. Radiation-induced apoptosis is negligible in this line-important because cells undergoing apoptosis release oxygen-derived species that can overwhelm/mask the radiation-associated species and their effects that we wish to investigate. Cells irradiated and cultured at 3% oxygen exhibited delayed cell-cycle arrest (6-8 hours after 10 Gy irradiation) compared with those maintained at 20% oxygen (2-4 hours after 10 Gy irradiation). At 3% oxygen, either only during or only after irradiation, results intermediate between 20% and 3% oxygen throughout were obtained. No variability in cell-cycle distribution was observed for unirradiated cells cultured under different prevailing oxygen levels. Mitochondrially localized manganese superoxide dismutase delayed the X-ray-induced cell-cycle changes when over-expressed in BPAEC, indicating superoxide to be one of the key oxygen-derived cytotoxic species involved in the radiobiological response. Also, the peroxynitrite biomarker 3-nitrotyrosine was elevated, whereas hydrogen peroxide levels were not. Lastly, the utility of the BPAEC for screening potential countermeasures to ionizing radiation is demonstrated with some quinoline derivatives. Three of the five compounds appeared mitigative, and all were protective. It is suggested that the oxidation-reduction chemistry of these compounds probably offers a reasonable explanation for their observed ameliorative properties. Furthermore, the results suggest a promising new direction in the search for lead compounds as countermeasures to the effects of ionizing radiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The primary radiological response of proliferating bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells is cell-cycle arrest, starting soon after X-ray irradiation (1-10 Gy) at 20% O2 but delayed by 4 hours at systemic (3%) O2. Oxygen/superoxide is found to be radio-sensitizing in at least two distinct time windows, during and after the irradiation, with both responses antagonized by various hydroxyquinoline derivatives. Similar responses in many other cell lines are likely to be masked by elevated oxidants associated with apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Pearce
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel S Wilen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea A Cronican
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristin L Frawley
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jim Peterson
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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3
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Mohsin N, Enderling H, Brady-Nicholls R, Zahid MU. Simulating tumor volume dynamics in response to radiotherapy: Implications of model selection. J Theor Biol 2024; 576:111656. [PMID: 37952611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
From the beginning of the usage of radiotherapy (RT) for cancer treatment, mathematical modeling has been integral to understanding radiobiology and for designing treatment approaches and schedules. There has been extensive modeling of response to RT with the inclusion of various degrees of biological complexity. In this study, we compare three models of tumor volume dynamics: (1) exponential growth with RT directly reducing tumor volume, (2) logistic growth with direct tumor volume reduction, and (3) logistic growth with RT reducing the tumor carrying capacity with the objective of understanding the implications of model selection and informing the process of model calibration and parameterization. For all three models, we: examined the rates of change in tumor volume during and RT treatment course; performed parameter sensitivity and identifiability analyses; and investigated the impact of the parameter sensitivity on the tumor volume trajectories. In examining the tumor volume dynamics trends, we coined a new metric - the point of maximum reduction of tumor volume (MRV) - to quantify the magnitude and timing of the expected largest impact of RT during a treatment course. We found distinct timing differences in MRV, dependent on model selection. The parameter identifiability and sensitivity analyses revealed the interdependence of the different model parameters and that it is only possible to independently identify tumor growth and radiation response parameters if the underlying tumor growth rate is sufficiently large. Ultimately, the results of these analyses help us to better understand the implications of model selection while simultaneously generating falsifiable hypotheses about MRV timing that can be tested on longitudinal measurements of tumor volume from pre-clinical or clinical data with high acquisition frequency. Although, our study only compares three particular models, the results demonstrate that caution is necessary in selecting models of response to RT, given the artifacts imposed by each model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuverah Mohsin
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Heiko Enderling
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Institute for Data Science in Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Renee Brady-Nicholls
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.
| | - Mohammad U Zahid
- Department of Integrated Mathematical Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States.
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Jeibouei S, Shams F, Mohebichamkhorami F, Sanooghi D, Faal B, Akbari ME, Zali H. Biological and clinical review of IORT-induced wound fluid in breast cancer patients. Front Oncol 2022; 12:980513. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.980513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) has become a growing therapy for early-stage breast cancer (BC). Some studies claim that wound fluid (seroma), a common consequence of surgical excision in the tumor cavity, can reflect the effects of IORT on cancer inhibition. However, further research by our team and other researchers, such as analysis of seroma composition, affected cell lines, and primary tissues in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, clarified that seroma could not address the questions about IORT effectiveness in the surgical site. In this review, we mention the factors involved in tumor recurrence, direct or indirect effects of IORT on BC, and all the studies associated with BC seroma to attain more information about the impact of IORT-induced seroma to make a better decision to remove or remain after surgery and IORT. Finally, we suggest that seroma studies cannot decipher the mechanisms underlying the effectiveness of IORT in BC patients. The question of whether IORT-seroma has a beneficial effect can only be answered in a trial with a clinical endpoint, which is not even ongoing.
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Key biological mechanisms involved in high-LET radiation therapies with a focus on DNA damage and repair. Expert Rev Mol Med 2022; 24:e15. [PMID: 35357290 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2022.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage and repair studies are at the core of the radiation biology field and represent also the fundamental principles informing radiation therapy (RT). DNA damage levels are a function of radiation dose, whereas the type of damage and biological effects such as DNA damage complexity, depend on radiation quality that is linear energy transfer (LET). Both levels and types of DNA damage determine cell fate, which can include necrosis, apoptosis, senescence or autophagy. Herein, we present an overview of current RT modalities in the light of DNA damage and repair with emphasis on medium to high-LET radiation. Proton radiation is discussed along with its new adaptation of FLASH RT. RT based on α-particles includes brachytherapy and nuclear-RT, that is proton-boron capture therapy (PBCT) and boron-neutron capture therapy (BNCT). We also discuss carbon ion therapy along with combinatorial immune-based therapies and high-LET RT. For each RT modality, we summarise relevant DNA damage studies. Finally, we provide an update of the role of DNA repair in high-LET RT and we explore the biological responses triggered by differential LET and dose.
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Zhang X, Deibert CP, Kim WJ, Jaman E, Rao AV, Lotze MT, Amankulor NM. Autophagy inhibition is the next step in the treatment of glioblastoma patients following the Stupp era. Cancer Gene Ther 2021; 28:971-983. [PMID: 32759988 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-020-0205-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
It has now been nearly 15 years since the last major advance in the treatment of patients with glioma. "The addition of temozolomide to radiotherapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma resulted in a clinically meaningful and statistically significant survival benefit with minimal additional toxicity". Autophagy is primarily a survival pathway, literally self-eating, that is utilized in response to stress (such as radiation and chemotherapy), enabling clearance of effete protein aggregates and multimolecular assemblies. Promising results have been observed in patients with glioma for over a decade now when autophagy inhibition with chloroquine derivatives coupled with conventional therapy. The application of autophagy inhibitors, the role of immune cell-induced autophagy, and the potential role of novel cellular and gene therapies, should now be considered for development as part of this well-established regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Zhang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher P Deibert
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Wi-Jin Kim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emade Jaman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aparna V Rao
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nduka M Amankulor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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7
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Qin H, Zhang H, Zhang S, Zhu S, Wang H. Protective Effect of Sirt1 against Radiation-Induced Damage. Radiat Res 2021; 196:647-657. [PMID: 34459925 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00139.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy is an important method for the treatment of malignant tumors. It can directly or indirectly lead to the formation of free radicals and DNA damage, resulting in a series of biological effects, including tumor cell death and normal tissue damage. These radiation effects are typically accompanied by the abnormal expression of sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), which deacetylates histones and non-histones. These Sirt1 substrates, including transcription factors and some catalytic enzymes, play a crucial role in anti-oxidative stress, DNA damage repair, autophagy regulation, anti-senescence, and apoptosis, which are closely related to triggering cell defense and survival in radiation-induced damage. In this article, we review the mechanisms underlying cellular responses to ionizing radiation and the role of Sirt1 in the process, with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for protection against radiation by Sirt1 as well as novel targets for developing radioprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoren Qin
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Siwei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Oncology, Institute of Integrative Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center of Nankai University, Tianjin, P.R. China
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du Plessis M, Davis T, Loos B, Pretorius E, de Villiers WJS, Engelbrecht AM. Molecular regulation of autophagy in a pro-inflammatory tumour microenvironment: New insight into the role of serum amyloid A. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2021; 59:71-83. [PMID: 33727011 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation, systemic or local, plays a vital role in tumour progression and metastasis. Dysregulation of key physiological processes such as autophagy elicit unfavourable immune responses to induce chronic inflammation. Cytokines, growth factors and acute phase proteins present in the tumour microenvironment regulate inflammatory responses and alter crosstalk between various signalling pathways involved in the progression of cancer. Serum amyloid A (SAA) is a key acute phase protein secreted by the liver during the acute phase response (APR) following infection or injury. However, cancer and cancer-associated cells produce SAA, which when present in high levels in the tumour microenvironment contributes to cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. SAA can activate several signalling pathways such as the PI3K and MAPK pathways, which are also known modulators of the intracellular degradation process, autophagy. Autophagy can be regarded as having a double edged sword effect in cancer. Its dysregulation can induce malignant transformation through metabolic stress which manifests as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and DNA damage. On the other hand, autophagy can promote cancer survival during metabolic stress, hypoxia and senescence. Autophagy has been utilised to promote the efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents and can either be inhibited or induced to improve treatment outcomes. This review aims to address the known mechanisms that regulate autophagy as well as illustrating the role of SAA in modulating these pathways and its clinical implications for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M du Plessis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - T Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - B Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - E Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - W J S de Villiers
- African Cancer Institute (ACI), Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa
| | - A M Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, South Africa
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Khan I, Baig MH, Mahfooz S, Rahim M, Karacam B, Elbasan EB, Ulasov I, Dong JJ, Hatiboglu MA. Deciphering the Role of Autophagy in Treatment of Resistance Mechanisms in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031318. [PMID: 33525678 PMCID: PMC7865981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process essential for cellular energy consumption, survival, and defense mechanisms. The role of autophagy in several types of human cancers has been explicitly explained; however, the underlying molecular mechanism of autophagy in glioblastoma remains ambiguous. Autophagy is thought to be a “double-edged sword”, and its effect on tumorigenesis varies with cell type. On the other hand, autophagy may play a significant role in the resistance mechanisms against various therapies. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms deriving the autophagy-mediated therapeutic resistance and designing improved treatment strategies for glioblastoma. In this review, we discuss autophagy mechanisms, specifically its pro-survival and growth-suppressing mechanisms in glioblastomas. In addition, we try to shed some light on the autophagy-mediated activation of the cellular mechanisms supporting radioresistance and chemoresistance in glioblastoma. This review also highlights autophagy’s involvement in glioma stem cell behavior, underlining its role as a potential molecular target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey; (I.K.); (S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Mohammad Hassan Baig
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
| | - Sadaf Mahfooz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey; (I.K.); (S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Moniba Rahim
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India;
| | - Busra Karacam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey; (I.K.); (S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Elif Burce Elbasan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical School, Vatan Street, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Jae-June Dong
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.-J.D.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Mustafa Aziz Hatiboglu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey; (I.K.); (S.M.); (B.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical School, Vatan Street, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (J.-J.D.); (M.A.H.)
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10
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Gao P, Hao F, Zhang Q, Qiu Y. ROS mediated radiotherapy-induced protective autophagy in thyroid cancer. ALL LIFE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1862922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Gao
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengjin Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Benxi Iron and Steel Co., LTD General Hospital, Benxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Fleming JC, Woo J, Moutasim K, Hanley CJ, Frampton SJ, Wood O, Ward M, Woelk CH, Ottensmeier CH, Hafizi S, Kim D, Thomas GJ. CTEN Induces Tumour Cell Invasion and Survival and Is Prognostic in Radiotherapy-Treated Head and Neck Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2963. [PMID: 33066224 PMCID: PMC7602105 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a heterogenous disease treated with surgery and/or (chemo) radiotherapy, but up to 50% of patients with late-stage disease develop locoregional recurrence. Determining the mechanisms underpinning treatment resistance could identify new therapeutic targets and aid treatment selection. C-terminal tensin-like (CTEN) is a member of the tensin family, upregulated in several cancers, although its expression and function in HNSCC are unknown. We found that CTEN is commonly upregulated in HNSCC, particularly HPV-ve tumours. In vitro CTEN was upregulated in HPV-ve (n = 5) and HPV+ve (n = 2) HNSCC cell lines. Stable shRNA knockdown of CTEN in vivo significantly reduced tumour growth (SCC-25), and functional analyses in vitro showed that CTEN promoted tumour cell invasion, colony formation and growth in 3D-culture (SCC-25, Detroit 562). RNA sequencing of SCC-25 cells following CTEN siRNA knockdown identified 349 differentially expressed genes (logFC > 1, p < 0.05). Gene ontology analysis highlighted terms relating to cell locomotion and apoptosis, consistent with in vitro findings. A membrane-based antibody array confirmed that CTEN regulated multiple apoptosis-associated proteins, including HSP60 and cleaved caspase-3. Notably, in a mixed cohort of HPV+ve and HPV-ve HNSCC patients (n = 259), we found a significant, independent negative association of CTEN with prognosis, limited to those patients treated with (chemo)radiotherapy, not surgery, irrespective of human papillomavirus (HPV) status. These data show that CTEN is commonly upregulated in HNSCC and exerts several functional effects. Its potential role in modulating apoptotic response to therapy suggests utility as a predictive biomarker or radio-sensitising target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C. Fleming
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (K.M.); (C.J.H.); (S.J.F.); (O.W.); (M.W.); (C.H.O.)
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9GA, UK
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
| | - Jeongmin Woo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (J.W.); (C.H.W.)
| | - Karwan Moutasim
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (K.M.); (C.J.H.); (S.J.F.); (O.W.); (M.W.); (C.H.O.)
| | - Christopher J. Hanley
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (K.M.); (C.J.H.); (S.J.F.); (O.W.); (M.W.); (C.H.O.)
| | - Steven J. Frampton
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (K.M.); (C.J.H.); (S.J.F.); (O.W.); (M.W.); (C.H.O.)
| | - Oliver Wood
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (K.M.); (C.J.H.); (S.J.F.); (O.W.); (M.W.); (C.H.O.)
| | - Matthew Ward
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (K.M.); (C.J.H.); (S.J.F.); (O.W.); (M.W.); (C.H.O.)
| | - Christopher H. Woelk
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (J.W.); (C.H.W.)
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Christian H. Ottensmeier
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (K.M.); (C.J.H.); (S.J.F.); (O.W.); (M.W.); (C.H.O.)
- Liverpool Head & Neck Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 9GA, UK
- Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool L9 7AL, UK
- Clatterbridge Cancer Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool CH63 4JY, UK
| | - Sassan Hafizi
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK;
| | - Dae Kim
- St. George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Tooting, London SW17 0QT, UK;
| | - Gareth J. Thomas
- Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; (K.M.); (C.J.H.); (S.J.F.); (O.W.); (M.W.); (C.H.O.)
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12
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Wu Z, Gu W. Autophagy and Pituitary Adenoma. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1207:183-194. [PMID: 32671747 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-4272-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are common, benign intracranial tumors that are usually effectively controlled with surgery, pharmacotherapy or radiotherapy. Some PAs against which conventional treatment is ineffective are great clinical challenges at present. Autophagy is a widespread physiological process in cells. Through autophagy, cells can degrade damaged or redundant proteins and organelles and achieve the recycling of intracellular substances to maintain the homeostasis of the intracellular environment. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated the importance of autophagy in tumor therapy. Both radiotherapy and chemotherapy can induce autophagy, which plays different roles in the course of therapy. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of autophagy during the treatment of PAs. This chapter reviews the recent progress of research on autophagy in PA and the autophagic mechanisms in the treatment of PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhebao Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiting Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center of Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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13
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Gauging the Impact of Cancer Treatment Modalities on Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030743. [PMID: 32245166 PMCID: PMC7140032 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastatic cascade consists of multiple complex steps, but the belief that it is a linear process is diminishing. In order to metastasize, cells must enter the blood vessels or body cavities (depending on the cancer type) via active or passive mechanisms. Once in the bloodstream and/or lymphatics, these cancer cells are now termed circulating tumor cells (CTCs). CTC numbers as well as CTC clusters have been used as a prognostic marker with higher numbers of CTCs and/or CTC clusters correlating with an unfavorable prognosis. However, we have very limited knowledge about CTC biology, including which of these cells are ultimately responsible for overt metastatic growth, but due to the fact that higher numbers of CTCs correlate with a worse prognosis; it would seem appropriate to either limit CTCs and/or their dissemination. Here, we will discuss the different cancer treatments which may inadvertently promote the mobilization of CTCs and potential CTC therapies to decrease metastasis.
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14
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Lai JZ, Zhu YY, Ruan M, Chen L, Zhang QY. Local Irradiation Sensitized Tumors to Adoptive T Cell Therapy via Enhancing the Cross-Priming, Homing, and Cytotoxicity of Antigen-Specific CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2857. [PMID: 31921127 PMCID: PMC6919196 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful generation of T cell-mediated immunity for the treatment of cancer has been a major focal point of research. One of the critical strategies of cancer immunotherapy is to efficiently activate antigen-specific CD8 T cells in the immunosuppressive tumor environment. Here, we used transgenic OT-I/CD45.2/Rag−/− mice as a source of effector CD8 T cells to determine whether irradiation combined with adoptive T cell transfer therapy could improve T cell proliferation and effector function in murine tumor models. Local irradiation combined with adoptive T cell therapy showed a synergistic effect on tumor growth inhibition in mice. Mechanistically, irradiation increased the release of tumor-associated antigens, which facilitated cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens by dendritic cells and the priming of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Additionally, irradiation enhanced the homing of the antigen-specific T cells to tumor tissues via the increased release of CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL11 from tumor cells. Moreover, irradiation enhanced the proliferation and effector function of both adoptively transferred T cells and endogenous antigen-specific T cells. Our findings provide evidence to support that local irradiation enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy for cancer, indicating that the combination of radiotherapy and adoptive T cell therapy may be a promising strategy for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Zhi Lai
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Department of Oncology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yang Zhu
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mei Ruan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiu-Yu Zhang
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Institute of Immunotherapy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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15
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Deng D, Luo K, Liu H, Nie X, Xue L, Wang R, Xu Y, Cui J, Shao N, Zhi F. p62 acts as an oncogene and is targeted by miR-124-3p in glioma. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:280. [PMID: 31708690 PMCID: PMC6836386 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-1004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the most common central nervous system (CNS) tumour. p62, an important autophagy adaptor, plays a crucial role in cancer. However, the role of p62 in the progression of glioma is poorly characterized. Methods We examined the expression of p62 in glioma tissues and cell lines. Then we investigated the function of p62 in vitro, and clarified the mechanism underlying the regulation of p62 expression. Results We revealed that p62 was upregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in human glioma tissues irrelevant to isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) status. Then, we found that overexpression of p62 promoted glioma progression by promoting proliferation, migration, glycolysis, temozolomide (TMZ) resistance and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signalling pathway, and repressing autophagic flux and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. In accordance with p62 overexpression, knockdown of p62 exerted anti-tumour effects in glioma cells. Subsequently, we demonstrated that miR-124-3p directly targeted the 3′-UTR of p62 mRNA, leading to the downregulation of p62. Finally, we found that p62 function could be partially reversed by miR-124-3p overexpression. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that p62 can be targeted by miR-124-3p and acts as an oncogene in glioma, suggesting the potential value of p62 as a novel therapeutic target for glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Deng
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu China.,2Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Kaiming Luo
- 2Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu China.,3Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- 4School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, #37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, China
| | - Xichen Nie
- 5MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, #135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lian Xue
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu China.,2Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Rong Wang
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu China.,2Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Yuan Xu
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu China.,2Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Jun Cui
- 5MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, #135 Xingangxi Road, Guangzhou, China
| | - Naiyuan Shao
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
| | - Feng Zhi
- 1Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu China.,2Modern Medical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, #185 Juqian Road, Changzhou, Jiangsu China
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16
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Li H, Zhang W, Zhang H, Xie Y, Sun C, Di C, Si J, Gan L, Yan J. Mitochondrial proteomics reveals the mechanism of spermatogenic cells apoptosis induced by carbon ion radiation in zebrafish. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22439-22449. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Li
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Modern Physics Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Weihong Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital Wuwei China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Modern Physics Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Department of Science and Technology Gansu Wuwei Tumor Hospital Wuwei China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Modern Physics Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Chao Sun
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Modern Physics Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Cuixia Di
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Modern Physics Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Jing Si
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Modern Physics Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Lu Gan
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Modern Physics Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
| | - Junfang Yan
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Heavy Ion Radiation Biology and Medicine of Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Modern Physics Lanzhou China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Heavy Ion Radiation Application in Medicine Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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17
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New J, Subramaniam D, Ramalingam S, Enders J, Sayed AAA, Ponnurangam S, Standing D, Ramamoorthy P, O'Neil M, Dixon DA, Saha S, Umar S, Gunewardena S, Jensen RA, Thomas SM, Anant S. Pleotropic role of RNA binding protein CELF2 in autophagy induction. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:1400-1409. [PMID: 31020708 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that ionizing radiation (IR) mediates cell death through the induction of CUGBP elav-like family member 2 (CELF2), a tumor suppressor. CELF2 is an RNA binding protein that modulates mRNA stability and translation. Since IR induces autophagy, we hypothesized that CELF2 regulates autophagy-mediated colorectal cancer (CRC) cell death. For clinical relevance, we determined CELF2 levels in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Role of CELF2 in radiation response was carried out in CRC cell lines by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, autophagic vacuole analyses, RNA stability assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electron microscopy. In vivo studies were performed in a xenograft tumor model. TCGA analyses demonstrated that compared to normal tissue, CELF2 is expressed at significantly lower levels in CRC, and is associated with better overall 5-year survival in patients receiving radiation. Mechanistically, CELF2 increased levels of critical components of the autophagy cascade including Beclin-1, ATG5, and ATG12 by modulating mRNA stability. CELF2 also increased autophagic flux in CRC. IR significantly induced autophagy in CRC which correlates with increased levels of CELF2 and autophagy associated proteins. Silencing CELF2 with siRNA, mitigated IR induced autophagy. Moreover, knockdown of CELF2 in vivo conferred tumor resistance to IR. These studies elucidate an unrecognized role for CELF2 in inducing autophagy and potentiating the effects of radiotherapy in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob New
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
| | | | - Satish Ramalingam
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
| | - Jonathan Enders
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
| | | | | | - David Standing
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
| | - Prabhu Ramamoorthy
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
| | - Maura O'Neil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
| | - Dan A Dixon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas
| | - Subhrajit Saha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of General Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
| | - Sumedha Gunewardena
- Department of Molecular Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
| | - Roy A Jensen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
| | - Sufi Mary Thomas
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas.,Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, Kansas
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18
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Perumal V, Corica T, Dharmarajan AM, Sun Z, Dhaliwal SS, Dass CR, Dass J. Circulating Tumour Cells (CTC), Head and Neck Cancer and Radiotherapy; Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E367. [PMID: 30875950 PMCID: PMC6468366 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is the seventh most common cancer in Australia and globally. Despite the current improved treatment modalities, there is still up to 50⁻60% local regional recurrence and or distant metastasis. High-resolution medical imaging technologies such as PET/CT and MRI do not currently detect the early spread of tumour cells, thus limiting the potential for effective minimal residual detection and early diagnosis. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are a rare subset of cells that escape from the primary tumour and enter into the bloodstream to form metastatic deposits or even re-establish themselves in the primary site of the cancer. These cells are more aggressive and accumulate gene alterations by somatic mutations that are the same or even greater than the primary tumour because of additional features acquired in the circulation. The potential application of CTC in clinical use is to acquire a liquid biopsy, by taking a reliable minimally invasive venous blood sample, for cell genotyping during radiotherapy treatment to monitor the decline in CTC detectability, and mutational changes in response to radiation resistance and radiation sensitivity. Currently, very little has been published on radiation therapy, CTC, and circulating cancer stem cells (CCSCs). The prognostic value of CTC in cancer management and personalised medicine for head and neck cancer radiotherapy patients requires a deeper understanding at the cellular level, along with other advanced technologies. With this goal, this review summarises the current research of head and neck cancer CTC, CCSC and the molecular targets for personalised radiotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanathi Perumal
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
- Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Cancer Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Tammy Corica
- Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Cancer Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Arun M Dharmarajan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Zhonghua Sun
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Satvinder S Dhaliwal
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Crispin R Dass
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Joshua Dass
- Radiation Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Cancer Centre, Nedlands, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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19
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Classen F, Kranz P, Riffkin H, Pompsch M, Wolf A, Göpelt K, Baumann M, Baumann J, Brockmeier U, Metzen E. Autophagy induced by ionizing radiation promotes cell death over survival in human colorectal cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2019; 374:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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20
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Ramírez-Expósito MJ, Martínez-Martos JM. The Delicate Equilibrium between Oxidants and Antioxidants in Brain Glioma. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:342-351. [PMID: 29512467 PMCID: PMC6482474 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180302120925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most frequent brain tumors in the adult population and unfortunately the adjuvant therapies are not effective. Brain tumorigenesis has been related both to the increased levels of free radicals as inductors of severe damages in healthy cells, but also with the reduced response of endogenous enzyme and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses. In turn, both processes induce the change to malignant cells. In this review, we analyzed the role of the imbalance between free radicals production and antioxidant mechanism in the development and progression of gliomas but also the influence of redox status on the two major distinctive forms of programmed cell death related to cancer: apoptosis and autophagy. These data may be the reference to the development of new pharmacological options based on redox microenvironment for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Jesús Ramírez-Expósito
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group CTS-1039; Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Jaén, Campus Universitario Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Spain
| | - José Manuel Martínez-Martos
- Experimental and Clinical Physiopathology Research Group CTS-1039; Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Jaén, Campus Universitario Las Lagunillas, Jaén, Spain
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21
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Sun G, Zhang C, Song H, Guo J, Li M, Cao Y. WZY-321, a novel evodiamine analog, inhibits glioma cell growth in an autophagy-associated manner. Oncol Lett 2018; 17:2465-2472. [PMID: 30675312 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive types of brain tumor. The median survival rate of patients with glioblastoma (World Health Organization grade IV) is <15 months. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for the development of novel and efficient therapeutic agents against glioma. In previous studies, WZY-321 (10-hydroxy-1-methyl-8,13b-dihydro-5H,7H-benzo[e]benzofuro[2',3':3,4]pyrido[2,1-b][1,3]oxazin-5-one), a novel evodiamine (Evo) analog, was reported to exhibit enhanced pharmacological properties and improved cytotoxicity against a number of human cancer cell lines compared with Evo. In the current study, the anti-proliferative effect of WZY-321 on SHG-44 and SWO-38 glioma cells was further studied, and its mechanism of action investigated. The results indicated that WZY-321 inhibited the proliferation of SHG-44 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner by enhancing cellular apoptosis and inducing cell cycle arrest at the G2-M phase. Treatment of glioma cells with WZY-321 concomitantly increased the expression levels of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3α and Beclin1, indicating enhanced autophagy. Overall, the results of the present study revealed the anti-proliferative potential of WZY-321 in glioma cells, thus providing a possible autophagy-based therapeutic strategy for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Chuang Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Eighty-First Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Hongmao Song
- Department of Ear-Nose-Throat, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jiangning Hospital Affiliated with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100, P.R. China
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Ear-Nose-Throat, Huai'an Second People's Hospital, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223002, P.R. China
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22
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Arcangeli S, Jereczek-Fossa BA, Alongi F, Aristei C, Becherini C, Belgioia L, Buglione M, Caravatta L, D'Angelillo RM, Filippi AR, Fiore M, Genovesi D, Greco C, Livi L, Magrini SM, Marvaso G, Mazzola R, Meattini I, Merlotti A, Palumbo I, Pergolizzi S, Ramella S, Ricardi U, Russi E, Trovò M, Sindoni A, Valentini V, Corvò R. Combination of novel systemic agents and radiotherapy for solid tumors - part I: An AIRO (Italian association of radiotherapy and clinical oncology) overview focused on treatment efficacy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 134:87-103. [PMID: 30658886 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past century, technologic advances have promoted the evolution of radiation therapy into a precise treatment modality allowing for the maximal administration of dose to tumors while sparing normal tissues. In parallel with this technological maturation, the rapid expansion in understanding the basic biology and heterogeneity of cancer has led to the development of several compounds that target specific pathways. Many of them are in advanced steps of clinical development for combination treatments with radiotherapy, and can be incorporated into radiation oncology practice for a personalized approach to maximize the therapeutic gain. This review describes the rationale for combining novel agents with radiation, and provides an overview of the current landscape focused on treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Arcangeli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Policlinico S. Gerardo and University of Milan "Bicocca", Milan, Italy.
| | | | - Filippo Alongi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cynthia Aristei
- Radiation Oncology Section, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Carlotta Becherini
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Liliana Belgioia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino and University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Buglione
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University and Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luciana Caravatta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, SS. Annunziata Hospital, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Michele Fiore
- Radiotherapy Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Genovesi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, SS. Annunziata Hospital, G. D'Annunzio University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Carlo Greco
- Radiotherapy Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Livi
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Maria Magrini
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University and Spedali Civili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Marvaso
- Deparment of Radiation Oncology of IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Mazzola
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Cancer Care Center, Negrar-Verona, and University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Icro Meattini
- Radiotherapy Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Merlotti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Isabella Palumbo
- Radiation Oncology Section, Department of Surgical and Biomedical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia General Hospital, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefano Pergolizzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Sara Ramella
- Radiotherapy Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Elvio Russi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, S. Croce and Carle Teaching Hospital, Cuneo, Italy
| | - Marco Trovò
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sindoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Valentini
- Gemelli Advanced Radiation Therapy Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Renzo Corvò
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino and University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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23
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Matsuno Y, Hyodo M, Fujimori H, Shimizu A, Yoshioka KI. Sensitization of Cancer Cells to Radiation and Topoisomerase I Inhibitor Camptothecin Using Inhibitors of PARP and Other Signaling Molecules. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10100364. [PMID: 30274183 PMCID: PMC6210148 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation and certain anticancer drugs damage DNA, resulting in apoptosis induction in cancer cells. Currently, the major limitations on the efficacy of such therapies are development of resistance and adverse side effects. Sensitization is an important strategy for increasing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. In this manuscript, we review possible sensitization strategies for radiation and anticancer drugs that cause DNA damage, focusing especially on modulation of damage repair pathways and the associated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuno
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan.
| | - Mai Hyodo
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-1-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.
| | - Haruka Fujimori
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
- Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-1-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.
| | - Atsuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Ken-Ichi Yoshioka
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
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Karabulutoglu M, Finnon R, Imaoka T, Friedl AA, Badie C. Influence of diet and metabolism on hematopoietic stem cells and leukemia development following ionizing radiation exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 95:452-479. [PMID: 29932783 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1490042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The review aims to discuss the prominence of dietary and metabolic regulators in maintaining hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function, long-term self-renewal, and differentiation. RESULTS Most adult stem cells are preserved in a quiescent, nonmotile state in vivo which acts as a "protective state" for stem cells to reduce endogenous stress provoked by DNA replication and cellular respiration as well as exogenous environmental stress. The dynamic balance between quiescence, self-renewal and differentiation is critical for supporting a functional blood system throughout life of an organism. Stress-conditions, for example ionizing radiation exposure can trigger the blood forming HSCs to proliferate and migrate through extramedullary tissues to expand the number of HSCs and increase hematopoiesis. In addition, a wealth of investigation validated that deregulation of this balance plays a critical pathogenic role in various different hematopoietic diseases including the leukemia development. CONCLUSION The review summarizes the current knowledge on how alterations in dietary and metabolic factors could alter the risk of leukemia development following ionizing radiation exposure by inhibiting or even reversing the leukemic progression. Understanding the influence of diet, metabolism, and epigenetics on radiation-induced leukemogenesis may lead to the development of practical interventions to reduce the risk in exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Karabulutoglu
- a Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Didcot , UK.,b CRUK & MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Rosemary Finnon
- a Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Didcot , UK
| | - Tatsuhiko Imaoka
- c Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences , National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology , Chiba , Japan
| | - Anna A Friedl
- d Department of Radiation Oncology , University Hospital, LMU Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Christophe Badie
- a Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers group, Biological Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Didcot , UK
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Wang J, Qi Q, Zhou W, Feng Z, Huang B, Chen A, Zhang D, Li W, Zhang Q, Jiang Z, Bjerkvig R, Prestegarden L, Thorsen F, Wang X, Li X, Wang J. Inhibition of glioma growth by flavokawain B is mediated through endoplasmic reticulum stress induced autophagy. Autophagy 2018; 14:2007-2022. [PMID: 30025493 PMCID: PMC6152528 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2018.1501133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavokawain B (FKB), a natural kava chalcone, displays potent antitumor activity in various types of cancer. The mechanism of action, however, remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the efficacy of FKB in the treatment of human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) as well as the molecular basis for its inhibitory effects in cancer. Approximately 60% of GBM cells became senescent after treatment with FKB as assessed in the senescence-associated (SA)-GLB1/SA-β-galactosidase assay. The cellular process of autophagy potentially contributed to the establishment of senescence. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of autophagic vesicles under FKB treatment, and MAP1LC3B (microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta)-II was increased. Transfection of ATG5 or ATG7 small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) inhibited FKB-induced autophagy in U251 cells. Western blot revealed that molecular components of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway were activated, including ATF4 (activating transcription factor 4) and DDIT3 (DNA damage inducible transcript 3), while levels of TRIB3 (tribbles pseudokinase 3) increased. In addition, based on the phosphorylation status, the AKT-MTOR-RPS6KB1 pathway was inhibited, which induced autophagy in GBM cells. Inhibition of autophagy by autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine and chloroquine or knockdown of ATG5 or ATG7 caused FKB-treated U251 cells to switch from senescence to apoptosis. Finally, knockdown of ATG5 or treatment with chloroquine in combination with FKB, significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Our results demonstrated that FKB induced protective autophagy through the ATF4-DDIT3-TRIB3-AKT-MTOR-RPS6KB1 signaling pathway in GBM cells, indicating that the combination treatment of FKB with autophagy inhibitors may potentially be an effective therapeutic strategy for GBM. ABBREVIATIONS 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; 4-PBA: 4-phenylbutyrate; AKT: AKT serine/threonine kinase; ATF4: activating transcription factor 4; ATG: autophagy related; CASP3: caspase 3; CCK-8: cell counting kit-8; CDKN1A: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A; CQ: chloroquine; DDIT3: DNA damage inducible transcript 3; DMEM: Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; EIF2A: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; EIF2AK3: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; FKB: flavokawain B; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GBM: glioblastoma multiforme; GFP: green fluorescent protein; HSPA5: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70) member 5; MAP1LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; PARP1: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; 1RPS6KB1: ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1; SA-GLB1: senescence-associated galactosidase beta 1; siRNA: short interfering RNA; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TRIB3: tribbles pseudokinase 3; TUNEL: deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qichao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zichao Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Anjing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wenjie Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Rolf Bjerkvig
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Lars Prestegarden
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frits Thorsen
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- The Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xingang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Remodeling, Jinan, Shandong, P.R. China
- Kristian Gerhard Jebsen Brain Tumour Research Centre, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Radiosensitization by Marine Sponge Agelas sp. Extracts in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells with Autophagy Induction. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6317. [PMID: 29679028 PMCID: PMC5910397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24745-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although radiation therapy is an effective treatment modality in many cancers, there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic drugs capable of overcoming radioresistance or minimizing normal tissue toxicity. A wide variety of marine-derived bioactive compounds have been screened for anti-cancer drug discovery, but little is known regarding radiation therapy applications. In this study, six different extracts of marine sponges collected from the Micronesian sea were screened for anti-cancer and radiosensitizing activity. Two extracts derived from Agelas sponges collected off the coast of Kosrae and Chuuk, the Federated States of Micronesia significantly decreased clonogenic survival of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells after exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). The Agelas extracts augmented IR-induced apoptosis and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was increased via unfolded protein response stimulation, which induced autophagy. N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, diminished ER stress and autophagy induction effects. This result indicated that Agelas extracts may sensitize HCC cells to IR via ROS overproduction in vitro. Our findings suggest that the Agelas sp. may have potential utility in radiosensitizer development.
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Manai F, Azzalin A, Gabriele F, Martinelli C, Morandi M, Biggiogera M, Bozzola M, Comincini S. The In Vitro Effects of Enzymatic Digested Gliadin on the Functionality of the Autophagy Process. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020635. [PMID: 29473905 PMCID: PMC5855857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliadin, the alcohol-soluble protein fraction of wheat, contains the factor toxic for celiac disease (CD), and its toxicity is not reduced by digestion with gastro-pancreatic enzymes. Importantly, it is proved that an innate immunity to gliadin plays a key role in the development of CD. The immune response induces epithelial stress and reprograms intraepithelial lymphocytes into natural killer (NK)-like cells, leading to enterocyte apoptosis and an increase in epithelium permeability. In this contribution, we have reported that in Caco-2 cells the administration of enzymatically digested gliadin (PT-gliadin) reduced significantly the expression of the autophagy-related marker LC3-II. Furthermore, electron and fluorescent microscope analysis suggested a compromised functionality of the autophagosome apparatus. The rescue of the dysregulated autophagy process, along with a reduction of PT-gliadin toxicity, was obtained with a starvation induction protocol and by 3-methyladenine administration, while rapamycin, a well-known autophagy inducer, did not produce a significant improvement in the clearance of extra- and intra-cellular fluorescent PT-gliadin amount. Altogether, our results highlighted the possible contribution of the autophagy process in the degradation and in the reduction of extra-cellular release of gliadin peptides and suggest novel molecular targets to counteract gliadin-induced toxicity in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Manai
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Alberto Azzalin
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Fabio Gabriele
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Carolina Martinelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Martina Morandi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Marco Biggiogera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mauro Bozzola
- Pediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | - Sergio Comincini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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28
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Berberine induces autophagy in glioblastoma by targeting the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1-pathway. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66944-66958. [PMID: 27557493 PMCID: PMC5341849 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies for patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Previous studies have shown that berberine (BBR), a natural plant alkaloid, has potent anti-tumor activity. However, the mechanisms leading to cancer cell death have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we show that BBR has profound effects on the metabolic state of GBM cells, leading to high autophagy flux and impaired glycolytic capacity. Functionally, these alterations reduce the invasive properties, proliferative potential and induce apoptotic cell death. The molecular alterations preceding these changes are characterized by inhibition of the AMPK/mTOR/ULK1 pathway. Finally, we demonstrate that BBR significantly reduces tumor growth in vivo, demonstrating the potential clinical benefits for autophagy modulating plant alkaloids in cancer therapy.
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29
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Strelnikova N, Sauter N, Guizar-Sicairos M, Göllner M, Diaz A, Delivani P, Chacón M, Tolić IM, Zaburdaev V, Pfohl T. Live cell X-ray imaging of autophagic vacuoles formation and chromatin dynamics in fission yeast. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13775. [PMID: 29061993 PMCID: PMC5653777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Seeing physiological processes at the nanoscale in living organisms without labeling is an ultimate goal in life sciences. Using X-ray ptychography, we explored in situ the dynamics of unstained, living fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells in natural, aqueous environment at the nanoscale. In contrast to previous X-ray imaging studies on biological matter, in this work the eukaryotic cells were alive even after several ptychographic X-ray scans, which allowed us to visualize the chromatin motion as well as the autophagic cell death induced by the ionizing radiation. The accumulated radiation of the sequential scans allowed for the determination of a characteristic dose of autophagic vacuole formation and the lethal dose for fission yeast. The presented results demonstrate a practical method that opens another way of looking at living biological specimens and processes in a time-resolved label-free setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nora Sauter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Göllner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Petrina Delivani
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mariola Chacón
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Iva M Tolić
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vasily Zaburdaev
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Pfohl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Biomaterials Science Center, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Institute of Physics, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Xin Y, Jiang F, Yang C, Yan Q, Guo W, Huang Q, Zhang L, Jiang G. Role of autophagy in regulating the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2017; 143:2147-2157. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-017-2487-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Autophagy, a self-eating machinery, has been reported as an adaptive response to maintain metabolic homeostasis when cancer cells encounter stress. It has been appreciated that autophagy acts as a double-edge sword to decide the fate of cancer cells upon stress factors, molecular subtypes, and microenvironmental conditions. Currently, the majority of evidence support that autophagy in cancer cells is a vital mechanism bringing on resistance to current and prospective treatments, yet whether autophagy affects the anticancer immune response remains unclear and controversial. Accumulated studies have demonstrated that triggering autophagy is able to facilitate anticancer immunity due to an increase in immunogenicity, whereas other studies suggested that autophagy is likely to disarm anticancer immunity mediated by cytotoxic T cells and nature killer (NK) cells. Hence, this contradiction needs to be elucidated. In this review, we discuss the role of autophagy in cancer cells per se and in cancer microenvironment as well as its dual regulatory roles in immune surveillance through modulating presentation of tumor antigens, development of immune cells, and expression of immune checkpoints. We further focus on emerging roles of autophagy induced by current treatments and its impact on anticancer immune response, and illustrate the pros and cons of utilizing autophagy in cancer immunotherapy based on preclinical references.
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Gozuacik D, Akkoc Y, Ozturk DG, Kocak M. Autophagy-Regulating microRNAs and Cancer. Front Oncol 2017; 7:65. [PMID: 28459042 PMCID: PMC5394422 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy herein) is a cellular stress response and a survival pathway that is responsible for the degradation of long-lived proteins, protein aggregates, as well as damaged organelles in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. Consequently, abnormalities of autophagy are associated with a number of diseases, including Alzheimers’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and cancer. According to the current view, autophagy seems to serve as a tumor suppressor in the early phases of cancer formation, yet in later phases, autophagy may support and/or facilitate tumor growth, spread, and contribute to treatment resistance. Therefore, autophagy is considered as a stage-dependent dual player in cancer. microRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous non-coding small RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at a post-transcriptional level. miRNAs control several fundamental biological processes, and autophagy is no exception. Furthermore, accumulating data in the literature indicate that dysregulation of miRNA expression contribute to the mechanisms of cancer formation, invasion, metastasis, and affect responses to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Therefore, considering the importance of autophagy for cancer biology, study of autophagy-regulating miRNA in cancer will allow a better understanding of malignancies and lead to the development of novel disease markers and therapeutic strategies. The potential to provide study of some of these cancer-related miRNAs were also implicated in autophagy regulation. In this review, we will focus on autophagy, miRNA, and cancer connection, and discuss its implications for cancer biology and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Gozuacik
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Center of Excellence for Functional Surfaces and Interfaces for Nano Diagnostics (EFSUN), Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yunus Akkoc
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Gulfem Ozturk
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Kocak
- Molecular Biology, Genetics and Bioengineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey
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吕 梦, 陆 航. [Role of Beclin 1 gene in autophagy and apoptosis of SW620 cells]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:373-377. [PMID: 28377355 PMCID: PMC6780449 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.03.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the role of Beclin1 gene in autophagy and apoptosis of SW620 cells. METHODS RNA interference was used to knockdown the expression of Beclin 1 in SW620 cells, and the cell viability was measured by MTT assays. The autophagic activity in serum-starved SW620 CRC cells was evaluated by assessing endogenous microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) protein levels using immunofluorescence assay. Flow cytometry was used to measure the apoptosis rate of SW620 cells treated with serum deprivation, staurosporine or etoposide, and the protein expression of Beclin1 was detected using Western blotting. RESULTS The viability of cells in pSUPER-Becl group was significantly reduced after serum deprivation (P<0.05). Serum deprivation for 24 h resulted in a stronger apoptotic resistance in cells in the control and pSUPER-non groups than in pSUPER-Becl group (P<0.05). Treatment with staurosporine the most significantly increased the cell apoptosis in pSUPER-Becl group (P<0.05), and similar effect was observed with etoposide treatment (P<0.05). As the time of serum deprivation extended, the expression of Beclin 1 in control group and pSUPER-non group increased progressively (P<0.05), which was consistent with the changes in LC3 expression; LC3 expression in pSUPER-Becl group decreased significantly with a prolonged serum starvation (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Beclin 1 is a crucial regulator of autophagy and apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells to maintain the balance between autophagy and apoptosis. Beclin 1 may serve as a protective mechanism to protect colorectal cancer cells from injury caused by low nutrition and chemotherapy byregulating cell autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- 梦 吕
- 锦州医科大学 研究生学院Graduate School
| | - 航 陆
- 锦州医科大学锦州医科大学 附属第一医院大肠外科,辽宁 锦州 121000Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China
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Wang Y, Gan G, Wang B, Wu J, Cao Y, Zhu D, Xu Y, Wang X, Han H, Li X, Ye M, Zhao J, Mi J. Cancer-associated Fibroblasts Promote Irradiated Cancer Cell Recovery Through Autophagy. EBioMedicine 2017; 17:45-56. [PMID: 28258923 PMCID: PMC5360585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor relapse after radiotherapy is a significant challenge to oncologists, even after recent the advances in technologies. Here, we showed that cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a major component of cancer stromal cells, promoted irradiated cancer cell recovery and tumor relapse after radiotherapy. We provided evidence that CAFs-produced IGF1/2, CXCL12 and β-hydroxybutyrate were capable of inducing autophagy in cancer cells post-radiation and promoting cancer cell recovery from radiation-induced damage in vitro and in vivo in mice. These CAF-derived molecules increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) post-radiation, which enhanced PP2A activity, repressing mTOR activation and increasing autophagy in cancer cells. Consistently, the IGF2 neutralizing antibody and the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA reduce the CAF-promoted tumor relapse in mice after radiotherapy. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that CAFs promoted irradiated cancer cell recovery and tumor regrowth post-radiation, suggesting that targeting the autophagy pathway in tumor cells may be a promising therapeutic strategy for radiotherapy sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Guifang Gan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Bocheng Wang
- 9th Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Jinliang Wu
- 9th Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- 9th Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Hongxiu Han
- 9th Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- NIEHS, National Institute of Health, United States
| | - Ming Ye
- Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China.
| | - Jiangmin Zhao
- 9th Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China.
| | - Jun Mi
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, China.
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35
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Abstract
Autophagy is a self-digestive process regulated by an intricate network of factors able either to ensure the prosurvival function of autophagy or to convert it in a death pathway. Recently, the involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of autophagy networks has been reported. This review will summarize the main features of these small noncoding endogenous RNAs, focusing on their relevance in cancer and finally addressing their impact on autophagy.
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Rahmanian N, Hosseinimehr SJ, Khalaj A. The paradox role of caspase cascade in ionizing radiation therapy. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:88. [PMID: 27923354 PMCID: PMC5142153 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy/surgery is widely used for treatment of cancers. It reduces tumor growth and prevents metastasis. While ionizing radiation activates caspase cascade resulted in apoptosis in cancer cells, it also stimulates tumor cell re-population that leads to reduce the effectiveness of the radiation therapy. This review describes the mechanisms for paradox role of caspase cascade in cancer therapy and discusses the logical and practical strategies for improvement the therapeutic index of radiotherapy through enhancement of radiosensitivity and decreasing the rate of tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Rahmanian
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Jalal Hosseinimehr
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ali Khalaj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Angeletti F, Fossati G, Pattarozzi A, Würth R, Solari A, Daga A, Masiello I, Barbieri F, Florio T, Comincini S. Inhibition of the Autophagy Pathway Synergistically Potentiates the Cytotoxic Activity of Givinostat (ITF2357) on Human Glioblastoma Cancer Stem Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:107. [PMID: 27833530 PMCID: PMC5081386 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence highlighted the role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in the development of tumor resistance to therapy, particularly in glioblastoma (GBM). Therefore, the development of new therapies, specifically directed against GBM CSCs, constitutes an important research avenue. Considering the extended range of cancer-related pathways modulated by histone acetylation/deacetylation processes, we studied the anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic efficacy of givinostat (GVS), a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor, on cell cultures enriched in CSCs, isolated from nine human GBMs. We report that GVS induced a significant reduction of viability and self-renewal ability in all GBM CSC cultures; conversely, GVS exposure did not cause a significant cytotoxic activity toward differentiated GBM cells and normal mesenchymal human stem cells. Analyzing the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved, we demonstrated that GVS affected CSC viability through the activation of programmed cell death pathways. In particular, a marked stimulation of macroautophagy was observed after GVS treatment. To understand the functional link between GVS treatment and autophagy activation, different genetic and pharmacological interfering strategies were used. We show that the up-regulation of the autophagy process, obtained by deprivation of growth factors, induced a reduction of CSC sensitivity to GVS, while the pharmacological inhibition of the autophagy pathway and the silencing of the key autophagy gene ATG7, increased the cell death rate induced by GVS. Altogether these findings suggest that autophagy represents a pro-survival mechanism activated by GBM CSCs to counteract the efficacy of the anti-proliferative activity of GVS. In conclusion, we demonstrate that GVS is a novel pharmacological tool able to target GBM CSC viability and its efficacy can be enhanced by autophagy inhibitory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gianluca Fossati
- Preclinical Research Department Italfarmaco Research Center, Italfarmaco S.p.A Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pattarozzi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Würth
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Agnese Solari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Antonio Daga
- Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria San Martino - IST Genova, Italy
| | - Irene Masiello
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Federica Barbieri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Comincini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
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RelA-Mediated BECN1 Expression Is Required for Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Autophagy in Oral Cancer Cells Exposed to Low-Power Laser Irradiation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160586. [PMID: 27632526 PMCID: PMC5025201 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-power laser irradiation (LPLI) is a non-invasive and safe method for cancer treatment that alters a variety of physiological processes in the cells. Autophagy can play either a cytoprotective role or a detrimental role in cancer cells exposed to stress. The detailed mechanisms of autophagy and its role on cytotoxicity in oral cancer cells exposed to LPLI remain unclear. In this study, we showed that LPLI at 810 nm with energy density 60 J/cm2 increased the number of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3) puncta and increased autophagic flux in oral cancer cells. Moreover, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was induced, which increased RelA transcriptional activity and beclin 1 (BECN1) expression in oral cancer cells irradiated with LPLI. Furthermore, ROS scavenger or knockdown of RelA diminished LPLI-induced BECN1 expression and MAP1LC3-II conversion. In addition, pharmacological and genetic ablation of autophagy significantly enhanced the effects of LPLI-induced apoptosis in oral cancer cells. These results suggest that autophagy may be a resistant mechanism for LPLI-induced apoptosis in oral cancer cells.
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Martin OA, Anderson RL, Narayan K, MacManus MP. Does the mobilization of circulating tumour cells during cancer therapy cause metastasis? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 14:32-44. [PMID: 27550857 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite progressive improvements in the management of patients with locoregionally confined, advanced-stage solid tumours, distant metastasis remains a very common - and usually fatal - mode of failure after attempted curative treatment. Surgery and radiotherapy are the primary curative modalities for these patients, often combined with each other and/or with chemotherapy. Distant metastasis occurring after treatment can arise from previously undetected micrometastases or, alternatively, from persistent locoregional disease. Another possibility is that treatment itself might sometimes cause or promote metastasis. Surgical interventions in patients with cancer, including biopsies, are commonly associated with increased concentrations of circulating tumour cells (CTCs). High CTC numbers are associated with an unfavourable prognosis in many cancers. Radiotherapy and systemic antitumour therapies might also mobilize CTCs. We review the preclinical and clinical data concerning cancer treatments, CTC mobilization and other factors that might promote metastasis. Contemporary treatment regimens represent the best available curative options for patients who might otherwise die from locally confined, advanced-stage cancers; however, if such treatments can promote metastasis, this process must be understood and addressed therapeutically to improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A Martin
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Molecular Radiation Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Robin L Anderson
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Kailash Narayan
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Michael P MacManus
- Division of Radiation Oncology and Cancer Imaging, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia.,The Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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Regulation of autophagy by mitochondrial phospholipids in health and diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:114-129. [PMID: 27502688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism that maintains nutrient homeostasis by degrading protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Autophagy is reduced in aging, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of aging-related diseases, including cancers, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Mitochondria-derived phospholipids cardiolipin, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol are critical throughout the autophagic process, from initiation and phagophore formation to elongation and fusion with endolysosomal vesicles. Cardiolipin is also required for mitochondrial fusion and fission, an important step in isolating dysfunctional mitochondria for mitophagy. Furthermore, genetic screen in yeast has identified a surprising role for cardiolipin in regulating lysosomal function. Phosphatidylethanolamine plays a pivotal role in supporting the autophagic process, including autophagosome elongation as part of lipidated Atg8/LC3. An emerging role for phosphatidylglycerol in AMPK and mTORC1 signaling as well as mitochondrial fission may provide the first glimpse into the function of phosphatidylglycerol apart from being a precursor for cardiolipin. This review examines the effects of manipulating phospholipids on autophagy and mitophagy in health and diseases, as well as current limitations in the field. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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Till A, Saito R, Merkurjev D, Liu JJ, Syed GH, Kolnik M, Siddiqui A, Glas M, Scheffler B, Ideker T, Subramani S. Evolutionary trends and functional anatomy of the human expanded autophagy network. Autophagy 2016; 11:1652-67. [PMID: 26103419 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1059558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
All eukaryotic cells utilize autophagy for protein and organelle turnover, thus assuring subcellular quality control, homeostasis, and survival. In order to address recent advances in identification of human autophagy associated genes, and to describe autophagy on a system-wide level, we established an autophagy-centered gene interaction network by merging various primary data sets and by retrieving respective interaction data. The resulting network ('AXAN') was analyzed with respect to subnetworks, e.g. the prime gene subnetwork (including the core machinery, signaling pathways and autophagy receptors) and the transcription subnetwork. To describe aspects of evolution within this network, we assessed the presence of protein orthologs across 99 eukaryotic model organisms. We visualized evolutionary trends for prime gene categories and evolutionary tracks for selected AXAN genes. This analysis confirms the eukaryotic origin of autophagy core genes while it points to a diverse evolutionary history of autophagy receptors. Next, we used module identification to describe the functional anatomy of the network at the level of pathway modules. In addition to obvious pathways (e.g., lysosomal degradation, insulin signaling) our data unveil the existence of context-related modules such as Rho GTPase signaling. Last, we used a tripartite, image-based RNAi - screen to test candidate genes predicted to play a role in regulation of autophagy. We verified the Rho GTPase, CDC42, as a novel regulator of autophagy-related signaling. This study emphasizes the applicability of system-wide approaches to gain novel insights into a complex biological process and to describe the human autophagy pathway at a hitherto unprecedented level of detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Till
- a Section of Molecular Biology; University of California San Diego ; La Jolla , CA USA.,b The San Diego Center for Systems Biology ; La Jolla , CA USA.,c Stem Cell Pathologies Group/Life&Brain GmbH; University Clinic Bonn ; Bonn , Germany
| | - Rintaro Saito
- b The San Diego Center for Systems Biology ; La Jolla , CA USA.,d Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering ; University of California San Diego ; La Jolla , CA USA
| | - Daria Merkurjev
- b The San Diego Center for Systems Biology ; La Jolla , CA USA
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- a Section of Molecular Biology; University of California San Diego ; La Jolla , CA USA.,b The San Diego Center for Systems Biology ; La Jolla , CA USA
| | - Gulam Hussain Syed
- e Division of Infectious Diseases ; Department of Medicine University of California San Diego ; La Jolla , CA USA
| | - Martin Kolnik
- b The San Diego Center for Systems Biology ; La Jolla , CA USA
| | - Aleem Siddiqui
- e Division of Infectious Diseases ; Department of Medicine University of California San Diego ; La Jolla , CA USA
| | - Martin Glas
- c Stem Cell Pathologies Group/Life&Brain GmbH; University Clinic Bonn ; Bonn , Germany.,f Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology; MediClin Robert Janker Klinik ; Bonn , Germany
| | - Björn Scheffler
- c Stem Cell Pathologies Group/Life&Brain GmbH; University Clinic Bonn ; Bonn , Germany.,f Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology; MediClin Robert Janker Klinik ; Bonn , Germany
| | - Trey Ideker
- b The San Diego Center for Systems Biology ; La Jolla , CA USA.,d Departments of Medicine and Bioengineering ; University of California San Diego ; La Jolla , CA USA
| | - Suresh Subramani
- a Section of Molecular Biology; University of California San Diego ; La Jolla , CA USA.,b The San Diego Center for Systems Biology ; La Jolla , CA USA
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Keta O, Bulat T, Golić I, Incerti S, Korać A, Petrović I, Ristić-Fira A. The impact of autophagy on cell death modalities in CRL-5876 lung adenocarcinoma cells after their exposure to γ-rays and/or erlotinib. Cell Biol Toxicol 2016; 32:83-101. [PMID: 27026538 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-016-9319-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In most patients with lung cancer radiation treatment is used either as single agent or in combination with radiosensitizing drugs. However, the mechanisms underlying combined therapy and its impact on different modes of cell death have not yet been fully elucidated. We aimed to examine effects of single and combined treatments with γ-rays and erlotinib on radioresistant CRL-5876 human lung adenocarcinoma cells with particular emphasis on cell death. CRL-5876 cells were treated with γ-rays and/or erlotinib and changes in cell cycle, DNA repair dynamics, ultrastructure, nuclear morphology and protein expression were monitored at different time points. To reveal the relationship between types of cell death that arise after these treatments, autophagy was blocked with chloroquine. We found that higher dose of γ-rays causes G2/M arrest while adding of erlotinib to this treatment decreases the number of cells in S phase. Impact of erlotinib on kinetics of disappearance of irradiation-induced DNA double strand breaks is reflected in the increase of residual γ-H2AX foci after 24 h. γ-rays provoke cytoprotective autophagy which precedes development of senescence. Erlotinib predominantly induces apoptosis and enlarges the number of apoptotic cells in the irradiated CRL-5876 cells. Chloroquine improved cytotoxicity induced by radiation and erlotinib, increased apoptosis and decreased senescence in the CRL-5876 cells. The results obtained on CRL-5876 cells indicate significant radiosensitizing effect of erlotinib and suggest that chloroquine in the combination with the above treatments may have an additional antitumor effect in lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otilija Keta
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja Bulat
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Golić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sebastien Incerti
- CNRS/IN2P3, Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan, CENBG, Université Bordeaux 1, 33175, Gradignan, France
| | | | - Ivan Petrović
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Ristić-Fira
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, PO Box 522, 11001, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Yasui LS, Duran M, Andorf C, Kroc T, Owens K, Allen-Durdan K, Schuck A, Grayburn S, Becker R. Autophagic flux in glioblastoma cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:665-678. [PMID: 26967573 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1150617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
To establish metabolic context for radiation sensitivity by measuring autophagic flux in two different glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines. Clonogenic survival curve analysis of U87 or U251 cells exposed to γ radiation, fast neutrons, a mixed energy neutron beam (METNB) or Auger electrons from a gadolinium neutron capture (GdNC) reaction suggested other factors, beyond a defective DNA damage response, contribute to cell death of U251 cells. Altered tumor metabolism (autophagy) was hypothesized as a factor in U251 cells' clonogenic response. Each of the four different radiation modalities induced an increase in the number of autophagosomes in both U87 and U251 cells. Changes in the number of autophagosomes can be explained by either induction of autophagy or alterations in autophagic flux so autophagic flux was assayed by p62 immunoblotting or in engineered GBM cells that stably express an autophagy marker protein, LC3B-eGFP-mCherry. Perturbations in later stages of autophagy in U251 cells corresponded with radiation sensitivity of U251 cells irradiated with 10 Gy γ rays. Establishment of altered autophagic flux is a useful biomarker for metabolic stress and provided metabolic context for radiation sensitization to 10 Gy γ rays. These results provide strong evidence for the usefulness of managing tumor cell metabolism as a tool for the enhancement of radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S Yasui
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , IL
| | - Maria Duran
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , IL
| | - Christine Andorf
- b Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , Neutron Irradiation Facility , Batavia , IL , USA
| | - Thomas Kroc
- b Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory , Neutron Irradiation Facility , Batavia , IL , USA
| | - Kathryn Owens
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , IL
| | - Kelsie Allen-Durdan
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , IL
| | - Andrew Schuck
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , IL
| | - Scott Grayburn
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , IL
| | - Richard Becker
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , IL
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Gorin JB, Gouard S, Ménager J, Morgenstern A, Bruchertseifer F, Faivre-Chauvet A, Guilloux Y, Chérel M, Davodeau F, Gaschet J. Alpha Particles Induce Autophagy in Multiple Myeloma Cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:74. [PMID: 26539436 PMCID: PMC4610207 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Radiation emitted by the radionuclides in radioimmunotherapy (RIT) approaches induce direct killing of the targeted cells as well as indirect killing through the bystander effect. Our research group is dedicated to the development of α-RIT, i.e., RIT using α-particles especially for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). γ-irradiation and β-irradiation have been shown to trigger apoptosis in tumor cells. Cell death mode induced by (213)Bi α-irradiation appears more controversial. We therefore decided to investigate the effects of (213)Bi on MM cell radiobiology, notably cell death mechanisms as well as tumor cell immunogenicity after irradiation. METHODS Murine 5T33 and human LP-1 MM cell lines were used to study the effects of such α-particles. We first examined the effects of (213)Bi on proliferation rate, double-strand DNA breaks, cell cycle, and cell death. Then, we investigated autophagy after (213)Bi irradiation. Finally, a coculture of dendritic cells (DCs) with irradiated tumor cells or their culture media was performed to test whether it would induce DC activation. RESULTS We showed that (213)Bi induces DNA double-strand breaks, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy in both cell lines, but we detected only slight levels of early apoptosis within the 120 h following irradiation in 5T33 and LP-1. Inhibition of autophagy prevented (213)Bi-induced inhibition of proliferation in LP-1 suggesting that this mechanism is involved in cell death after irradiation. We then assessed the immunogenicity of irradiated cells and found that irradiated LP-1 can activate DC through the secretion of soluble factor(s); however, no increase in membrane or extracellular expression of danger-associated molecular patterns was observed after irradiation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that (213)Bi induces mainly necrosis in MM cells, low levels of apoptosis, and autophagy that might be involved in tumor cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Gorin
- CRCNA - UMR 892 INSERM , Nantes , France ; 6299 CNRS , Nantes , France ; Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Sébastien Gouard
- CRCNA - UMR 892 INSERM , Nantes , France ; 6299 CNRS , Nantes , France ; Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Jérémie Ménager
- CRCNA - UMR 892 INSERM , Nantes , France ; 6299 CNRS , Nantes , France ; Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | | | | | - Alain Faivre-Chauvet
- CRCNA - UMR 892 INSERM , Nantes , France ; 6299 CNRS , Nantes , France ; Université de Nantes , Nantes , France ; Nuclear Medicine Department, CHU Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Yannick Guilloux
- CRCNA - UMR 892 INSERM , Nantes , France ; 6299 CNRS , Nantes , France ; Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Michel Chérel
- CRCNA - UMR 892 INSERM , Nantes , France ; 6299 CNRS , Nantes , France ; Université de Nantes , Nantes , France ; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest , Saint-Herblain , France
| | - François Davodeau
- CRCNA - UMR 892 INSERM , Nantes , France ; 6299 CNRS , Nantes , France ; Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
| | - Joëlle Gaschet
- CRCNA - UMR 892 INSERM , Nantes , France ; 6299 CNRS , Nantes , France ; Université de Nantes , Nantes , France
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Shchors K, Massaras A, Hanahan D. Dual Targeting of the Autophagic Regulatory Circuitry in Gliomas with Repurposed Drugs Elicits Cell-Lethal Autophagy and Therapeutic Benefit. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:456-471. [PMID: 26412325 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The associations of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) with reduced incidence of gliomas and elevated autophagy in glioma cells motivated investigation in mouse models of gliomagenesis. First, we established that imipramine, a TCA, increased autophagy and conveyed modest therapeutic benefit in tumor-bearing animals. Then we screened clinically approved agents suggested to affect autophagy for their ability to enhance imipramine-induced autophagy-associated cell death. The anticoagulant ticlopidine, which inhibits the purinergic receptor P2Y12, potentiated imipramine, elevating cAMP, a modulator of autophagy, reducing cell viability in culture, and increasing survival in glioma-bearing mice. Efficacy of the combination was obviated by knockdown of the autophagic regulatory gene ATG7, implicating cell-lethal autophagy. This seemingly innocuous combination of TCAs and P2Y12 inhibitors may have applicability for treating glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenya Shchors
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Aristea Massaras
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Douglas Hanahan
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.
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Huber SM, Butz L, Stegen B, Klumpp L, Klumpp D, Eckert F. Role of ion channels in ionizing radiation-induced cell death. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2657-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Liang DH, El-Zein R, Dave B. Autophagy Inhibition to Increase Radiosensitization in Breast Cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 6. [PMID: 26613064 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9619.1000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Currently, many breast cancer patients with localized breast cancer undergo breast-conserving therapy, consisting of local excision followed by radiation therapy. Following radiation therapy, breast cancer cells are noted to undergo induction of autophagy, development of radioresistance, and enrichment of breast cancer stem cell subpopulations. It is hypothesized that inhibition of the cytoprotective autophagy that arises following radiation therapy increases radiosensitivity and confers longer relapse-free survival by eliminating tumor-initiating breast cancer stem cells. Therefore, we reviewed the controversial role of autophagy in breast cancer tumorigenesis and progression, autophagy induction by radiotherapy, and utilization of autophagy inhibitors to increase radiosensitivity of breast cancer and to target radioresistant breast cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Hwang Liang
- Department of Surgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Randa El-Zein
- Department of Radiology, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bhuvanesh Dave
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Chen N, Wu L, Yuan H, Wang J. ROS/Autophagy/Nrf2 Pathway Mediated Low-Dose Radiation Induced Radio-Resistance in Human Lung Adenocarcinoma A549 Cell. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:833-44. [PMID: 26078725 PMCID: PMC4466464 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.10564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) can induce radio-resistance to following high dose radiation in various mammalian cells. The protective role of LDIR has been thought to be associated with the overall outcomes of cancer radiotherapy. NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that plays pivotal roles in maintaining cellular oxidative equilibrium. Since oxidative stress has been indicated to be a mediator of LDIR induced radio-resistance, the role of Nrf2 in this process was investigated in this research. Our results showed that in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell, 5cGy alpha particle induced radio-resistance to following 75cGy alpha particle radiation. The expression level of Nrf2 and its target Heme Oxygenase-1(HO-1) increased after 5cGy radiation. Both the shRNA of Nrf2 and the chemical inhibitor of HO-1 suppressed the induced radio-resistance, indicating the involvement of Nrf2 antioxidant pathway in this process. Further, we found 5cGy radiation stimulated autophagy process in A549. Inhibition of the autophagy process resulted in suppression of the radio-resistance and the induced expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) blocked the autophagy process induced by 5cGy alpha particle, the upregulation of Nrf2 and HO-1, as well as the induced radio-resistance. In conclusion, ROS elevation caused by LDIR promoted Autophagy/Nrf2-HO-1 and conferred radio-resistance in A549.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Chen
- 1. School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China; ; 2. Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, No. 350 of Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Lijun Wu
- 1. School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, PR China; ; 2. Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, No. 350 of Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Hang Yuan
- 2. Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, No. 350 of Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- 2. Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering, Hefei Institute of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, No. 350 of Shushanhu Road, Hefei 230031, PR China
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49
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Modulation of radiochemoimmunotherapy-induced B16 melanoma cell death by the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk induces anti-tumor immunity in a HMGB1-, nucleotide- and T-cell-dependent manner. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1761. [PMID: 25973681 PMCID: PMC4669707 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One prerequisite that radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy (CT) result in anti-tumor immune responses is triggering of immunogenic cell death forms such as necroptosis. The latter is inducible by inhibition of apoptosis with the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk. The design of multimodal therapies that overcome melanoma's resistance to apoptosis is a big challenge of oncoimmunology. As hints exist that immune stimulation by hyperthermia (HT) augments the efficacy of melanoma therapies and that tumors can be sensitized for RT with zVAD-fmk, we asked whether combinations of RT with dacarbazine (DTIC) and/or HT induce immunogenic melanoma cell death and how this is especially influenced by zVAD-fmk. Necroptosis was inducible in poorly immunogenic B16-F10 melanoma cells and zVAD-fmk generally increased melanoma cell necrosis concomitantly with the release of HMGB1. Supernatants (SNs) of melanoma cells whose cell death was modulated with zVAD-fmk induced an upregulation of the activation markers CD86 and MHCII on macrophages. The same was seen on dendritic cells (DCs), but only when zVAD-fmk was added to multimodal tumor treatments including DTIC. DCs of MyD88 KO mice and DCs incubated with SNs containing apyrase did not increase the expression of these activation markers on their surface. The in vivo experiments revealed that zVAD-fmk decreases the tumor growth significantly and results in a significantly reduced tumor infiltration of Tregs when added to multimodal treatment of the tumor with RT, DTIC and HT. Further, a significantly increased DC and CD8+ T-cell infiltration into the tumor and in the draining lymph nodes was induced, as well as an increased expression of IFNγ by CD8+ T cells. However, zVAD-fmk did not further reduce tumor growth in MyD88 KO mice, mice treated with apyrase or RAG KO mice. We conclude that HMGB1, nucleotides and CD8+ T cells mediate zVAD-fmk induced anti-melanoma immune reactions in multimodal therapy settings.
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50
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ZNF32 inhibits autophagy through the mTOR pathway and protects MCF-7 cells from stimulus-induced cell death. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9288. [PMID: 25786368 PMCID: PMC4365391 DOI: 10.1038/srep09288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ZNF32 is a recently identified zinc finger protein and its functions remain largely unknown. Autophagy has been shown to affect cell proliferation and survival. Here, we innovatively show the effect of ZNF32 on cell autophagy and autophagy-associated cell death in breast carcinoma cells and also elucidate its underlying mechanisms. We examined the autophagic activity and LC3 II expression in human carcinoma cell lines with increased or decreased ZNF32 expression. Pharmacological inhibition (rapamycin) or activation (EGF) assays were used to investigate the function of the AKT/mTOR pathway during this process. H2O2- and diamide-induced MCF-7 cell death models were used to elucidate the role of ZNF32-associated autophagy in breast carcinoma cell death. Our results show that increasing ZNF32 expression in MCF-7 cells inhibits autophagy initiation by activating the AKT/mTOR pathway, and further reduced autophagy-associated cell death and maintained MCF-7 cell survival. Conversely, impairing ZNF32 expression by transfecting ZNF32 siRNA strongly promoted autophagy, further augmenting autophagy-associated cell death. Furthermore, correlations between ZNF32 and autophagy were observed in both MCF-7 xenograft tumors and in breast cancer patients. In conclusion, ZNF32 acts as an effective autophagy inhibitor to protect breast cancer cells from excessive stimulus-autophagy-induced cell death.
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