1
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Blank K, Ekanayake D, Cooke M, Bragdon B, Hussein A, Gerstenfeld L. Relationships between matrix mineralization, oxidative metabolism, and mitochondrial structure during ATDC5 murine chondroprogenitor cell line differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38860464 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The mechanistic relationships between the progression of growth chondrocyte differentiation, matrix mineralization, oxidative metabolism, and mitochondria content and structure were examined in the ATDC5 murine chondroprogenitor cell line. The progression of chondrocyte differentiation was associated with a statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) ~2-fold increase in oxidative phosphorylation. However, as matrix mineralization progressed, oxidative metabolism decreased. In the absence of mineralization, cartilage extracellular matrix mRNA expression for Col2a1, Aggrecan, and Col10a1 were statistically (p ≤ 0.05) ~2-3-fold greater than observed in mineralizing cultures. In contrast, BSP and Phex that are associated with promoting matrix mineralization showed statistically (p ≤ 0.05) higher ~2-4 expression, while FGF23 phosphate regulatory factor was significantly lower (~50%) in mineralizing cultures. Cultures induced to differentiate under both nonmineralizing and mineralizing media conditions showed statistically greater basal oxidative metabolism and ATP production. Maximal respiration and spare oxidative capacity were significantly elevated (p ≤ 0.05) in differentiated nonmineralizing cultures compared to those that mineralized. Increased oxidative metabolism was associated with both an increase in mitochondria volume per cell and mitochondria fusion, while mineralization diminished mitochondrial volume and appeared to be associated with fission. Undifferentiated and mineralized cells showed increased mitochondrial co-localization with the actin cytoskeletal. Examination of proteins associated with mitochondria fission and apoptosis and mitophagy, respectively, showed levels of immunological expression consistent with the increasing fission and apoptosis in mineralizing cultures. These results suggest that chondrocyte differentiation is associated with intracellular structural reorganization, promoting increased mitochondria content and fusion that enables increased oxidative metabolism. Mineralization, however, does not need energy derived from oxidative metabolism; rather, during mineralization, mitochondria appear to undergo fission and mitophagy. In summary, these studies show that as chondrocytes underwent hypertrophic differentiation, they increased oxidative metabolism, but as mineralization proceeds, metabolism decreased. Mitochondria structure also underwent a structural reorganization that was further supportive of their oxidative capacity as the chondrocytes progressed through their differentiation. Thus, the mitochondria first underwent fusion to support increased oxidative metabolism, then underwent fission during mineralization, facilitating their programed death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Blank
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Derrick Ekanayake
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Margaret Cooke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Redwood City, California
| | - Beth Bragdon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amira Hussein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Louis Gerstenfeld
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Leyhr J, Waldmann L, Filipek-Górniok B, Zhang H, Allalou A, Haitina T. A novel cis-regulatory element drives early expression of Nkx3.2 in the gnathostome primary jaw joint. eLife 2022; 11:75749. [PMCID: PMC9665848 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of movable jaws was a major event during vertebrate evolution. The role of NK3 homeobox 2 (Nkx3.2) transcription factor in patterning the primary jaw joint of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates) is well known, however knowledge about its regulatory mechanism is lacking. In this study, we report a proximal enhancer element of Nkx3.2 that is deeply conserved in most gnathostomes but undetectable in the jawless hagfish and lamprey. This enhancer is active in the developing jaw joint region of the zebrafish Danio rerio, and was thus designated as jaw joint regulatory sequence 1 (JRS1). We further show that JRS1 enhancer sequences from a range of gnathostome species, including a chondrichthyan and mammals, have the same activity in the jaw joint as the native zebrafish enhancer, indicating a high degree of functional conservation despite the divergence of cartilaginous and bony fish lineages or the transition of the primary jaw joint into the middle ear of mammals. Finally, we show that deletion of JRS1 from the zebrafish genome using CRISPR/Cas9 results in a significant reduction of early gene expression of nkx3.2 and leads to a transient jaw joint deformation and partial fusion. Emergence of this Nkx3.2 enhancer in early gnathostomes may have contributed to the origin and shaping of the articulating surfaces of vertebrate jaws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Leyhr
- Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University
| | - Laura Waldmann
- Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University
| | - Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Science for Life Laboratory Genome Engineering Zebrafish Facility, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University
| | - Hanqing Zhang
- Division of Visual Information and Interaction, Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University
- Science for Life Laboratory BioImage Informatics Facility
| | - Amin Allalou
- Division of Visual Information and Interaction, Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University
- Science for Life Laboratory BioImage Informatics Facility
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Subdepartment of Evolution and Development, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University
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3
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Nagata K, Hojo H, Chang SH, Okada H, Yano F, Chijimatsu R, Omata Y, Mori D, Makii Y, Kawata M, Kaneko T, Iwanaga Y, Nakamoto H, Maenohara Y, Tachibana N, Ishikura H, Higuchi J, Taniguchi Y, Ohba S, Chung UI, Tanaka S, Saito T. Runx2 and Runx3 differentially regulate articular chondrocytes during surgically induced osteoarthritis development. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6187. [PMID: 36261443 PMCID: PMC9581901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Runt-related transcription factor (Runx) family plays various roles in the homeostasis of cartilage. Here, we examined the role of Runx2 and Runx3 for osteoarthritis development in vivo and in vitro. Runx3-knockout mice exhibited accelerated osteoarthritis following surgical induction, accompanied by decreased expression of lubricin and aggrecan. Meanwhile, Runx2 conditional knockout mice showed biphasic phenotypes: heterozygous knockout inhibited osteoarthritis and decreased matrix metallopeptidase 13 (Mmp13) expression, while homozygous knockout of Runx2 accelerated osteoarthritis and reduced type II collagen (Col2a1) expression. Comprehensive transcriptional analyses revealed lubricin and aggrecan as transcriptional target genes of Runx3, and indicated that Runx2 sustained Col2a1 expression through an intron 6 enhancer when Sox9 was decreased. Intra-articular administration of Runx3 adenovirus ameliorated development of surgically induced osteoarthritis. Runx3 protects adult articular cartilage through extracellular matrix protein production under normal conditions, while Runx2 exerts both catabolic and anabolic effects under the inflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Nagata
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Hironori Hojo
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XCenter for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Song Ho Chang
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XCenter for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Fumiko Yano
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XBone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Ryota Chijimatsu
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XBone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Yasunori Omata
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XBone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XBone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Yuma Makii
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Manabu Kawata
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Taizo Kaneko
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwanaga
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Hideki Nakamoto
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Yuji Maenohara
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Naohiro Tachibana
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Ishikura
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Junya Higuchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Yuki Taniguchi
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Ohba
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XCenter for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan ,grid.174567.60000 0000 8902 2273Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588 Japan
| | - Ung-il Chung
- grid.174567.60000 0000 8902 2273Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588 Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XSensory & Motor System Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655 Japan
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Gopalakrishnan Usha P, Jalajakumari S, Sheela UB, Mohan D, Berry C, Tripathi A, Thankappan Nair ST. Engineering cartilage graft using mesenchymal stem cell laden polyacrylamide-galactoxyloglucan hydrogel for transplantation. J Biomater Appl 2021; 36:541-551. [PMID: 34018854 DOI: 10.1177/08853282211019521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are reported to have various biomedical field applications, and many reports also suggest that soft gels promote stem cell differentiation. Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is significant in articular cartilage repair. This study focuses on polysaccharide-based hydrogels which enhance chondrocyte lineage differentiation of MSC when grown in the hydrogels. This study implies that the prepared hydrogels promote specific lineage without any external chemical induction factors. The techniques, including immunofluorescence and functional assays to assess the differentiation and in vivo implantation, were employed. All observations paved the way towards confirmation that the galactoxyloglucan-based hydrogel is an attractive candidate for supporting stem cell growth and cartilaginous differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preethi Gopalakrishnan Usha
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Sreekutty Jalajakumari
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Unnikrishnan Babukuttan Sheela
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Deepa Mohan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India
| | - Catherine Berry
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment, Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anuj Tripathi
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Sreelekha T Thankappan Nair
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceuticals and Nanomedicine, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Trivandrum, India
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5
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Ji X, Yuan X, Ma L, Bi B, Zhu H, Lei Z, Liu W, Pu H, Jiang J, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Xiao J. Mesenchymal stem cell-loaded thermosensitive hydroxypropyl chitin hydrogel combined with a three-dimensional-printed poly(ε-caprolactone) /nano-hydroxyapatite scaffold to repair bone defects via osteogenesis, angiogenesis and immunomodulation. Theranostics 2020; 10:725-740. [PMID: 31903147 PMCID: PMC6929983 DOI: 10.7150/thno.39167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin-derived hydrogels are commonly used in bone regeneration because of their high cell compatibility; however, their poor mechanical properties and little knowledge of the interaction between the materials and host cells have limited their practical application. Methods: To evaluate osteoinductivity and enhance the mechanical properties of a newly synthesized thermosensitive hydroxypropyl chitin hydrogel (HPCH), a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-encapsulated HPCH was infused into a three-dimensional-printed poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL)/ nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA) scaffold to form a hybrid scaffold. The mechanical properties and cell compatibility of the scaffold were tested. The interaction between macrophages and scaffold for angiogenesis and osteogenesis were explored in vitro and in vivo. Results: The hybrid scaffold showed improved mechanical properties and high cell viability. When MSCs were encapsulated in HPCH, osteo-differentiation was promoted properly via endochondral ossification. The co-culture experiments showed that the hybrid scaffold facilitated growth factor secretion from macrophages, thus promoting vascularization and osteoinduction. The Transwell culture proved that MSCs modulated the inflammatory response of HPCH. Additionally, subcutaneous implantation of MSC-encapsulated HPCH confirmed M2 activation. In situ evaluation of calvarial defects confirmed that the repair was optimal in the MSC-loaded HPCH + PCL/nHA group. Conclusions: PCL/nHA + HPCH hybrid scaffolds effectively promoted vascularization and osteoinduction via osteogenesis promotion and immunomodulation, which suggests promising applications for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiongfa Ji
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xi Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Limin Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Bo Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zehua Lei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - HongXu Pu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jiawei Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xulin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, PR China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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6
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Wang D, Gilbert JR, Zhang X, Zhao B, Ker DFE, Cooper GM. Calvarial Versus Long Bone: Implications for Tailoring Skeletal Tissue Engineering. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2019; 26:46-63. [PMID: 31588853 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2018.0353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered graft substitutes have shown great potential to treat large bone defects. While we usually assume that therapeutic approaches developed for appendicular bone healing could be similarly translated for application in craniofacial reconstruction and vice versa, this is not necessarily accurate. In addition to those more well-known healing-associated factors, such as age, lifestyle (e.g., nutrition and smoking), preexisting disease (e.g., diabetes), medication, and poor blood supply, the developmental origins and surrounding tissue of the wound sites can largely affect the fracture healing outcome as well as designed treatments. Therefore, the strategies developed for long bone fracture repair might not be suitable or directly applicable to skull bone repair. In this review, we discuss aspects of development, healing process, structure, and tissue engineering considerations between calvarial and long bones to assist in designing the tailored bone repair strategies. Impact Statement We summarized, in this review, the existing body of knowledge between long bone and calvarial bone with regard to their development and healing, tissue structure, and consideration of current tissue engineering strategies. By highlighting their similarities and differences, we propose that tailored tissue engineering strategies, such as scaffold features, growth factor usage, and the source of cells for tissue or region-specific bone repair, are necessary to ensure an optimized healing outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - James R Gilbert
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bingkun Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dai Fei Elmer Ker
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gregory M Cooper
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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7
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Chondrogenic expression and DNA methylation patterns in prolonged passages of chondrocyte cell lines of the horse. Gene 2019; 707:58-64. [PMID: 31075408 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the activity of chondrogenic markers and variation of methylation patterns in equine cartilaginous cells cultivated in monolayer. The transcriptional and epigenetic effect of the long-term culture of chondrocytes has been evaluated using several passages of chondrocyte cell-lines derived from equine articular cartilage. Using 3 genes as endogenous control we tested the expression of 7 genes important for different stages of chondrocyte differentiation and maturation. CpG islands in RUNX3 locus were inspected for the evaluation of differential methylation state of passaged cell-lines. The general decline of transcript abundance of marker loci was detected in passage 11 which is the sign of dedifferentiation of cultivated chondrocytes in prolonged monolayer culture. Passages 13 and 14 were characterized by the upregulation of a number of genes, possibly due to the heterogeneity of developed cell lines at this stage of the culture. Instead, gradual increase of methylation percent at particular CpG sites of RUNX3 locus was associated with the growing number of passage. This finding led us to the conclusion that epigenetic alterations better describe the stage of cultivated chondrocytes.
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8
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Kang X, Sun Y, Zhang Z. Identification of key transcription factors - gene regulatory network related with osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells based on transcription factor prognosis system. Exp Ther Med 2019; 17:2113-2122. [PMID: 30783479 PMCID: PMC6364222 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into fabricate cartilage, muscle, marrow stroma, tendon/ligament, fat, and other connective tissues, providing a potential source for tissue regeneration. The aim of this study was to find the key transcription factors (TFs), which regulated osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs. In this study, three methods were performed to find the key TFs, which included enrichment analysis, direct impact value and indirect impact value. We used the patient and public involvements (PPI) network to integrate the results of the above methods for analysis. Then, we compared the osteoblast data to the control group on days 1, 3 and 7. Finally, we found the combination of the optimal and vital 30 TFs related to osteogenic differentiation. TFs FOS, SOX9 and EP300 were commonly expressed in 3 different days in the osteogenic lineages and presented in the PPI network at relatively high degrees. Moreover, TFs CREBBP, ESR1 and EGR1 also presented high effects on the 1st, 3rd and 7th day. The constructed network gives us a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of osteogenesis of hMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Yong Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
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9
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Noguchi T, Hussein AI, Horowitz N, Carroll D, Gower AC, Demissie S, Gerstenfeld LC. Hypophosphatemia Regulates Molecular Mechanisms of Circadian Rhythm. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13756. [PMID: 30213970 PMCID: PMC6137060 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic analysis showed that the central circadian pathway genes had significantly altered expression in fracture calluses from mice fed a low phosphate diet. This led us to hypothesize that phosphate deficiency altered the circadian cycle in peripheral tissues. Analysis of the expression of the central clock genes over a 24-36 hour period in multiple peripheral tissues including fracture callus, proximal tibia growth plate and cardiac tissues after 12 days on a low phosphate diet showed higher levels of gene expression in the hypophosphatemia groups (p < 0.001) and a 3 to 6 hour elongation of the circadian cycle. A comparative analysis of the callus tissue transcriptome genes that were differentially regulated by hypophosphatemia with published data for the genes in bone that are diurnally regulated identified 1879 genes with overlapping differential regulation, which were shown by ontology assessment to be associated with oxidative metabolism and apoptosis. Network analysis of the central circadian pathway genes linked their expression to the up regulated expression of the histone methyltransferase gene EZH2, a gene that when mutated in both humans and mice controls overall skeletal growth. These data suggest that phosphate is an essential metabolite that controls circadian function in both skeletal and non skeletal peripheral tissues and associates its levels with the overall oxidative metabolism and skeletal growth of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Noguchi
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Amira I Hussein
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Nina Horowitz
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Deven Carroll
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Adam C Gower
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Serkalem Demissie
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Louis C Gerstenfeld
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA.
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Growing evidence supports the critical role of transcriptional mechanisms in promoting the spatial and temporal progression of bone healing. In this review, we evaluate and discuss new transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of secondary bone repair, along with emerging evidence for epigenetic regulation of fracture healing. RECENT FINDINGS Using the candidate gene approach has identified new roles for several transcription factors in mediating the reactive, reparative, and remodeling phases of fracture repair. Further characterization of the different epigenetic controls of fracture healing and fracture-driven transcriptome changes between young and aged fracture has identified key biological pathways that may yield therapeutic targets. Furthermore, exogenously delivered microRNA to post-transcriptionally control gene expression is quickly becoming an area with great therapeutic potential. Activation of specific transcriptional networks can promote the proper progression of secondary bone healing. Targeting these key factors using small molecules or through microRNA may yield effective therapies to enhance and possibly accelerate fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Roberts
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David N Paglia
- Department of Orthopaedics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Hicham Drissi
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Nutrition and Health Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Atlanta VA Medical Center, 1670 Clairmont Rd, Decatur, GA, 30033, USA.
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11
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Wang J, Cao Y, Qiu B, Du J, Wang T, Wang C, Deng R, Shi X, Gao K, Xie Z, Yong W. Ablation of protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) leads to enhanced both bone and cartilage development in mice. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:214. [PMID: 29434189 PMCID: PMC5833428 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the role of protein phosphatase 5 (PP5) on bone and cartilage development using both in vivo and in vitro approaches. Six- to 8-week- old male PP5 knockout mice (KO) and their wild-type (WT) littermate controls were randomly selected for this study, and their body weights and bone (femur) lengths were measured. Micro-computed tomography scanning (Micro-CT) was performed to determine femoral bone density and micro-architecture. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow were used to examine the effects of PP5 on osteogenesis in vitro. Whole-mount Alcian blue and Alizarin red staining were used to detect cartilage formation in newborn vertebrae, limbs, and feet. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was performed to determine growth plate thickness. Real-time PCR analysis, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of genes and proteins in bone marrow-derived MSCs as well as in bone and cartilage tissues. The results showed PP5 KO mice exhibited significantly reduced body weight and shorter femur length compared to WT controls. The KO mice also had significantly higher volumetric bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone volume, and cortical thickness in the femur. The deficiency of PP5 significantly enhanced the formation of cartilage in vertebrae, limbs, and feet. In addition, KO mice possessed a wider distal femur growth plates containing significantly more chondrocytes than WT mice. Furthermore, higher expressions of several cartilage-specific genes were observed in the articular cartilage of PP5 KO mice. Immunohistochemical labeling of growth plates demonstrated that phospho-PPARγ, Runx1, and Runx2 levels were considerably higher in the KO mice. In conclusion, PP5 is a significant negative regulator on the regulation of bone and cartilage development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China.,Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.,Experimental Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Bin Qiu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jianyong Du
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Ran Deng
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xudong Shi
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Kai Gao
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhongwen Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Weidong Yong
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100021, China.
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12
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Li C, Zheng Z, Zhang X, Asatrian G, Chen E, Song R, Culiat C, Ting K, Soo C. Nfatc1 Is a Functional Transcriptional Factor Mediating Nell-1-Induced Runx3 Upregulation in Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010168. [PMID: 29316655 PMCID: PMC5796117 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural EGFL like 1 (Nell-1) is essential for chondrogenic differentiation, maturation, and regeneration. Our previous studies have demonstrated that Nell-1's pro-chondrogenic activities are predominantly reliant upon runt-related transcription factor 3 (Runx3)-mediated Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling. Here, we identify the nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (Nfatc1) as the key transcriptional factor mediating the Nell-1 → Runx3 signal transduction in chondrocytes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we were able to determine that Nfatc1 binds to the -833--810 region of the Runx3-promoter in response to Nell-1 treatment. By revealing the Nell-1 → Nfatc1 → Runx3 → Ihh cascade, we demonstrate the involvement of Nfatc1, a nuclear factor of activated T-cells, in chondrogenesis, while providing innovative insights into developing a novel therapeutic strategy for cartilage regeneration and other chondrogenesis-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuang Li
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Greg Asatrian
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Eric Chen
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Richard Song
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Cymbeline Culiat
- NellOne Therapeutics, Inc., 99 Midway Ln # E, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Chia Soo
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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13
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Li C, Zheng Z, Jiang J, Jiang W, Lee K, Berthiaume EA, Chen EC, Culiat CT, Zhou YH, Zhang X, Ting K, Soo C. Neural EGFL-Like 1 Regulates Cartilage Maturation through Runt-Related Transcription Factor 3-Mediated Indian Hedgehog Signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:392-403. [PMID: 29137952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The pro-chondrogenic function of runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) was previously considered to be dependent on direct binding with the promoter of Indian hedgehog (Ihh)-the major regulator of chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation, and maturation. The authors' previous studies identified neural EGFL like 1 (Nell-1) as a Runx2-responsive growth factor for chondrogenic differentiation and maturation. In this study, it was further revealed that the pro-chondrogenic activities of Nell-1 also rely on Ihh signaling, by showing: i) Nell-1 significantly elevated Ihh signal transduction; ii) Nell-1 deficiency markedly reduced Ihh activation in chondrocytes; and iii) Nell-1-stimulated chondrogenesis was significantly reduced by the specific hedgehog inhibitor cyclopamine. Importantly, the authors demonstrated that Nell-1-responsive Ihh signaling and chondrogenic differentiation extended to Runx2-/- models in vitro and in vivo. In Runx2-/- chondrocytes, Nell-1 stimulated the expression and signal transduction of Runx3, another transcription factor required for complete chondrogenic differentiation and maturation. Furthermore, knocking down Runx3 in Runx2-/- chondrocytes abolished Nell-1's stimulation of Ihh-associated molecule expression, which validates Runx3 as a major mediator of Nell-1-stimulated Ihh activation. For the first time, the Runx2→Nell-1→Runx3→Ihh signaling cascade during chondrogenic differentiation and maturation has been identified as an alternative, but critical, pathway for Runx2 to function as a pro-chondrogenic molecule via Nell-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuang Li
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Orthodontics, Peking University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jie Jiang
- UCLA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wenlu Jiang
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kevin Lee
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Emily A Berthiaume
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric C Chen
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Yan-Heng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kang Ting
- Section of Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California; UCLA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
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14
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Wang Y, Feng Q, Ji C, Liu X, Li L, Luo J. RUNX3 plays an important role in mediating the BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1991-1999. [PMID: 29039519 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) is highly capable of promoting the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) both in vitro and in vivo, the molecular mechanisms involved remain to be fully elucidated. Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX)3 is an essential regulator of osteoblast/chondrocyte maturation. However, the exact role of RUNX3 in BMP9 osteoinductive activity is unknown. In this study, we sought to investigate the functional role of RUNX3 in the BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. We found that BMP9 upregulated the endogenous expression of RUNX3 in MSCs. The overexpression or/and knockdown of RUNX3 both increased the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) a marker of BMP9-induced early osteogenic differentiation. Nevertheless, matrix mineralization, a marker of BMP9-induced late osteogenic differentiation was enhanced by the overexpression of RUNX3, whereas it was inhibited by the knockdown of RUNX3. The BMP9-induced expression of osteogenic pivotal transcription factors [inhibitor of differentiation (Id)3, distal-less homeobox 5 (DLX5) and RUNX2)] was further increased by the overexpression of RUNX3; however, it was reduced by the knockdown of RUNX3. However, the expression levels of Id1 and Id2 were both enhanced by the overexpression or/and knockdown of RUNX3. The BMP9-induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5/8 was increased with the overexpression of RUNX3, and yet was decreased with the knockdown of RUNX3. Collectively, our findings suggest that RUNX3 is an essential modulator of the BMP9-induced osteoblast lineage differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qiaoling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Caixia Ji
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jinyong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Medicine Designated by The Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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15
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Pievani A, Sacchetti B, Corsi A, Rambaldi B, Donsante S, Scagliotti V, Vergani P, Remoli C, Biondi A, Robey PG, Riminucci M, Serafini M. Human umbilical cord blood-borne fibroblasts contain marrow niche precursors that form a bone/marrow organoid in vivo. Development 2017; 144:1035-1044. [PMID: 28292847 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood (CB) has attracted much attention as a reservoir for functional hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and, recently, as a source of blood-borne fibroblasts (CB-BFs). Previously, we demonstrated that bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) and CB-BF pellet cultures make cartilage in vitro Furthermore, upon in vivo transplantation, BMSC pellets remodelled into miniature bone/marrow organoids. Using this in vivo model, we asked whether CB-BF populations that express characteristics of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche contain precursors that reform the niche. CB ossicles were regularly observed upon transplantation. Compared with BM ossicles, CB ossicles showed a predominance of red marrow over yellow marrow, as demonstrated by histomorphological analyses and the number of hematopoietic cells isolated within ossicles. Marrow cavities from CB and BM ossicles included donor-derived CD146-expressing osteoprogenitors and host-derived mature hematopoietic cells, clonogenic lineage-committed progenitors and HSCs. Furthermore, human CD34+ cells transplanted into ossicle-bearing mice engrafted and maintained human HSCs in the niche. Our data indicate that CB-BFs are able to recapitulate the conditions by which the bone marrow microenvironment is formed and establish complete HSC niches, which are functionally supportive of hematopoietic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pievani
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Benedetto Sacchetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Benedetta Rambaldi
- Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital/Fondazione MBBM, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Samantha Donsante
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Valeria Scagliotti
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Patrizia Vergani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Cristina Remoli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital/Fondazione MBBM, Monza 20900, Italy
| | - Pamela G Robey
- Skeletal Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Marta Serafini
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Tettamanti Research Center, Pediatric Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza 20900, Italy
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16
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Hiemer B, Genz B, Jonitz-Heincke A, Pasold J, Wree A, Dommerich S, Bader R. Devitalisation of human cartilage by high hydrostatic pressure treatment: Subsequent cultivation of chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells on the devitalised tissue. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33747. [PMID: 27671122 PMCID: PMC5037397 DOI: 10.1038/srep33747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of cartilage lesions still represents a major challenge. Cartilage has a tissue-specific architecture, complicating recreation by synthetic biomaterials. A novel approach for reconstruction is the use of devitalised cartilage. Treatment with high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) achieves devitalisation while biomechanical properties are remained. Therefore, in the present study, cartilage was devitalised using HHP treatment and the potential for revitalisation with chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was investigated. The devitalisation of cartilage was performed by application of 480 MPa over 10 minutes. Effective cellular inactivation was demonstrated by the trypan blue exclusion test and DNA quantification. Histology and electron microscopy examinations showed undamaged cartilage structure after HHP treatment. For revitalisation chondrocytes and MSCs were cultured on devitalised cartilage without supplementation of chondrogenic growth factors. Both chondrocytes and MSCs significantly increased expression of cartilage-specific genes. ECM stainings showed neocartilage-like structure with positive AZAN staining as well as collagen type II and aggrecan deposition after three weeks of cultivation. Our results showed that HHP treatment caused devitalisation of cartilage tissue. ECM proteins were not influenced, thus, providing a scaffold for chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs and chondrocytes. Therefore, using HHP-treated tissue might be a promising approach for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Hiemer
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - B. Genz
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Doberaner Strasse 137–139, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - A. Jonitz-Heincke
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - J. Pasold
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - A. Wree
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Anatomy, Gertrudenstraße 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - S. Dommerich
- Charité Berlin University Medical Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Chariteplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - R. Bader
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Orthopaedics, Biomechanics and Implant Technology Research Laboratory, Doberaner Strasse 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
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17
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LeBlanc KT, Walcott ME, Gaur T, O'Connell SL, Basil K, Tadiri CP, Mason-Savas A, Silva JA, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Stein GS, Ayers DC, Lian JB, Fanning PJ. Runx1 Activities in Superficial Zone Chondrocytes, Osteoarthritic Chondrocyte Clones and Response to Mechanical Loading. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:440-8. [PMID: 25078095 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Runx1, the hematopoietic lineage determining transcription factor, is present in perichondrium and chondrocytes. Here we addressed Runx1 functions, by examining expression in cartilage during mouse and human osteoarthritis (OA) progression and in response to mechanical loading. Spared and diseased compartments in knees of OA patients and in mice with surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus were examined for changes in expression of Runx1 mRNA (Q-PCR) and protein (immunoblot, immunohistochemistry). Runx1 levels were quantified in response to static mechanical compression of bovine articular cartilage. Runx1 function was assessed by cell proliferation (Ki67, PCNA) and cell type phenotypic markers. Runx1 is enriched in superficial zone (SZ) chondrocytes of normal bovine, mouse, and human tissues. Increasing loading conditions in bovine cartilage revealed a positive correlation with a significant elevation of Runx1. Runx1 becomes highly expressed at the periphery of mouse OA lesions and in human OA chondrocyte 'clones' where Runx1 co-localizes with Vcam1, the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) marker and lubricin (Prg4), a cartilage chondroprotective protein. These OA induced cells represent a proliferative cell population, Runx1 depletion in MPCs decreases cell growth, supporting Runx1 contribution to cell expansion. The highest Runx1 levels in SZC of normal cartilage suggest a function that supports the unique phenotype of articular chondrocytes, reflected by upregulation under conditions of compression. We propose Runx1 co-expression with Vcam1 and lubricin in murine cell clusters and human 'clones' of OA cartilage, participate in a cooperative mechanism for a compensatory anabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly T LeBlanc
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Marie E Walcott
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Tripti Gaur
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Shannon L O'Connell
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Kirti Basil
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Christina P Tadiri
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - April Mason-Savas
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jason A Silva
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Janet L Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Gary S Stein
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - David C Ayers
- Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jane B Lian
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Paul J Fanning
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.,Department of Orthopedics and Physical Rehabilitation, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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18
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Bragdon B, Lybrand K, Gerstenfeld L. Overview of biological mechanisms and applications of three murine models of bone repair: closed fracture with intramedullary fixation, distraction osteogenesis, and marrow ablation by reaming. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOUSE BIOLOGY 2015; 5:21-34. [PMID: 25727198 PMCID: PMC4358754 DOI: 10.1002/9780470942390.mo140166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fractures are one of the most common large-organ, traumatic injuries in humans, and osteoporosis-related fractures are the fastest growing health care problem of aging. Elective orthopedic surgeries of the bones and joints also represent some of most common forms of elective surgeries performed. Optimal repair of skeletal tissues is necessary for successful outcomes of these many different orthopedic surgical treatments. Research focused on post-natal skeletal repair is therefore of immense clinical importance and of particular relevance in situations in which bone tissue healing is compromised due to the extent of tissue trauma or specific medical co-morbidities. Three commonly used murine surgical models of bone healing, closed fracture with intramedullary fixation, distraction osteogenesis (DO), and marrow ablation by reaming, are presented. The biological aspects of these models are contrasted and the types of research questions that may be addressed with these models are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Bragdon
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine. Department of Orthopeadic Surgery Boston University Medical Center
| | - Kyle Lybrand
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine. Department of Orthopeadic Surgery Boston University Medical Center
| | - Louis Gerstenfeld
- Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Boston University School of Medicine. Department of Orthopeadic Surgery Boston University Medical Center
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19
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Caldwell KL, Wang J. Cell-based articular cartilage repair: the link between development and regeneration. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:351-62. [PMID: 25450846 PMCID: PMC4339504 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Clinical efforts to repair damaged articular cartilage (AC) currently face major obstacles due to limited intrinsic repair capacity of the tissue and unsuccessful biological interventions. This highlights a need for better therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes the recent advances in the field of cell-based AC repair. In both animals and humans, AC defects that penetrate into the subchondral bone marrow are mainly filled with fibrocartilaginous tissue through the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), followed by degeneration of repaired cartilage and osteoarthritis (OA). Cell therapy and tissue engineering techniques using culture-expanded chondrocytes, bone marrow MSCs, or pluripotent stem cells with chondroinductive growth factors may generate cartilaginous tissue in AC defects but do not form hyaline cartilage-based articular surface because repair cells often lose chondrogenic activity or result in chondrocyte hypertrophy. The new evidence that AC and synovium develop from the same pool of precursors with similar gene profiles and that synovium-derived chondrocytes have stable chondrogenic activity has promoted use of synovium as a new cell source for AC repair. The recent finding that NFAT1 and NFAT2 transcription factors (TFs) inhibit chondrocyte hypertrophy and maintain metabolic balance in AC is a significant advance in the field of AC repair. The use of synovial MSCs and discovery of upstream transcriptional regulators that help maintain the AC phenotype have opened new avenues to improve the outcome of AC regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Corresponding Author: Jinxi Wang, Address: University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Mail Stop 3017, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA, Phone: +1 913-588-0870, Fax: +1 913-945-7773,
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20
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Epigenetic and in vivo comparison of diverse MSC sources reveals an endochondral signature for human hematopoietic niche formation. Blood 2014; 125:249-60. [PMID: 25406351 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-572255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade there has been a rapid expansion in clinical trials using mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from a variety of tissues. However, despite similarities in morphology, immunophenotype, and differentiation behavior in vitro, MSCs sourced from distinct tissues do not necessarily have equivalent biological properties. We performed a genome-wide methylation, transcription, and in vivo evaluation of MSCs from human bone marrow (BM), white adipose tissue, umbilical cord, and skin cultured in humanized media. Surprisingly, only BM-derived MSCs spontaneously formed a BM cavity through a vascularized cartilage intermediate in vivo that was progressively replaced by hematopoietic tissue and bone. Only BM-derived MSCs exhibited a chondrogenic transcriptional program with hypomethylation and increased expression of RUNX3, RUNX2, BGLAP, MMP13, and ITGA10 consistent with a latent and primed skeletal developmental potential. The humanized MSC-derived microenvironment permitted homing and maintenance of long-term murine SLAM(+) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), as well as human CD34(+)/CD38(-)/CD90(+)/CD45RA(+) HSCs after cord blood transplantation. These studies underscore the profound differences in developmental potential between MSC sources independent of donor age, with implications for their clinical use. We also demonstrate a tractable human niche model for studying homing and engraftment of human hematopoietic cells in normal and neoplastic states.
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Ma J, Wang P, Liu Y, Zhao L, Li Z, Xue Y. Krüppel-like factor 4 regulates blood-tumor barrier permeability via ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:916-26. [PMID: 24318462 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Blood-tumor barrier (BTB) constitutes an efficient organization of tight junctions which significantly reduce permeability for chemotherapy drugs. Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4), a member of the Krüppel-like family, has been documented in endothelial cells and may serve as an essential regulator of endothelial barrier function. However, our knowledge about the expression and function of KLF4 in the endothelial cells of BTB still remains unclear. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of KLF4 in regulation of BTB function as well as the potential molecular mechanisms. Quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that KLF4 was down-regulated in the glioma endothelial cells (GECs) which were obtained through endothelial cells co-cultured with glioma cells. Short hairpin RNA targeting KLF4 impaired the integrity of BTB detected by trans-endothelial electric resistance assay, and meanwhile reduced the expression of ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5, demonstrated by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assays. Depletion of KLF4 increased BTB permeability to small molecules detected by permeability assays. Furthermore, luciferase assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that KLF4 up-regulated the promoter activities and interacted with "CACCC" DNA sequence presented in the promoters of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-5. GATA-1, GATA-6, Sp1, and Sp3 factors participated in KLF4 regulation of promoter activities through binding to the promoters of tight junctions related proteins. Collectively, our results indicated that KLF4 is a key transcriptional regulator of BTB function by regulating expressions of tight junction related proteins, which would draw growing attention to KLF4 as a potential target for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ma
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China; Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Jeon SY, Park JS, Yang HN, Woo DG, Park KH. Aggrecan- and COMP-loaded poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles stimulate chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 23:305-17. [PMID: 24028375 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryogenesis, specific proteins expressed in cells have key roles in the formation of differentiated cells and tissues. Delivery of specific proteins into specific cells, both in vitro and in vivo, has proved to be exceedingly difficult. In this study, we developed a safe and efficient protein delivery system using encapsulation of proteins into biodegradable poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). The PLGA NPs were used to deliver proteins into human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Fluorescent markers loaded into the PLGA NPs were used to verify the internalization of NPs into hMSCs using FACS analysis and confocal microscopy. With these methods, we demonstrated that the encapsulated model proteins are readily delivered into hMSCs, released from the NP vehicles, and, finally, moved into the cytosols. Using chondrogenesis-related proteins such as aggrecan and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs treated with aggrecan and COMP encapsulated PLGA NPs was clearly observed and caused to differentiate into chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Yeon Jeon
- 1 Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University , Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
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