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Focaccio A, Rossi L, De Luca A. A spotlight on the role of copper in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Life Sci 2024; 354:122972. [PMID: 39142503 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The complex process known as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a fundamental role in several biological settings, encompassing embryonic development, wound healing, and pathological conditions such as cancer and fibrosis. In recent years, a bulk of research has brought to light the key role of copper, a trace element with essential functions in cellular metabolism, cancer initiation and progression. Indeed, copper, besides functioning as cofactor of enzymes required for essential cellular processes, such as energy production and oxidation reactions, has emerged as an allosteric regulator of kinases whose activity is required to fulfill cancer dissemination through the EMT. In this comprehensive review, we try to describe the intricate relationship between the transition metal copper and EMT, spanning from the earliest foundational studies to the latest advancements. Our aim is to shed light on the multifaceted roles undertaken by copper in EMT in cancer and to unveil the diverse mechanisms by which copper homeostasis exerts its influence over EMT regulators, signaling pathways, cell metabolic reprogramming and transcription factors ultimately contributing to the spread of cancer. Therefore, this review not only may contribute to a deeper comprehension of copper-mediated mechanisms in EMT but also supports the hypothesis that targeting copper may contribute to counteract the progression of EMT-associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Focaccio
- PhD School in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Rossi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anastasia De Luca
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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2
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Tian Z, Jiang S, Zhou J, Zhang W. Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis in mitochondria. Life Sci 2023; 334:122223. [PMID: 38084674 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria serve as sites for energy production and are essential for regulating various forms of cell death induced by metal metabolism, targeted anticancer drugs, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Cuproptosis is an autonomous form of cell death that depends on copper (Cu) and mitochondrial metabolism. Although the recent discovery of cuproptosis highlights the significance of Cu and mitochondria, there is still a lack of biological evidence and experimental verification for the underlying mechanism. We provide an overview of how Cu and cuproptosis affect mitochondrial morphology and function. Through comparison with ferroptosis, similarities and differences in mitochondrial metabolism between cuproptosis and ferroptosis have been identified. These findings provide implications for further exploration of cuproptotic mechanisms. Furthermore, we explore the correlation between cuproptosis and immunotherapy or radiosensitivity. Ultimately, we emphasize the therapeutic potential of targeting cuproptosis as a novel approach for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Su Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyu Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Perez MG, Suarez NG, Annabi B, Mateescu MA. Bioactive copper(II) agents and their potential involvement in the treatment of copper deficiency-related orphan diseases. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 247:112334. [PMID: 37499466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The deregulation of copper homoeostasis can promote various diseases such as Menkes disease or hypertrophic cardioencephalomyopathy. We have recently synthesized solid copper(II) complexes ([Cu(His)2Cl2] and [Cu(Ser)2]), stable in physiological media and with potential as therapeutic agents. This report describes: i) the biocompatibility of these complexes at concentrations up to 100 μM using a differentiated Caco-2 cells model; ii) their transport across the intestinal epithelium using a transepithelial resistance assay and monitoring the amount of copper complexes at the apical and basolateral sides of the cells. The results suggest that the flow occurs through paracellular routes. The intracellular copper retention was <2.7% with no significant differences in intracellular copper content between 6 h and 48 h, suggesting an early copper retention process. Furthermore, this is the first evidence that demonstrates [Cu(His)2Cl2] and [Cu(Ser)2] induce transcriptional downregulation of the four major copper transporters (CTR1, DMT1, ATP7A, ATP7B), and the upregulation of the metallothionein gene expression. A remarkable finding was the increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity observed after the treatment of differentiated Caco-2 cells with copper(II) complexes at concentrations of 50-100 μM. The understanding of the transport mechanisms of these copper(II) complexes across the intestinal epithelium and of their subsequent biological activities could contribute to the development of optimal pharmaceutical formulations for the therapy of copper deficiency-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Gomez Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Center CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Narjara Gonzalez Suarez
- Department of Chemistry and Center CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Borhane Annabi
- Department of Chemistry and Center CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
| | - Mircea Alexandru Mateescu
- Department of Chemistry and Center CERMO-FC, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada.
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4
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Xia Y, Wang WX. Bioimaging tools reveal copper processing in fish cells by mitophagy. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023:106633. [PMID: 37451870 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
As an essential trace metal, copper (Cu) regulation, distribution and detoxification among different cellular organelles remain much unknown. In the current study, bioimaging tool was used in visualizing the locations of Cu among different organelles in fish fin cells isolated from rabbitfish Siganus fuscescens. Exposure concentration of Cu directly affected the Cu bioaccumulation and toxicity. When the exposure dosage of Cu reached 100 µM, it began to damage the cells and affect the cell viability after 10 min of exposure. Remarkably, while various Cu concentrations (50∼150 µM) initially reduced the cell viability, they did not lead to a further loss in viability over extended exposure period. Upon entry to the cells, Cu was mainly targeted to the mitochondria whose number, size and network responded immediately to the incoming Cu. However, Cu toxicity did not increase time-dependently, strongly indicating that these mitochondria damaged by Cu could be removed and its cytotoxicity could be relieved. Bioimaging results showed that lysosomes interacted with the mitochondria, which were subsequently digested within a few minutes. Meanwhile the lysosomal number increased, and the size and pH of lysosomes decreased. These reactions were in line with the observed mitophagy, suggesting that mitochondrial Cu could be detoxified, and the damaged mitochondria were removed by lysosome via mitophagy. By further purifying the cellular organelles, the mitochondrial and lysosomal Cu amounts were quantified and found to be in line with the imaging results. The present study suggested that excessive mitochondrial Cu could be removed via mitophagy to relieve the Cu toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiteng Xia
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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5
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Prasad Panda S, Kesharwani A. Micronutrients/miRs/ATP networking in mitochondria: Clinical intervention with ferroptosis, cuproptosis, and calcium burden. Mitochondrion 2023; 71:1-16. [PMID: 37172668 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC) requires mainly coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), copper (Cu2+), calcium (Ca2+), and iron (Fe2+) ions for efficient ATP production. According to cross-sectional research, up to 50% of patients with micronutrient imbalances have been linked to oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, reduced ATP production, and the prognosis of various diseases. The condition of ferroptosis, which is caused by the downregulation of CoQ10 and the activation of non-coding micro RNAs (miRs), is strongly linked to free radical accumulation, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. The entry of micronutrients into the mitochondrial matrix depends upon the higher threshold level of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and high cytosolic micronutrients. The elevated micronutrient in the mitochondrial matrix causes the utilization of all ATP, leading to a drop in ATP levels. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) play a major role in Ca2+ influx in the mitochondrial matrix. The mitochondrial Ca2+ overload is regulated by specific miRs such as miR1, miR7, miR25, miR145, miR138, and miR214, thereby reducing apoptosis and improving ATP production. Cuproptosis is primarily brought on by increased Cu+ build-up and mitochondrial proteotoxic stress, mediated by ferredoxin-1 (FDX1) and long non-coding RNAs. Cu importers (SLC31A1) and exporters (ATP7B) influence intracellular Cu2+ levels to control cuproptosis. According to literature reviews, very few randomized micronutrient interventions have been carried out, despite the identification of a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies. In this review, we concentrated on essential micronutrients and specific miRs associated with ATP production that balance oxidative stress in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Prasad Panda
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Adarsh Kesharwani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Tang X, Yan Z, Miao Y, Ha W, Li Z, Yang L, Mi D. Copper in cancer: from limiting nutrient to therapeutic target. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1209156. [PMID: 37427098 PMCID: PMC10327296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1209156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As an essential nutrient, copper's redox properties are both beneficial and toxic to cells. Therefore, leveraging the characteristics of copper-dependent diseases or using copper toxicity to treat copper-sensitive diseases may offer new strategies for specific disease treatments. In particular, copper concentration is typically higher in cancer cells, making copper a critical limiting nutrient for cancer cell growth and proliferation. Hence, intervening in copper metabolism specific to cancer cells may become a potential tumor treatment strategy, directly impacting tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the metabolism of copper in the body and summarize research progress on the role of copper in promoting tumor cell growth or inducing programmed cell death in tumor cells. Additionally, we elucidate the role of copper-related drugs in cancer treatment, intending to provide new perspectives for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Tang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- The Second Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Zaihua Yan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- The Second Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yandong Miao
- Department of Oncology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wuhua Ha
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment and Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lixia Yang
- Gansu Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Denghai Mi
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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7
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Xie L, Yuan Y, Xu S, Lu S, Gu J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang X, Chen S, Li J, Lu J, Sun H, Hu R, Piao H, Wang W, Wang C, Wang J, Li N, White MF, Han L, Jia W, Miao J, Liu J. Downregulation of hepatic ceruloplasmin ameliorates NAFLD via SCO1-AMPK-LKB1 complex. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111498. [PMID: 36261001 PMCID: PMC10153649 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper deficiency has emerged to be associated with various lipid metabolism diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the mechanisms that dictate the association between copper deficiency and metabolic diseases remain obscure. Here, we reveal that copper restoration caused by hepatic ceruloplasmin (Cp) ablation enhances lipid catabolism by promoting the assembly of copper-load SCO1-LKB1-AMPK complex. Overnutrition-mediated Cp elevation results in hepatic copper loss, whereas Cp ablation restores copper content to the normal level without eliciting detectable hepatotoxicity and ameliorates NAFLD in mice. Mechanistically, SCO1 constitutively interacts with LKB1 even in the absence of copper, and copper-loaded SCO1 directly tethers LKB1 to AMPK, thereby activating AMPK and consequently promoting mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. Therefore, this study reveals a mechanism by which copper, as a signaling molecule, improves hepatic lipid catabolism, and it indicates that targeting copper-SCO1-AMPK signaling pathway ameliorates NAFLD development by modulating AMPK activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Xie
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yanmei Yuan
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Simiao Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Sijia Lu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jinyang Gu
- Department of Transplantation, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200042, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sports, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xianjing Zhang
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Suzhen Chen
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Junxi Lu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Honglin Sun
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ruixiang Hu
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Hailong Piao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Wen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Cunchuan Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Morris F White
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liu Han
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Weiping Jia
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Ji Miao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Junli Liu
- Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China.
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8
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Ruiz LM, Libedinsky A, Elorza AA. Role of Copper on Mitochondrial Function and Metabolism. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:711227. [PMID: 34504870 PMCID: PMC8421569 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.711227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper is essential for life processes like energy metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, iron uptake, and signaling in eukaryotic organisms. Mitochondria gather copper for the assembly of cuproenzymes such as the respiratory complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase, and the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 1. In this regard, copper plays a role in mitochondrial function and signaling involving bioenergetics, dynamics, and mitophagy, which affect cell fate by means of metabolic reprogramming. In mammals, copper homeostasis is tightly regulated by the liver. However, cellular copper levels are tissue specific. Copper imbalances, either overload or deficiency, have been associated with many diseases, including anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia, as well as tumor development and cancer aggressivity. Consistently, new pharmacological developments have been addressed to reduce or exacerbate copper levels as potential cancer therapies. This review goes over the copper source, distribution, cellular uptake, and its role in mitochondrial function, metabolic reprograming, and cancer biology, linking copper metabolism with the field of regenerative medicine and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Ruiz
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Allan Libedinsky
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro A Elorza
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile
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Ramírez-Camacho I, García-Niño W, Flores-García M, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Zazueta C. Alteration of mitochondrial supercomplexes assembly in metabolic diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165935. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Jensen EL, Gonzalez-Ibanez AM, Mendoza P, Ruiz LM, Riedel CA, Simon F, Schuringa JJ, Elorza AA. Copper deficiency-induced anemia is caused by a mitochondrial metabolic reprograming in erythropoietic cells. Metallomics 2020; 11:282-290. [PMID: 30358789 DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00224j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lack of copper has been associated with anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes and leukemia as well as with a loss in complex IV activity and an enlarged mitochondrial morphology. Mitochondria play a key role during the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells by regulating the passage from a glycolytic to oxidative metabolism. The former is associated with cell proliferation and the latter with cell differentiation. Oxidative metabolism, which occurs inside mitochondria, is sustained by the respiratory chain, where complex IV is copper-dependent. We have hypothesized that a copper deficiency induces a mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming, favoring cell expansion over cell differentiation in erythropoiesis. Erythroid progression analysis of the bone marrow of mice fed with a copper deficient diet and of the in vitro erythropoiesis of human CD34+ cells treated with a bathocuproine - a copper chelator - showed a major expansion of progenitor cells and a decreased differentiation. Under copper deficiency, mitochondria switched to a higher membrane potential, lower oxygen consumption rate and lower ROS levels as compared with control cells. In addition, mitochondrial biomass was increased and an up-regulation of the mitochondrial fusion protein mitofusin 2 was observed. Most copper-deficient phenotypes were mimicked by the pharmacological inhibition of complex IV with azide. We concluded that copper deficiency induced a mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming, making hematopoietic stem cells favor progenitor cell expansion over cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L Jensen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile.
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11
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Nam E, Han J, Suh JM, Yi Y, Lim MH. Link of impaired metal ion homeostasis to mitochondrial dysfunction in neurons. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2017; 43:8-14. [PMID: 29100100 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Manganese, iron, copper, and zinc are observed to play essential roles in mitochondria. The overload and depletion of metal ions in mitochondria under pathological conditions, however, could disturb mitochondrial compartments and functions leading to cell death. In this review, we mainly summarize how impaired metal ion homeostasis affects mitochondrial systems, such as membrane potentials, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glutathione metabolism. In addition, based on current findings, we briefly describe a recent understanding of the relationship among metal ion dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the pathogeneses of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunju Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Han
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Min Suh
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yelim Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Salles J, Chanet A, Berry A, Giraudet C, Patrac V, Domingues-Faria C, Rocher C, Guillet C, Denis P, Pouyet C, Bonhomme C, Le Ruyet P, Rolland Y, Boirie Y, Walrand S. Fast digestive, leucine-rich, soluble milk proteins improve muscle protein anabolism, and mitochondrial function in undernourished old rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28758352 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE One strategy to manage malnutrition in older patients is to increase protein and energy intake. Here, we evaluate the influence of protein quality during refeeding on improvement in muscle protein and energy metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-month-old male rats (n = 40) were fed 50% of their spontaneous intake for 12 weeks to induce malnutrition, then refed ad libitum with a standard diet enriched with casein or soluble milk proteins (22%) for 4 weeks. A 13C-valine was infused to measure muscle protein synthesis and expression of MuRF1, and MAFbx was measured to evaluate muscle proteolysis. mTOR pathway activation and mitochondrial function were assessed in muscle. Malnutrition was associated with a decrease in body weight, fat mass, and lean mass, particularly muscle mass. Malnutrition decreased muscle mTOR pathway activation and protein FSR associated with increased MuRF1 mRNA levels, and decreased mitochondrial function. The refeeding period partially restored fat mass and lean mass. Unlike the casein diet, the soluble milk protein diet improved muscle protein metabolism and mitochondrial function in old malnourished rats. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that providing better-quality proteins during refeeding may improve efficacy of renutrition in malnourished older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Salles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Audrey Chanet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandre Berry
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Giraudet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Véronique Patrac
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Carla Domingues-Faria
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Christelle Guillet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Denis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Corinne Pouyet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cécile Bonhomme
- Lactalis Nutrition Santé, Torcé, France
- Lactalis Research and Development, Retiers, France
| | - Pascale Le Ruyet
- Lactalis Nutrition Santé, Torcé, France
- Lactalis Research and Development, Retiers, France
| | - Yves Rolland
- Gérontopôle de Toulouse, Institut du Vieillissement, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse), Toulouse, France
- UMR INSERM 1027, University of Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical Nutrition Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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13
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Ruiz LM, Jensen EL, Rossel Y, Puas GI, Gonzalez-Ibanez AM, Bustos RI, Ferrick DA, Elorza AA. Non-cytotoxic copper overload boosts mitochondrial energy metabolism to modulate cell proliferation and differentiation in the human erythroleukemic cell line K562. Mitochondrion 2016; 29:18-30. [PMID: 27094959 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Copper is integral to the mitochondrial respiratory complex IV and contributes to proliferation and differentiation, metabolic reprogramming and mitochondrial function. The K562 cell line was exposed to a non-cytotoxic copper overload to evaluate mitochondrial dynamics, function and cell fate. This induced higher rates of mitochondrial turnover given by an increase in mitochondrial fusion and fission events and in the autophagic flux. The appearance of smaller and condensed mitochondria was also observed. Bioenergetics activity included more respiratory complexes, higher oxygen consumption rate, superoxide production and ATP synthesis, with no decrease in membrane potential. Increased cell proliferation and inhibited differentiation also occurred. Non-cytotoxic copper levels can modify mitochondrial metabolism and cell fate, which could be used in cancer biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina M Ruiz
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, 7500912 Santiago, Chile
| | - Erik L Jensen
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yancing Rossel
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - German I Puas
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro M Gonzalez-Ibanez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo I Bustos
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Alvaro A Elorza
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, 8331150 Santiago, Chile.
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14
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Rojas F, Gonzalez D, Cortes N, Ampuero E, Hernández DE, Fritz E, Abarzua S, Martinez A, Elorza AA, Alvarez A, Court F, van Zundert B. Reactive oxygen species trigger motoneuron death in non-cell-autonomous models of ALS through activation of c-Abl signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:203. [PMID: 26106294 PMCID: PMC4460879 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in which pathogenesis and death of motor neurons are triggered by non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. We showed earlier that exposing primary rat spinal cord cultures to conditioned media derived from primary mouse astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) that express human SOD1G93A (ACM-hSOD1G93A) quickly enhances Nav channel-mediated excitability and calcium influx, generates intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and leads to death of motoneurons within days. Here we examined the role of mitochondrial structure and physiology and of the activation of c-Abl, a tyrosine kinase that induces apoptosis. We show that ACM-hSOD1G93A, but not ACM-hSOD1WT, increases c-Abl activity in motoneurons, interneurons and glial cells, starting at 60 min; the c-Abl inhibitor STI571 (imatinib) prevents this ACM-hSOD1G93A-mediated motoneuron death. Interestingly, similar results were obtained with ACM derived from astrocytes expressing SOD1G86R or TDP43A315T. We further find that co-application of ACM-SOD1G93A with blockers of Nav channels (spermidine, mexiletine, or riluzole) or anti-oxidants (Trolox, esculetin, or tiron) effectively prevent c-Abl activation and motoneuron death. In addition, ACM-SOD1G93A induces alterations in the morphology of neuronal mitochondria that are related with their membrane depolarization. Finally, we find that blocking the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore with cyclosporine A, or inhibiting mitochondrial calcium uptake with Ru360, reduces ROS production and c-Abl activation. Together, our data point to a sequence of events in which a toxic factor(s) released by ALS-expressing astrocytes rapidly induces hyper-excitability, which in turn increases calcium influx and affects mitochondrial structure and physiology. ROS production, mediated at least in part through mitochondrial alterations, trigger c-Abl signaling and lead to motoneuron death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Rojas
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - David Gonzalez
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Cortes
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Estibaliz Ampuero
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego E Hernández
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Elsa Fritz
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Abarzua
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis Martinez
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Alvaro A Elorza
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile ; Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Alvarez
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Court
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Brigitte van Zundert
- Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biological Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Andres Bello Santiago, Chile
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15
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Quercetin Affects Erythropoiesis and Heart Mitochondrial Function in Mice. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:836301. [PMID: 26106459 PMCID: PMC4464588 DOI: 10.1155/2015/836301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin, a dietary flavonoid used as a food supplement, showed powerful antioxidant effects in different cellular models. However, recent in vitro and in vivo studies in mammals have suggested a prooxidant effect of quercetin and described an interaction with mitochondria causing an increase in O2∙− production, a decrease in ATP levels, and impairment of respiratory chain in liver tissue. Therefore, because of its dual actions, we studied the effect of quercetin in vivo to analyze heart mitochondrial function and erythropoiesis. Mice were injected with 50 mg/kg of quercetin for 15 days. Treatment with quercetin decreased body weight, serum insulin, and ceruloplasmin levels as compared with untreated mice. Along with an impaired antioxidant capacity in plasma, quercetin-treated mice showed a significant delay on erythropoiesis progression. Heart mitochondrial function was also impaired displaying more protein oxidation and less activity for IV, respectively, than no-treated mice. In addition, a significant reduction in the protein expression levels of Mitofusin 2 and Voltage-Dependent Anion Carrier was observed. All these results suggest that quercetin affects erythropoiesis and mitochondrial function and then its potential use as a dietary supplement should be reexamined.
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16
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Tang X, Shen T, Jiang X, Xia M, Sun X, Guo H, Ling W. Purified anthocyanins from bilberry and black currant attenuate hepatic mitochondrial dysfunction and steatohepatitis in mice with methionine and choline deficiency. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:552-561. [PMID: 25536170 DOI: 10.1021/jf504926n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The berries of bilberry and black currant are a rich source of anthocyanins, which are thought to have favorable effects on nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This study was designed to examine whether purified anthocyanins from bilberry and black currant are able to limit the disorders related to NASH induced by a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet in mice. The results showed that treatment with anthocyanins not only alleviated inflammation, oxidative stress, steatosis, and even fibrosis but also improved depletion of mitochondrial content and damage of mitochondrial biogenesis and electron transfer chain developed concomitantly in the liver of mice fed the MCD diet. Furthermore, anthocyanins treatment promoted activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). These data provide evidence that anthocyanins possess significant protective effects against NASH and mitochondrial defects in response to a MCD diet, with a mechanism maybe through affecting the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilan Tang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
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17
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Salles J, Cardinault N, Patrac V, Berry A, Giraudet C, Collin ML, Chanet A, Tagliaferri C, Denis P, Pouyet C, Boirie Y, Walrand S. Bee pollen improves muscle protein and energy metabolism in malnourished old rats through interfering with the Mtor signaling pathway and mitochondrial activity. Nutrients 2014; 6:5500-16. [PMID: 25470375 PMCID: PMC4276980 DOI: 10.3390/nu6125500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the management of malnutrition is a priority in older people, this population shows a resistance to refeeding. Fresh bee pollen contains nutritional substances of interest for malnourished people. The aim was to evaluate the effect of fresh bee pollen supplementation on refeeding efficiency in old malnourished rats. Male 22-month-old Wistar rats were undernourished by reducing food intake for 12 weeks. The animals were then renourished for three weeks with the same diet supplemented with 0%, 5% or 10% of fresh monofloral bee pollen. Due to changes in both lean mass and fat mass, body weight decreased during malnutrition and increased after refeeding with no between-group differences (p < 0.0001). Rats refed with the fresh bee pollen-enriched diets showed a significant increase in muscle mass compared to restricted rats (p < 0.05). The malnutrition period reduced the muscle protein synthesis rate and mTOR/p70S6kinase/4eBP1 activation, and only the 10%-pollen diet was able to restore these parameters. Mitochondrial activity was depressed with food restriction and was only improved by refeeding with the fresh bee pollen-containing diets. In conclusion, refeeding diets that contain fresh monofloral bee pollen improve muscle mass and metabolism in old, undernourished rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Salles
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | | | - Véronique Patrac
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Alexandre Berry
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Christophe Giraudet
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Marie-Laure Collin
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Audrey Chanet
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Camille Tagliaferri
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Philippe Denis
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Corinne Pouyet
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Yves Boirie
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
| | - Stéphane Walrand
- INRA, UMR1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France.
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18
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Argüello G, Martinez P, Peña J, Chen O, Platt F, Zanlungo S, González M. Hepatic metabolic response to restricted copper intake in a Niemann–Pick C murine model. Metallomics 2014; 6:1527-39. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00056k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Niemann–Pick C disease (NPC) is a vesicular trafficking disorder primarily caused by mutations in theNpc1gene and characterized by liver dysfunction and neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciela Argüello
- INTA
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP-Center of Genome Regulation (CGR)
| | - Pablo Martinez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología
- Facultad de Medicina
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Peña
- INTA
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Chen
- Department of Pharmacology
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Frances Platt
- Department of Pharmacology
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Silvana Zanlungo
- FONDAP-Center of Genome Regulation (CGR)
- Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Gastroenterología
- Facultad de Medicina
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
| | - Mauricio González
- INTA
- Laboratorio de Bioinformática y Expresión Génica
- Universidad de Chile
- Santiago, Chile
- FONDAP-Center of Genome Regulation (CGR)
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