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Yi D, Sugimoto T, Matsumura T, Yokoyama S, Fujisato T, Nakamura T, Hashimoto T. Investigating the Combined Effects of Mechanical Stress and Nutrition on Muscle Hypertrophic Signals Using Contractile 3D-Engineered Muscle (3D-EM). Nutrients 2023; 15:4083. [PMID: 37764867 PMCID: PMC10536268 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 3D-EM closely resembles in vivo muscles, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise (electrical pulse stimulation (EPS)) and nutrition (maca), which contains triterpenes, on muscle hypertrophy by using 3D-EM for the first time. The 3D-EM was composed of C2C12 cells and type 1 collagen gel, was differentiated for 14 days, and was divided into four groups: control, maca, EPS, and maca + EPS. The medium was replaced every two days before each EPS intervention, and the concentration of maca in the culture solution was 1 mg/mL. The intervention conditions of the EPS were 30 V, 1 Hz, and 2 ms (24 h on, 24 h off, for one week). The expression levels of proteins were examined by Western blotting. The intervention of maca and EPS upregulated the expression of MHC-fast/slow (both p < 0.05) compared with the control group, and the addition of maca had no effect on the phosphorylation of mTOR (p = 0.287) but increased the AMPK phosphorylation (p = 0.001). These findings suggest that intervention with maca and EPS has a positive effect on muscle hypertrophy, which has a positive impact on sarcopenia. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan; (D.Y.); (T.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Takeshi Sugimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan; (D.Y.); (T.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Teppei Matsumura
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan; (D.Y.); (T.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Sho Yokoyama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Osaka 535-8585, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Toshia Fujisato
- Graduate Course in Applied Chemistry, Environmental and Biomedical Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Osaka 535-8585, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Division of Human Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Osaka 535-8585, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu 525-8577, Shiga, Japan; (D.Y.); (T.S.); (T.M.)
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2
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Celikkin N, Presutti D, Maiullari F, Volpi M, Promovych Y, Gizynski K, Dolinska J, Wiśniewska A, Opałło M, Paradiso A, Rinoldi C, Fuoco C, Swieszkowski W, Bearzi C, Rizzi R, Gargioli C, Costantini M. Combining rotary wet-spinning biofabrication and electro-mechanical stimulation for the in vitroproduction of functional myo-substitutes. Biofabrication 2023; 15:045012. [PMID: 37473749 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ace934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present an innovative, high-throughput rotary wet-spinning biofabrication method for manufacturing cellularized constructs composed of highly-aligned hydrogel fibers. The platform is supported by an innovative microfluidic printing head (MPH) bearing a crosslinking bath microtank with a co-axial nozzle placed at the bottom of it for the immediate gelation of extruded core/shell fibers. After a thorough characterization and optimization of the new MPH and the fiber deposition parameters, we demonstrate the suitability of the proposed system for thein vitroengineering of functional myo-substitutes. The samples produced through the described approach were first characterizedin vitroand then used as a substrate to ascertain the effects of electro-mechanical stimulation on myogenic maturation. Of note, we found a characteristic gene expression modulation of fast (MyH1), intermediate (MyH2), and slow (MyH7) twitching myosin heavy chain isoforms, depending on the applied stimulation protocol. This feature should be further investigated in the future to biofabricate engineered myo-substitutes with specific functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehar Celikkin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dario Presutti
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Fabio Maiullari
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
- PhD Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Volpi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Yurii Promovych
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Konrad Gizynski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Dolinska
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Opałło
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alessia Paradiso
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chiara Rinoldi
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Claudia Fuoco
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Wojciech Swieszkowski
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Claudia Bearzi
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Rizzi
- Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare INGM 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, C.so della Repubblica 79, 04100 Latina, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council of Italy (ITB-CNR), Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Gargioli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Costantini
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Mosqueira M, Scheid LM, Kiemel D, Richardt T, Rheinberger M, Ollech D, Lutge A, Heißenberg T, Pfitzer L, Engelskircher L, Yildiz U, Porth I. nNOS-derived NO modulates force production and iNO-derived NO the excitability in C2C12-derived 3D tissue engineering skeletal muscle via different NO signaling pathways. Front Physiol 2022; 13:946682. [PMID: 36045747 PMCID: PMC9421439 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.946682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a bioactive gas produced by one of the three NO synthases: neuronal NOS (nNOS), inducible (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS). NO has a relevant modulatory role in muscle contraction; this takes place through two major signaling pathways: (i) activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and, thus, protein kinase G or (ii) nitrosylation of sulfur groups of cysteine. Although it has been suggested that nNOS-derived NO is the responsible isoform in muscle contraction, the roles of eNOS and iNOS and their signaling pathways have not yet been clarified. To elucidate the action of each pathway, we optimized the generation of myooids, an engineered skeletal muscle tissue based on the C2C12 cell line. In comparison with diaphragm strips from wild-type mice, 180 myooids were analyzed, which expressed all relevant excitation–contraction coupling proteins and both nNOS and iNOS isoforms. Along with the biochemical results, myooids treated with NO donor (SNAP) and unspecific NOS blocker (L-NAME) revealed a comparable NO modulatory effect on force production as was observed in the diaphragm strips. Under the effects of pharmacological tools, we analyzed the myooids in response to electrical stimulation of two possible signaling pathways and NO sources. The nNOS-derived NO exerted its negative effect on force production via the sGG-PKG pathway, while iNOS-derived NO increased the excitability in response to sub-threshold electrical stimulation. These results strengthen the hypotheses of previous reports on the mechanism of action of NO during force production, showed a novel function of iNOS-derived NO, and establish the myooid as a novel and robust alternative model for pathophysiological skeletal muscle research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias Mosqueira
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Matias Mosqueira,
| | - Lisa-Mareike Scheid
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- PromoCell GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Kiemel
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Talisa Richardt
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mona Rheinberger
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Centre for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Ollech
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Applied Physics Department, Science for Life Laboratory and KTH Royal Technical University, Solna, Sweden
| | - Almut Lutge
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Molecular Life Science at the University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tim Heißenberg
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lena Pfitzer
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- myNEO NV, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisa Engelskircher
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Immatics Biotechnology GmbH, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Umut Yildiz
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Isabel Porth
- Cardio-Ventilatory Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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4
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Terrie L, Burattini M, Van Vlierberghe S, Fassina L, Thorrez L. Enhancing Myoblast Fusion and Myotube Diameter in Human 3D Skeletal Muscle Constructs by Electromagnetic Stimulation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:892287. [PMID: 35814025 PMCID: PMC9256958 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.892287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) aims at the in vitro generation of 3D skeletal muscle engineered constructs which mimic the native muscle structure and function. Although native skeletal muscle is a highly dynamic tissue, most research approaches still focus on static cell culture methods, while research on stimulation protocols indicates a positive effect, especially on myogenesis. A more mature muscle construct may be needed especially for the potential applications for regenerative medicine purposes, disease or drug disposition models. Most efforts towards dynamic cell or tissue culture methods have been geared towards mechanical or electrical stimulation or a combination of those. In the context of dynamic methods, pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation has been extensively used in bone tissue engineering, but the impact of PEMF on skeletal muscle development is poorly explored. Here, we evaluated the effects of PEMF stimulation on human skeletal muscle cells both in 2D and 3D experiments. First, PEMF was applied on 2D cultures of human myoblasts during differentiation. In 2D, enhanced myogenesis was observed, as evidenced by an increased myotube diameter and fusion index. Second, 2D results were translated towards 3D bioartificial muscles (BAMs). BAMs were subjected to PEMF for varying exposure times, where a 2-h daily stimulation was found to be effective in enhancing 3D myotube formation. Third, applying this protocol for the entire 16-days culture period was compared to a stimulation starting at day 8, once the myotubes were formed. The latter was found to result in significantly higher myotube diameter, fusion index, and increased myosin heavy chain 1 expression. This work shows the potential of electromagnetic stimulation for enhancing myotube formation both in 2D and 3D, warranting its further consideration in dynamic culturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Terrie
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Dep. Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
| | - Margherita Burattini
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Dep. Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
- Dept. of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry and Maternity, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry, Dep. of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Fassina
- Dept. of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- Tissue Engineering Lab, Dep. Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Kulak, Kortrijk, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Lieven Thorrez,
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5
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Cheesbrough A, Sciscione F, Riccio F, Harley P, R'Bibo L, Ziakas G, Darbyshire A, Lieberam I, Song W. Biobased Elastomer Nanofibers Guide Light-Controlled Human-iPSC-Derived Skeletal Myofibers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2110441. [PMID: 35231133 PMCID: PMC9131876 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202110441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Generating skeletal muscle tissue that mimics the cellular alignment, maturation, and function of native skeletal muscle is an ongoing challenge in disease modeling and regenerative therapies. Skeletal muscle cultures require extracellular guidance and mechanical support to stabilize contractile myofibers. Existing microfabrication-based solutions are limited by complex fabrication steps, low throughput, and challenges in measuring dynamic contractile function. Here, the synthesis and characterization of a new biobased nanohybrid elastomer, which is electrospun into aligned nanofiber sheets to mimic the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix, is presented. The polymer exhibits remarkable hyperelasticity well-matched to that of native skeletal muscle (≈11-50 kPa), with ultimate strain ≈1000%, and elastic modulus ≈25 kPa. Uniaxially aligned nanofibers guide myoblast alignment, enhance sarcomere formation, and promote a ≈32% increase in myotube fusion and ≈50% increase in myofiber maturation. The elastomer nanofibers stabilize optogenetically controlled human induced pluripotent stem cell derived skeletal myofibers. When activated by blue light, the myofiber-nanofiber hybrid constructs maintain a significantly higher (>200%) contraction velocity and specific force (>280%) compared to conventional culture methods. The engineered myofibers exhibit a power density of ≈35 W m-3 . This system is a promising new skeletal muscle tissue model for applications in muscular disease modeling, drug discovery, and muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Cheesbrough
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and RegenerationDepartment of Surgical BiotechnologyDivision of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonNW3 2PFUK
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative MedicineMRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersCentre for Developmental NeurobiologyKings College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Fabiola Sciscione
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and RegenerationDepartment of Surgical BiotechnologyDivision of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonNW3 2PFUK
| | - Federica Riccio
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative MedicineMRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersCentre for Developmental NeurobiologyKings College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Peter Harley
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative MedicineMRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersCentre for Developmental NeurobiologyKings College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Lea R'Bibo
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative MedicineMRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersCentre for Developmental NeurobiologyKings College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Georgios Ziakas
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and RegenerationDepartment of Surgical BiotechnologyDivision of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonNW3 2PFUK
| | - Arnold Darbyshire
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and RegenerationDepartment of Surgical BiotechnologyDivision of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonNW3 2PFUK
| | - Ivo Lieberam
- Centre for Gene Therapy and Regenerative MedicineMRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental DisordersCentre for Developmental NeurobiologyKings College LondonLondonSE1 9RTUK
| | - Wenhui Song
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and RegenerationDepartment of Surgical BiotechnologyDivision of Surgery and Interventional ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonNW3 2PFUK
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6
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Vann CG, Zhang X, Khodabukus A, Orenduff MC, Chen YH, Corcoran DL, Truskey GA, Bursac N, Kraus VB. Differential microRNA profiles of intramuscular and secreted extracellular vesicles in human tissue-engineered muscle. Front Physiol 2022; 13:937899. [PMID: 36091396 PMCID: PMC9452896 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.937899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise affects the expression of microRNAs (miR/s) and muscle-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). To evaluate sarcoplasmic and secreted miR expression in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise-mimetic contractile activity, we utilized a three-dimensional tissue-engineered model of human skeletal muscle ("myobundles"). Myobundles were subjected to three culture conditions: no electrical stimulation (CTL), chronic low frequency stimulation (CLFS), or intermittent high frequency stimulation (IHFS) for 7 days. RNA was isolated from myobundles and from extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by myobundles into culture media; miR abundance was analyzed by miRNA-sequencing. We used edgeR and a within-sample design to evaluate differential miR expression and Pearson correlation to evaluate correlations between myobundle and EV populations within treatments with statistical significance set at p < 0.05. Numerous miRs were differentially expressed between myobundles and EVs; 116 miRs were differentially expressed within CTL, 3 within CLFS, and 2 within IHFS. Additionally, 25 miRs were significantly correlated (18 in CTL, 5 in CLFS, 2 in IHFS) between myobundles and EVs. Electrical stimulation resulted in differential expression of 8 miRs in myobundles and only 1 miR in EVs. Several KEGG pathways, known to play a role in regulation of skeletal muscle, were enriched, with differentially overrepresented miRs between myobundle and EV populations identified using miEAA. Together, these results demonstrate that in vitro exercise-mimetic contractile activity of human engineered muscle affects both their expression of miRs and number of secreted EVs. These results also identify novel miRs of interest for future studies of the role of exercise in organ-organ interactions in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Vann
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Melissa C Orenduff
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Yu-Hsiu Chen
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - David L Corcoran
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Virginia B Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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7
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Blake C, Massey O, Boyd-Moss M, Firipis K, Rifai A, Franks S, Quigley A, Kapsa R, Nisbet DR, Williams RJ. Replace and repair: Biomimetic bioprinting for effective muscle engineering. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:031502. [PMID: 34258499 PMCID: PMC8270648 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The debilitating effects of muscle damage, either through ischemic injury or volumetric muscle loss (VML), can have significant impacts on patients, and yet there are few effective treatments. This challenge arises when function is degraded due to significant amounts of skeletal muscle loss, beyond the regenerative ability of endogenous repair mechanisms. Currently available surgical interventions for VML are quite invasive and cannot typically restore function adequately. In response to this, many new bioengineering studies implicate 3D bioprinting as a viable option. Bioprinting for VML repair includes three distinct phases: printing and seeding, growth and maturation, and implantation and application. Although this 3D bioprinting technology has existed for several decades, the advent of more advanced and novel printing techniques has brought us closer to clinical applications. Recent studies have overcome previous limitations in diffusion distance with novel microchannel construct architectures and improved myotubule alignment with highly biomimetic nanostructures. These structures may also enhance angiogenic and nervous ingrowth post-implantation, though further research to improve these parameters has been limited. Inclusion of neural cells has also shown to improve myoblast maturation and development of neuromuscular junctions, bringing us one step closer to functional, implantable skeletal muscle constructs. Given the current state of skeletal muscle 3D bioprinting, the most pressing future avenues of research include furthering our understanding of the physical and biochemical mechanisms of myotube development and expanding our control over macroscopic and microscopic construct structures. Further to this, current investigation needs to be expanded from immunocompromised rodent and murine myoblast models to more clinically applicable human cell lines as we move closer to viable therapeutic implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cooper Blake
- Institute of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Oliver Massey
- Institute of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Stephanie Franks
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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8
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Turner DC, Gorski PP, Seaborne RA, Viggars M, Murphy M, Jarvis JC, Martin NR, Stewart CE, Sharples AP. Mechanical loading of bioengineered skeletal muscle in vitro recapitulates gene expression signatures of resistance exercise in vivo. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6534-6547. [PMID: 33586196 PMCID: PMC8653897 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the role of mechanical loading and exercise in skeletal muscle (SkM) is paramount for delineating the molecular mechanisms that govern changes in muscle mass. However, it is unknown whether loading of bioengineered SkM in vitro adequately recapitulates the molecular responses observed after resistance exercise (RE) in vivo. To address this, the transcriptional and epigenetic (DNA methylation) responses were compared after mechanical loading in bioengineered SkM in vitro and after RE in vivo. Specifically, genes known to be upregulated/hypomethylated after RE in humans were analyzed. Ninety-three percent of these genes demonstrated similar changes in gene expression post-loading in the bioengineered muscle when compared to acute RE in humans. Furthermore, similar differences in gene expression were observed between loaded bioengineered SkM and after programmed RT in rat SkM tissue. Hypomethylation occurred for only one of the genes analysed (GRIK2) post-loading in bioengineered SkM. To further validate these findings, DNA methylation and mRNA expression of known hypomethylated and upregulated genes post-acute RE in humans were also analyzed at 0.5, 3, and 24 h post-loading in bioengineered muscle. The largest changes in gene expression occurred at 3 h, whereby 82% and 91% of genes responded similarly when compared to human and rodent SkM respectively. DNA methylation of only a small proportion of genes analyzed (TRAF1, MSN, and CTTN) significantly increased post-loading in bioengineered SkM alone. Overall, mechanical loading of bioengineered SkM in vitro recapitulates the gene expression profile of human and rodent SkM after RE in vivo. Although some genes demonstrated differential DNA methylation post-loading in bioengineered SkM, such changes across the majority of genes analyzed did not closely mimic the epigenetic response to acute-RE in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C. Turner
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine (ISTM), School of Pharmacy and BioengineeringKeele UniversityStaffordshireUK
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Unit (SCAMP), Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES)Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, School of Basic and Medical BiosciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Piotr P. Gorski
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine (ISTM), School of Pharmacy and BioengineeringKeele UniversityStaffordshireUK
- Institute for Physical PerformanceNorwegian School of Sport Sciences (NiH)OsloNorway
| | - Robert A. Seaborne
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Unit (SCAMP), Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES)Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
- Center for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Mark Viggars
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Unit (SCAMP), Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES)Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Mark Murphy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Jonathan C. Jarvis
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Unit (SCAMP), Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES)Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Neil R.W. Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Claire E. Stewart
- Stem Cells, Ageing and Molecular Physiology Unit (SCAMP), Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES)Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Adam P. Sharples
- Institute for Physical PerformanceNorwegian School of Sport Sciences (NiH)OsloNorway
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9
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Turner MC, Rimington RP, Martin NRW, Fleming JW, Capel AJ, Hodson L, Lewis MP. Physiological and pathophysiological concentrations of fatty acids induce lipid droplet accumulation and impair functional performance of tissue engineered skeletal muscle. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:7033-7044. [PMID: 33738797 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) exert physiological and pathophysiological effects leading to changes in skeletal muscle metabolism and function, however, in vitro models to investigate these changes are limited. These experiments sought to establish the effects of physiological and pathophysiological concentrations of exogenous FA upon the function of tissue engineered skeletal muscle (TESkM). Cultured initially for 14 days, C2C12 TESkM was exposed to FA-free bovine serum albumin alone or conjugated to a FA mixture (oleic, palmitic, linoleic, and α-linoleic acids [OPLA] [ratio 45:30:24:1%]) at different concentrations (200 or 800 µM) for an additional 4 days. Subsequently, TESkM morphology, functional capacity, gene expression and insulin signaling were analyzed. There was a dose response increase in the number and size of lipid droplets within the TESkM (p < .05). Exposure to exogenous FA increased the messenger RNA expression of genes involved in lipid storage (perilipin 2 [p < .05]) and metabolism (pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 4 [p < .01]) in a dose dependent manner. TESkM force production was reduced (tetanic and single twitch) (p < .05) and increases in transcription of type I slow twitch fiber isoform, myosin heavy chain 7, were observed when cultured with 200 µM OPLA compared to control (p < .01). Four days of OPLA exposure results in lipid accumulation in TESkM which in turn results in changes in muscle function and metabolism; thus, providing insight ito the functional and mechanistic changes of TESkM in response to exogenous FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark C Turner
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK.,Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Rowan P Rimington
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Jacob W Fleming
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Andrew J Capel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Center for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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10
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Khodabukus A. Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle Models to Study Muscle Function, Plasticity, and Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:619710. [PMID: 33716768 PMCID: PMC7952620 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.619710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle possesses remarkable plasticity that permits functional adaptations to a wide range of signals such as motor input, exercise, and disease. Small animal models have been pivotal in elucidating the molecular mechanisms regulating skeletal muscle adaptation and plasticity. However, these small animal models fail to accurately model human muscle disease resulting in poor clinical success of therapies. Here, we review the potential of in vitro three-dimensional tissue-engineered skeletal muscle models to study muscle function, plasticity, and disease. First, we discuss the generation and function of in vitro skeletal muscle models. We then discuss the genetic, neural, and hormonal factors regulating skeletal muscle fiber-type in vivo and the ability of current in vitro models to study muscle fiber-type regulation. We also evaluate the potential of these systems to be utilized in a patient-specific manner to accurately model and gain novel insights into diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and volumetric muscle loss. We conclude with a discussion on future developments required for tissue-engineered skeletal muscle models to become more mature, biomimetic, and widely utilized for studying muscle physiology, disease, and clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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11
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Clegg MH, Harris TI, Zhang X, Barney JT, Jones JA, Vargis E. Silkworm Silk Fiber Bundles as Improved In Vitro Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:6853-6863. [PMID: 33320626 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To mimic skeletal muscle tissues in vitro, native and transgenic spider silk/silkworm silks were seeded with C2C12 myoblasts to observe if these three-dimensional substrates are preferable to a traditional two-dimensional polystyrene cell culture surface. Silks were wound around an acrylic chassis to produce a novel, three-dimensional cell culture device with suspended muscle fibers that genetically and morphologically resemble native skeletal muscle tissue. The transgenic spider silk/silkworm silk has never before been studied for this application. Genetic expression verified skeletal muscle lineage and differentiation, while fluorescent imaging verified contractile protein synthesis. Genetic analysis also revealed an increase in expression of the Myh2 contractile protein gene on silkworm silks, particularly on the transgenic silk. Mechanical properties and protein secondary structure content of the silks indicated correlation between substrate properties and Myh2 gene expression. This increase in contractile protein gene expression suggests that biologically derived silk substrates that are suspended may be a preferable substrate for in vitro muscle modeling because of the proteinaceous character and mechanical flexibility of the silk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Clegg
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Thomas I Harris
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Jacob T Barney
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Justin A Jones
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Elizabeth Vargis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
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12
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Nagashima T, Hadiwidjaja S, Ohsumi S, Murata A, Hisada T, Kato R, Okada Y, Honda H, Shimizu K. In Vitro Model of Human Skeletal Muscle Tissues with Contractility Fabricated by Immortalized Human Myogenic Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e2000121. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takunori Nagashima
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya 464‐8603 Japan
| | - Stacy Hadiwidjaja
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya 464‐8603 Japan
| | - Saki Ohsumi
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya 464‐8603 Japan
| | - Akari Murata
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya 464‐8603 Japan
| | - Takumi Hisada
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya 464‐8601 Japan
| | - Ryuji Kato
- Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Nagoya 464‐8601 Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Neurology Aichi Medical University School of Medicine Aichi 480‐1195 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya 464‐8603 Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Nagoya 464‐8603 Japan
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13
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Kondash ME, Ananthakumar A, Khodabukus A, Bursac N, Truskey GA. Glucose Uptake and Insulin Response in Tissue-engineered Human Skeletal Muscle. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:801-813. [PMID: 32200516 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue-engineered muscles ("myobundles") offer a promising platform for developing a human in vitro model of healthy and diseased muscle for drug development and testing. Compared to traditional monolayer cultures, myobundles better model the three-dimensional structure of native skeletal muscle and are amenable to diverse functional measures to monitor the muscle health and drug response. Characterizing the metabolic function of human myobundles is of particular interest to enable their utilization in mechanistic studies of human metabolic diseases, identification of related drug targets, and systematic studies of drug safety and efficacy. METHODS To this end, we studied glucose uptake and insulin responsiveness in human tissue-engineered skeletal muscle myobundles in the basal state and in response to drug treatments. RESULTS In the human skeletal muscle myobundle system, insulin stimulates a 50% increase in 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) uptake with a compiled EC50 of 0.27 ± 0.03 nM. Treatment of myobundles with 400 µM metformin increased basal 2-DG uptake 1.7-fold and caused a significant drop in twitch and tetanus contractile force along with decreased fatigue resistance. Treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) increased the magnitude of insulin response from a 1.2-fold increase in glucose uptake in the untreated state to a 1.4-fold increase after 4-PBA treatment. 4-PBA treated myobundles also exhibited increased fatigue resistance and increased twitch half-relaxation time. CONCLUSION Although tissue-engineered human myobundles exhibit a modest increase in glucose uptake in response to insulin, they recapitulate key features of in vivo insulin sensitivity and exhibit relevant drug-mediated perturbations in contractile function and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Kondash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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14
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Wang J, Khodabukus A, Rao L, Vandusen K, Abutaleb N, Bursac N. Engineered skeletal muscles for disease modeling and drug discovery. Biomaterials 2019; 221:119416. [PMID: 31419653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the largest organ of human body with several important roles in everyday movement and metabolic homeostasis. The limited ability of small animal models of muscle disease to accurately predict drug efficacy and toxicity in humans has prompted the development in vitro models of human skeletal muscle that fatefully recapitulate cell and tissue level functions and drug responses. We first review methods for development of three-dimensional engineered muscle tissues and organ-on-a-chip microphysiological systems and discuss their potential utility in drug discovery research and development of new regenerative therapies. Furthermore, we describe strategies to increase the functional maturation of engineered muscle, and motivate the importance of incorporating multiple tissue types on the same chip to model organ cross-talk and generate more predictive drug development platforms. Finally, we review the ability of available in vitro systems to model diseases such as type II diabetes, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Pompe disease, and dysferlinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Lingjun Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Keith Vandusen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nadia Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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15
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Khodabukus A, Madden L, Prabhu NK, Koves TR, Jackman CP, Muoio DM, Bursac N. Electrical stimulation increases hypertrophy and metabolic flux in tissue-engineered human skeletal muscle. Biomaterials 2019; 198:259-269. [PMID: 30180985 PMCID: PMC6395553 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models of contractile human skeletal muscle hold promise for use in disease modeling and drug development, but exhibit immature properties compared to native adult muscle. To address this limitation, 3D tissue-engineered human muscles (myobundles) were electrically stimulated using intermittent stimulation regimes at 1 Hz and 10 Hz. Dystrophin in myotubes exhibited mature membrane localization suggesting a relatively advanced starting developmental maturation. One-week stimulation significantly increased myobundle size, sarcomeric protein abundance, calcium transient amplitude (∼2-fold), and tetanic force (∼3-fold) resulting in the highest specific force generation (19.3mN/mm2) reported for engineered human muscles to date. Compared to 1 Hz electrical stimulation, the 10 Hz stimulation protocol resulted in greater myotube hypertrophy and upregulated mTORC1 and ERK1/2 activity. Electrically stimulated myobundles also showed a decrease in fatigue resistance compared to control myobundles without changes in glycolytic or mitochondrial protein levels. Greater glucose consumption and decreased abundance of acetylcarnitine in stimulated myobundles indicated increased glycolytic and fatty acid metabolic flux. Moreover, electrical stimulation of myobundles resulted in a metabolic shift towards longer-chain fatty acid oxidation as evident from increased abundances of medium- and long-chain acylcarnitines. Taken together, our study provides an advanced in vitro model of human skeletal muscle with improved structure, function, maturation, and metabolic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauran Madden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Neel K Prabhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Timothy R Koves
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Deborah M Muoio
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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16
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Turner DC, Kasper AM, Seaborne RA, Brown AD, Close GL, Murphy M, Stewart CE, Martin NRW, Sharples AP. Exercising Bioengineered Skeletal Muscle In Vitro: Biopsy to Bioreactor. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1889:55-79. [PMID: 30367409 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8897-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bioengineering of skeletal muscle tissue in-vitro has enabled researchers to more closely mimic the in-vivo skeletal muscle niche. The three-dimensional (3-D) structure of the tissue engineered systems employed to date enable the generation of highly aligned and differentiated myofibers within a representative biological matrix. The use of electrical stimulation to model concentric contraction, via innervation of the myofibers, and the use of mechanical loading to model passive lengthening or stretch has begun to provide a manipulable environment to investigate the cellular and molecular responses following exercise mimicking stimuli in-vitro. Currently available bioreactor systems allow either electrical stimulation or mechanical loading to be utilized at any given time. In the present manuscript, we describe in detail the methodological procedures to create 3-D bioengineered skeletal muscle using both cell lines and/or primary human muscle derived cells from a tissue biopsy, through to modeling exercising stimuli using a bioreactor that can provide both electrical stimulation and mechanical loading simultaneously within the same in-vitro system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Turner
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine (ISTM), Keele University School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Andreas M Kasper
- Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert A Seaborne
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine (ISTM), Keele University School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
- Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alexander D Brown
- Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Graeme L Close
- Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Mark Murphy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neil R W Martin
- Musculoskeletal Biology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Adam P Sharples
- Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine (ISTM), Keele University School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK.
- Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research Group (EMARG), Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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17
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Truskey GA. Development and application of human skeletal muscle microphysiological systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3061-3073. [PMID: 30183050 PMCID: PMC6177290 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00553b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A number of major disease states involve skeletal muscle, including type 2 diabetes, muscular dystrophy, sarcopenia and cachexia arising from cancer or heart disease. Animals do not accurately represent many of these disease states. Human skeletal muscle microphysiological systems derived from primary or induced pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can provide an in vitro model of genetic and chronic diseases and assess individual variations. Three-dimensional culture systems more accurately represent skeletal muscle function than do two-dimensional cultures. While muscle biopsies enable culture of primary muscle cells, hPSCs provide the opportunity to sample a wider population of donors. Recent advances to promote maturation of PSC-derived skeletal muscle provide an alternative to primary cells. While contractile function is often measured in three-dimensional cultures and several systems exist to characterize contraction of small numbers of muscle fibers, there is a need for functional measures of metabolism suited for microphysiological systems. Future research should address generation of well-differentiated hPSC-derived muscle cells, enabling muscle repair in vitro, and improved disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 1427 CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, Durham, NC 27708-0281, USA.
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18
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Maleiner B, Tomasch J, Heher P, Spadiut O, Rünzler D, Fuchs C. The Importance of Biophysical and Biochemical Stimuli in Dynamic Skeletal Muscle Models. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1130. [PMID: 30246791 PMCID: PMC6113794 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical approaches to engineer skeletal muscle tissue based on current regenerative and surgical procedures still do not meet the desired outcome for patient applications. Besides the evident need to create functional skeletal muscle tissue for the repair of volumetric muscle defects, there is also growing demand for platforms to study muscle-related diseases, such as muscular dystrophies or sarcopenia. Currently, numerous studies exist that have employed a variety of biomaterials, cell types and strategies for maturation of skeletal muscle tissue in 2D and 3D environments. However, researchers are just at the beginning of understanding the impact of different culture settings and their biochemical (growth factors and chemical changes) and biophysical cues (mechanical properties) on myogenesis. With this review we intend to emphasize the need for new in vitro skeletal muscle (disease) models to better recapitulate important structural and functional aspects of muscle development. We highlight the importance of choosing appropriate system components, e.g., cell and biomaterial type, structural and mechanical matrix properties or culture format, and how understanding their interplay will enable researchers to create optimized platforms to investigate myogenesis in healthy and diseased tissue. Thus, we aim to deliver guidelines for experimental designs to allow estimation of the potential influence of the selected skeletal muscle tissue engineering setup on the myogenic outcome prior to their implementation. Moreover, we offer a workflow to facilitate identifying and selecting different analytical tools to demonstrate the successful creation of functional skeletal muscle tissue. Ultimately, a refinement of existing strategies will lead to further progression in understanding important aspects of muscle diseases, muscle aging and muscle regeneration to improve quality of life of patients and enable the establishment of new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette Maleiner
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria.,The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janine Tomasch
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria.,The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Heher
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Trauma Care Consult GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Rünzler
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria.,The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Fuchs
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria.,The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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19
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Khodabukus A, Prabhu N, Wang J, Bursac N. In Vitro Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle Models for Studying Muscle Physiology and Disease. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701498. [PMID: 29696831 PMCID: PMC6105407 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Healthy skeletal muscle possesses the extraordinary ability to regenerate in response to small-scale injuries; however, this self-repair capacity becomes overwhelmed with aging, genetic myopathies, and large muscle loss. The failure of small animal models to accurately replicate human muscle disease, injury and to predict clinically-relevant drug responses has driven the development of high fidelity in vitro skeletal muscle models. Herein, the progress made and challenges ahead in engineering biomimetic human skeletal muscle tissues that can recapitulate muscle development, genetic diseases, regeneration, and drug response is discussed. Bioengineering approaches used to improve engineered muscle structure and function as well as the functionality of satellite cells to allow modeling muscle regeneration in vitro are also highlighted. Next, a historical overview on the generation of skeletal muscle cells and tissues from human pluripotent stem cells, and a discussion on the potential of these approaches to model and treat genetic diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, is provided. Finally, the need to integrate multiorgan microphysiological systems to generate improved drug discovery technologies with the potential to complement or supersede current preclinical animal models of muscle disease is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| | - Neel Prabhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| | - Jason Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University 101 Science Drive, FCIEMAS 1427, Durham, NC 27708-90281, USA
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20
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Yeo M, Kim G. Three-Dimensional Microfibrous Bundle Structure Fabricated Using an Electric Field-Assisted/Cell Printing Process for Muscle Tissue Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:728-738. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miji Yeo
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering,
College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - GeunHyung Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering,
College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
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21
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Martin NRW, Aguilar-Agon K, Robinson GP, Player DJ, Turner MC, Myers SD, Lewis MP. Hypoxia Impairs Muscle Function and Reduces Myotube Size in Tissue Engineered Skeletal Muscle. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2599-2605. [PMID: 28294416 PMCID: PMC5518201 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary tissue engineered skeletal muscle models display a high degree of physiological accuracy compared with native tissue, and therefore may be excellent platforms to understand how various pathologies affect skeletal muscle. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease which causes tissue hypoxia and is characterized by muscle fiber atrophy and impaired muscle function. In the present study we exposed engineered skeletal muscle to varying levels of oxygen (O2; 21–1%) for 24 h in order to see if a COPD like muscle phenotype could be recreated in vitro, and if so, at what degree of hypoxia this occurred. Maximal contractile force was attenuated in hypoxia compared to 21% O2; with culture at 5% and 1% O2 causing the most pronounced effects with 62% and 56% decrements in force, respectively. Furthermore at these levels of O2, myotubes within the engineered muscles displayed significant atrophy which was not seen at higher O2 levels. At the molecular level we observed increases in mRNA expression of MuRF‐1 only at 1% O2 whereas MAFbx expression was elevated at 10%, 5%, and 1% O2. In addition, p70S6 kinase phosphorylation (a downstream effector of mTORC1) was reduced when engineered muscle was cultured at 1% O2, with no significant changes seen above this O2 level. Overall, these data suggest that engineered muscle exposed to O2 levels of ≤5% adapts in a manner similar to that seen in COPD patients, and thus may provide a novel model for further understanding muscle wasting associated with tissue hypoxia. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 2599–2605, 2017. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R W Martin
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kathyrn Aguilar-Agon
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - George P Robinson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Darren J Player
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Mark C Turner
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Stephen D Myers
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Mark P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
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22
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Kasper AM, Turner DC, Martin NRW, Sharples AP. Mimicking exercise in three-dimensional bioengineered skeletal muscle to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms of physiological adaptation. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1985-1998. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M. Kasper
- Stem Cells, Ageing, and Molecular Physiology (SCAMP) Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - Daniel C. Turner
- Stem Cells, Ageing, and Molecular Physiology (SCAMP) Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - Neil R. W. Martin
- Musculoskeletal Biology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
| | - Adam P. Sharples
- Stem Cells, Ageing, and Molecular Physiology (SCAMP) Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
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23
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Khodabukus A, Baar K. Factors That Affect Tissue-Engineered Skeletal Muscle Function and Physiology. Cells Tissues Organs 2016; 202:159-168. [DOI: 10.1159/000446067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-engineered skeletal muscle has the promise to be a tool for studying physiology, screening muscle-active drugs, and clinical replacement of damaged muscle. To maximize the potential benefits of engineered muscle, it is important to understand the factors required for tissue formation and how these affect muscle function. In this review, we evaluate how biomaterials, cell source, media components, and bioreactor interventions impact muscle function and phenotype.
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Shadrin IY, Khodabukus A, Bursac N. Striated muscle function, regeneration, and repair. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4175-4202. [PMID: 27271751 PMCID: PMC5056123 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2285-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As the only striated muscle tissues in the body, skeletal and cardiac muscle share numerous structural and functional characteristics, while exhibiting vastly different size and regenerative potential. Healthy skeletal muscle harbors a robust regenerative response that becomes inadequate after large muscle loss or in degenerative pathologies and aging. In contrast, the mammalian heart loses its regenerative capacity shortly after birth, leaving it susceptible to permanent damage by acute injury or chronic disease. In this review, we compare and contrast the physiology and regenerative potential of native skeletal and cardiac muscles, mechanisms underlying striated muscle dysfunction, and bioengineering strategies to treat muscle disorders. We focus on different sources for cellular therapy, biomaterials to augment the endogenous regenerative response, and progress in engineering and application of mature striated muscle tissues in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we discuss the challenges and perspectives in translating muscle bioengineering strategies to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Y Shadrin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 3000 Science Drive, Hudson Hall 136, Durham, NC, 27708-90281, USA
| | - A Khodabukus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 3000 Science Drive, Hudson Hall 136, Durham, NC, 27708-90281, USA
| | - N Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 3000 Science Drive, Hudson Hall 136, Durham, NC, 27708-90281, USA.
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25
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Juhas M, Ye J, Bursac N. Design, evaluation, and application of engineered skeletal muscle. Methods 2016; 99:81-90. [PMID: 26455485 PMCID: PMC4821818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For over two decades, research groups have been developing methods to engineer three-dimensional skeletal muscle tissues. These tissues hold great promise for use in disease modeling and pre-clinical drug development, and have potential to serve as therapeutic grafts for functional muscle repair. Recent advances in the field have resulted in the engineering of regenerative muscle constructs capable of survival, vascularization, and functional maturation in vivo as well as the first-time creation of functional human engineered muscles for screening of therapeutics in vitro. In this review, we will discuss the methodologies that have progressed work in the muscle tissue engineering field to its current state. The emphasis will be placed on the existing procedures to generate myogenic cell sources and form highly functional muscle tissues in vitro, techniques to monitor and evaluate muscle maturation and performance in vitro and in vivo, and surgical strategies to both create diseased environments and ensure implant survival and rapid integration into the host. Finally, we will suggest the most promising methodologies that will enable continued progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Juhas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jean Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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