1
|
Rocchi A, Sariyer IK, Berger JR. Revisiting JC virus and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:524-537. [PMID: 37659983 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01164-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Since its definition 65 years ago, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has continued to devastate a growing population of immunosuppressed patients despite major advances in our understanding of the causative JC virus (JCV). Unless contained by the immune system, JCV lyses host oligodendrocytes collateral to its life cycle, leading to demyelination, neurodegeneration, and death. Novel treatments have stagnated in the absence of an animal model while current antiviral agents fail to address the now ubiquitous polyomavirus. In this review, we highlight the established pathogenesis by which JCV infection progresses to PML, highlighting major challenges that must be overcome to eliminate the underlying virus and, therefore, the debilitating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Rocchi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Joseph R Berger
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Convention Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu Y, Saribas AS, Liu J, Lin Y, Bodnar B, Zhao R, Guo Q, Ting J, Wei Z, Ellis A, Li F, Wang X, Yang X, Wang H, Ho WZ, Yang L, Hu W. Protein expression/secretion boost by a novel unique 21-mer cis-regulatory motif (Exin21) via mRNA stabilization. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1136-1158. [PMID: 36793212 PMCID: PMC9927791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Boosting protein production is invaluable in both industrial and academic applications. We discovered a novel expression-increasing 21-mer cis-regulatory motif (Exin21) that inserts between SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein-encoding sequence and luciferase reporter gene. This unique Exin21 (CAACCGCGGTTCGCGGCCGCT), encoding a heptapeptide (QPRFAAA, designated as Qα), significantly (34-fold on average) boosted E production. Both synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations within Exin21 diminished its boosting capability, indicating the exclusive composition and order of 21 nucleotides. Further investigations demonstrated that Exin21/Qα addition could boost the production of multiple SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins (S, M, and N) and accessory proteins (NSP2, NSP16, and ORF3), and host cellular gene products such as IL-2, IFN-γ, ACE2, and NIBP. Exin21/Qα enhanced the packaging yield of S-containing pseudoviruses and standard lentivirus. Exin21/Qα addition on the heavy and light chains of human anti-SARS-CoV monoclonal antibody robustly increased antibody production. The extent of such boosting varied with protein types, cellular density/function, transfection efficiency, reporter dosage, secretion signaling, and 2A-mediated auto-cleaving efficiency. Mechanistically, Exin21/Qα increased mRNA synthesis/stability, and facilitated protein expression and secretion. These findings indicate that Exin21/Qα has the potential to be used as a universal booster for protein production, which is of importance for biomedicine research and development of bioproducts, drugs, and vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Zhu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - A. Sami Saribas
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jinbiao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yuan Lin
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Brittany Bodnar
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ruotong Zhao
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Qian Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Julia Ting
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Zhengyu Wei
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Aidan Ellis
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zheng HC, Xue H, Zhang CY. The oncogenic roles of JC polyomavirus in cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:976577. [PMID: 36212474 PMCID: PMC9537617 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.976577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) belongs to the human polyomavirus family. Based on alternative splicing, the early region encodes the large and small T antigens, while the late region encodes the capsid structural proteins (VP1, VP2, and VP3) and the agnoprotein. The regulatory transcription factors for JCPyV include Sp1, TCF-4, DDX1, YB-1, LCP-1, Purα, GF-1, and NF-1. JCPyV enters tonsillar tissue through the intake of raw sewage, inhalation of air droplets, or parent-to-child transmission. It persists quiescently in lymphoid and renal tissues during latency. Both TGF-β1 and TNF-α stimulates JCPyV multiplication, while interferon-γ suppresses the process. The distinct distribution of caspid receptors (α-2, 6-linked sialic acid, non-sialylated glycosaminoglycans, and serotonin) determines the infection capabilities of JCPyV virions, and JCPyV entry is mediated by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In permissive cells, JCPyV undergoes lytic proliferation and causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, while its DNA is inserted into genomic DNA and leads to carcinogenesis in non-permissive cells. T antigen targets p53, β-catenin, IRS, Rb, TGF-β1, PI3K/Akt and AMPK signal pathways in cancer cells. Intracranial injection of T antigen into animals results in neural tumors, and transgenic mice develop neural tumors, lens tumor, breast cancer, gastric, Vater’s, colorectal and pancreatic cancers, insulinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Additionally, JCPyV DNA and its encoded products can be detected in the brain tissues of PML patients and brain, oral, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, breast, cervical, pancreatic, and hepatocellular cancer tissues. Therefore, JCPyV might represent an etiological risk factor for carcinogenesis and should be evaluated for early prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua-chuan Zheng
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
- *Correspondence: Hua-chuan Zheng,
| | - Hang Xue
- Department of Oncology and Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Chengde, China
| | - Cong-yu Zhang
- Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saxena R, Saribas S, Jadiya P, Tomar D, Kaminski R, Elrod JW, Safak M. Human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC virus, agnoprotein targets mitochondrion and modulates its functions. Virology 2021; 553:135-153. [PMID: 33278736 PMCID: PMC7847276 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
JC virus encodes an important regulatory protein, known as Agnoprotein (Agno). We have recently reported Agno's first protein-interactome with its cellular partners revealing that it targets various cellular networks and organelles, including mitochondria. Here, we report further characterization of the functional consequences of its mitochondrial targeting and demonstrated its co-localization with the mitochondrial networks and with the mitochondrial outer membrane. The mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) of Agno and its dimerization domain together play major roles in this targeting. Data also showed alterations in various mitochondrial functions in Agno-positive cells; including a significant reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential, respiration rates and ATP production. In contrast, a substantial increase in ROS production and Ca2+ uptake by the mitochondria were also observed. Finally, findings also revealed a significant decrease in viral replication when Agno MTS was deleted, highlighting a role for MTS in the function of Agno during the viral life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reshu Saxena
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Sami Saribas
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pooja Jadiya
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, USA
| | - Dhanendra Tomar
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, USA
| | - Rafal Kaminski
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, USA
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, MERB-757, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khalili A, Craigie M, Donadoni M, Sariyer IK. Host-Immune Interactions in JC Virus Reactivation and Development of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:649-660. [PMID: 31452013 PMCID: PMC6898772 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of immunomodulatory therapies and the HIV epidemic, the impact of JC Virus (JCV) on the public health system has grown significantly due to the increased incidence of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML). Currently, there are no pharmaceutical agents targeting JCV infection for the treatment and the prevention of viral reactivation leading to the development of PML. As JCV primarily reactivates in immunocompromised patients, it is proposed that the immune system (mainly the cellular-immunity component) plays a key role in the regulation of JCV to prevent productive infection and PML development. However, the exact mechanism of JCV immune regulation and reactivation is not well understood. Likewise, the impact of host factors on JCV regulation and reactivation is another understudied area. Here we discuss the current literature on host factor-mediated and immune factor-mediated regulation of JCV gene expression with the purpose of developing a model of the factors that are bypassed during JCV reactivation, and thus are potential targets for the development of therapeutic interventions to suppress PML initiation. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Michael Craigie
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Martina Donadoni
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ilker Kudret Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Medical Education and Research Building, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saribas AS, Datta PK, Safak M. A comprehensive proteomics analysis of JC virus Agnoprotein-interacting proteins: Agnoprotein primarily targets the host proteins with coiled-coil motifs. Virology 2019; 540:104-118. [PMID: 31765920 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) Agnoprotein (Agno) plays critical roles in successful completion of the viral replication cycle. Understanding its regulatory roles requires a complete map of JCV-host protein interactions. Here, we report the first Agno interactome with host cellular targets utilizing "Two-Strep-Tag" affinity purification system coupled with mass spectroscopy (AP/MS). Proteomics data revealed that Agno primarily targets 501 cellular proteins, most of which contain "coiled-coil" motifs. Agno-host interactions occur in several cellular networks including those involved in protein synthesis and degradation; and cellular transport; and in organelles, including mitochondria, nucleus and ER-Golgi network. Among the Agno interactions, Rab11B, Importin and Crm-1 were first validated biochemically and further characterization was done for Crm-1, using a HIV-1 Rev-M10-like Agno mutant (L33D + E34L), revealing the critical roles of L33 and E34 residues in Crm-1 interaction. This comprehensive proteomics data provides new foundations to unravel the critical regulatory roles of Agno during the JCV life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Prasun K Datta
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Saribas AS, Coric P, Bouaziz S, Safak M. Expression of novel proteins by polyomaviruses and recent advances in the structural and functional features of agnoprotein of JC virus, BK virus, and simian virus 40. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:8295-8315. [PMID: 30390301 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus family consists of a highly diverse group of small DNA viruses. The founding family member (MPyV) was first discovered in the newborn mouse in the late 1950s, which induces solid tumors in a wide variety of tissue types that are the epithelial and mesenchymal origin. Later, other family members were also isolated from a number of mammalian, avian and fish species. Some of these viruses significantly contributed to our current understanding of the fundamentals of modern biology such as transcription, replication, splicing, RNA editing, and cell transformation. After the discovery of first two human polyomaviruses (JC virus [JCV] and BK virus [BKV]) in the early 1970s, there has been a rapid expansion in the number of human polyomaviruses in recent years due to the availability of the new technologies and brought the present number to 14. Some of the human polyomaviruses cause considerably serious human diseases, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, Merkel cell carcinoma, and trichodysplasia spinulosa. Emerging evidence suggests that the expression of the polyomavirus genome is more complex than previously thought. In addition to encoding universally expressed regulatory and structural proteins (LT-Ag, Sm t-Ag, VP1, VP2, and VP3), some polyomaviruses express additional virus-specific regulatory proteins and microRNAs. This review summarizes the recent advances in polyomavirus genome expression with respect to the new viral proteins and microRNAs other than the universally expressed ones. In addition, a special emphasis is devoted to the recent structural and functional discoveries in the field of polyomavirus agnoprotein which is expressed only by JCV, BKV, and simian virus 40 genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pascale Coric
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8015 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Serge Bouaziz
- Laboratoire de Cristallographie et RMN Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8015 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saribas AS, DeVoto J, Golla A, Wollebo HS, White MK, Safak M. Discovery and characterization of novel trans-spliced products of human polyoma JC virus late transcripts from PML patients. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:4137-4155. [PMID: 29044559 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC virus (JCV), was isolated almost a half century ago, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing its biology remains highly elusive. JCV infects oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and causes a rare fatal brain disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in immunocompromised individuals including AIDS. It has a small circular DNA genome (∼5 kb) and generates two primary transcripts from its early and late coding regions, producing several predicted alternatively spliced products mainly by cis-splicing. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of two novel open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2) associated with JCV late transcripts, generated by an unusual splicing process called trans-splicing. These ORFs result from (i) the trans-splicing of two different lengths of the 5'-short coding region of VP1 between the coding regions of agnoprotein and VP2 after replacing the intron located between these two coding regions and (ii) frame-shifts occurring within the VP2 coding sequences terminated by a stop codon. ORF1 and ORF2 are capable of encoding 58 and 72 aa long proteins respectively and are expressed in infected cells and PML patients. Each ORF protein shares a common coding region with VP1 and has a unique coding sequence of their own. When the expression of the unique coding regions of ORFs is blocked by a stop codon insertion in the viral background, the mutant virus replicates less efficiently when compared to wild-type, suggesting that the newly discovered ORFs play critical roles in the JCV life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sami Saribas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia DeVoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Akhil Golla
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hassen S Wollebo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Martyn K White
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurovirology, Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|