Knockdown of MAML1 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells through SP1-dependent inactivation of TRIM59

Specificity protein 1/3 regulate T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell proliferation and apoptosis through β-catenin by acting as targets of miR-495-3p

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a hematologic heterogeneous disease. This study explored the mechanism of specificity protein 1/3 (Sp1/3) in T-ALL cells through β-catenin by acting as targets of miR-495-3p. Expression levels of miR-495-3p, Sp1, Sp3, and β-catenin in the serum from T-ALL children patients, healthy controls, and the T-ALL cell lines were measured. The cell proliferation ability and apoptosis rate were detected. Levels of proliferation-related proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclinD1 and apoptosis-related proteins B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were determined. The binding of Sp1/3 and β-catenin promoter and the targeted relationship between miR-495-3p with Sp1/3 were analyzed. Sp1/3 were upregulated in CD4+ T-cells in T-ALL and were linked with leukocyte count and risk classification. Sp1/3 interference prevented proliferation and promoted apoptosis in T-ALL cells. Sp1/3 transcription factors activated β-catenin expression. Sp1/3 enhanced T-ALL cell proliferation by facilitating β-catenin expression. miR-495-3p targeted and repressed Sp1/3 expressions. miR-495-3p overexpression inhibited T-ALL cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Conjointly, Sp1/3, as targets of miR-495-3p limit apoptosis and promote proliferation in T-ALL cells by promoting β-catenin expression.

Intricate confrontation: Research progress and application potential of TRIM family proteins in tumor immune escape

BACKGROUND

Tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins have more than 80 members and are widely found in various eukaryotic cells. Most TRIM family proteins participate in the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation system as E3-ubiquitin ligases; therefore, they play pivotal regulatory roles in the occurrence and development of tumors, including tumor immune escape. Due to the diversity of functional domains of TRIM family proteins, they can extensively participate in multiple signaling pathways of tumor immune escape through different substrates. In current research and clinical contexts, immune escape has become an urgent problem. The extensive participation of TRIM family proteins in curing tumors or preventing postoperative recurrence and metastasis makes them promising targets.

AIM OF REVIEW

The aim of the review is to make up for the gap in the current research on TRIM family proteins and tumor immune escape and propose future development directions according to the current progress and problems.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

This up-to-date review summarizes the characteristics and biological functions of TRIM family proteins, discusses the mechanisms of TRIM family proteins involved in tumor immune escape, and highlights the specific mechanism from the level of structure-function-molecule-pathway-phenotype, including mechanisms at the level of protein domains and functions, at the level of molecules and signaling pathways, and at the level of cells and microenvironments. We also discuss the application potential of TRIM family proteins in tumor immunotherapy, such as possible treatment strategies for combination targeting TRIM family protein drugs and checkpoint inhibitors for improving cancer treatment.

Nucleic acid therapy in pediatric cancer

The overall survival, progress free survival, and life quality of cancer patients have improved due to the advance in minimally invasive surgery, precision radiotherapy, and various combined chemotherapy in the last decade. Furthermore, the discovery of new types of therapeutics, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors and immune cell therapies have facilitated both patients and doctors to fight with cancers. Moreover, in the context of the development in biocompatible and cell type targeting nano-carriers as well as nucleic acid-based drugs for initiating and enhancing the anti-tumor response have come to the age. The treatment paradigms utilization of nucleic acids, including short interfering RNA (siRNA), antisense oligonucleotides (ASO), and messenger RNA (mRNA), can target specific protein expression to achieve the therapeutic effects. Over ten nucleic acid therapeutics have been approved by the FDA and EMA in rare diseases and genetic diseases as well as dozens of registered clinical trails for varies cancers. Though generally less dangerous of pediatric cancers than adult cancers was observed during the past decades, yet pediatric cancers accounted for a significant proportion of child deaths which hurt those family very deeply. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention for improving the treatment of pediatric cancer and discovering new nucleic acid therapeutics which may help to improve the therapeutic effect and prognoses in turns to ameliorate the survival period and quality of life for children patient. In this review, we focus on the nucleic acid therapy in pediatric cancers.

Gastric cancer-derived exosomal miR-135b-5p impairs the function of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by targeting specificity protein 1

Recent studies have shown that tumor-derived exosomes participate in the communication between tumor cells and their microenvironment and mediate malignant biological behaviors including immune escape. In this study, we found that gastric cancer (GC) cell-derived exosomes could be effectively uptaken by Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, decrease the cell viability of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, induce apoptosis, and reduce the production of cytotoxic cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. Furthermore, we demonstrated that exosomal miR-135b-5p was delivered into Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Exosomal miR-135b-5p impaired the function of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells by targeting specificity protein 1 (SP1). More importantly, blocking the SP1 function by Plicamycin, an SP1 inhibitor, abolished the effect of stable miR-135b-5p knockdown GC cell-derived exosomes on Vγ9Vδ2 T cell function. Collectively, our results suggest that GC cell-derived exosomes impair the function of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells via miR-135b-5p/SP1 pathway, and targeting exosomal miR-135b-5p/SP1 axis may improve the efficiency of GC immunotherapy based on Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.

Progress in research on childhood T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia, Notch1 signaling pathway, and its inhibitors: A review

Childhood leukemia is cancer that seriously threatens the life of children in China. Poor sensitivity to chemotherapy and susceptibility to drug resistance are the reasons for the treatment of T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) being extremely difficult. Moreover, traditional intensive chemotherapy regimens cause great damage to children. Therefore, it is highly important to search for targeted drugs and develop a precise individualized treatment for child patients. There are activating mutations in the NOTCH1 gene in more than 50% of human T-ALLs and the Notch signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of T-ALL. In this review, we summarize the progress in research on T-ALL and Notch1 signaling pathway inhibitors to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of T-ALL.

A Dynamic Role of Mastermind-Like 1: A Journey Through the Main (Path)ways Between Development and Cancer

Major signaling pathways, such as Notch, Hedgehog (Hh), Wnt/β-catenin and Hippo, are targeted by a plethora of physiological and pathological stimuli, ultimately resulting in the modulation of genes that act coordinately to establish specific biological processes. Many biological programs are strictly controlled by the assembly of multiprotein complexes into the nucleus, where a regulated recruitment of specific transcription factors and coactivators on gene promoter region leads to different transcriptional outcomes. MAML1 results to be a versatile coactivator, able to set up synergistic interlinking with pivotal signaling cascades and able to coordinate the network of cross-talking pathways. Accordingly, despite its original identification as a component of the Notch signaling pathway, several recent reports suggest a more articulated role for MAML1 protein, showing that it is able to sustain/empower Wnt/β-catenin, Hh and Hippo pathways, in a Notch-independent manner. For this reason, MAML1 may be associated to a molecular “switch”, with the function to control the activation of major signaling pathways, triggering in this way critical biological processes during embryonic and post-natal life. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the pleiotropic role played by MAML proteins, in particular MAML1, and we recapitulate how it takes part actively in physiological and pathological signaling networks. On this point, we also discuss the contribution of MAML proteins to malignant transformation. Accordingly, genetic alterations or impaired expression of MAML proteins may lead to a deregulated crosstalk among the pathways, culminating in a series of pathological disorders, including cancer development. Given their central role, a better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms that regulate the interplay of MAML proteins with several signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis may open up novel opportunities for an attractive molecular targeted anticancer therapy.

First report of t(5;11) KMT2A-MAML1 fusion in de novo infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Infant acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) comprises 2.5%-5% of pediatric ALL with inferior survival compared to older children. A majority of infants (80%) with ALL harbor KMT2A gene rearrangement, which portends a poor prognosis. Approximately 94 different partner genes have been identified to date. The common rearrangements include t(4;11)(q21;q23)KMT2A-AFF1,t(11;19) (q23;p13.3)KMT2A-MLLT1 and t(9;11)(p22;q23)KMT2A-MLLT3. We report a novel translocation t(5;11)(q35;q23)KMT2A-MAML1 in newly diagnosed infant precursor B-ALL. Long-term follow-up and a larger number of patients are needed to better understand its prognostic significance.

TRIM5α self-assembly and compartmentalization of the HIV-1 viral capsid

The tripartite-motif protein, TRIM5α, is an innate immune sensor that potently restricts retrovirus infection by binding to human immunodeficiency virus capsids. Higher-ordered oligomerization of this protein forms hexagonally patterned structures that wrap around the viral capsid, despite an anomalously low affinity for the capsid protein (CA). Several studies suggest TRIM5α oligomerizes into a lattice with a symmetry and spacing that matches the underlying capsid, to compensate for the weak affinity, yet little is known about how these lattices form. Using a combination of computational simulations and electron cryo-tomography imaging, we reveal the dynamical mechanisms by which these lattices self-assemble. Constrained diffusion allows the lattice to reorganize, whereas defects form on highly curved capsid surfaces to alleviate strain and lattice symmetry mismatches. Statistical analysis localizes the TRIM5α binding interface at or near the CypA binding loop of CA. These simulations elucidate the molecular-scale mechanisms of viral capsid cellular compartmentalization by TRIM5α.

Tripartite-motif containing (TRIM) proteins modulate cellular responses to viral infection. Here the authors use molecular dynamics simulations to demonstrate that TRIM5α uses a two-dimensional lattice hopping mechanism to aggregate on the HIV capsid surface and initiate lattice growth.

Notch/CXCR4 Partnership in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Progression

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer among children. Recent advances in chemotherapy have made ALL a curable hematological malignancy. In children, there is 25% chance of disease relapse, typically in the central nervous system. While in adults, there is a higher chance of relapse. ALL may affect B-cell or T-cell lineages. Different genetic alterations characterize the two ALL forms. Deregulated Notch, either Notch1 or Notch3, and CXCR4 receptor signaling are involved in ALL disease development and progression. By analyzing their relevant roles in the pathogenesis of the two ALL forms, new molecular mechanisms able to modulate cancer cell invasion may be visualized. Notably, the partnership between Notch and CXCR4 may have considerable implications in understanding the complexity of T- and B-ALL. These two receptor pathways intersect other critical signals in the proliferative, differentiation, and metabolic programs of lymphocyte transformation. Also, the identification of the crosstalks in leukemia-stroma interaction within the tumor microenvironment may unveil new targetable mechanisms in disease relapse. Further studies are required to identify new challenges and opportunities to develop more selective and safer therapeutic strategies in ALL progression, possibly contributing to improve conventional hematological cancer therapy.

microRNA-193b protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mouse by targeting mastermind-like 1

The current study aimed to explore the functions and roles of microRNA-193b (miR-193b) in the myocardium with ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and a potential therapeutic method for myocardial I/R injury. The mice were subjected to myocardial I/R with or without miR-193b pretreatment. The infarct size and myocardial enzymes were detected. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay was conducted to investigate the effect of miR-193b on cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The expression levels of miR-193b and mastermind-like 1 (MAML1) were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The results suggested that the miR-193b expression level was significantly downregulated in the myocardium with I/R injury compared with control group. miR-193b overexpression is able to reduce infarct size and myocardial enzymes after myocardial I/R injury. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-193b could alleviate the apoptosis level after myocardial I/R injury. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that upregulated miRNA-193b alleviated myocardial I/R injury via targeting MAML1.