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Dou X, Feng C, Li J, Jiang E, Shang Z. Extracellular vesicle-mediated crosstalk in tumor microenvironment dominates tumor fate. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00186-7. [PMID: 39327161 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and heterogeneous system containing various cells cooperating and competing with each other. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) differing in form and content are important intercellular communication mediators in the TME. Previous studies have focused on the cargoes within EVs rather than on the donors from which they originate and the recipient cells that exert their effects. Therefore, we provide here a detailed overview of the important roles of EVs in shaping tumor fate, highlighting their various mechanisms of intercellular dialog within the TME. We evaluate recent advances and also raise unresolved challenges to provide new ideas for clinical treatment strategies using EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Chunyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Erhui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head Neck Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China.
| | - Zhengjun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Head Neck Surgery, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China.
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2
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Bar O, Porgador A, Cooks T. Exploring the potential of the convergence between extracellular vesicles and CAR technology as a novel immunotherapy approach. JOURNAL OF EXTRACELLULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 3:e70011. [PMID: 39328262 PMCID: PMC11424882 DOI: 10.1002/jex2.70011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Cancer therapy is a dynamically evolving field, witnessing the emergence of innovative approaches that offer a promising outlook for patients grappling with persistent disease. Within the realm of therapeutic exploration, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells as well as CAR NK cells, have surfaced as novel approaches, each possessing unique attributes and transformative potential. Immune cells engineered to express CARs recognizing tumour-specific antigens, have shown remarkable promise in treating terminal cancers by combining the precision of antibody specificity with the potent cytotoxic function of T cells. However, their application in solid tumours is still in its nascent stages, presenting unique major challenges. On the same note, CAR NK cells offer a distinct immunotherapeutic approach, utilizing CARs on NK cells, providing advantages in safety, manufacturing simplicity, and a broader scope for cancer treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as promising therapeutic agents due to their ability to carry crucial biomarkers and biologically active molecules, serving as vital messengers in the intercellular communication network. In the context of cancer, the therapeutic potential of EVs lies in delivering tumour-suppressing proteins, nucleic acid components, or targeting drugs with precision, thereby redefining the paradigm of precision medicine. The fusion of CAR technology with the capabilities of EVs has given rise to a new therapeutic frontier. CAR T EVs and CAR NK EVs, leveraging the power of EVs, have the potential to alleviate challenges associated with live-cell therapies. EVs are suggested to reduce the side effects linked to CAR T cell therapy and hold the potential to revolutionize the penetrance in solid tumours. EVs act as carriers of pro-apoptotic molecules and RNA components, enhancing immune responses and thereby expanding their therapeutic potential. In this review article, we navigate dynamic landscapes, with our objective being to evaluate comparative efficacy, safety profiles, manufacturing complexities, and clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Bar
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences Ben-Gurion University Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences Ben-Gurion University Beer-Sheva Israel
| | - Tomer Cooks
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences Ben-Gurion University Beer-Sheva Israel
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3
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Xu Q, Li X. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles in the immune microenvironment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Foe or future? JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2024; 125:101738. [PMID: 38097013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2023.101738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is considered a "cold tumor" due to its suppressive immune microenvironment, and is associated with a poor prognosis. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) play an essential role in the tumor microenvironment and mediate intercellular communications. EVs have been proven to be key immune regulators involved in antitumor immune responses and escape from immune surveillance. Tumor-derived EVs favor the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by regulating the differentiation, proliferation and activation of innate and adaptive immune effector cells, as well as myeloid cells, acting as a "foe" in the microenvironment. However, EVs are also valuable for predicting and improving the prognosis of HNSCC, and represent hope for future treatments. In this review, we summarize the impact of HNSCC-derived EVs on the immune microenvironment, describe their roles as biomarkers and for drug delivery in disease monitoring and treatment. We provide insights into important areas for future research and identify potential therapeutic targets for HNSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoshi Xu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Chen Y, Tang S, Cai F, Wan Y. Strategies for Small Extracellular Vesicle-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0421. [PMID: 39040921 PMCID: PMC11260559 DOI: 10.34133/research.0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles released by cells. EVs encapsulate proteins and nucleic acids of their parental cell and efficiently deliver the cargo to recipient cells. These vesicles act as mediators of intercellular communication and thus play a crucial role in various physiological and pathological processes. Moreover, EVs hold promise for clinical use. They have been explored as drug delivery vehicles, therapeutic agents, and targets for disease diagnosis. In the landscape of cancer research, while strides have been made in EV-focused cancer physiopathology, liquid biopsy, and drug delivery, the exploration of EVs as immunotherapeutic agents may not have seen substantial progress to date. Despite promising findings reported in cell and animal studies, the clinical translation of EV-based cancer immunotherapeutics encounters challenges. Here, we review the existing strategies used in EV-based cancer immunotherapy, aiming to propel the development of this emerging yet crucial field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundi Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Shasha Tang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengfeng Cai
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Wan
- The Pq Laboratory of BiomeDx/Rx, Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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5
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Qassim HA, Mohammed ST, Muhamed HJ. The impact of miRNA-155 in acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in Iraqi women. Acta Trop 2024; 255:107211. [PMID: 38678844 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii known to induce complex immune responses, to control the infection. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a cluster of small noncoding RNAs that are reported to have regulatory functions in the immune response. The objective of this study is to assess the expression of miR-155 and its targets, Src homology-2 domain-containing inositol 5- phosphatase 1 (SHIP-1) and suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1), in non-pregnant Iraqi women seropositive for toxoplasmosis. The study included 55 non-pregnant women positive for toxoplasmosis (20 in the acute phase and 35 in the chronic phase) and 35 non-pregnant women negative for toxoplasmosis (control group). Serum samples were collected from all participants to investigate the expression of miR-155 by RT‒PCR, in addition to the levels of SOCS1 and SHIP-1 measured by ELISA. The results showed a significant increase in the expression of miR-155 in both groups of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis compared to the control group. Lower levels of SOCS1 and SHIP-1 were found in acutely infected women compared to those with chronic infection and non-infected women. These findings showed the possible critical impact of miR-155 on host immune response during T.gondii infection, proposing that miR-155 can be explored as a prospective target to support host immune response against infectious diseases, with special help in early detection and management of toxoplasmosis in high-risk immunocompromised patients. Further studies are needed to evaluate the molecular pathways by which miRNAs improve immunity against toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba A Qassim
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Sabaa T Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Haider J Muhamed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
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6
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Wang Y, Ma Q, Wang T, Xing J, Li Q, Wang D, Wang G. The involvement and application potential of exosomes in breast cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1384946. [PMID: 38835784 PMCID: PMC11148227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1384946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has a high incidence and a heightened propensity for metastasis. The absence of precise targets for effective intervention makes it imperative to devise enhanced treatment strategies. Exosomes, characterized by a lipid bilayer and ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm, can be actively released by various cells, including those in tumors. Exosomes derived from distinct subsets of immune cells have been shown to modulate the immune microenvironment within tumors and influence breast cancer progression. In addition, tumor-derived exosomes have been shown to contribute to breast cancer development and progression and may become a new target for breast cancer immunotherapy. Tumor immunotherapy has become an option for managing tumors, and exosomes have become therapeutic vectors that can be used for various pathological conditions. Edited exosomes can be used as nanoscale drug delivery systems for breast cancer therapy, contributing to the remodeling of immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments and influencing the efficacy of immunotherapy. This review discusses the regulatory role of exosomes from different cells in breast cancer and the latest applications of exosomes as nanoscale drug delivery systems and immunotherapeutic agents in breast cancer, showing the development prospects of exosomes in the clinical treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Affliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qiji Ma
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Tielin Wang
- College of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Xing
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qirong Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Affliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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7
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Cheng X, Henick BS, Cheng K. Anticancer Therapy Targeting Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6748-6765. [PMID: 38393984 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are natural lipid nanoparticles secreted by most types of cells. In malignant cancer, EVs derived from cancer cells contribute to its progression and metastasis by facilitating tumor growth and invasion, interfering with anticancer immunity, and establishing premetastasis niches in distant organs. In recent years, multiple strategies targeting cancer-derived EVs have been proposed to improve cancer patient outcomes, including inhibiting EV generation, disrupting EVs during trafficking, and blocking EV uptake by recipient cells. Developments in EV engineering also show promising results in harnessing cancer-derived EVs as anticancer agents. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the origin and functions of cancer-derived EVs and review the recent progress in anticancer therapy targeting these EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Cheng
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Joint Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorth Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Brian S Henick
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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8
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Wei X, Zhang D, Zhu Y. Exosomes: Toward a potential application in bladder cancer diagnosis and treatment. SMART MEDICINE 2024; 3:e20230027. [PMID: 39188515 PMCID: PMC11235804 DOI: 10.1002/smmd.20230027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2024]
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a prevalent malignant tumor of the urinary system, known for its rapid progression and high likelihood of recurrence. Despite ongoing efforts, clinical diagnosis and treatment of BC remain limited. As such, there is an urgent need to investigate potential mechanisms underlying this disease. Exosomes, which contain a variety of bioactive molecules such as nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, are regarded as extracellular messengers because they are implicated in facilitating intercellular communication in various diseases and are pivotal in tumor advancement, serving as a promising avenue for such researches. Nevertheless, the heterogeneous nature of BC necessitates further exploration of the potential involvement of exosomes in disease progression. This review comprehensively outlines the biological attributes of exosomes and their critical roles in tumorigenesis, while also discussing their potential applications in regulating the progression of BC involving clinical diagnosis, prognostication and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Wei
- Laboratory Medicine Center The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Institute of Translational Medicine Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Dagan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology Institute of Translational Medicine Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School Nanjing China
| | - Yefei Zhu
- Laboratory Medicine Center The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
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9
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Guo ZY, Tang Y, Cheng YC. Exosomes as Targeted Delivery Drug System: Advances in Exosome Loading, Surface Functionalization and Potential for Clinical Application. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:473-487. [PMID: 35702803 DOI: 10.2174/1567201819666220613150814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are subtypes of vesicles secreted by almost all cells and can play an important role in intercellular communication. They contain various proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other natural substances from their metrocytes. Exosomes are expected to be a new generation of drug delivery systems due to their low immunogenicity, high potential to transfer bioactive substances and biocompatibility. However, exosomes themselves are not highly targeted, it is necessary to develop new surface modification techniques and targeted drug delivery strategies, which are the focus of drug delivery research. In this review, we introduced the biogenesis of exosomes and their role in intercellular communication. We listed various advanced exosome drug-loading techniques. Emphatically, we summarized different exosome surface modification techniques and targeted drug delivery strategies. In addition, we discussed the application of exosomes in vaccines and briefly introduced milk exosomes. Finally, we clarified the clinical application prospects and shortcomings of exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zun Y Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639, Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Yue Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639, Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
| | - Yi C Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No.639, Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P.R. China
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10
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Liu C, Xia C, Xia C. Biology and function of exosomes in tumor immunotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 169:115853. [PMID: 37951023 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-scale extracellular vesicles that are found widely in various biological fluids. As messengers, exosomes deliver characteristic biological information from donor cells, facilitating their accumulation and subsequent transfer of information to tumor immune cells. Immunotherapy is a cutting-edge strategy for cancer therapy, but it has not yet reached its full potential owing to severe side effects and limited efficacy. Exosomes possess antigens and immunostimulatory molecules and can serve as cell-free vaccines to induce antitumor immunity. In addition, given their stability, low immunogenicity, and targeting ability, exosomes represent ideal drug delivery systems in tumor immunotherapy by delivering cargoes, including non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs), membrane proteins, chemotherapeutic agents, and immune cell death inducers. Exosomes can also be engineered to precisely target tumor cells. However, as a rising star in tumor immunotherapy, exosomes are also impeded by some challenges, including the lack of uniform technical standards for their isolation and purification, the need to improve exosomal cargo loading for efficient exosome delivery, and the expansion of clinical trials, which are currently in their infancy. Long-term, multi-center, and large-scale clinical trials are needed to evaluate the performance of exosomes in the future. Nonetheless, exosomes have demonstrated encouraging performance in tumor immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the potential and challenges of exosomes in tumor immunotherapy, with the aim to shed light on exosomes as new-era tumor immunotherapy tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Foshan Maternity and Chlid Healthcare Hospital, Foshan 528000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 515150, China
| | - Cong Xia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Chenglai Xia
- Foshan Maternity and Chlid Healthcare Hospital, Foshan 528000, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 515150, China.
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Zhang J, Luo Q, Li X, Guo J, Zhu Q, Lu X, Wei L, Xiang Z, Peng M, Ou C, Zou Y. Novel role of immune-related non-coding RNAs as potential biomarkers regulating tumour immunoresponse via MICA/NKG2D pathway. Biomark Res 2023; 11:86. [PMID: 37784183 PMCID: PMC10546648 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-023-00530-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Major histocompatibility complex class I related chain A (MICA) is an important and stress-induced ligand of the natural killer group 2 member D receptor (NKG2D) that is expressed in various tumour cells. Given that the MICA/NKG2D signalling system is critically embedded in the innate and adaptive immune responses, it is particularly involved in the surveillance of cancer and viral infections. Emerging evidence has revealed the important roles of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in different cancer types. We searched for all relevant publications in the PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science database using the keywords ncRNA, MICA, NKG2D, cancer, and miRNAs. All relevant studies published from 2008 to the 2023 were retrieved and collated. Notably, we found that miRNAs can target to NKG2D mRNA and MICA mRNA 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR), leading to translation inhibition of NKG2D and MICA degradation. Several immune-related MICA/NKG2D pathways may be dysregulated in cancer with aberrant miRNA expressions. At the same time, the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) hypothesis holds that circRNAs, lncRNAs, and mRNAs induce an abnormal MICA expression by directly targeting downstream miRNAs to mediate mRNA suppression in cancer. This review summarizes the novel mechanism of immune escape in the ncRNA-related MICA/NKG2D pathway mediated by NK cells and cancer cells. Moreover, we identified the miRNA-NKG2D, miRNA-MICA and circRNA/lncRNA/mRNA-miRNA-mRNA/MICA axis. Thus, we were particularly concerned with the regulation of mediated immune escape in the MICA/NKG2D pathway by ncRNAs as potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers of immunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Qizhi Luo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Junshuang Guo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaofang Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Leiyan Wei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiqing Xiang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Manqing Peng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China
| | - Chunlin Ou
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
| | - Yizhou Zou
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, Hunan, China.
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12
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Li L, Wang C, Li Q, Guan Y, Zhang X, Kong F, Feng Z, Lu Y, Wang D, Wang N. Exosomes as a modulator of immune resistance in human cancers. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 73:135-149. [PMID: 37543438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment (TME), exosomes secreted by cells form interactive networks between the tumor cells and immune cells, thereby regulating immune signaling cascades in the TME. As key messengers of cell-to-cell communication in the TME, exosomes not only take charge of tumor cell antigen presentation to the immune cells, but also regulate the activities of immune cells, inhibit immune function, and, especially, promote immune resistance, all of which affects the therapeutic outcomes of tumors. Exosomes, which are small-sized vesicles, possess some remarkable advantages, including strong biological activity, a lack of immunogenicity and toxicity, and a strong targeting ability. Based on these characteristics, research on exosomes as biomarkers or carriers of tumor therapeutic drugs has become a research hotspot in related fields. This review describes the role of exosomes in cell communications in the TME, summarizes the effectiveness of exosome-based immunotherapy in overcoming immune resistance in cancer treatment, and systematically summarizes and discusses the characteristics of exosomes from different cell sources. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of exosome-related therapies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanzhou Li
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Chunyue Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Qiucheng Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yue Guan
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Fange Kong
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Zixin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Yuanjun Lu
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China
| | - Di Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China.
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
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13
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Zhou J, Xiang H, Cao Z. Dual mechanism of Let-7i in tumor progression. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1253191. [PMID: 37829341 PMCID: PMC10565035 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1253191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Let-7i regulates tumors primarily by binding to the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of mRNA, which indirectly regulates post-transcriptional gene expression. Let-7i also has an epigenetic function via modulating DNA methylation to directly regulate gene expression. Let-7i performs a dual role by inducing both the promotion and inhibition of various malignancies, depending on its target. The mechanism of Let-7i action involves cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, EV transmission, angiogenesis, autophagy, and drug resistance sensitization. Let-7i is closely related to cancer, and hence, is a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers. Therapeutically, it can be used to promote an anti-cancer immune response by modifying exosomes, thus exerting a tumor-suppressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapei Zhou
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hongjie Xiang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Zhiqun Cao
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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14
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Chen X, Li Y, Li M, Xie Y, Wang K, Zhang L, Zou Z, Xiong L. Exosomal miRNAs assist in the crosstalk between tumor cells and immune cells and its potential therapeutics. Life Sci 2023; 329:121934. [PMID: 37460057 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that carry active substances (including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) and are essential for homeostasis and signal transmission. Recent studies have focused on the function of exosomal miRNAs in tumor progression. Researchers have expanded the use of exosomes and miRNAs as potential therapeutic tools and biomarkers to detect tumor progression. Immune cells, as an important part of the tumor microenvironment (TME), secrete a majority of exosome-derived miRNAs involved in the biological processes of malignancies. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Currently, there is no literature that systematically summarizes the communication of exosome-derived miRNAs between tumor cells and immune cells. Based on the cell specificity of exosome-derived miRNAs, this review provides the first comprehensive summary of the significant miRNAs from the standpoint of exosome sources, which are tumor cells and immune cells. Furthermore, we elaborated on the potential clinical applications of these miRNAs, attempting to propose existing difficulties and future possibilities in tumor diagnostics and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China; Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yuqiu Li
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Miao Li
- Second Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Yujie Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Keqin Wang
- First Clinical Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Zhuoling Zou
- Queen Mary College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Lixia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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15
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Murillo Carrasco AG, Otake AH, Macedo-da-Silva J, Feijoli Santiago V, Palmisano G, Andrade LNDS, Chammas R. Deciphering the Functional Status of Breast Cancers through the Analysis of Their Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13022. [PMID: 37629204 PMCID: PMC10455604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241613022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) accounts for the highest incidence of tumor-related mortality among women worldwide, justifying the growing search for molecular tools for the early diagnosis and follow-up of BC patients under treatment. Circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membranous nanocompartments produced by all human cells, including tumor cells. Since minimally invasive methods collect EVs, which represent reservoirs of signals for cell communication, these particles have attracted the interest of many researchers aiming to improve BC screening and treatment. Here, we analyzed the cargoes of BC-derived EVs, both proteins and nucleic acids, which yielded a comprehensive list of potential markers divided into four distinct categories, namely, (i) modulation of aggressiveness and growth; (ii) preparation of the pre-metastatic niche; (iii) epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; and (iv) drug resistance phenotype, further classified according to their specificity and sensitivity as vesicular BC biomarkers. We discuss the therapeutic potential of and barriers to the clinical implementation of EV-based tests, including the heterogeneity of EVs and the available technologies for analyzing their content, to present a consistent, reproducible, and affordable set of markers for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Germán Murillo Carrasco
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.G.M.C.); (A.H.O.); (L.N.d.S.A.)
- Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Andreia Hanada Otake
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.G.M.C.); (A.H.O.); (L.N.d.S.A.)
- Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Janaina Macedo-da-Silva
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (J.M.-d.-S.); (V.F.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Veronica Feijoli Santiago
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (J.M.-d.-S.); (V.F.S.); (G.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (J.M.-d.-S.); (V.F.S.); (G.P.)
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Luciana Nogueira de Sousa Andrade
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.G.M.C.); (A.H.O.); (L.N.d.S.A.)
- Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil; (A.G.M.C.); (A.H.O.); (L.N.d.S.A.)
- Comprehensive Center for Precision Oncology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
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16
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Nail HM, Chiu CC, Leung CH, Ahmed MMM, Wang HMD. Exosomal miRNA-mediated intercellular communications and immunomodulatory effects in tumor microenvironments. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:69. [PMID: 37605155 PMCID: PMC10440907 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00964-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular communication, in other words, crosstalk between cells, has a pivotal role in the survival of an organism. This communication occurs by different methods, one of which is extracellular vesicles. Exosomes, which are small lipid extracellular vesicles, have recently been discovered to have a role in signal transduction between cells inside the body. These vesicles contain important bioactive molecules including lipids, proteins, DNA, mRNA, and noncoding RNAs such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Exosomes are secreted by all cells including immune cells (macrophages, lymphocytes, granulocytes, dendritic cells, mast cells) and tumor cells. The tumor microenvironment (TME) represents a complex network that supports the growth of tumor cells. This microenvironment encompasses tumor cells themselves, the extracellular matrix, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, blood vessels, immune cells, and non-cellular components such as exosomes and cytokines. This review aims to provide insights into the latest discoveries concerning how the immune system communicates internally and with other cell types, with a specific focus on research involving exosomal miRNAs in macrophages, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes. Additionally, we will explore the role of exosomal miRNA in the TME and the immunomodulatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howida M Nail
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macao, China
| | - Mahmoud M M Ahmed
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, 404, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, No. 145, Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City, 402, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung City, 404, Taiwan.
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17
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Wen J, Creaven D, Luan X, Wang J. Comparison of immunotherapy mediated by apoptotic bodies, microvesicles and exosomes: apoptotic bodies' unique anti-inflammatory potential. J Transl Med 2023; 21:478. [PMID: 37461033 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04342-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy, including immunostimulation and immunosuppression, has seen significant development in the last 10 years. Immunostimulation has been verified as effective in anti-cancer treatment, while immunosuppression is used in the treatment of autoimmune disease and inflammation. Currently, with the update of newly-invented simplified isolation methods and the findings of potent triggered immune responses, extracellular vesicle-based immunotherapy is very eye-catching. However, the research on three main types of extracellular vesicles, exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, needs to be more balanced. These three subtypes share a certain level of similarity, and at the same time, they have their own properties caused by the different methods of biogensis. Herein, we summarized respectively the status of immunotherapy based on each kind of vesicle and discuss the possible involved mechanisms. In conclusion, we highlighted that the effect of the apoptotic body is clear and strong. Apoptotic bodies have an excellent potential in immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory therapies .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Third Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China
| | - Dale Creaven
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Xiangshu Luan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiemin Wang
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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18
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Salazar A, Chavarria V, Flores I, Ruiz S, Pérez de la Cruz V, Sánchez-García FJ, Pineda B. Abscopal Effect, Extracellular Vesicles and Their Immunotherapeutic Potential in Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093816. [PMID: 37175226 PMCID: PMC10180522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The communication between tumor cells and the microenvironment plays a fundamental role in the development, growth and further immune escape of the tumor. This communication is partially regulated by extracellular vesicles which can direct the behavior of surrounding cells. In recent years, it has been proposed that this feature could be applied as a potential treatment against cancer, since several studies have shown that tumors treated with radiotherapy can elicit a strong enough immune response to eliminate distant metastasis; this phenomenon is called the abscopal effect. The mechanism behind this effect may include the release of extracellular vesicles loaded with damage-associated molecular patterns and tumor-derived antigens which activates an antigen-specific immune response. This review will focus on the recent discoveries in cancer cell communications via extracellular vesicles and their implication in tumor development, as well as their potential use as an immunotherapeutic treatment against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleli Salazar
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Víctor Chavarria
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
- Immunoregulation Lab, Department of Immunology, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - Itamar Flores
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Samanta Ruiz
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | - Verónica Pérez de la Cruz
- Neurobiochemistry and Behavior Laboratory, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
| | | | - Benjamin Pineda
- Neuroimmunology and Neuro-Oncology Unit, National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Mexico City 14269, Mexico
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19
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Loric S, Denis JA, Desbene C, Sabbah M, Conti M. Extracellular Vesicles in Breast Cancer: From Biology and Function to Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Management. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7208. [PMID: 37108371 PMCID: PMC10139222 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the first worldwide most frequent cancer in both sexes and the most commonly diagnosed in females. Although BC mortality has been thoroughly declining over the past decades, there are still considerable differences between women diagnosed with early BC and when metastatic BC is diagnosed. BC treatment choice is widely dependent on precise histological and molecular characterization. However, recurrence or distant metastasis still occurs even with the most recent efficient therapies. Thus, a better understanding of the different factors underlying tumor escape is mainly mandatory. Among the leading candidates is the continuous interplay between tumor cells and their microenvironment, where extracellular vesicles play a significant role. Among extracellular vesicles, smaller ones, also called exosomes, can carry biomolecules, such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, and generate signal transmission through an intercellular transfer of their content. This mechanism allows tumor cells to recruit and modify the adjacent and systemic microenvironment to support further invasion and dissemination. By reciprocity, stromal cells can also use exosomes to profoundly modify tumor cell behavior. This review intends to cover the most recent literature on the role of extracellular vesicle production in normal and cancerous breast tissues. Specific attention is paid to the use of extracellular vesicles for early BC diagnosis, follow-up, and prognosis because exosomes are actually under the spotlight of researchers as a high-potential source of liquid biopsies. Extracellular vesicles in BC treatment as new targets for therapy or efficient nanovectors to drive drug delivery are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Loric
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | | | - Cédric Desbene
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Michèle Sabbah
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
| | - Marc Conti
- INSERM U538, CRSA, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, 75012 Paris, France; (J.A.D.)
- INTEGRACELL SAS, 91160 Longjumeau, France
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20
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Liu CG, Chen J, Goh RMWJ, Liu YX, Wang L, Ma Z. The role of tumor-derived extracellular vesicles containing noncoding RNAs in mediating immune cell function and its implications from bench to bedside. Pharmacol Res 2023; 191:106756. [PMID: 37019192 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-encapsulated vesicles released by almost all cell types, which participate in intercellular communication by delivering different types of molecular cargoes, such as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Accumulating evidence suggests that tumor-derived EVs act as a bridge for intercellular crosstalk between tumor cells and surrounding cells, including immune cells. Tumor-derived EVs containing ncRNAs (TEV-ncRNAs) mediate intercellular crosstalk to manipulate immune responses and affect the malignant phenotypes of cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the double-edged roles and the underlying mechanisms of TEV-ncRNAs in regulating innate and adaptive immune cells. We also highlight the advantages of using TEV-ncRNAs in liquid biopsies for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Moreover, we outline the use of engineered EVs to deliver ncRNAs and other therapeutic agents for cancer therapy.
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21
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Prakash A, Gates T, Zhao X, Wangmo D, Subramanian S. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles in the colorectal cancer immune environment and immunotherapy. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 241:108332. [PMID: 36526013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) continue to have limited utility outside of microsatellite-high disease. Given the durable response to immunotherapy seen across malignancies, increasing CRC response rates to ICI therapy is an active area of clinical research. An increasing body of work has demonstrated that tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEVs) are key modulators in tumor signaling and the determinants of the tumor microenvironment. Pre-clinical models have shown that TEVs are directly involved in antigen presentation and are involved in radiation-induced DNA damage signaling. Both direct and indirect modifications of these TEVs can alter CRC immunogenicity and ICI treatment response, making them attractive targets for potential therapeutic development. In addition, modified TEVs can be developed using several different mechanisms, with varied cargo including micro-RNAs and small peptide molecules. Recent work has shown strong pre-clinical evidence of injected modified TEV-induced ICI activity, with knockdown of the micro-RNA miR-424 in TEVs improving CRC immunogenicity and increasing anti-PD-1 activity in mouse models. Clinical trials are ongoing in the evaluation of modified TEVs in cancer therapy, but they appear to be a promising therapeutic target in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Prakash
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
| | - Travis Gates
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Xianda Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Dechen Wangmo
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
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22
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Sun Z, Zang L, Cheng Y, Qin L. Cancer Exosome Loaded with Paclitaxel for Targeted Lung Cancer Therapy. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2023. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2023.3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a serious issue to threat the health of human and the treatment using currently available chemotherapy drug, such as paclitaxel (PTX) is significantly impaired by the poor solubility and targetability. In this study, we used the cancer exosome (CE) derived from lung cancer
cell line A549 to load PTX (CE/PTX) and construct a drug delivery system (DDS) for the treatment of A549 tumor in a mice mode. The DDS realized better inhibition on both A549 cells and tumors as compared to commercial PTX formulation (Taxol). Therefore, we believe this strategy can be applied
to clinical trials for better cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengui Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Leilei Zang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Yusheng Cheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
| | - Lilong Qin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yijishan Hospital, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241001, China
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23
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The emerging roles of exosome-derived noncoding RNAs in the tumor immune microenvironment and their future applications. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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24
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Chen W, Wu Y, Deng J, Yang Z, Chen J, Tan Q, Guo M, Jin Y. Phospholipid-Membrane-Based Nanovesicles Acting as Vaccines for Tumor Immunotherapy: Classification, Mechanisms and Applications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112446. [PMID: 36432636 PMCID: PMC9698496 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane vesicles, a group of nano- or microsized vesicles, can be internalized or interact with the recipient cells, depending on their parental cells, size, structure and content. Membrane vesicles fuse with the target cell membrane, or they bind to the receptors on the cell surface, to transfer special effects. Based on versatile features, they can modulate the functions of immune cells and therefore influence immune responses. In the field of tumor therapeutic applications, phospholipid-membrane-based nanovesicles attract increased interest. Academic institutions and industrial companies are putting in effort to design, modify and apply membrane vesicles as potential tumor vaccines contributing to tumor immunotherapy. This review focuses on the currently most-used types of membrane vesicles (including liposomes, bacterial membrane vesicles, tumor- and dendritic-cell-derived extracellular vesicles) acting as tumor vaccines, and describes the classification, mechanism and application of these nanovesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yali Wu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jingjing Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Zimo Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jiangbin Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Qi Tan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Mengfei Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yang Jin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Major Respiratory Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Hubei Province Engineering Research Center for Tumor-Targeted Biochemotherapy, MOE Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-5436-1146
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25
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Role of miR-155 in inflammatory autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive review. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:1501-1517. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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26
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Echinococcus granulosus Protoscoleces-Derived Exosome-like Vesicles and Egr-miR-277a-3p Promote Dendritic Cell Maturation and Differentiation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11203220. [PMID: 36291088 PMCID: PMC9600664 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, a major parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus, seriously threatens human health. The excretory–secretory (ES) products of E. granulosus can induce immune tolerance in dendritic cells (DCs) to downregulate the host’s immune response; however, the effect of exosomes in the ES products on the DCs has remained unclear. This study showed that E. granulosus protoscoleces-derived exosome-like vesicles (PSC-ELVs) could be internalized by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs), allowing for the delivery of the parasite microRNAs to the BMDCs. Moreover, PSC-ELVs induced BMDCs to produce the proinflammatory cytokinesinterleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, IL-β, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). PSC-ELVs also upregulated the BMDCs surface marker major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II), as well as costimulatory molecules CD40, CD80, and CD86. PSC-ELV-derived egr-miR-277a-3p upregulated the IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α mRNA levels in BMDCs. Moreover, egr-miR-277a-3p directly targeted Nfkb1 (encoding nuclear factor kappa B 1) to significantly suppress the mRNA and protein levels of NF-κB1 in BMDCs, while the expression of NF-κB p65 significantly increased, suggesting that egr-miR-277a-3p induces the production of proinflammatory cytokines by the modification of the NF-kB p65/p50 ratio in BMDCs. These results demonstrated that PSC-ELVs and egr-miR-277a-3p might enhance DCs maturation and differentiation in a cross-species manner, which in turn may modulate the host immune responses and offer a new approach to echinococcosis prevention and treatment.
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Tang WW, Bauer KM, Barba C, Ekiz HA, O’Connell RM. miR-aculous new avenues for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929677. [PMID: 36248881 PMCID: PMC9554277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising toll of cancer globally necessitates ingenuity in early detection and therapy. In the last decade, the utilization of immune signatures and immune-based therapies has made significant progress in the clinic; however, clinical standards leave many current and future patients without options. Non-coding RNAs, specifically microRNAs, have been explored in pre-clinical contexts with tremendous success. MicroRNAs play indispensable roles in programming the interactions between immune and cancer cells, many of which are current or potential immunotherapy targets. MicroRNAs mechanistically control a network of target genes that can alter immune and cancer cell biology. These insights provide us with opportunities and tools that may complement and improve immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss immune and cancer cell-derived miRNAs that regulate cancer immunity and examine miRNAs as an integral part of cancer diagnosis, classification, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W. Tang
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kaylyn M. Bauer
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Cindy Barba
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Huseyin Atakan Ekiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ryan M. O’Connell
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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28
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Ni H, Zhang H, Li L, Huang H, Guo H, Zhang L, Li C, Xu JX, Nie CP, Li K, Zhang X, Xia X, Li J. T cell-intrinsic STING signaling promotes regulatory T cell induction and immunosuppression by upregulating FOXP3 transcription in cervical cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005151. [PMID: 36126994 PMCID: PMC9490630 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an innate immune sensor of cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA originating from microorganisms and host cells. The activation of cytosolic DNA-STING pathway in tumor microenvironments is usually linked to more robust adaptive immune responses to tumors, however the intracellular function of STING in regulatory T cells is largely unknown. In the present study, we aimed to explore the contribution of intracellular STING activation to regulatory T cell induction (iTreg) in cervical cancer (CC) microenvironments. METHODS Blood samples and tumor specimens were obtained from patients with CC. The intratumoral STING, CCL22, CD8 and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) expression levels were measured by immunohistochemistry. T cell-specific STING conditional knockout mice (CD4-Cre/STINGflox/flox, TKO) were generated, and syngeneic TC-1 tumor model were investigated. The differentiation and molecular regulatory pathway of human and murine iTreg under different treatments were investigated by ex vivo assays, immunoblotting and quantitative PCR. Tumor-associated exosomes (T-EXO) were isolated from CC cell lines and exosomal contents were identified by ELISA and Western blot analysis. The impact of T-EXO on T cell differentiation was tested in in vitro cell culture. RESULTS Increased STING, CCL22 level, FOXP3+ cells but decreased CD8+ cells in tumor tissues predicted poor survival. Tumor-bearing CD4-Cre-STINGflox/flox (TKO) mice displayed slower tumor growth tendencies as well as fewer FOXP3+ cells but higher CD8+ cell proportion in tumor tissues than wild-type (WT) mice. Activating of STING signaling cooperated with T cell receptor, interleukin-2 receptor and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signals to promote CD4+CD25highFOXP3+ iTreg differentiation from both human and murine CD4+-naïve T cells from WT and IFNAR-/- mice but not TKO or IRF3-/- mice in vitro. Ectopic STING, TBK1 or IRF3 expression promoted iTreg differentiation from human CD4+-naïve T cells. T cell-intrinsic STING activation induced FOXP3 transcription through TBK1-IRF3-mediated SMAD3 and STAT5 phosphorylation independent of interferon-β. In CC, tumor-derived exosomes activated STING signaling in tumor-infiltrated T cells by exosomal TGF-β, cyclic GMP-AMP synthase and 2'-3'-cGAMP, leading to iTreg expansion. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight a novel mechanism for iTreg expansion mediated by tumor-derived exosome-activated T cell-intrinsic STING signal, and provide a rationale for developing immunotherapeutic strategies targeting STING signal in CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhe Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - He Huang
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Experiment Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Xiao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoshi Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China .,Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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29
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Ding Y, Wang L, Li H, Miao F, Zhang Z, Hu C, Yu W, Tang Q, Shao G. Application of lipid nanovesicle drug delivery system in cancer immunotherapy. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:214. [PMID: 35524277 PMCID: PMC9073823 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has gradually emerged as the most promising anticancer therapy. In addition to conventional anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, anti-CTLA-4 therapy, CAR-T therapy, etc., immunotherapy can also be induced by stimulating the maturation of immune cells or inhibiting negative immune cells, regulating the tumor immune microenvironment and cancer vaccines. Lipid nanovesicle drug delivery system includes liposomes, cell membrane vesicles, bacterial outer membrane vesicles, extracellular vesicles and hybrid vesicles. Lipid nanovesicles can be used as functional vesicles for cancer immunotherapy, and can also be used as drug carriers to deliver immunotherapy drugs to the tumor site for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review recent advances in five kinds of lipid nanovesicles in cancer immunotherapy and assess the clinical application prospects of various lipid nanovesicles, hoping to provide valuable information for clinical translation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Ding
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Luhong Wang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University (the Second Hospital of Nanjing), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengqin Miao
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Chunmei Hu
- Department of Tuberculosis, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University (the Second Hospital of Nanjing), Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Weiping Yu
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Qiusha Tang
- Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Guoliang Shao
- Department of Interventional Oncology, The Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Zhejiang Cancer Hospital), Institute of Basic Medicine and Cancer (IBMC), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, Zhejiang, China.
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30
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Zhang W, Chen Y, Wang B, Feng X, Zhang L, Liu S. Facile Preparation of Paclitaxel Nano-Suspensions to Treat Lung Cancer. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is a worldwide issue which account for the death of thousands every year. Paclitaxel (PTX) as the first line chemotherapy drug to treat lung cancer, its clinical applications is largely limited by its poor solubility. The facile preparation of pharmaceutical formulations
to increase the solubility as well as targetability of PTX is of vital importance in lung cancer treatment. Herein, we introduced a facile method to prepare PTX nano-suspensions (NSs), which have high drug loading as well as well-dispersed particle size. The in vitro cell experiments
revealed its capability to enhance the drug accumulation in A549 cells than free PTX. Moreover, in vivo animal assay suggested its better tumor accumulation and antitumor efficacy than PTX injection (Taxol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313099, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313099, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313099, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xueren Feng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313099, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313099, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shunlin Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 1558 Sanhuan North Road, Wuxing District, Huzhou City, 313099, Zhejiang Province, China
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31
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Exosomes for Regulation of Immune Responses and Immunotherapy. JOURNAL OF NANOTHERANOSTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jnt3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enveloped nanosized (30–150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endosomal origin produced by almost all cell types and encompass a multitude of functioning biomolecules. Exosomes have been considered crucial players of cell-to-cell communication in physiological and pathological conditions. Accumulating evidence suggests that exosomes can modulate the immune system by delivering a plethora of signals that can either stimulate or suppress immune responses, which have potential applications as immunotherapies for cancer and autoimmune diseases. Here, we discuss the current knowledge about the active biomolecular components of exosomes that contribute to exosomal function in modulating different immune cells and also how these immune cell-derived exosomes play critical roles in immune responses. We further discuss the translational potential of engineered exosomes as immunotherapeutic agents with their advantages over conventional nanocarriers for drug delivery and ongoing clinical trials.
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32
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Huang M, Zeng L, Zhu R, Chen G, Wu H, Fan B, Liu C, Guo B, Zhong H. Hyaluronic Acid Stabilized Doxorubicin Nano-Precipitations for Osteosarcoma Treatment. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2022.2935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (Dox) is a wide-spectrum drug to treat different kinds of cancers. However, in clinical practice, Dox usually showed untargeted distributions to the other organs, which can cause serious side effects, such as cardiotoxity. Herein, the formulation of Dox into nanoparticles
is critical to enhance its distribution to tumors. Herein, we used polysaccharide, hyaluronic acid, to stabilize the Dox to form nano-precipitations (PD NPs) for the therapy of osteosarcoma. The PD NPs showed enhanced drug accumulation to tumor cells and realized better anticancer effects
than free drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouzhang Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital (The Affitiated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Limei Zeng
- Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Rongping Zhu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital (The Affitiated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Gongqun Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital (The Affitiated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Haijian Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital (The Affitiated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital (The Affitiated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Changtie Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital (The Affitiated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Bowen Guo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital (The Affitiated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
| | - Hongfa Zhong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ganzhou People’s Hospital (The Affitiated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University), Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, China
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Arora S, Khan S, Zaki A, Tabassum G, Mohsin M, Bhutto HN, Ahmad T, Fatma T, Syed MA. Integration of chemokine signaling with non-coding RNAs in tumor microenvironment and heterogeneity in different cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:720-736. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Extracellular Vesicles as Mediators of Therapy Resistance in the Breast Cancer Microenvironment. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12010132. [PMID: 35053279 PMCID: PMC8773878 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to various therapies, including novel immunotherapies, poses a major challenge in the management of breast cancer and is the leading cause of treatment failure. Bidirectional communication between breast cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment is now known to be an important contributor to therapy resistance. Several studies have demonstrated that crosstalk with the tumour microenvironment through extracellular vesicles is an important mechanism employed by cancer cells that leads to drug resistance via changes in protein, lipid and nucleic acid cargoes. Moreover, the cargo content enables extracellular vesicles to be used as effective biomarkers for predicting response to treatments and as potential therapeutic targets. This review summarises the literature to date regarding the role of extracellular vesicles in promoting therapy resistance in breast cancer through communication with the tumour microenvironment.
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35
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Regulation of Immune Cells by microRNAs and microRNA-Based Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1385:75-108. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-08356-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Wang X, Sun C, Huang X, Li J, Fu Z, Li W, Yin Y. The Advancing Roles of Exosomes in Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731062. [PMID: 34790660 PMCID: PMC8591197 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) develops from breast tissue and is the most common aggressive malignant tumor in women worldwide. Although advanced treatment strategies have been applied and reduced current mortality rates, BC control remains unsatisfactory. It is essential to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms to assist clinical options. Exosomes are a type of extracellular vesicles and mediate cellular communications by delivering various biomolecules (oncogenes, oncomiRs, proteins, and even pharmacological compounds). These bioactive molecules can be transferred to change the transcriptome of target cells and influence tumor-related signaling pathways. Extensive studies have implicated exosomes in BC biology, including therapeutic resistance and the surrounding microenvironment. This review focuses on discussing the functions of exosomes in tumor treatment resistance, invasion and metastasis of BC. Moreover, we will also summarize multiple interactions between exosomes and the BC tumor microenvironment. Finally, we propose promising clinical applications of exosomes in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunxiao Sun
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Huang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziyi Fu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Maternity and Child Medical Institute, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongmei Yin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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37
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Tong Y, Liu X, Xia D, Peng E, Yang X, Liu H, Ye T, Wang X, He Y, Xu H, Ye Z, Chen Z, Tang K. Biological Roles and Clinical Significance of Exosome-Derived Noncoding RNAs in Bladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:704703. [PMID: 34692482 PMCID: PMC8530185 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.704703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BCa) is a common heterogeneous urinary system tumor with high malignancy and limited advancement in treatment. Limited understanding of BCa has not contributed to any significant progress in diagnosis or treatment, exploring the mechanisms underlying BCa has become an urgent research focus. Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicle (EV), have drawn substantial interest for their important roles in mediating intracellular communication. Exosomes shuttle numerous bioactive molecules, and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are among the most numerous. ncRNAs including microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA are sorted and packaged into exosomes selectively and transferred into recipient cells to regulate their function. Exosomal ncRNAs are associated with hallmarks of BCa, such as proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell cycle arrest, lymphangiogenesis, and chemotherapy resistance. Exosomal ncRNAs can also be detected in urine and serum, making them encouraging biomarkers for BCa diagnosis and prognosis. More importantly, exosomes exhibit excellent biocompatibility and potential for diversified applications. The delivery of bioactive substances and drugs into specific cells has become a promising approach for precision therapy for BCa patients. In addition, cancer vaccines have also received increasing attention. In this review, we summarize the current research on the regulatory roles of exosomal ncRNAs in BCa tumorigenesis and progression, as well as their potential clinical value in accelerating the diagnosis and therapy of BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Tong
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Xia
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ejun Peng
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hailang Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinguang Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu He
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhangqun Ye
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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38
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Application of immunotherapy based on dendritic cells stimulated by tumor cell-derived exosomes in a syngeneic breast tumor mouse model. Biochem Biophys Rep 2021; 28:101136. [PMID: 34646949 PMCID: PMC8495757 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We here evaluated the therapeutic effect of tumor cell-derived exosomes (TEXs)-stimulated dendritic cells (DCs) in a syngeneic orthotopic breast tumor model. The DC line DC2.4 and breast cancer cell line E0771 originally isolated from C57BL/6 mice were used. E0771 cells stably expressing the exosomal CD63-RFP or luciferase (Luc) and DC2.4 cells stably expressing GFP were produced using lentivirus. TEXs were purified from conditioned medium of E0771/CD63-RFP cells. Breast tumor model was established by injecting E0771/Luc cells into mammary gland fat pad of mice. TEXs contained immune modulatory molecules such as HSP70, HSP90, MHC I, MHC II, TGF-β, and PD-L1. TEXs were easily taken by DC2.4 cells, resulting in a significant increase in the in vitro proliferation and migration abilities of DC2.4 cells, accompanied by the upregulation of CD40. TEX-DC-treated group exhibited a decreased tumor growth compared with control group. CD8+ cells were more abundant in the tumors and lymph nodes of TEX-DC-treated group than in those of control group, whereas many CD4+ or FOXP3+ cells were localized in those of control group. Our results suggest a potential application of TEX-DC-based cancer immunotherapy. TEXs contained immune modulatory molecules such as HSP70, HSP90, MHC I, MHC II, TGF-β, and PD-L1. . TEXs increased the proliferation and migration capacities of dendritic cells. TEXs up regulated CD40 molecule on dendritic cells. TEX-stimulated dendritic cells suppressed tumor growth, with accompanying increase in CD8+ T cell infiltration.
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Santos P, Almeida F. Exosome-Based Vaccines: History, Current State, and Clinical Trials. Front Immunol 2021; 12:711565. [PMID: 34335627 PMCID: PMC8317489 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.711565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by most cell types as part of an intracellular communication system in crucial processes such as inflammation, cell proliferation, and immune response. However, EVs have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, such as cancer and numerous infectious diseases. An important feature of EVs is their ability to deliver a wide range of molecules to nearby targets or over long distances, which allows the mediation of different biological functions. This delivery mechanism can be utilized for the development of therapeutic strategies, such as vaccination. Here, we have highlighted several studies from a historical perspective, with respect to current investigations on EV-based vaccines. For example, vaccines based on exosomes derived from dendritic cells proved to be simpler in terms of management and cost-effectiveness than dendritic cell vaccines. Recent evidence suggests that EVs derived from cancer cells can be leveraged for therapeutics to induce strong anti-tumor immune responses. Moreover, EV-based vaccines have shown exciting and promising results against different types of infectious diseases. We have also summarized the results obtained from completed clinical trials conducted on the usage of exosome-based vaccines in the treatment of cancer, and more recently, coronavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Hosseini R, Asef-Kabiri L, Yousefi H, Sarvnaz H, Salehi M, Akbari ME, Eskandari N. The roles of tumor-derived exosomes in altered differentiation, maturation and function of dendritic cells. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:83. [PMID: 34078376 PMCID: PMC8170799 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01376-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) have been shown to impede anti-tumor immune responses via their immunosuppressive cargo. Since dendritic cells (DCs) are the key mediators of priming and maintenance of T cell-mediated responses; thus it is logical that the exosomes released by tumor cells can exert a dominant influence on DCs biology. This paper intends to provide a mechanistic insight into the TDEs-mediated DCs abnormalities in the tumor context. More importantly, we discuss extensively how tumor exosomes induce subversion of DCs differentiation, maturation and function in separate sections. We also briefly describe the importance of TDEs at therapeutic level to help guide future treatment options, in particular DC-based vaccination strategy, and review advances in the design and discovery of exosome inhibitors. Understanding the exosomal content and the pathways by which TDEs are responsible for immune evasion may help to revise treatment rationales and devise novel therapeutic approaches to overcome the hurdles in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Asef-Kabiri
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Yousefi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSUHSC School of Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - Hamzeh Sarvnaz
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Salehi
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
| | | | - Nahid Eskandari
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Elchaninov A, Nikitina M, Vishnyakova P, Lokhonina A, Makarov A, Sukhikh G, Fatkhudinov T. Macro- and microtranscriptomic evidence of the monocyte recruitment to regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy in mouse model. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111516. [PMID: 33765583 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important regulators of liver repair. Participation of migratory monocytes/macrophages in regeneration of hepatic tissues after resection remains disputable. In mouse the resection promotes migration of Ly6C+CD11b+ monocytes/macrophages to the remnant liver accompanied by a reduction in its CD206 + macrophage content. Macrophage proliferation within the liver reaches maximum on day 3 after the surgery. Corresponding macro- and microtranscriptomic profiles of macrophages in regeneration liver cannot be unambiguously defined as pro- or anti-inflammatory. Their typical features include elevated expression of leukocyte chemoattractant factors, and many of the differentially expressed sequences are related to the control of cell growth and metabolic processes in the liver. These findings revealed essential roles of immigration of monocytes/macrophages and macrophages proliferation in maintenance of macrophage populations in the mouse liver during its recovery from a massive resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Elchaninov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, FSBI National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia; Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia.
| | - Maria Nikitina
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, FSBSI Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow 117418, Russia
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, FSBI National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia; Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Anastasia Lokhonina
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, FSBI National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia; Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Andrey Makarov
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, FSBI National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia; Histology Department, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow 117997 Russia
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, FSBI National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, FSBSI Scientific Research Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow 117418, Russia; Histology Department, Medical Institute, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow 117198, Russia
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Immunotherapy Using Oxygenated Water and Tumor-Derived Exosomes Potentiates Antitumor Immune Response and Attenuates Malignancy Tendency in Mice Model of Breast Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5529484. [PMID: 34194604 PMCID: PMC8181112 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5529484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common type of tumor and the leading cause of death in the world's female population. Various therapeutic approaches have been used to treat tumors but have not led to complete recovery and have even damaged normal cells in the body. Moreover, metastatic tumors such as breast cancer are much more resistant to treatment, and current treatments have not been very successful in treating them and remain a challenge. Therefore, new approaches should be applied to overcome this problem. Given the importance of hypoxia in tumor survival, we aimed to test the antitumor effects of oxygenated water to decrease hypoxia along with tumor-derived exosomes to target tumor. The purpose of administering oxygenated water and tumor exosomes was to reduce hypoxia and establish an effective immune response against tumor antigens, respectively. For this purpose, the breast cancer mice model was induced using the 4T1 cell line in Balb/c mice and treated with oxygenated water via an intratumoral (IT) and/or intraperitoneal (IP) route and/or exosome (TEX). Oxygenation via the IT+IP route was more efficient than oxygenation via the IT or IP route. The efficiency of oxygenation via the two routes along with TEX led to the best therapeutic outcome. Antitumor immune responses directed by TEX became optimized when systemic (IP) and local (IT) oxygenation was applied compared to administration of TEX alone. Results demonstrated a significant reduction in tumor size and the highest levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 and the lowest levels of IL-4 FoxP3, HIF-1α, VEGF, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in the IT+IP+TEX-treated group. Oxygenated water on the one hand could reduce tumor size, hypoxia, angiogenesis, and metastasis in the tumor microenvironment and on the other hand increases the effective immune response against the tumor systemically. This therapeutic approach is proposed as a new strategy for devising vaccines in a personalized approach.
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Tan Y, Luo X, Lv W, Hu W, Zhao C, Xiong M, Yi Y, Wang D, Wang Y, Wang H, Wu Y, Zhang Q. Tumor-derived exosomal components: the multifaceted roles and mechanisms in breast cancer metastasis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:547. [PMID: 34039961 PMCID: PMC8155106 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently invasive malignancy and the leading cause of tumor-related mortality among women worldwide. Cancer metastasis is a complex, multistage process, which eventually causes tumor cells to colonize and grow at the metastatic site. Distant organ metastases are the major obstacles to the management of advanced BC patients. Notably, exosomes are defined as specialized membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles with specific biomarkers, which are found in a wide variety of body fluids. Recent studies have demonstrated that exosomes are essential mediators in shaping the tumor microenvironment and BC metastasis. The transferred tumor-derived exosomes modify the capability of invasive behavior and organ-specific metastasis in recipient cells. BC exosomal components, mainly including noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), proteins, lipids, are the most investigated components in BC metastasis. In this review, we have emphasized the multifaceted roles and mechanisms of tumor-derived exosomes in BC metastasis based on these important components. The underlying mechanisms mainly include the invasion behavior change, tumor vascularization, the disruption of the vascular barrier, and the colonization of the targeted organ. Understanding the significance of tumor-derived exosomal components in BC metastasis is critical for yielding novel routes of BC intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Tan
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenchang Lv
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijie Hu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Chongru Zhao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingchen Xiong
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Yi
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China.
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China.
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Profiling changes in microRNAs of immature dendritic cells differentiated from human monocytes. Cent Eur J Immunol 2021; 46:10-16. [PMID: 33897279 PMCID: PMC8056346 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2021.105241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) critically impact a wide array of eukaryotic developmental and physiologic processes through post-transcriptional gene silencing. In this study, we employed miRNA array and investigated in vitro the miRNA profile of immature dendritic cells (iDCs) derived from monocytes isolated from human venous blood. Our results showed that there were 379 miRNAs which were detectable in both monocytes and iDCs among the 856 miRNAs assayed, of which 155 miRNAs were detectable in monocytes while 224 miRNAs were detectable in iDCs. There were 103 miRNAs differentially expressed which could be relevant to the differentiation of iDCs from human monocytes. Sixty-two out of 103 miRNAs were upregulated whereas 41 miRNAs were downregulated. Of particular interest were the tremendous upregulation of miR122a and the downregulation of miR200c in iDCs. In addition, it was found that the strikingly downregulated miRNAs in iDCs also included miR-335, miR-514, miR-509, miR-31, miR-442b, miR-1, miR-199a, miR-203, miR-363 and miR-489 whereas the upregulation of miR-210, miR-155, miR-126, miR-139, miR-452, miR-19a, miR-25 and miR-181d were remarkable. Our results revealed a profile change of miRNAs when human iDCs were differentiated from monocytes as a result of in vitro stimulation with relevant cytokines.
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Wang X, Guo J, Yu P, Guo L, Mao X, Wang J, Miao S, Sun J. The roles of extracellular vesicles in the development, microenvironment, anticancer drug resistance, and therapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:35. [PMID: 33478586 PMCID: PMC7819156 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01840-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is one of the main malignant tumours affecting human health, mainly due to delayed diagnosis and high invasiveness. Extracellular vehicles (EVs) are membranous vesicles released by cells into the extracellular matrix that carry important signalling molecules and stably and widely exist in various body fluids, such as plasma, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, breast milk, urine, semen, lymphatic fluid, synovial fluid, amniotic fluid, and sputum. EVs transport almost all types of bioactive molecules (DNA, mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), proteins, metabolites, and even pharmacological compounds). These "cargoes" can act on recipient cells, reshaping the surrounding microenvironment and altering distant targets, ultimately affecting their biological behaviour. The extensive exploration of EVs has deepened our comprehensive understanding of HNSCC biology. In this review, we not only summarized the effect of HNSCC-derived EVs on the tumour microenvironment but also described the role of microenvironment-derived EVs in HNSCC and discussed how the "mutual dialogue" between the tumour and microenvironment mediates the growth, metastasis, angiogenesis, immune escape, and drug resistance of tumours. Finally, the clinical application of EVS in HNSCC was assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Tumors, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150, Haping Road, Nangang District, 150000, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Junnan Guo
- The First Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150, Haping Road, Nangang District, 150000, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Pingyang Yu
- Department of Head and Neck Tumors, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150, Haping Road, Nangang District, 150000, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lunhua Guo
- Department of Head and Neck Tumors, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150, Haping Road, Nangang District, 150000, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xionghui Mao
- Department of Head and Neck Tumors, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150, Haping Road, Nangang District, 150000, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Junrong Wang
- Department of Head and Neck Tumors, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150, Haping Road, Nangang District, 150000, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Susheng Miao
- Department of Head and Neck Tumors, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150, Haping Road, Nangang District, 150000, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ji Sun
- Department of Head and Neck Tumors, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150, Haping Road, Nangang District, 150000, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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46
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Exosomes in Immune Regulation. Noncoding RNA 2021; 7:ncrna7010004. [PMID: 33435564 PMCID: PMC7838779 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna7010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles mediate intercellular communication by transferring their cargo including DNA, RNA, proteins and lipids from cell to cell. Notably, in the immune system, they have protective functions. However in cancer, exosomes acquire new, immunosuppressive properties that cause the dysregulation of immune cells and immune escape of tumor cells supporting cancer progression and metastasis. Therefore, current investigations focus on the regulation of exosome levels for immunotherapeutic interventions. In this review, we discuss the role of exosomes in immunomodulation of lymphoid and myeloid cells, and their use as immune stimulatory agents to elicit specific cytotoxic responses against the tumor.
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Wang L, Liu J. Engineered drug-loaded cells and cell derivatives as a delivery platform for cancer immunotherapy. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:1104-1116. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01676d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in improving cancer immunotherapy have been summarized with a focus on using functionalized intact cells and cell derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine
- Institute of Molecular Medicine
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes
- Shanghai Cancer Institute
- Renji Hospital
| | - Jinyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine
- Institute of Molecular Medicine
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes
- Shanghai Cancer Institute
- Renji Hospital
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48
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Immune Regulation by Dendritic Cell Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immunotherapy and Vaccines. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123558. [PMID: 33260499 PMCID: PMC7761478 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication as vehicles for the transport of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids including different RNAs. Dendritic cells (DCs)-derived EVs (DEVs), albeit variably, express major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide complexes and co-stimulatory molecules on their surface that enable the interaction with other immune cells such as CD8+ T cells, and other ligands that stimulate natural killer (NK) cells, thereby instructing tumor rejection, and counteracting immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. Malignant cells oppose this effect by secreting EVs bearing a variety of molecules that block DCs function. For instance, tumor-derived EVs (TDEVs) can impair myeloid cell differentiation resulting in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) generation. Hence, the unique composition of EVs makes them suitable candidates for the development of new cancer treatment approaches including prophylactic vaccine targeting oncogenic pathogens, cancer vaccines, and cancer immunotherapeutics. We offer a perspective from both cell sides, DCs, and tumor cells, on how EVs regulate the antitumor immune response, and how this translates into promising therapeutic options by reviewing the latest advancement in DEV-based cancer therapeutics.
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49
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Mittal S, Gupta P, Chaluvally-Raghavan P, Pradeep S. Emerging Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Immune Regulation and Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123563. [PMID: 33260606 PMCID: PMC7760253 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Accumulating evidence has reported that extracellular vesicles secreted by different tumor microenvironment cells can interfere with the host immune system. These vesicles transmit the signals in the tumor microenvironment that affect the proliferation, apoptosis, activation, and, metabolism of immune cells such as dendritic cells, T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, creating a pro-tumoral environment for tumor progression and survival. In this review, we summarize the recent literature on the function of extracellular vesicles derived from tumor cells and immune cells in regulating the critical processes associated with cancer progression. Besides, we also provide insights on how the extracellular vesicles are employed as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and drug carriers in cancer. Abstract The development of effective therapies for cancer treatment requires a better understanding of the tumor extracellular environment and a dynamic interaction between tumor cells, the cells of the immune system, and the tumor stroma. Increasing evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles play an important role in this interaction. Extracellular vesicles are nanometer-sized membrane-bound vesicles secreted by various types of cells that facilitate intracellular communication by transferring proteins, various lipids, and nucleic acids, especially miRNAs, between cells. Extracellular vesicles play discrete roles in the immune regulatory functions, such as antigen presentation, and activation or suppression of immune cells. Achieving therapeutic intervention through targeting of extracellular vesicles is a crucial area of research now. Thus, a deeper knowledge of exosome biology and the molecular mechanism of immune regulation is likely to provide significant insight into therapeutic intervention utilizing extracellular vesicles to combat this dreadful disease. This review describes the recent updates on immune regulation by extracellular vesicles in cancer progression and possible use in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonam Mittal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.); (P.C.-R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Prachi Gupta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.); (P.C.-R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Pradeep Chaluvally-Raghavan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.); (P.C.-R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Sunila Pradeep
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (S.M.); (P.G.); (P.C.-R.)
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-414-955-2673; Fax: +1-414-805-6622
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50
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Huang M, Peng X, Yang L, Yang S, Li X, Tang S, Li B, Jin H, Wu B, Liu J, Li H. Non-coding RNA derived from extracellular vesicles in cancer immune escape: Biological functions and potential clinical applications. Cancer Lett 2020; 501:234-246. [PMID: 33186654 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment represents a dynamically composed matrix into which cancer cells and many other cell types are embedded to form organ-like structures. The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), composed of immune cells, is an inseparable part of the tumor microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) participate in the occurrence and development of tumors by delivering various biologically active molecules between cells; their role in cancer immune escape in particular has been widely proven. EVs can carry a wide array of cargo, such as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, which are selectively loaded by EVs, secreted, and transported to participate in the proliferation of immune cells. Hence, strategies to specifically target EV-ncRNAs could be attractive therapeutic options. In this review, we summarize the current research on the role of EV-ncRNAs in cancer immune escape, and discuss the latest research on the function and regulation mechanism of EV-ncRNAs in cancer immune escape, highlighting and elucidating the potential clinical applications of EV-ncRNAs, including in diagnosis and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyao Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xueqiang Peng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Shilei Tang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Hongyuan Jin
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Jingang Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, China.
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